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MSF desalinationGroundwater purificationWaste water reuse

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6.5 Wastewater Treatment 6.5 Wastewater Treatment

Primary treatment Secondary treatment

Tertiary treatment - N, P Advanced treatment

Design of sedimentation basin ; overflow rate

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science , G.M. Masters & W.P.

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science , G.M. Masters & W.P. ElaEla, 2008, 2008

(2)
(3)

Chemical Treatment Chemical Treatment

 용존 및 현탁 물질의 물리적 상태를 변환시켜 침전에 의해 제거할 수 있도록 화학약품을 첨가하는 것

 목적 : 물리적 조작과 함께 사용되어 질소나 인을 제거;

화학적 침전

폐수의 2차 처리 공정을 완전히 하기 위함

 - 명 반 : Al2(SO4)318H2O, Al2(SO4)3 14H2O - 염화철(III) : FeCl3

- 황산철(III) : Fe2(SO4)3, Fe2(SO4)3 3H2O - 황산철(II) : FeSO4 7H2O

- 석 회 : Ca(OH)2

(4)

Activated sludge process (biological aeration)

Activated sludge process (biological aeration)

(5)





생물학적 생물학적 처리 처리 공정 공정

활성

활성 슬러지슬러지 공정공정 (Activated Sludge Process)(Activated Sludge Process)

반응조 침전조 미생물 반송

미생물 반송

반응조 침전조 미생물 폐기

미생물 폐기

(6)

Trickling filter

Trickling filter

(7)

Rotating biological contactor

Rotating biological contactor

(8)

Sludge treatment

Sludge treatment –– 2% of the orginal volume, 97% water 2% of the orginal volume, 97% water

(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

 먹는 물 수질기준

국가명 한국 일본 미국(EPA) WHO 독일

55 51 98 96 49

미 생 물 4 2 5 1 2

유해 무기물질 16 17 19 17 19

유해 유기화학물질 12 9 29 28 7

4 2 27 32 4

 일본, 유럽 등이 우리나라와 비슷하나 미국, WHO는 우리나라보다 많음.

 미국과 WHO에서는 유해한 유기물질(농약, 화학약품, 소독부산물)에 대한 수질기 준 항목이 많음.

4 2 27 32 4

소독부산물 9 11 16 17 2

심미적인 영향 물질 9 10 9 2 6

방사성물질 - - 5 1 2

(13)

Disinfection byproducts structual formula Disinfection byproducts structual formula





THMs(Trihalomethanes) THMs(Trihalomethanes)

Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl Cl

H C H

C ClCl

Br Br Cl Cl

H C H

C BrBr

Br Br Cl

Cl HH C

C

Br Br

Br Br Br Br

H C H

C





HANs(Haloacetonitriles) HANs(Haloacetonitriles)

Chloroform

Chloroform DichlorobromoDichlorobromo-- methane

methane DibromochloroDibromochloro-- methane

methaneBromoformBromoform

Cl

Cl Cl C

Trichloro- acetonitrile

C N Cl

H Cl

C

Dichloro- acetonitrile

C N Cl

H Br

C

Bromochloro- acetonitrile

C N Br

H Br

C

Dibromo- acetonitrile

C N

(14)

대표적 비 THMs계 DBPs Fomula

Haloacetic acids

C O Cl

Cl C H H OH

H C Cl O

C OH C

O Cl

Cl C Cl

OH Cl

Cl Cl C

Trichloro- C N

Cl H Cl

C C N

Haloacetonitriles

Dichloroacetic acid

Monochloroacetic acid

Dibromoacetic acid

Br C

O Br

C OH

H

Trichloroacetic acid

Monobromoacetic acid

H H C Br O

C OH Trichloro-

acetonitrile Dichloro- acetonitrile

Cl H Br C

Bromochloro- acetonitrile Br C N

H Br

C

Dibromo- acetonitrile

C N

(15)

Disinfection and Disinfection byproducts Disinfection and Disinfection byproducts

위험도

소독 부산물 미생물

소 독

(16)

6.4 Water Treatment System

6.4 Water Treatment System

(17)

Water Treatment Process Water Treatment Process

Screening

1. Mixing : Rapid Mixing

2. Coagulation, Alum (Al

2

(SO

4

)

3

18 H

2

O), Ca(OH)

2,

Na

2

CO

3

3. Flocculation

4. Sedimentation, Sludge Processing

5. Filtration, Sand, Activated Carbon

6. Disinfection, Cl

2

, NaOCl, Ca(OCl)

2,

O

3

(18)

Conventaional

Conventaional water treatment process? water treatment process?

표준식

표준식 정수 정수 처리 처리 공정이란 공정이란? ?

전 염소처리 후 염소처리

혼화지 응집지 침전지 여과지 정수지

(19)

기존의 정수처리 공정 : 내분비계 장애물질 및 약성물질의 처리효율에 한계

응집 원수

침전

처리수 여과

후염소

분리막을 이용한 정수처리

처리수

원수

분리막 전처리 (오존 등)

(Option)

처리수 분리막을 이용한 고도정수처리 공정

(20)

Membrane Technology for the Separation: Classification

(21)

Water shortage problem

 Water shortage population : 1.1 bilions in 2005 and 3 bilions in 2025

 WHO reports that 3.4 million per year are killed by waterborne disease.(2005)

www.roplant.org21 5.3 billion

7.2~8.3 billion

1990 2025

World population

0.3 billion

2.4~3.2 billion

1990 2025

Water shortage population

(22)

Better to use seawater? How?

How to solve water scarcity?

RO membrane for desalination

22

UNESCO, 2009

(23)

Seawater desalination (Using RO membrane)

MSF (Multistage flush) Process

RO (Reverse Osmosis) Process

Introduction

MSF 40%

MED 3%

Other 2%

Distribution of desalination production capacity by process technology for the world

23

RO 44%

ED 6%

VC 5%

Philippe et al., 2009

In 1999 approximately 78% of the world’s seawater desalination capacity was made up of MSF plants while RO represented 10%

RO (Reverse Osmosis) Process : low energy, low construction cost, simple process

(24)

Production process Price (won/m3) Groundwater purification (MF) 200 ~ 300

Waste water reuse (MF+RO) 200 ~ 400

RO desalination 600 ~ 800

MSF desalination 900 ~ 1400

Water price using membrane processes

Seawater desalination (Using RO membrane)

Won/m3

24

Types of water Price (won/m3)

Tap water 100 ~ 7000

Industrial water 100 ~ 700 Ultrapure water 5000 ~ 10,000

Mineral water 200,000 ~ 3,000,00

91 96 99 01

MSF desalination

Groundwater purification

Waste water reuse

A worldwide water price

Decrease of water price by Membrane and process technologies

Toray co., 2007

(25)

Major components of membrane fouling

- Salt precipitation - Colloidal particulates - Organics

- Microorganisms

Vrouuwenvelder et al., 2003

Khedr et al., 2000

 Biofouling + organic fouling : 58%

 Biofouling causes :

- Declining membrane flux

- Increasing energy requirements - Elevating salt passage

- Membrane biodegradation

25

(26)

Total Configuration of desalination plant

CO2 RO process

Post-

treatment process

To high pressure

NaHSO

3

Chlorine

Cartridge

NaHCO3

Pretreatment process

Point of measuring SDI/MFI

26

Cl2

Media filter

tank Acid

tank e

Ferric chlorid

e

Filtrate clear

well

pump

Acid tank Acid tank

Scale

r

Scale

inhibito r Filter backwash pump

Cartridge filter

SEA WATER

(27)

 MF/UF materials : Cellulose acetate (CA), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), Polypropylene (PP), Polysulfone (PS), Polyethersulfone (PES)

RO/NF materials : Cellulose acetate (CA),Polyamide (PA)

Membrane materials

27

(28)

Manufacturing of composite polyamide membrane

Polysulfone polymer Solvent

Polysulfone casting solution

Polysulfone casting on polyester backing material

MPD solution TMC solution

Interfacial polymerization on polysulfone layer

Polysulfone casting

Membrane

28

*MPD : metaphenylenediamine

*TMC : trimesoyl chloride

Interfacial polymerization on polysulfone layer

Solvent evaporation and heat annealing

casting

Standard commercial TMC/MPD polyamide membrane

Seperation systemstechnology, inc., 1999 Polysulfone

(40µm) Polyamide (0.2µm)

(29)

Hybrid Membrane Processes

Chemical

Chemical flocfloc formed and recovered by MF or UFformed and recovered by MF or UF

Natural organic matter (NOM) from raw water Natural organic matter (NOM) from raw water

Chemically Assisted Membranes Chemically Assisted Membranes

Sorbents + Membranes Sorbents + Membranes

Powdered adsorbents in MF/UF circuit Powdered adsorbents in MF/UF circuit

Trace organics (POPs) from water Trace organics (POPs) from water

Sorbents + Membranes Sorbents + Membranes

Membrane Bioreactors Membrane Bioreactors

Bioreactor with MF or UF membranes Bioreactor with MF or UF membranes

Biodegradable organics from wastewater

Biodegradable organics from wastewater

(30)

Where hybrid systems fit Where hybrid systems fit- -

Membranes for Water & Wastewater Membranes for Water & Wastewater

Sea water Sea water

Water Production Water Production

Hybrid Systems

Sea water Sea water

Surface Water Surface Water

Secondary Effluent Secondary Effluent

(MF) MF/UForN+RO

MF + ROF AOT Water Production

Water Production

Domestic &

Domestic &

Industrial Industrial

use use MBR

Biological Waste Biological Waste Membrane Bioreactor

Membrane Bioreactor ReuseReuse

Recovered Water Recovered Water Membranes

Liquid Waste Liquid Waste

Industrial liquid Industrial liquid Effluents

Effluents Recovered Recovered

Resources Resources

(31)

MBR (Membrane Coupled Biological System )

Permeate(Effluent) Retentate

Membrane Unit Activated Sludge

Reactor

Influent

(32)

Principle of MBR?

하폐수 유입 MBR 여과수

정밀여과막(MF) / 한외여과막(UF)

활성슬러지 반응조

(중수도)

분리막 생물반응조 (MBR)

처리수 유기물질 유해미생물박테리아 조류

처리수 분리막

흡입펌프 가동

(33)

Water reuse process 오산환경사업소 처리시설

(34)

1단 유입수 1단 유입수 2단 유입수

참조

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