Preparation of Conducting Polymer PEDiTT Thin Film Using SAM Method

Demo

¯gó ¬37í!¬6;!3113Ä!:C! ! 69:!

¬©"7V#Ž§.#0lƒ­=¬#SHGlWW#Ä/n#I©#

î§ë^%"ÆÇA"Jì§^."BA"Ž Ø^.."=ƒØ^...#

Ëzššóê# îó–/#EN54# *–ó# F_‚/#^.îFÞ2# U)G# ÖÊ/#

..VËʺj# PG#Ode1/#^...zzšóê# îó–#

+5335Þ# 5n# 49# «²/#5335Þ# :n# 4;# Þw,#

#

Preparation of Conducting Polymer PEDiTT Thin Film Using SAM Method

Yongkeun Son

^%

, Kyoo-Sik Kang, Chang-Yong Shim

^.

, Jung Sik Choi, Doo-Yeon Lee

^..

, and Sung Yeon Hong

^...

Department of Chemistry and BK21 School of Molecular Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea

.Coreana R&D Center, Cheonan-Si, Chungcheongnam-Do 330-830, Korea

..Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, MD Lab., Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 449-712, Korea

...Department of Chemistry, Kosin University, Busan 606-701, Korea

†e-mail:ykson@chem.skku.ac.kr

(Received February 16, 2002;accepted July 18, 2002)

R k+Š¾6ò#6"–#7"#^&j#òòÊ#Žºö#ŽFŠ¾6^#ž^Ë#z*ò#º^N#UÊ#ž

ò†/# ‚cNö# hwk|ohqhglwkldwklrskhqh +HGlWW,Þ# Ëòš~1# wËÖÞ# *Ê# //# ›º# 

«//#*2šv«º#«/#‹#«ó›#Ã/Öö#ïòš~1##Ëò#²ÂÚ#5<(š~1##‚c N# «ò†# ž^Ë# z*# sro|+6/70hwk|ohqhglwkldwklrskhqh,+SHGlWW,Þ# Ëòš~1# «Þ#

žò†#IhFo$ #K%ö#òjv>#¢cÖ

ö# Zö~1# # ¢cò# z*.# !# šZ# ºÊC~j# šö# CË# ~J# ,ò~1# # z*ò# «

žÊîó# SËÞ# Fò†# ïòš~1# # SHGlWWÚ# QPSj# S# 2# C².# ËbÞ# 2ZNN/#

SHGlWW2QPS#Cû–#¢#ž“Þ#Cò†#‚*Ë#¯c +VDP,Þ#¶òš~1#žÊîó#Ã/#©#›

º#«/Þ#Cò†##¯cò#¯ËÞ#ïú#²#"b~1#

#

"#453"$5+Lq#rughu#wr#suhsduh#d#ghulydwlyh#ri#sro|wklrskhqh#frqgxfwlqj#sro|phu##kdylqj#d#

vxevwlwxhqw#dw#60#dqg#70#srvlwlrqv#ri#wkh#wklrskhqh#ulqj/#wkh#prqrphu#ri#6/70hwk|ohqhgl0 wkldwklrskhqh +HGlWW,# zdv# v|qwkhvl}hg1# Wkh# |lhog# ri# wkh# v|qwkhvlv# zdv# derxw# 5<(1# Wkh#

prqrphu# zdv# lghqwlilhg# e|# xvlqj# QPU/# LU# dqg# XY2Ylv# vshfwurvfrslf# phwkrgv1# Sro|+6/70 hwk|ohqhglwkldwklrskhqh,+SHGlWW,# zdv# suhsduhg# xvlqj# wklv# prqrphu# dqg# IhFo$1# Wkh# ghhs#

eoxh#juhhq#froru#ri#wkh#surgxfw#zdv#fkdqjhg#lqwr#eurzq#froru#e|#wkh#uhgxfwlrq#zlwk#Q#K%1#

Wklv# zdv# vroxeoh# wr# frpprq# rujdqlf# vroyhqwv1# Vshfwurhohfwurfkhplvwu|# zdv# xvhg# wr# fkd0 udfwhul}h#wkh#SHGlWW1#QPS#zdv#wkh#ehvw#vroyhqw#iru#SHGlWW1#SHGlWW2QPS#vroxwlrq#zdv#

xvhg#iru#pdnlqj#VDP#w|sh#wklq#ilop#ri#wkh#sro|phu#rq#jrog#hohfwurgh1#Hohfwurfkhplfdo#dqg#LU#

vshfwurvfrslf#phwkrgv#zhuh#xvhg#wr#lghqwli|#wkh#wklq#ilop1#

#

Keywords+polythiophene derivative, 3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene, SAM, spectroelectrochemistry, poly(3,4- ethylenedithiathiophene).

*C–Y¯vwY†×CYö¯wYêŠYçˊ

N

#

ž^Ë# z*š# Žºö# _Sö# îó›# ©# ÖF›#

SËÚ# ~J# 2# æ¾Ò# î~1# # Ffò# # ò’

ò‰/# ‡†Þ# žÊ# z*š# žÊ# ^ž# SËÞ#

2ZR~.# # æÒj# hÚ# Š*~# j# šö#

Šš†Þ# °&# ²b~1# ^j# ²#¶# hÚ# Šj

¶# # Ff~ò# ʒ›# Ëb# #/# Jî2òj# Ëb–#

«ó# Ëb# ‹# æ¾Z&# ²bz# ªö# # Ëb~ò#

s› +g|qdplf,# Zò# SË# ‹# ·šjÖö# # F fò# ëCË# ~J# Êj# š~1# žÊ# ž^

Nò#‡ú#j^#OHGC#²^N#&Fö#ª.#>bR#

zš# ‹Ööò# ëCj# “ö# žÊZc# &Fö/# ’F z# ÊÊFò# ʚ# Öbö# ëC# š?ö# žÊîó# J î2òj# ²ë# SËÞ# 2ZN.# &Fö# æ¾æÖ/#

# ëC# ¶"^# ‹?òz# "~1⁴⁰⁶# ’†2# ~# ë CËj# [# # ¶Öö# >Êz# ".# # ®ö#

šËj# šö# ‚ª~1# ## ž^Ë# z*.# ††#

šZö# ŠN6# SËÞ# Žºòz# ".# ²j/# CÏË#

©# CË# `z# Ê^›# ¯^š# ~J# ò†# ëCj#

æxÚ# ¯vö# šòʚ# ò# "š?ò†# ~J# ¶ ö¶# ›‡j¶f# ëC# š?òš~1# ʶ# ¢×Ê j# ʚö# f# ’# ëC# š# Z# Uö# ^#

F~~1# ^# !# šZ# Š¾6# º^N# Cò†#

Ëö# ž^Ë# z*~# J²ö# žÊ# ž^ËÞ# Ž ºò/# N^# â¯Ë# ,z/# ²# ºÊ# C~j# C

ËÞ# 2ZR~.# ŠJ–ò# ¶öš# "Ú# ^/# ž^Ë#

z*ò#Š.#böN#žÊ#bÂò&#²b~1⁷##

†ö# šCSËÞ# 2ZN.# ŽFŠ¾6# «# sro|+60 kh{|owklrskhqh, +S6KW,.# Š¾6# zFò# 6"# žò j# æF# FF# òò¶# ‚cN# Cò†# ˶# z

*ö# !# šZ# ºÊC~j# šö# %Ú# C# ËbÞ#

2ZNN# šË# ~J# J²ò~z# æ¾Ò# "~1^8/9# ʶ# Š¾6ò# æF# FF# òòj# šö# Šš# k«

›Öö# ‚NZ&# ²bÖ/# æF# FFò# Òj# Ê

# CË# SËj# š# 2ZBÞ# æ&# ²b~1# ’

†2# # z*.# ޞö# vó› +uhjxodu,# #

°Z# UòZö# ¯ö# j¢Z# ÎvÇÞ# °.# z*

# Ëòʚ# Z# ä~1# ʶ# vó›# #

°.#z*#UÊ#žö#v^ö#6/#7"#žòj#sv j# òòN# Žºö# Š¾6# ‚cNò# ˊš# ö

¶ò&# ²b~1^:0<# †ö# ‚cN# «²ëj# C ú# WJ/# ¯ö# z*# FF# ²ëÞ# º^ú# ²# "N#

z*ò# SË^# J²ò&# 2Z:# Öö# ʚ²b~1#

šö›# # sro|+6/70hwk|ohqhglr{|wklrskhqh,#

+SHGRW,~1# Hwk|ohqhglr{|# ’“Þ# Š¾6ò# 6/#

7"#žòj#zFB+Öö#òòö#‚cN#6/70hwk|o0 hqhglr{|wklrskhqhÞ# «ö# ~1⁴³# # ‚cN.#

«Þ# j# "N# Š¾6ò# 5"–# 8"# žòFf#

FF# ŠJ# ‚NZ&# ²N# "N/# «N.# ~J#

vó›# # 2ZR~1# S# *2šv«º# û²#

>3R–Ú# ^s# æZ# 2ZN.# Öö# Žz²z#

"N# š# ~J# vó›# +[Þ# 2ZNz# "~z#

ú# ²# "~1⁴⁴# ªö# Ú# !# šZ# ºÊC~j# C

ËÞ# 2ZNN# šË# J²ò~# ú# ²# "~1# ’†

Zö# # z*ò# «Ëb–# žÊîó# Ëb# ©# «ó#

SË# ‹# hÚ# Šš# >Ê&# ²b~1⁴⁵⁰⁴⁷# # 6/70 hwk|ohqhglr{|wklrskhqhÚ# Sb# UÚ# [vö# zš

j# ª~²z# "Ö/# # «²# j¢Z# ÎvÇ

# # 5# hYš# ²z/# Jî[vò# û²# >3R–#

ò# ž# ›‡ò# šv«ºÞ# û²ò.# Öö# 2Z2¶#

>bR# ¢^J# ª.# º# ž*¦# ÂjC# ŽâWÖö ò#ëCËj#~J#æx~1##

ò¶# j¢Z# ÎvÇ# z/# CËb# &# ?[

¶# z*ò# Ëj# JF.# š†Þ# °&# ²b~1# Ê

¶#’#Šj¶.#Š¾6ò#6/#7"#žòj#hwk|ohqh0 glwkld# ’“Þ# òòö# 6/70hwk|ohqhglwkldwklrskhqh#

+HGlWW,Þ# Ëòš~1# ªö# ’# Ššj¶# ~vö#

^J# J–/# # ‚cN# Cò†# Ëö# z*.#

6# hYš# ²z# ¶«# Ëb +oxplqhvfhqfh,# J²ú#  Öö# 2ZF~1# S# ÒfFj# òò# –# Šš

¶#Š#ÒÖö#Zdqj#‹#4<<8Þj#¶öö#ŽzÒ#

öšZfÞ# ØÞ# ²š# "b~1⁴⁸# ’~Ú# SHGlWW#

îó# Ã/–# žÊîó# Ã/# ››Þ# Cò†# Ëò

šz/# # Ff~ò# SËÞ# «.žò&# Šò†# Ë Ã/j# Ê# SËò# Zîš# Z# äæÞ# ·®~1# ’

†2# # z*ò# ‚*Ë# ¯cj# šö# Š.# žF æZ# Žz¶# ®š# `~1# ʶ# ’# Šj¶.# ֚#

Zdqj# ‹–.# ~# Ã/Öö# # ‚cNò# ËÞ# v

^òš~1# ’# º.# Zdqj# ‹^# 6¶Öbö# ‡v#

¯gó ¬37í!¬6;!3113Ä!:C! ! 6:2

hqr^6/70g`04/60glwklroh050wklrqhò# Ë# †

†# ;ö# ‚^# ò~# Žb/# ~r[ò# N¾Z–#

svj# žNò# ²Â# 55(# °j# ²Z# äÞ# žN#

²Â#BNZ.#J–#šÒ¾.#‚ª#"bÊ#æÒ

~1# ~æÖö# # ‚cN# Cò†# z*# SHGlWW Þ# Ëòz# ò# SËÞ# ·òš~1# ¡&# Ë

¶# SHGlWWÚ# !# šZ# ºÊC~/# S# QPS +40ph0 wk|o050s|uurolglqrqh,j# ~J# 2# C²Zö/# z

*# Cûj# šö# ¶«# SË# ŠÚ# CûÞ# Cö# ~ +ö# ¯vò# ¯cò# ¶š# Cò&# ²N# hÚ# ëC#

š?ËÞ# ¶vòz# "~1# ªö# ‚cN# [# 6¶ò#

# ~N# "N¶# ’# Ëb# SHGRWÚ.# [“# ~

# +[Þ# Ž# Öö# ʚš# ¶~1# ªö# ö–# Š¾

+vhoi# dvvhpeohg# prqrod|hu/# VDP,Þ# ¯Ëö~z#

Žz¶# ®# "~1^4904;# ʶ/# SHGlWWÞ# Cò†/#

¢# ž“# žj# *ÊW# ‚*cò# ¯ËÞ# v^òš

z#~Þ#·òš~1#

#

Ò


Æ#

Êk
ý


1#

~rj# FC¶# vÚ# 6/70gleur0 prwklrskhqh +<<(/# Dogulfk,/# srwdvvlxp# lrglgh#

+<<1<<(/# Kd|dvkl,/# fxsulf# r{lgh +DFV/# Dogulfk,/#

s0wroxhqhvxoirqlf# dflg +DFV/# Dogulfk,/# dfhwr0 qlwuloh +DFV/# Dogulfk,/# 4/50hwkdqhglwklroh +DFV/#

Dogulfk,/#olwklxp#shufkorudwh +DFV/#Dogulfk,/#vrglxp#

+DFV/#Dogulfk,/#phwkdqro#+DFV/#Dogulfk,/#wroxhqh +<<(/#Mxvhl,/#srwdvvlxp#ihuulf|dqlgh +DFV/#Dogulfk,#

‹Öö# ~# S^ö# ʺ# `.# Ú# ¶# [v#

’šö# Còš~1# Æ# ºFž“Öö.# LWR# ¯š

¯ªºF +Vdpvxqj# Fruqlqj/# :# Vfp⁰⁴,# FCòš

Þ/# ’Fz# ›º«Ê.# Qlfrohw# IW0LU# 653Þ#

CòšÖ/# *2šv«º# «Ê.# Khzohww# Sdf0 ndugFò# KS# ;786Þ# Còš~1# ¶²# žÊîó# ~r Ú# EDVFò# EDV4332Z# Hohfwurfkhplfdo# Dqdo|}hu#

ª.# HJ# )# JFò# 596# Srwhqwlrvwdw2Jdoydqrvwdw# ‹Þ#

Ž‚ÊÚ#ŠJò†#FCòšÖ/#®ZÒî¶#*f.#Ž

‚Êj#Žšò†#Còš~1#

Ö·¢F
W

1#

Òfj# &¶¶# Ã/Þ# Cò†# ‚ cN# HGlWWÞ# Ëòš~1^4<# Vfkhph# 4j# 2ZR#

˖¯Þ#ž‚#ʺò#~æ–#³~1##

5#

š–# òò# c›Ê# 583# pO# V# ¦>j#

?Ãö# ~æ# Ê# ‚Þ# ž# b&# ò¾–b~1#

·º# âj¶# 2&# ¢‚ö# 45193# jò# 2RÞ# J Öö# 6&# Ò3òz# # V# ¦>j# ½b~1# ;3#

pOò# F# 7òö# î^ÆÞ# –FÊ# Cò†# # V

# ¦># âÖö# 66# –òš~1# 2R# î

^Æj#ޞ#C¶#^#4:6#pjò#NLÚ#56164#jò#

6/70gleurprwklrskhqhÞ# Bšòz/# :1;6# jò# FxR

# šö# ^# vs lq0eduö# šN–¶# 6ž# Ê«o#

âj¶# šŽò# òòvÊ~1# æ/# Â^.# 88b93# ~

# ºZv>z/# b&# ~J# ò&# ò¾–N# b&ò#

êj# ò# î^Æ# ÊNš# ö# ’¾2šZ# ä&#

òš~1#4:6# pjò# NL#~v#Bšö#^/#ò‚#î#ò òvÊ~1#²ë#J²/#CûÞ#šÊ#«j¶#w#

^# z# # 5Ê# Öò# 7ò²ö# ·òšz# jæ

ö# zrun0xsò†# jæ# ÏÞ# Êö# FR# ^#

Þ# C^ö# †–Þ# Cò†# «žN# 6/70glph0 wkr{|wklrskhqhÞ# Fòš~1# # æ# ž¶ûÖö# j

’ÞÒæR# š# Jò# ÞÂ# ÖÞö# 4# =# 43#

ÖCûÞ# Còš~1# F².# CûÚ# 48# pO# Ã#

z z

z z i™

i™ oz zo

z

vjo Z

uˆSGGGtŒvo rpSGGGjœv GGG™Œ“œŸ GGGG_XL oZjv GGGGGGGGGGGGG›–“œŒ•Œ —T›–“œŒ•Œšœ“—–•ŠGˆŠ‹ GGGGGGGGGG`W–jSGGG^Y GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGZ]L G

6FKHPH

*C–Y¯vwY†×CYö¯wYêŠYçˊ

µÞNN# ~Þ# ò^ö# Fòš~1# # µÞR#

Cû~Þ# 7¶ò†# UÚ# zN~Þ# FGFo$# C~ö#

òz# WPV# ʚÖbö# ò†#^"K# QPUÞ# »¯òš

z/#›º#û²#>3R–Ú#NEu#:µÞ#Cò†#Ub

~1# ~# *f# ·ò†# «žN# 6/70glphwkr{|0 wklrskhqhÞ#ïò†#UNb~1#

«žN#6/70glphwkr{|wklrskhqh#4#j–#3143#j ò# s0wroxhqhvxoirqlf# dflg# ’Fz# 9186# jò# 4/50 hwkdqhglwklroÞ# 53# pOò# B‚nj# Bšò†/# b&

# ò¾–¶# <3# ~j¶# 6ž# òòvB# ^/# # C ûÞ# šÊ# «j¶# w# ~æ# š~1# ²ëCû–# ³ Ú# Öò# jæö# ·ö# ^/# # 5Ê# Öò# 8(#

²Jî2R# ²CûÖö# zrun0xsò†# jæ# ÏÞ#

Êö# Fòš~1# ºÊÏÞ# ^# îæÊ# Cò†#

Fò†# PjVR%ö# ¯¶òš~1# wËÖÞ# FòÊ# ž ò†#~F.#93#+:305:3#phvk/#Phufn#<;86,Þ#

C^ö# †–Þ# Còš~1# Fö# ^/# C~# šïj¶#

# 5vž# sâ# 7¶v¶/# ö# wËÖ# 6/70hwk|o0 hqhglwkldwklrskhqhÞ# UNb~1# # wËÖò# *Ê

# >3R–# ’Fz# ›º/# *2šv«º +XY2Ylv,#

>3R–Þ#››#UN#ö#wËÖÞ#ïòš~1#

1&%J55F
W
ý
§
H

1#

žj¶# UÚ# ‚cN

# Cò†# «²ëÞ# v^òš~1# žN›# îó

«#–¯Þ#Vfkhph#5j#2ZNb~1#

583# pO# V# ¦>j# òòc›Ê# ?òòz/#

b&#ò¾–b~1#Jî¶ö#Š.#IhFo$#318:#jÞ#

¦>j# ½z# †Êj# FK$FQ# ;3# pO# ½z#

vslq0eduö# šN–¶# # 43# sâ# ²ëvÊ~1#

IhFo$š#ޞ#C²/#FK$FQ#53#pOj#žò#

ËÖöÊ#UÚ#6/70hwk|ohqhglwkldwklrskhqh#3148#

j# C¶# CûÞ# –FÊ# Cò†/# 66# ¦

>#âÖö#›šòš~1#æ/#^ö#G÷cò#žÖ

# w˲b~1# ^'¶# ²ë# CûÞ# vs lq0eduö#

šN–¶# 57vž# sâ# ~Âj¶# ²ëvÊ~1# ¡&#

UN^# ^ö# G÷cò# žÖÞ# ºFÞÊ# Cò†/#

FK$FQÖö# Ò3ò¶# †–òš~1# †–¶# wËÖÚ#

63# ppKjò# šïj¶# 57vž# sâ# vÊ~1# ¡

&#UN^#z*.#Jî¶#[vÊ#æÒj/#«Ë#[v ò# z*# UÊ# ž¶.# øj¶# UN^# z*# Ö

š#î^Æ/#ÞÒ>Þ#¶¶šö#Cò†#Vr{kohw#.6Þ#

v#ò†# "¶ÖÞ# ¶ö# ^# 53# pOò# Q#K%YK#Rö#

45vž# sâ# ²ëvÊ~1# # ²ë# ÖÖÞ# ~v# º FÞÊ#Cò†#z#î^Æö#~v#Vr{kohw#.6 Þ#v#òš~1#¡&#UN^#z*#~v#45vž#

sâ# 63# ppKjò# šï–# ~Âj¶# vÊ~1# #

z*# QPS# C~j# Cö# ^# LWR# ž“j# ^†

ò†# ¯c¯vò# SHGlWW# ž“Þ# ¶ò†# ò#

«žÊîó# SËÞ# ·òš~1# ## žÊîó# Jî2 òj# SËZî# šÊòšz# svj# *2šv«º#

û²>3R–ò# Zî# šÊò†# žÊZc# SËÞ# š Êòš~1#

4".
·^
ý
§
H

1#

VDP# Zò# ¯cÞ#

UÊ# žò†# Jº# ¢# ž“Þ# šÞòš~1# j–¯#

Nho0Ij#¯#j²¯#¢#ž“ +[W# 6#pp,Þ# 3138#

µp# doxplqd# voxuu|# Cò†# ¢z/# 7ò²j¶# 6

ž# ¢æ¦# Ò3ò.# –¯Þ# 6&# ²òš~1# ¡

&#šÞ¶#ž“Þ#314#P#OlFoR%2DFQ#Cûj¶#²&#

¶òv¶# ¯ö# ¶òžïžò{º# UNZ.Z# ï

òš~1#¡&#ž#2Fö#ž“Þ#žj#ʺö#šö#

šÞö# SHGlWW2QPS# Cûj# Žš# ž“# ö# Þ

ž# :Êz# ®–.# ¯cÞ# ¯Ëú# ²# ".# Cö#

ž#wÊ^÷#Þ>†ò&#òö#[vö#jò.#vž

f# Ãòòš~1# # –¯# sâj.# Cû–# ž“#

î~FZ# ä^÷# âžö# žj# êb~1# jò.# vž

#Z2/#ž“Þ#8NN#¢#ž“#öÞ#QPS#C~

ö# Ò3Þ# òš~1# ¡&# UN^# z*# VDPò# ¯

S S

S FeCl₃, CH₃CN 24h, Room temp.

S S S

n y⁺

(FeCl₄^-)_y ^N2H4ñ

S S S

n H₂O

G

6FKHPH

G

¯gó ¬37í!¬6;!3113Ä!:C! ! 6:4

bj# Ž’z# ¶òžïžò{ºÞ# Ub~1# vžj# Ê

# ¢# ž“# öj# # ž^Ë# z*ò# ^†¶# +#

†jÞ# š?# &# æÞ# –# ²# "Ê# æÒ~1# z

*š# ^†²bæÞ# ïö# ~æÖö.# # ¯cò# ‚

*ËÞ# ïòÊ# žò†# ³Ú# ž“Þ# N$Ih+FQ,'

š# CûÖö# ~N".# žbj# Ž’z# ¶òžïž

ò{ºÞ# UNNN# VDPò# ¯Ë–¯Þ# šÊòš~1#

# æò# žï–F# .ž# 319# Y# òö# ¶öò#  [# ¯c# z*š# òj¯vöf# Fò&# ²N# žÊ#

ž^^š# ~J# HÞ^~1# # æÒj# ¢# ž“# žj# ò j¯# SHGlWW# ^†²# Cû# îóò# Jî2òj#

²ëÞ# Ãú# Öö# ʚ²Ê# æÒj# ž“ò#  ú# 7šú²÷# FYj.# ª7›Öö# ޚ‡›# Jî2 òj# SË# Zʛ# ¶òžïžò# {ºÞ# UÞ#  Öö# ʚ¶~1# ʚž“Öö.# Dj2DjFo# +vdw*g# NFo,/#

[šž“Ú# Ë¢# ªÞ# FCòš~1# Þêò# C›Öö#

³Ú# ž2F# –¯Þ# ~Ö2# VDPÞ# ^†òZ# äÚ#

¢# ž“Öö# ³Ú# žbj¶# ¶òžïžò#{ºÞ#U N# ³# 2ZNb~1# ’Fz# ïÞ# žò†# »¯# ÷ 6#VDP#ž“Þ#3138#µp#doxplqd#voxuu|ö#¢Ú#^/#

7ò²j¶# 6ž# ¢æ¦# Ò3ò†# 83# pY2vö# ~v#

¶òžïžò{ºÞ#Ub~1#

«ó›#ïÞ#žò†#›º#«/Öö#VDPò#

ïÞ# v^òš~1# # žò†# ²¯# J¯# žj# ¢Þ#

7Ãv¶#¶ö#[W#8#pp#¢#ž“Þ#Còš

~1# :5vž# sâ# VDPÞ# ¯ËvB# ^# # ¯cò# ›

º# û²>3R–Þ# Ub~1# «j# vf# ž“Þ# Ɩ

òZ#UòÊ#æÒj#²F/ +DWU=#dwwhqxdwhg#wrwdo#uh0 iohfwlrq,Þ#Cò†#»¯òš~1#ö"#»¯j# 533&#

–Fòšz#~Þ#czò†#û²>3R–Þ#Ub~1#

#

žê
ý
Î#

Ö·¢F
W
ý
H
֚# Zdqj# ‹# Cö#

‚cN# Ë/j# š# NNŽ/# 6/70gleurprwklr0 skhqhÞ# β# jæj# ½z/# # CûÞ# 0:;# ~ö#

c›vB~1# # c›¶# Cûj# n0exw|oolwklxp–#  Þ# ÂÚö# ½N–z/# ››# 63–# 4vžÃ# šN–

¶# ²ëvB~1# # BšÖ~Þ# ö"# î# ½N–z/# ³ Ú# Ã/Öö# ²ëvB~1# # ÖÖò# Â^# ~Âæ

zN# U&# ¶~1# # zN# Cò†# QdRK# Cû–#

î^&#Bšòz/#b&#žÊ#òj¶#9vž#sâ#

òòvB# ^/# ò‚# sâ# ~Âj# -Þî~1# ^# ~v#

# Öö# ÕNš~1# ¡&# UN^# zN# glfkorur0 phwkdqh0kh{dqhÞ# Cö# FJ¯# Ã/Öö# žN

# wklhqr^6/70g`04/60glwklroh050wklrqhÞ# 55(ò#

²Âö# U.~1# UN^# žNö# HGlWWÞ# Ëò.#

Ã/Ú# ֚# b&# žÊ# òj¶# î^Æj# ¢' Þ#ޞ##^/##Cûj#žN#Bšö~1#² ëÖÞ# 83#~j¶# 4b5vž#sâ#²ëv>z#†Êj#

4/50gleurprhwkdqhÞ# Bšö# ^/# ~Âj¶# ò‚# à òvB~1#^òj¶#î^ÆÞ#¶òz#jæ#Bš

ò†# .6ò†/# ö# wËÖÞ# FR~1# ‚cN.#

;:(# ²Âö# UNZz/# žN²ëò# ²ÂÚ# 4<(~1#

Ú# ³Ú# Zdqj# ‹ò# ËÃ/Ú# ††# ²ë# ‚^#

ò.# ‹# žN# ˖¯# ;òz/# ’ö# # ž N#²Â#HÚ#Þ/#’#~rj¶# Cö# ‚cN#  ËÚ# # ‚^# ²ëÖö# E’# ‚^.# 6¶# Öbö#

6/70gleurprwklrskhqhÞ#FCò†#6/70glphwkr{|0 wklrskhqhÞ# U.# –¯z/# # ²ëò# ²ÂÚ# ;4(#

š~1# # wËÖÞ# FCò†# 6/70hwk|ohqhglwkldwklr0 skhqh +HGlWW,Þ# UÚ# ò’# ²ëò# ²ÂÚ# 69(ö#

2Z2/# ž# –¯ò# ²ÂÚ# # 5<(ö# Zdqj# ‹# FC ö# Ã/j# Þ# ž‚òz/# žN# ²Â^# [š›Öö# , Ú# ?ª# "~1# # Iljxuh# 4j# ˶# ‚cN# HGlWW ò#QPU#>3R–Þ#2ZNb~1#91<98#sspj¶#2

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

δ 3.222 / 69.77

δ 6.965 / 30.23

ppm

)LJXUH#QPU#vshfwuxp#ri#prqrphu#HGlWW1#

*C–Y¯vwY†×CYö¯wYêŠYçˊ

Z2.# Ö.# Š¾6# zFš# Žºö# 5¶ò# ²&ö

Ê#ʶ#z/#6155#sspj¶#2Z2.#Ö.#Š¾ 6ò# 6/# 7"j# žòj# òò¶# hwk|ohqhglwkldʚ# Žº ö# 7¶ò# ²&öÊ# ʶ# ~1# # ê# Öò#

›Þš# 4# =# 5# # Öö# 2Z2# jò.# ò# ‚ cNš# UN^# Öö# Ž~1# NEu# :µ/Þ# Cò

†# UÚ# ›º# û²# >3R–Þ# Iljxuh# 5j# 2ZN b~1# 63;<# fp⁰⁴j¶# 2Z2.# Îv.# vs⁵ò# F0K#

^sj# òö# z/# 5<48# fp⁰⁴j¶ò# û²# Îv.#

vs⁶ò# F0Kò# ^sj# Êò.# Öö# Ž~1# ªö#

5733#fp⁰⁴j¶#Žò#6¶#Öbò#V0K#^sj#ò ö#¯ö#Îvš#F^#Þ#–#²#"b~1#Iljxuh#6 Ú# ‚cNò# *2šv«º# û²>3R–Þ# 2ZNb

~1#vf.#‚cN#phwk|ohqh#fkorulghj#·ö#C ûb~1# ~# ž^Ë# z*ò# ‚cNÚ.# †F# ‚

¦?# ›‡j¶# û²# Öš# 5¶#2Z6~1#ê# ¶ò# û

²#Öš#2Z2.#º.##*š#~#z*ò#‚

cNÚ.# †F# hwk|ohqhglwkldʚ# ÞJ# ž*§Þ#

Žºòz# "Ê# æÒz# æ¾æ~1# ʶ# ‚¦?#

û²# Ö# 563# qpj¶# 2Z2.# Ö.# n›-#

žj#ʲ.#z/#5;<#qpj¶#2Z2.#Ö

.# ¾›¯# zFò# ›-# ž# 2ZR~z# ú# ²#

"~1⁴⁸#

ÎH~F
W
ý
§
H
žj# ʺö# Ã/š

ö#Ëö#z*#SHGlWWò#††#šZ#SËÞ#·

òš~1# îó# «/Öö# UÚ# z*# QPS# Cû j# Còšz# # LWR# ž“# žj# ^†v¶# UÚ#

SHGlWW# ¯cÞ# ‚cNš# `.# žb# Cûj# ½z#

¶òžïžò{º +FY,Þ# ֚# UN# Žò~1# –F# .

ž.# 3# Yj¶# 416# Y# Fz/# –F# '^# 53b 533# pY2v# ö# Zîv>¶# UÚ# FY# Iljxuh# 7j#

2ZNb~1# UÚ# FYj.# Êʛ# ;æÖö# ö#  {~# Žz# "Ö2# šN›Öö# žï–F# '^j#

Ê# žò# ¬# 7šò.# Zî# Ž†–z# "~1# ª ö# +# žž# 9j¶.# ž^Ë# z*š# Jî¶# [vš#

²N# ^žË# ?[²z/# # æÒj# 2Z2.# # C

žžò# ªë# 2Z2z# "Ö/# æ# žž# 9j¶.#

# ³Ú# Cžžòš# ò# 2Z2Z# äz# "~1# .#

ž¯›# ž^Ë# z*ò# FY# ÂÎÞ# 2ZNNš~

z# ú# ²# "~1^48/53/54# # LWR# ž“žj# ^†¶# z

*cÚ# ’# žò# ¬Þ# ŽÞ# >j# Ž# VDP¯# ¯cŽ

~# êHš# ~J# # Öö# Ž~1# .# –F'^j#

Ê# Ö# žò# ¬# ,Ú# žž# 9Öö# sò.#  Öö^#æ#²#"~1##Iljxuh#8ò#+d,j.#53#pY2vò#

–F'^ö# žï¶òÞ# ~#ú# æ/# Jî# –¯# «# lq0

% Transmittance

Wavenumber (cm^-1)

100

96

92

88

2000

3000 1000

)LJXUH#LU#vshfwuxp#ri#prqrphu#HGlWW1#

200 400 600 800 1000

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Absorbance (AU)

Wavelength (nm)

)LJXUH # XY2Ylv# vshfwuxp# ri# prqrphu# HGlWW1#

Prqrphu# vkrzv# wzr# devruswlrq# shdnv# dw# 563# qp#

dqg#5;<#qp#zlwkrxw#dq|#devruswlrq#eh|rqg#683#qp # xs#wr#4533#qp#uhjlrq1#

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

d c Scan rate variation

a: 20 mV/s b: 50 mV/s c: 100 mV/s d: 200 mV/s

b a

Current (mA)

Potential (mV) vs. Ag/AgCl

)LJXUH # F|folf# yrowdpprjudpv# ri# SHGlWW# ilop#

rq# LWR1# Fxuuhqw# uhvsrqvh# zdv# ghshqglqj# rq# wkh#

vfdq#udwh1#

¯gó ¬37í!¬6;!3113Ä!:C! ! 6:6

vlwx# XY2Ylv# >3R–Þ# 5¢# žCÖö# UNR# >3 R–~Þ# öj# 2Žö# ~1# z*ò# Jî[v j# Ê# «# Ëb# Zò.# BOÞ# 2# 2ZNN# – z# "~1# 2æ# òj¶# [vj¶.# ‚cNò# WJÚ#

ºFò&#‚¦?#›‡j¶#5¶ò#û²#Öš#2Z6

~1# òZf# ~ò# Ö# žò.# ‚cNò# ’~Ž~#

?¦?# 9Öö# s# NFæÞ# æ# ²# "~1# žžò#

–F# –¯# «j# »¯¶# >3R–ò# Zî# šÊò#

‚¦?# ›‡ò# û²š# ª&òz# šzj# ?¦?# ›‡

j¶ò# û²š# ,ÞjÞ# æ# ²# "~1# ## Jî²ë# « j.# ’Vò# îNö# Ã?Öö# û²# Öò# ʚ# Z îò†# ž~1# Ú# ~J# 2# æ¾^# ž^Ë# z*ò#

ž¯›# «žÊîó# SËZî# ú# ²# "~1^###'#

?¦?# ›‡j¶# 2Z2.# >3R–ò# ""ö#  .# ¯c# ~J# !Ú# š^ö# N2.# žÇž[# æ Ò~1# ³Ú# ’Vò +e,j# 2ZR# òj–¯# «j# 2 Z2.# >3R–ò# Zîš# žò# J# ZîÚ.#

933# qp# [ò# ¦?j# šö# >3R–ò# B+# Þ

žö# c# BOÞ# 2ZN.# Ú# # ~rj¶# UN^#

ž^Ë# z*# SHGlWW# ޞ# òj¶# îó# ¯ vö# UN^# æÒ# ú# ²# "~1# ªö# †ö# ¢~

†# # Zf# z*.# òj# –¯j¶^# ޞ# ò jº# ²# ".# z*.# Þ# ’V# 2# 2ZNN–

z# "~1^""# Ú# ³Ú# SË# ·Þ# O# z*ò# «

²ë# 2# ²#²N/# jò.# z*š# UNjÞ# æ#

²#"b~1#

4".
·F
^
ý
§
îó# «ò†# UÚ#

SHGlWW# 4# jÞ# QPS# C~# 43# pOj#Cv¶# UÚ#

SHGlWW2QPS# Cûj# ž2F# bö# ¢# ž“Þ# Ž

¢Öö# VDP# ¯ËÞ# v^òš~1# VDP# ¯Ë# ²ë vžÚ#5/#7/#9/#43/#4;/#73/#8;/#:5vž#sâÖö#ò

š~1#¯^#vž#^#ž“Þ#8R#^#C~#QPSö#

Ò3òz# vÊ~1# # ž“Þ# # 314# P# OlFoR%2DFQ#

400 600 800 1000

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Absorbance (AU)

Wavelength (nm)

400 600 800 1000

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

0.5 O‰P

Absorbance (AU)

Wavelength (nm)

)LJXUH#lq0vlwx#XY2Ylv#vshfwudo#fkdqjh#ri#SHGlWW#

ilop#rq#LWR/#vfdq#udwh#53#pY2v/#+d,#r{lgdwlrq#surfhvv#

+3#›#415#Y,#dqg#+e,#uhgxfwlrq#surfhvv#+415#›#3#Y,1#

0 200 400 600 800 1000

40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80

-100 (a)

Current Density (nA / cm2 )

Potential (mV) vs. Ag/AgCl

Bare 2 h 4 h 6 h 10 h 18 h 40 h

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

-60 -70 -80 -90

-100 (b)

Ip (nA)

Time (hour)

)LJXUH # F|folf# yrowdpphwulf# uhvsrqvhv# ri# wkh#

SHGlWW# VDP# ilop# rq# jrog# hohfwurgh# lq# 314# P#

OlFoR%2DFQ# hohfwuro|wlf# vroxwlrq/# +d,# f|folf# yrowd0 pprjudpv#ghshqg#rq#vfdq#udwh#dqg#+e,# LI#yv1#VDP#

irupdwlrq#wlph1#

*C–Y¯vwY†×CYö¯wYêŠYçˊ

žb#âj#Ž¢#^#FY#UN#’#J–#Iljxuh#9#

+d,j# 2ZNb~1# žï# –F# .ž# 0314b414# Y#

ö# òšz/# –F'^.# 83# pY2vö# ò†# FY# Ub

~1# ÞÎ# ^# Z# äÚ# ž“Ú# ‚Z# F›¯j# š æN# BOò# Cžžò# ªëf# 2Z2z# "Ö/# ² ë#vž#ÒNb²÷#31<#Y#–2ò#JîÖò#Ê

š# 7šò.# BOÞ# Ž†–z# "~1# ªö# òj# žï

–Fò# WJj^# 31:8# Y# –ò# Þfö# òj# Öš#

*BÞ#–#²š#"~1#Iljxuh#7j#2ZR#SHGlWW ò# FYÚ# ºFö# BOÞ# Žz# "N/# CûÖöÊ#

¢# ž“# öÖö# SHGlWW# ¯c# ¯Ë²bæÞ# æ#

²# "~1# ªö# Cûj# Žšê.# vž# 7šú²÷#

žòš^# ¬^# 7š².# Öö# ŽÞ# ¢# ž“# öj#

ªÂ›Öö# SHGlWW# ûò.# +# 7š/# ##  ú +fryhudjh,# 7šò.# Þ# 2ZNz# "~1# ªö#

SHGlWWò# Ö# žž¬ +Hs,ò# s# `z# ‚Z# ž ò# ¬f# ¯c# ¯Ë# vžj# Ê# 7šÞ# –# ²# "

~1# .# SHGlWW# ‚*ÏÖö# ‚NÒ# Jî2ò j# ²ë# æ# îóò# ïJj# òö# ›?Þ# µZ# äÞ#

fò#¯cÞ#¯ËòÊ#æÒj#Hsò#Zîš#`.#

Öö# 2Z2z# "~1# ž“ò#  ú# vžj# Ê#

7šò.# BOÞ# Iljxuh# 9# +e,j# 2ZNb~1# ## ³ Ú# ’Vò# +d,j¶# Jî# Ö# žò# ¬ +Ls,Þ# vžj#

šö# ²ö# 2ZNb~1# 2æj.# vž# W–ò

¶# Ls š# £Cò&# 7šòz# "Ö2/# # 73vž# ^

Ê.# Ls ¬# ¯ò&# ºZ².# Öö# Ž~1#  .# ¢# ž“# öj# SHGlWWò# VDP# ¯Ë# ޞ#

‚NÒ# ‚*# ÏÞ# ‚z# "N/# î# [# VDP#

¯Ë²Z# äÊ# æÒÖö# Ž~1# Ú# ³Ú# VDP# ¯ ËÚ# ~# ŠöÊ# Žz¶# ¯Ë–¯–# ºFö# + [Þ#Žz#"~1^5:#"j.# új#Ê#_W#C ûò# Jî2òj# NU&# Zîò.š# Fòš~1#

Iljxuh#:#+d,j.#314#P#NFo2K5R#CûÞ#C~ö#ò

†# ¶ö# 8# pP# N6Ih+FQ,9# Cûj# ¢# ž“# ©# ž j¶# ¶ö#  ú# ~# VDPž“Þ# ½z# žï–

F# žÞ# 3b319# Yö# ¶öv¶# UÚ# FY# 2ZNb

~1# †Êj# 2Z6# žòªëÚ# ž›Öö# Cû#

Ih+FQ,960ò# Jî2òjj# ò¶f# 2Z6# ~1#

VDPÞ# ¯ËòZ# äÚ# ¢# ž“ò# ¶òžïžò{º Ú#3168#Y/#315;#Yj¶#››# Jî2òj# Öš# 2Z6

~1# æ# ñHs# ‹# :3# pYö# N6Ih+FQ,9ò# Jî2òj#

²ë# š‡›Öö# 2Z2z# "æÞ# æ# ²# "~1# 

Ú# ’# Žz¶# ~# Šò# J–~–^# òò.#

J–~1# ’†2# ž“öò# z*#  ú#7šÂ j#Ê/###ž“#öj#SHGlWWò# VDP# ¯ËÂj#

Ê# ¶òžïžò{ºò# ñHsš# ªª# ~Z¶/# ª ›Öö# ޚ‡›# ²ëÞ# 2ZNz# "~1# ’Vj#

2Z6#ñHsò#7šÚ#î"N#Ö#žò#¬^#ª&ò

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

100 200 300 400 500

(c)

∆Ep (mV)

Time (hour)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2

-3 (a)

Current Density (µA/cm2 )

Potential (mV) vs. Ag/AgCl

Bare chem2h chem4h chem6h chem10h chem18h chem40h chem58h chem72h

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

-2 -1 0 1 2

3 (b)

Ip(anodic) Ip(cathodic)

Ip (nA)

Time (hour)

)LJXUH # F|folf# yrowdpphwulf# uhvsrqvhv# ri# wkh#

SHGlWW# VDP# ilop# rq# jrog# hohfwurgh# lq# 8# pP#

N$Ih+FQ,'2314#P#NFo/#+d,#wlph#ghshqghqw#FY#fkdqjh/#

+e,#LI#yduldwlrq/#dqg#+f,#∆HI#yduldwlrq#zlwk#VDP#iru0 pdwlrq#wlph1#

¯gó ¬37í!¬6;!3113Ä!:C! ! 6:8

z# "~1# .# ªÂ›Öö# ¢# ž“# ö# SHGlWW# ¯ cÖö# †šz# ##  ú# 7šò¶# CûÖö#

žòž†# š?ö# ¢# ž“ò# *ºö# žN~z#

"Ê# æÒ# ú# ²# "~1# Ú# ³Ú# jÚ# SHGlWW

# ž“öj# ‚*# ÏÞ# ‚¶/# ¢# ž“–# ž Êîó# öË# Ih+FQ,'$j# N2.# žòž†Þ#

Ãò.# Êö~1# ’†Zö# SHGlWW# ¢# ž“

öj# VDPÞ# ¯ËÞ# [«›Öö# vFö~z# ú#

²# "~1# ³Ú# ’Vò +e,j# 2ZR# VDP# ¯Ë# vž

j# Ê# LIò# Zî# Ž# Iljxuh# 9# +e,ò# WJ2–#

¯c# ¯Ë# ¢Êj# žò¬# £C# žN~z# "æÞ#

–# ²# "~1# # 73vž# ^j.# 7šÂ# žšò&#

žN~z# ò# Zîš# `.# +[Þ# Ž~1# ³Ú# ’V ò +f,.#ñHI#š#z*#Cûj#Žš#î#vžÞ#2Z R~1##’Vò#J–^ +e,ò#J–Ú#³Ú#¾Þ#ú#

²š# "~1# ªö# # ’V~öÊ# VDP# ¯ËÚ# 2æ#

53vž# Nj¶.# ~J# ú&# ^#²~š# ª^›

Öö# '^š# Þfò†Ò# # 73vž# ^j.# ¢# ž

“# öžNj# VDP# ¯Ë²z/# î# [Ú# VDP#

¯Ë²Z#äæÞ#Ž†–z#"~1##

Iljxuh#;Ú#SHGlWW2QPS#Cûj¶#:5vž#sâ#

VDPÞ#¯ËvB#^/##VDP#ž“Þ#øj¶#¶ö#

8#pP#N$Ih+FQ,'#žbj#½z#FY#UÚ#J–#

Ž†–z#"~1#žï#–F#'^#››# 53/# 83/# 433/#

533# pY2vö# Zîv>¶# 313b319# Y# ò# –F.ž

j¶# »¯ö# ¶òžïžò{º~1# –F'^# ú

&# j# Ê# Jî# ÖÚ# òj# Ö# Fò# žC#

ªÂ# &NjÞ# –# ²# "~1# .# ž“²ëj¶# ž*#

ž†# '^š# ~J# @Njj# Ê# Cûò# Jî2òj j.#îK##–žžš#F&#²Ê#æÒ~1#

:5vž# sâ# ¯ËvB# VDP# ¯cò# IW0LU# >3 R–Þ# DWU/Öö# »¯ö# ›º# >3R–Þ# Iljxuh#

<j#2ZNb~1#æ#FCö#ž“Ú#[W#8#pp#

HTFPC#¢#ž“Þ#Còš~1#DWU#»¯C#J¯Þ#

öj# ?Ãö# ^# 533"# –Fö# *f# czò†# U Ú#û²>3R–~1#6333b5;83#fp^"j¶#2Z2 .# û²Îv.# SHGlWWò# vs^$# F0K# Jj# òö# 

z/# 4933b4783# fp^"j¶# 2Z2.# Ú# durpdwlf#

F@Fj# Êò.# û²Îv~1# 5733# fp^"# –j

¶# 2Z2.# û²Îv.# Ê# «ò# FR#j# ò¶# 2 Z2.#û²Îv~1#’Fz#Iljxuh#5j¶#2Z2.##

63;<# fp^"ò# vs^## F0K# ^sj# òö# û²Îvš# † Êj¶.# 2Z2Z# ä.# Öö# ŽÞ# ¢# ž“# öò#

Öb#z*#‚z#"æÞ#æ#²#"b~1#

#

ž


N

#

ºÊC~j# šö# C^š# ,Þ# šË# J²ö#

ž^Ë#z*#SHGlWWÞ#Ëòš~1#Zdqj#‹–.#

~# Ã/Þ# Cò†# ‚cN# Ëòšz/# 5<(ò#

²ÂÞ# Ub~1# ††# «ó›# ·/Þ# Cò†#

‚cN# HGlWW# ˲NjÞ# ïòš~1# IhFo$#

Cò†##‚cNò#îó#«Þ#v^ò†#sÚ# G

÷cò# SHGlWW# z*# Ub~1# Þ# Q#K%ö#

òjò†# ¢cò# òj¶# SHGlWWÞ# Ub~1# # z

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15

Current (µA)

Potential (mV) vs. Ag/AgCl

Bare 20 mV 50 mV 100 mV 200 mV

)LJXUH #Vfdq#udwh#ghshqghqw#FY#fkdqjh#iru#VDP#

iruphg#rq#jrog#vxuidfh#gxulqj#:5#krxuv1#

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 0.0

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Absorbance (AU)

Wavenumber (cm^-1 )

)LJXUH  IW0LU# vshfwuxp# ri# wkh# VDP# iruphg# rq#

jrog#iru#:5#krxuv1#

*C–Y¯vwY†×CYö¯wYêŠYçˊ

*.# ºÊC~/# S# QPSj# ~J# 2# C².# SË Þ#Žš~1#ªö##wËÖò#††#«žÊîó›#SË

# SHGlWWò# S˖# òò.# J–# UbÖ/#  .# Š¾6# ^Žò# ž¯›# ¶òžïžò{º–# žÊ Zc#ËbÞ#2ZNb~1##

~# Š¾6^ò# ž^Ë# z*~2–# ¢# ž“# ö

+VDP,Þ#v^ò†#¢#öj##z*ò#‚*#cÞ#

¯ËvÊ~1# žÊîó›# Ã/Öö# z*ò# VDP# ¯ c# ¯Ë# †# ïòš~1# ªö# IW0LU# >3R–

Þ# »¯ò†# VDP¯Ë# ºÎ# ïòš~1# 6333b 5;83# fp^"j¶# 2Z2.# vs^$# F0K# J–# 4933b 4783#fp^"j¶#2Z2.#Š¾6#zFNò#durpdwlf#

F@F#Jj#òö#û²Îv#ïú#²#"N#SHGlWW

#¢#ž“öj¶#VDPÞ#¯ËÞ#ïòš~1#ž

F# HTFP +hohfwurfkhplfdo# txduw}# fu|vwdo# plfur0 edodqfh,#‹#~#Ã/~Þ#Cò†##¯cò#·

Š#ïš#²#òz#"~1##

#

þšF
î’#Š.#5333Þ^#öóº^ÿF‚

ò# Ê¢–óŠZjF_ +–¶"Ò# GS3636,ò# Š

Þö#‚NæÖ#j#Fò#öb~1#

#

& Î & º#

#

# 41# D1# J1# Edxjkpdq/# “Frqwhpsrudu|# Wrslfv# lq#

Sro|phu#Vflhqfh”/#hg1#e|#H1#M1#Ydqghqehuj/#yro1 á/#s1#654/#Sohqxp#Suhvv/#Qhz#\run/ 4<;71#

# 51# F1#Duel}}dqr/#P1#Pdvwudvrvwlqr/#dqg#E1#Vfurvdwr/#

“Kdqgerrn#ri#Rujdqlf#Frqgxfwlyh#Prohfxohv#dqg#

Sro|phu”/# hg1# e|# K1# V1# Qdozd/# yro1# à/# s1# 8<8/#

Zloh|/#Qhz#\run/#4<<:1##

# 61# F1# Zhlgolfk/# N10P1# Pdqjrog/# dqg# N1# Mxwwqhu/#

Electrochimica Acta/#/#:74+5334,1#

# 71# N1#\1#Mhq/#U1#Rergl/#dqg#U1#O1#Hovhqedxphu/#Polym.

Mater. Sci. Eng1/#/#:<#+4<;8,1#

# 81# V1#Krwwd/#V1#G1#G1#Y1#Uxjkrrsxwk/#D1#M1#Khhjhu/#

dqg#I1#Zxgo/#Macromolecules/#/#545#+4<;:,1#

# 91# P1# Ohfohuf/# I1# Gl}d/# dqg# J1# Zhjqhu/# Makromol.

Chem1/#/#6438#+4<;<,1#

# :1# J1#Jrxuloorq#dqg#I1#Jduqlhu/# J. Electroanal. Chem1/##

/#84#+4<;7,1#

# ;1# M1#Urqfdol/#U1#Jduuhdx/#D1#\dvvdu/#S1#Pdutxh/#I1#

Jduqlhu/#dqg#P1#Ohpdluh/#J. Phys. Chem1/#/#9:39#

+4<;:,1#

# <1# F1#Zdqj/#P1#Ehq}/#H1#OhJrii/#M1#O1#Vfklqgohu/#F1#

U1#Ndqqhzxuw/#dqg#P1#J1#Ndqdw}lglv/#Chem. Mater1/#

/#734#+4<<7,1##

431# J1# Kh|zdqj# dqg# I1# Mrqdv/# Adv. Mater1/# /# 449#

+4<<5,1#

441# E1# Vdqndudq# dqg# M1# U1# Uh|qrogv/# Macromolecules/#

/#58;5#+4<<:,1#

451# P1#Mrqdv/#Z1#Nudiiw/#dqg#E1#Px|v/#Macromol. Symp1/#

/#496#+4<<8,1#

461# Z1#K1#Kx|qk/#[1#Shqj/#dqg#D1#S1#Dolylvdwrv/#Adv.

Mater1/#/#<56#+4<<<,1#

471# \1#Ohh/#M1#Ohh/#\1#Vrq/#\1#K1#Sdun/#dqg#G1#K1#Edln/#

Polymer(Korea)/#/#945#+4<<<,1#

481# F1#Zdqj/#M1#O1#Vfklqgohu/#F1#U1#Ndqqhzxui/#dqg#P1#

J1#Ndqdw}lglv/#Chem. Mater., /#8;#+4<<8,1#

491# ]1#Jdr/#N1#V1#Vlrz/#dqg#K1#V1#R1#Fkdq/#Syn. Met1/#

/#8#+4<<8,1#

4:1# P1#K1#Glvkqhu/#M1#F1#Khpplqjhu/#dqg#I1#M1#Ihkhu/#

Langmuir/#/#94:9#+4<<9,1#

4;1# W1#Pdwvpxud/#W1#Wdndpxud/#dqg#\1#Vklpr|dpd/#

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys1/#6;#+4<<<,1#

4<1# I1# Jrogrql/# P1# Z1# Odqjhyhog0Yrvv/# dqg# H1# Z1#

Phlmhu/#Syn. Comm1/#/#556:#+4<<;,1#

531# \1#Vrq/#K10M1#Sdun/#M10V1#Fkrl/#dqg#\1#Ohh/#Mol.

Cryst. and Liq. Cryst1/#/#676#+5333,1#

541# \1#Vrq/#M10V1#Fkrl/#N1#V1#Mdqj/#M1#V1#Vxk/#H1#M1#Rk/#

M1#Mrr/#dqg#M1#K1#Fkr/#Syn. Met1/#/#4:8#+4<<:,1#

551# D1#Nxpdu/#G1#P1#Zhovk/#P1#F1#Pruydqw/#I1#Slurq{/#

N1#D1#Deerxg/#dqg#M1#U1#Uh|qrogv/# Chem. Mater1/#

/#;<9#+4<<;,1#

561# M1# F1# Jxvwdivvrq/# E1# Olhgehuj/# dqg# R1# Lqjdqdv/#

Sold State Ionics/#/#478#+4<<7,1#

571#H1#H1#Kdylqjd#dqg#F1#P1#M1#Pxvwdhuv/#Chem. Mater., /#

:9<#+4<<9,1#

581# [1# Fkhq# dqg# R1# Lqjdqdv/# J. Phys. Chem1/# /#

48535#+4<<9,1#

591# W1#\rkdqqhv/#M1#F1#Fduoehuj/#R1#Lqjdqdv/#dqg#W1#

Vrorprq/#Syn. Met1/#/#48#+4<<:,1#

5:1# P1#G1#Srwhu/#W1#E1#Euljkw/#G1#O1#Doodud/#dqg#F1#H1#

G1#Fklghv|/#J. Am. Chem. Soc1/#/#688<#+4<;:,1#

#