(1)Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2003, Vol

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(1)Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5 Printed in the Republic of Korea.

(2) *. . (2002. 11. 22

(3) ). A Survey on the Adequacy of Question Items of the Chemistry Teacher Employment Examination Hyosoon Han and Jong-Yoon Park* Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea Received November 22, 2002). . . ! "#$ %& . '() *+,- %& . $ /01 23) 4567. 89 14: 13: 01;< =>$ ?@0A, =>$ BC D 7E FG HI :"J HKLM7. N . OP QR( ST57. . U( -V$ H5 8 WX Y$ Z[01 U(\ ] ^_ 7. . VG ` a^_ 5A b$ cd ef 8WX$ g ]h IQ\ ] ^_ 7. iH%j. ) ckl ' V. mn1 opq r^m s B_. U($ iH&_ 7. 4tu

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(5) , ABSTRACT. A survey has been administered to investigate the adequacy of the chemistry teacher employment examination. The questionnaires were sent to the professors of the fourteen departments of chemistry education all over the nation and the responses were collected from the thirteen departments. From the analyses of the responses, the problems were pointed out and the suggestions were made for the improvement of the examination to recruit excellent chemistry teachers. Reconsideration of the ratio of subject matter education to subject contents, adjustment of format and number of questions, maintaining of proper degree of difficulty and discrimination of items, reconsideration of relevancy to practical education, raising the number of committee for the examination, the reflection of the 7th science curriculum, and opening to the public of the information related to the teacher employment examination were discussed. Keywords: Teacher Employment Examination, Chemistry Education, Item Analysis. . !, -. /01

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(25) ~` Ó Xø8( )<Î 1/. ù b. 3. Table 1. Test subjects and scores for the 2002 teacher employment examination in Seoul3 Exam Test. 1st. 2nd. Contents Score - Introductory education, educational philosophy & history, curriculum & assessment, educational methods & technology, psychology, sociolEducation 30 ogy, administration & management, other courses on educational theory Paper-pencil - Multiple choice (60 items) - Basic requirement courses Major - 20-30% in subject matter education, 80-70% in major subject 70 Subject - Limited essay test Essay - Common knowledge for teaching 25 Interview - Aptitude, personality, professionality for teacher 25 Teaching skill - Computer use on teaching & learning 10. Time(min) 70. 140. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

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(45) . 508. Table 2. Results of evaluation for the question items on chemistry major test in the 2002 teacher employment examination (n = 17, answering rate in %) Very Inappropriate. Inappropriate. Average. Appropriate. 0 0 5.9 11.8 5.9 0 0 5.9 0. 23.5 0 29.4 29.4 58.8 29.4 29.4 52.9 0. 35.3 29.4 17.6 29.4 11.8 41.2 23.5 23.5 41.2. 41.2 70.6 41.2 23.5 23.5 29.4 41.2 11.8 41.2. Contents Format of item No. of items Time Subject ratio No. of committee No. of grading committee Score Structure of item. Very Don't Know Mean* Appropriate 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.9 0 0. 0 0 5.9 5.9 0 0 0 5.9 17.6. 3.18 3.71 3.00 2.69 2.43 3.00 3.24 2.44 3.50. *. 1 = very inappropriate, 2 = inappropriate, 3 = average, 4 = appropriate, 5 = very appropriate.. 8/. W9: 5¹ <7P b1 ±²PQ ‘G¡ ¨. D°h FT )/=

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(76) Î + ¢P Ó ¨/( V. P b1 ¶¹h 4lÎ 1/= M: )5/.. Ã8=MP bl GÑ « )(3.38)( ±²8. Table 3. Items and scores for each domain on chemistry major test in the 2002 teacher employment examination Subjects Item number No. of items Score *. Chemistry education. Physical chemistry. Inorganic chemistry. Organic chemistry. Analytical chemistry. 1, 2, 3, 4 4 (9)* 18. 5, 6, 7, 8 4 (8) 15. 9, 10, 11 3 (6) 14. 12, 13, 14, 15 4 (6) 14. 16, 17 2 (4) 9. Numbers in the parentheses indicate the total number of items including small items.. 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5. Total. 17 (33) 70.

(77) . 510. Table 4. Results of evaluation for the question items on chemistry education field in the 2002 chemistry teacher employment examination (n=11)* Item No. Small items Score Validity Difficulty Memory Clarity Grading Total. 1 1 2 3.27 3.09 2.45 3.82 4.09 3.35. 2 1 3.55 3.00 2.45 3.73 4.18 3.38. 2 3 2 3.45 2.91 3.18 3.73 3.91 3.44. 1 1 3.64 3.55 3.09 3.73 3.73 3.55. 3 2 3 3.64 3.64 3.73 3.73 3.27 3.60. 1 3 3.09 3.00 3.09 3.18 3.00 3.07. 4 2 1 3.55 3.55 3.82 3.73 3.45 3.62. 1 3 3.00 2.82 2.73 3.82 3.09 3.09. Total 2 2 3.27 2.91 3.64 3.09 2.09 3.00. 9 18 3.38 3.16 3.13 3.62 3.42 3.34. *. 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = undecided, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree.. /. b V,PC [L qï [L <×M=. + % ' ¢lQ= q

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(106) Gtu$. lu :` µ%E )= ´Ï \. Table 5. Classification of the items of the chemitry education field into the subordinated categories Year. Teaching & Learning Theory. Discovery learning with V map Misconceptions 1997 Lawson’s learning cycle Analogue model Lawson’s learning cycle Intuitive concepts 1998 Conceptual change Piaget’s cognitive development (equlibrium) Ausbel's meaningful learning (with Piaget’s cognitive development) 1999 Hypothesis test Inquiry learning (chemical bonding) Piaget’s cognitive development (density) Inquiry learning *. 1999a. Piaget’s cognitive development (analogy) Application of STS Bruner’s theory 2001 Piaget’s cognitive development 2000. Piaget’s cognitive development 2002 Novak’s concept map & Lawson’s learning cycle * Additional examination 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5. Curriculum Characters of 7th curriculum. Science History & Philosophy Lakatos’ research program. STS. Differential curriculum. Inductivism Popper’s falsificationism Kuhn’s scientific revolution System & advantages Kuhn’s scientific revolution Kloper & Lakatos’research proBloom’s domain of objectives gram Integrated processes Comparison of STS & dis- Lakatos’ research procipline-centered curriculum gram Goal of science education. Evaluation Process skills. Aptitude Process skills (data analysis) Process skills (lab report). Differential curriculum. Assessment method Criteria for assessment (lab report).

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(118) ! "# $. 2002§. )l ± !, Ä( Q . 7 c_ W Î . XÈ GQ= V,` %º_ J/= Hh. Table 6. Results of evaluation for the question items on physical chemistry field in the 2002 chemistry teacher employment examination (n = 7)* Item No. Small items Score Validity Difficulty Memory Clarity Grading Total. 5 1 2 4.14 3.57 3.29 4.00 4.53 3.89. 6 2 1 4.00 3.43 3.29 4.29 4.57 3.91. 1 2 3.71 3.29 3.29 4.43 4.57 3.86. 7 2 1 3.71 3.57 3.14 4.43 4.57 3.89. 1 3 4.29 3.57 3.71 4.29 3.71 3.91. 8 2 2 4.00 3.57 3.71 4.29 4.29 3.97. 1 2 2.57 3.00 3.00 4.00 3.86 3.29. Total 2 2 2.71 2.86 3.43 4.00 3.86 3.37. 8 15 3.64 3.36 3.36 4.21 4.23 3.76. *. 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = undecided, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

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(120)

(121) . ! ". 513. Table 7. Classification of the items of each chemistry field into the subordinated categories Year. Physical Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Phase equilibrium R-S forms of alanine Fisher’s Effective nuclear charge, EDTA titration projection formula ionization E of elements Eqn. for reaction rate Molecular orbital for NO Halogenation of alkene, Covalent bond (VBT, MOT) IR & 1H NMR spectrum of 1997 acetone & acetic aldehyde, Transitional element Mass spectrum of 5-methyl2-hexanone Nitrosation of benzene, halogenation Ideal gas & real gas Chlorination of alkene Ionic bond 1M H2SO4 1998 Liquid-solid phase eq. Hybrid orbital of ethylene molecule & reaction Isothermal expansion Reaction mechanism of t- Charge transfer of Mn, Polarography butyl chloride Redox reaction, substi Eqn. for reaction rate 1999 Atomic spectroscopy for He Identifying compounds by tution, trans effect, coordination isomer of Atomic orbitals for H & He IR, NMR, UV, Mass data complex Structure of ionic com- Acidic dissociation of Isothermal expansion Nucleophilic substitution pounds HF, pH of acetic acid & Reaction rate for 1st, 2nd 1H NMR for vinyl acetate * NaOH order reaction 1999a Reaction of MnO4− & C2O42−. Condition for spontaneous Chlorination of n-butane, Periodicity of elements Titration of NH3 & HCl Bromination of alkene in periodic table Chemical reaction of reaction, ∆G = ∆H - T∆ S Galvanic cell & electro Reaction mechanism of IR, 1H NMR, Mass spectrum Crystal field theory, 2000 of C9H10O ozone motive force Jahn-Teller distortion Synthesis of m-, p-bromoni Harmonic oscillator trobezene. Acidity of oxyacid. pH of buffer sol, buffer Gibbs energy for gas, Bromination of propane Entropy change of isother- Synthesis of C2H5Br from Hybridization, Bent’s rule capacity, HendersonC2H5OH & mechanism Hasselbalch eqn. 2001 mal expansion Resonance of K2Cr2O7 13C NMR of cycloalkene & Eqn. for reaction rate 1 H NMR spin-spin splitting Allotrope of C Entropy change of isother- Ozonolysis of C7H14, Potentiometric titration 13 C NMR & 1H NMR mal expansion. Basicity of amine Chromatography Bromination of cyclohexene π orbital of ligand, Liquid-liquid phase eq. 2002 Selection rule for elec Reaction of C6H5C3H7 Eqn. for reaction rate tron spectrum Electronic transition of molecule * Additional examination. !abC lE )` A VÃ'6 @1 -. !s ¥¨, µ´ µ´, ø,. .` t&E ßZ% )` A VÃ/.. , U±&7, M, 0!_. W. ?S d` G ¢8¥ 1997§7. PQ= l /01 ´Ï U±&72 ¾Ç'. ¨© 2002§7ÅM Ã Î . 5( ? h < _, µ´, 0!_ !¡ . ,` 8¢ ¡½ 1 «= Table 7 Â/.. '5/. U: " V, Á( )= W. Table 7` K W Î= b G %M Y¨. ¡Z ¡h (R 1 A ¿K/.. Î ~W/: (Éu aÉ, _, 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5. '(

(122) ! "# $. c_.

(123) . 514. Table 8. Results of evaluation for the question items on inorganic chemistry field in the 2002 chemistry teacher employment examination (n = 8)* Item No. Small items Score Validity Difficulty Memory Clarity Grading Total. 9 1 3 3.75 3.25 3.00 3.38 3.75 3.43. 10 2 2 3.50 2.50 3.25 3.50 3.25 3.20. 1 2 3.75 3.75 3.88 3.75 3.50 3.73. 11 2 2 3.63 3.75 3.75 3.50 4.13 3.75. 1 2 3.75 3.38 4.00 4.00 3.63 3.68. 2 3 3.75 3.13 3.38 3.38 3.50 3.43. Total 6 14 3.69 3.29 3.48 3.58 3.63 3.53. *. 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = undecided, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree.. L Î «= Table 8 Â/.. Î ¢P b1 ¿w7= :»8/(3.60). L Î ¢P b1 ¿w7= :»(3.69). = «% m/. É À7 + ). 8/= «% m/. É À7 + . (3.42)6, lu :`, è+ ÒÜ sM{` ZÔ. )(3.29)( µ%'5 9-2 = :». 8= ^Mh ;= ë P )(3.25)5/= µ%. 8M J1 A(2.50) ¿K/. lu :`, è+. % m/. $/ <(! 1 X` !"8C. ÒÜ sM{` ZÔ8= ^Mh ;= ë P . ¿X( )/(3.88)( G6, ¶¹ s7 :». )(3.48)5/= µ%% m/. $/ <(!. (3.56)1 A µ%'5/.. 1 X` !"8C ¿X( )/(3.58)( G6, ¶ ¹ s7 :»(3.63)1 A µ%'5/.. H Î É + :(3.54) 86, 12u 15= Þ+ µ%'5/. ?@. L Î É + :»(3.53). 12PQ 14ÅM ì Np ¢£th. 86 10 11-1 Þ+ µ%'5/. Q. /R= Ôs'< )< H c_` (R µ. ´ ±²PQ= 4#E ¹ ÒÜsh ZÔ8=. %8M J8¥ ¿w7% /( <×/= M:. *(, l.` ã~E )= 4 Z. )5/. Q ¢% X Y /08C ø'7. Ô'6, 9, 10i ì s7 2 . o -.E ßZ% )6, ÒÜ sh ZÔ8= . 1 ~7= !7 2P b1. ` M08( lu :` µ%E )= . ` 8= A nop8/= M: )5/. . '<Î 1/= )5/. ,1 ¶¹ s`. U: &:^ L 2 «¥'< )(, r. (8¥ ÒÜ1 * '5 X Y â. ~ c_P ¬'< )/= M:7 )5/.. :^ (u l.` ZÔ8= ßZ8/= M. 1997§7¨© 2002§7ÅM L Î . :7 )5/.. h 1 «h K b / %M Y¨ . 2002§7 H ÎPQ= G¤u Â Y . Î ~W/(Table 7): 3 ¡s, «. '5=

(124) ì dÖ U±Ç`. , p-¡, ! ÔÇu U±s, Á¢ .. ¡( Vs ÔÇ{` ¥= 5/. Q . Y¨ Î½ d` K, l Á¢ ¾Ç. " bPQ Á( )= H ¡Z ¡h /0. '< '5( ? h < « !¡ '. 8C /RM JG/= M:` ¤+ A VÃ/.. 5 cP= p-¡ Î% ¨Ã'( )/. U. 15 = M !"h ê(8¥ dÖ . : Á¢ ¾Ç'5(, Huheeyu Douglas. U±` (s8= A â:^ (h ã~. L Q13PQ * ^'( )/= M: ). E )= VÃ/.. 5/. )(

(125) ! "# $. c_ H Î «= Table 9u Â/. H. XY.%UE%m5

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(129) . ! ". 515. Table 9. Results of evaluation for the question items on organic chemistry field in the 2002 teacher employment examination (n = 8)* Item No. Small items Score Validity Difficulty Memory Clarity Grading Total. 12. 13. 3 4.00 3.75 3.50 4.00 3.38 3.73. 4 3.50 3.38 3.13 3.88 3.63 3.50. 14 1 1 3.38 3.25 2.88 3.75 3.63 3.38. 2 1 3.63 3.25 3.13 3.75 3.63 3.48. 3 1 3.50 3.25 2.88 3.88 3.63 3.43. 15. Total. 4 3.63 3.63 4.00 4.00 3.50 3.75. 6 14 3.60 3.42 3.25 3.88 3.56 3.54. *. 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = undecided, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree.. |I Tm?t*O<OO$%&!. :` l8= H P b1 } :^ . WY.%UE%m5

(130). Ë ^{8( )5/. U: " bPQ Á ( )= H ¡Z ¡h (R lÎ 86,. ::;X !" |I Tm?t*O <O $%&!. ¡ U±` ;= % *+

(131) /= Wh ;=. Tm*?tjUET. 4P «¬Î E ßZs )= A ¿K/.. ?EYh"%m\ 0GP. *

(132) ! "# $. c_ Î «= Table 10 Â/.. :;W !" |I Tm?t*O<O. ÎPQ , ¢P b1 ¿w7u + )(ÃÃ 3.20, 3.25)5/=. 7

(133) :y$%&!. µ%% m/. lu :`, è+ ÒÜ sM{` 1997§7¨© 2002§7ÅM H . ZÔ8= ,5=Mh ;= ë P7 )(3.20). Î ` 8K b ¥ %M Y¨ Î ~. 5/= µ%% m/. $/ <(! 1 X. W/(Table 7): ¦ É , § U±,. !"8C ¿( )6(3.75), ¶¹+ LÀ(3.50). ¨V P©º, Eª P, M, . E A µ%'5/.. ¢£ dÖ . Table 7P ¿À Y¨ Î½ . Î É + . d` K, l M ¾Ç'< '5(. ) (3.38) µ%% m6, 17+ /1 . ? h < ¦ dÖ U±P b1 . ,P Ël Ë: Þ+ , 16-2= ) 8. !¡ '5/. ± !,+ M Î a. µ%'5/. 16-1+ X Z7% ]+

(134) Ul. Table 10. Results of evaluation for the question items on analytical chemistry field in the 2002 chemistry teacher employment examination (n = 5)* Item No. Small items Score Validity Difficulty Memory Clarity Grading Total *. 16. 17. 1. 2. 1. 2. 4. 3 3.40 3.40 3.00 4.20 3.20 3.44. 1 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 3.20 2.88. 2 3.40 3.60 3.60 3.80 3.80 3.64. 3 3.20 3.20 3.40 4.20 3.80 3.56. 9 3.20 3.25 3.20 3.75 3.50 3.38. 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = undecided, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree.. 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5. Total.

(135) . 516. Á¹ [L (, 16i + ` 4¹ Á¹` Á,. l«P h D1/. /. ë P ¶. , ®> N½ ÁP 1¹g ÁG<. Bu í]` %M(, : Ô8= Ï7h. Î :»E A= M: )5/. ÎP. 1/. . g P BÐ. Ew Á¹ :< u NC ª8õ. = cd` nºC ^{1/.’( ! 8( )/.15 ·¸. r½ ¡h ¼¥Q lÎ P7 .Ô8( [. : PQ

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(137) ~P . L ¬ % R<M( )< X¿¯7% ]/. xh UclÎ 8õ h P ). ( E )/. :+ EM7 Ñ:. < ¢u Â+ xh s: qE . U:^ X` /R7o ~E ßZ% )= A. )= I. )=%h ¹lÎ E A/.. VÃ/. P 1 X` / 17i . (2) c ` lK . + Harris Q Ñ P D= X`. ¹° 8d Ç~'( )= A VÃ/. !. ?b G/= M: )56, lh °. Ëh

(138) s8= ,+ X [L q. ¢l a \Ð ?S` ±8= A nop8/=. /( 8(,

(139) k t! ± !,+ [L <×/(. 7 )5/. ?W( /1 c_ aVD t. ¡\8( )< P b1 Ôu by Z. ñ ):^ (.` ZÔ8= 4 4#. Ô/. ± ! É ² d!, ²` . '5/.. 8¥ P b1 À7, Ý½7 P b1 ~. 14. 1997§7¨© 2002§7ÅM Î ` 8K b ¥ %M Y¨ Î ~. 1 ` )l ° dP b1 M¹` $lÎ 1/.. W/(Table 7): ²7tp, pÄ¡, ( . (3) Ä( Q ] h M08( b. ³, , p Ä>, (N$. " ] >lÎ 1/. % Q% <º. ?¤). Table 7P ¿À nu Â ²7tp, pÄ¡. C Ý8»,

(140) ~ L#` ZÔ8» = !.. , , ?W( p Ä> , ÃÃ. b>E )= I.` HlÎ 1/. ðç %. 2gg '5/. ²7h tp8= ë &. Gé ó GÎ 8= & Î XP ¹`. :^ X` ¹E = ) b x . <Î 1/.. ë ` ´%8( ¹h ´µs )C Á8= A Y. (4) ÒÜ s ` M08(, lu : ZÔ. ¿wE A 6, " bPQ Á( )= . '=, ù (. ZÔ'= 4 ßZ8/. . ¡Z ¡h (R 8=

(141) -.` ¼.

(142) ~PQ ZÔ8= Hs 4 l«.=. ¥Î E A ¿K/.. L8C , '( )/. V >. + , "# $. ±²!, 1 ¥@ %M ¹ 4# , . c_` ø ñÎ 86, c_ ):^ , a. | t 4 ßZ8/.. 4# t ,` ~W8K /à Â/.. (5) P 1 ¬°h F ¢l X Y *+. (1) UP R'

(143) ~ Zs. ¢ ê¥% ZÔ/. § d(Á¹,. µ ¨Ã'( )M î/. 7°

(144) ~P= . À7 ) $ ÔsP n?( )< . I xh ‘%. ë Ôh )8¥ .

(145) ~ = 2 Ë, ËP <. Ñ4` l8(, aVDP h :1/. .. @ */. Q PC ZÔ'= 30 M{. ë ` : Ô8= I.` º(, aV. L#6 h µ%8 ¢lQ ßZ1 c_ <7. D l«P h D1/. /. ë . % L#^M 78 Ñd $'<Î 1/.. P ¶Bu í]` %$/. . . (6) 4: lþ Gé Ô DSP 1 , . VDP BÐ= cd` nºC ^{1/.’( . V ¶BP ,= aVD |PQ X,. 8( )6, II x= ‘%. Ô DS`. ?W( P 1 4 ßZ8. )8¥ Ñ 4` Ét: l8(, !. /. % Ô: a lM î( Ô:. ` !8=

(146) h :1/. . ë ` . %ºÐh b8= «» T/. Q b. : Ô8= I.` º(, T VD . TU X` Ô:^ a ~ Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

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(149) . ñ h l = 7% ßZ8/. b. ! ". 517. ¿w7u À7h GÑ «, Ã. I. PQ7 V, Ô (.` ;=. c_` b8= TU:( Z1 4` ø8=. ¾Ç'= ¹` }1/K, :<7 ?@1 V. -. Y ZÔ'= A ¿K/. P 1. ` M7E PC= ÒÜ M{ : /= X. ¬°h c3 8 ¢l Z¾` ! ~8(,. Y Ñë: Ô (.` ;= , '<. Y *+ ¢ ê¥% ZÔ/. . Î E A/.

(150) xPQ aVDPQ :I. b V, ` µ%8= 7ÔK À. .` ¾Ç8( )¼, Â+ X( 8Y7. 7% :»1 A Â, ± != *( ¶ ]+. V, ¶Bh %M= X . #(= ¹` (8K X Y <×C lQ Ý. 7 ßZE A/.. ½.` ¥Î 1/. Ò¬:^ M{` ZÔ8= ` M08( â:. . ^ (h ZÔ8= ` 487o lÎ 1/. r ~ 2 4, M{` ( )=%h ;/=. ‘ #’ ‘0s

(151) ~ ~. 2, 4, M{` a

(152) \ tM< V. H7’= %M ãK` (8¥ 4#` . ÃE )= I.` µ%E )= 4 ßZ. 1 1997§7¨© 2002§7ÅM q . 8/. G¼@ c_ À` Á(, 24 . ` 1 « ` 8 ¢. c_ X t'= ) c_:^ , . 1 -. ½¾ Ob'( )= A ¿K . aVD ¸x ` 8¥ l« â. 1 #P :1 7Ô ^~¤ ¢lQ. :^ ( I.` ã~8= A nop8/.. = /à Â+ ¹,` 8C (lÎ E A ¿K/.. c_ ¢u P bl Ç 1 «, Ä( Q . x Á¹ :»1%h GÑ. l 8d Ç~'= A` 8( )= A. «,

(153) X q Ë P bl. ¿K/. ?@õ b ` .

(154) !u X !, . 8¥ , 4 l I.` d ñ \PQ. Q /ºC ¿K6,

(155) `

(156) c_P. D b>E )7o 8= A ßZ8/. ?@. ø ñÎ 1/= 7 )5/. Q P. b ( lQ MÐC <ç 4Å. blQ= b

(157) ~` (8¥ ]Z:^ ³. M ZÔE ßZ= J6

(158) ~ v¸8C. % ßZ8/. ?W( ¢(Ñ. '( ó GÎ 8= Ñ 4P ¹` <Î. c_)u d(Á¹, À7 ) $ Ôs. E A/.. P l$/ ¦ Ë , ËP <. X ´Ï% ËV,. @ */= M: )õ PC ZÔ'. PC= n Q Â+ _E` 86 b+ . = 30 M{` µ%8 ¢lQ ßZ1 c_. 2 Ë y! ¾P ùÃ Uc'=. L#^Mh ! 1 µ%Zx` ~ 8= A ß. Â":

(159) ~ _E` 8C /= A+ !!1 T. Z8/.. /. Q ` )l h #8= A. 16. ´Ï, :». Ã A Gé ± ! Éu d X ±. 1%h GÑ «, ±²1 ³´ ´Ï= :. !, ²` § 8¥ P b1 À7. »8/= µ%% m, 4§ Áç X` µ. u Ý½7 P b1 ~1 ` )l . %8 ¢lQ= u * ` ;Î 1. ë` = -.` ¼¥Î E A VÃ/.. /= ¡\ *6/. ¡{È (ýE A Gé Ý. Ë% ÌÍ<Î E Ñ. ½.` ¢l 5M ,= 6M #· E{7 F. :^ .` µ%8= :1 7Ô ^~¤( . 8¥ 7 ;W(, 7 ; . ` 8= ¡Z1 ~ ^~¤ ¢lQ= . M{` ¿ )C ;(, V,PC ²E )=. Â+ ,` 8C (1 :¸:^ b±y. ` :»8C 8= ` lÎ 1/.. ZÔ/.. 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5.

(160) . 518. Ô= 2000§7 b1 g MP l q' 56, P }eé/.. 1. Combs, A.; Wass, H.; Jourard, S. ( ) ; : , 1979. p 56. 2.

(161) ; ; ;

(162) ; CR 96-20. , 1996. p 34. 3. !" # http://www.sen.go.kr 4. $%; &' ; (): , 1998. p 137. 5. *+ !, 1997, 86-96. 6. $,- "# ./, 012, 1998, 136-143. 7. 0345 http://www.kice.re.kr 8. $% & 2001, 28(2), 4-15.. 9. 67; 89 '(; 01: , 2001. p 123. 10. 67; 89 '(; 01: , 2001. p 194. 11. 67; 89 '(; 01: , 2001. p 129. 12. Atkins, P.; de Paula, J. Atkins' Physical Chemistry, 7th ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, 2002. 13. (a) Huheey, J. E.; Keiter, E. A.; Keiter, R. L. Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th ed.; Harper Collins College Pub.: New York, 1993. (b) Douglas, B. E.; McDaniel, D. H.; Alexander, J. J. Concepts and models of Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed.; John Wiley: New York, 1994. 14. Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th ed.; Freeman: New York, 1998. 15. :;.< http://www.moe.go.kr 16. = )6 *+, - . /0!, 1994, 47-62.. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

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