Social Welfare Administration

Social Welfare Administration

Byungdeok Kang Handong Global University

Organizational Theory

 The Main Target of Administration?

 Organizational Theory?

Organizational Theories

• Bureaucracy

• Scientific Management

• Universal Management

• Human Relations Approach

• Open System Theories

• Contingency Theories

• New Institutional Theory

Rational/Legal Approach

 Understanding/explaining an organization based on rationality and/or legality

 Organization

 Rationality

 Legality

 Examples:

Bureaucracy

 Bureau

“office / organization / department”

 Bureaucratic

“Involving a lot of complicated official rules and processes”

 Historical Trend

 Max Weber

 Ideal (efficient) organization

= Rational legal bureaucracy

 Ideal Structure?

 Key Elements of

Bureaucracy

 Criticisms

 Advantages

How about bureaucracy in social welfare organizations?

Scientific Management

 Started by F. Taylor

 Steel industry (assembly line)

 The core work processes of the organization to

maximize efficiency and productivity in an organization

 Potential Problems

 Limitations as a closed system theory

 Agreeability on an purpose between managers and workers

 Individualized problems and holistic approach

Scientific Knowledge

in Social Welfare Organizations

Universal Management

= Classical theory of organization, Administrative management theory, Mechanic theory, etc.

 Henri Fayol, Luther Gulick, and Lyndall Urwirk

 Differences between scientific management and universal management?

 Scientific Management vs. Universal Management

 Basic Functions of Management

H. Fayol L. Gulick (POSDCORB)

Planning Planning

Organizing Organizing

Staffing

Commanding Directing

Coordinating Coordinating

Reporting Budgeting Controlling

Faylor’s 14 Principles of Management

1. Division of work

2. Authority and responsibility

3. Discipline

4. Unity of command

5. Unity of direction

6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest

7. Remuneration

8. Centralization

9. Scalar principle

10. Order

11. Equity

12. Stability of tenure of personnel

13. Initiative

14. Esprit de corps

Classical Theories in Today’s HSOs

 Characteristics of a human service organizations designed on the basis of classical principles … ?

 Major Contributions that classical theories offer to human service programs/organizations

 Major Weaknesses

Human Relations Approaches

 Organization = formal aspects + informal aspects

 Hawthorne Experiment

 Study of the effect of physical working conditions

 Little success in showing of the positive effects of physical working conditions

 Major Findings

Importance of social and psychological needs &

the effects of informal group within the formal organizational structure

The Human Resources Model

 The purpose …

is to develop organizational forms

that build on the worker’s strength & motivation

 McGregor’s Types of Managers

 Theory X Manager

 Theory Y Manager



Likert’s Four Basic Types of Organizations



System 1 (Exploitive Authoritative)



System 2 (Benevolent Authoritative)



System 3 (Consultative)



System 4 (Participative Group)

Open Systems Theory

Org.

Org.

Org.

Org.

Environment

Closed Systems

Open Systems

In - Thru - Output - Feedback

Contingency Theories

Lawrence and Lorsch (1963):

 How do organizations adapt to best meet the demands of their environment?

 Degree of Structure

 Orientation of Members toward Others

 Time Orientation

 Goal Orientation

stable

st e

u l

n ab

Burns and Stalker (1994)

Mechanistic Form

Organic

Form

In Summary …

Administrative

Theme Theories Assumptions

Goal attainment Rational-Legal Approach

Economic model of human behaviors Set specific goals

Specialization & Formalization Structure … rational (efficiency)

… legal (authority & rule) Management of

people

(staff & clients)

Human Relations Human behaviors are embedded in a web of social relations: relationships Leadership … person-oriented

Staff … participation in mgmt of org.

Administrative

Theme Theories Assumptions

Proficiency &

efficiency

Contingency;

Network

A function of fit between

contingency & internal structure Structure

Environment: Stable  Centralized form Unstable  Organic form Knowledge:

Certain  Simple bureaucracy

Uncertain  Professional bureaucracy

Organizational Approaches for 21

C. Human Services

 Small, non-bureaucratic, not-for-profit organizations (known as alternative programs or street agencies)

 Critical and Feminist Theories

 Human Service Organizations and Empowerment