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(1)

2장 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

2.1 Discrete-Time Signals ( sequences )

x ( n )( = x

c

( nT )) , - ¥ < n < ¥

• x(n) is defined only for integer values of n

2.1.1 Basic Signals

0

0 n

1

n ) 0

n

( ç ç è æ

=

= ¹ d

å

¥

=

- d

=

k

) k n ( ) k ( X )

n ( X

(1) Unit sample sequence ( impulse )

(2)

(2) Unit step sequence

0 n

0 n 0

) 1 n (

u <

³ ççè

= æ

·

å å

¥

=

=

- d

=

·

d

=

·

- -

= d

·

0 k

n

k

) k n ( )

n ( u

sum running

: ) k ( )

n ( u

difference first

: ) 1 n ( u ) n ( u ) n (

running sum running sum 2

(3)

2.1.2 Complex exponential

f

w

=

a

= a a

= A

n

, e

j

, A A e

j

)

n (

x

0

(1) Real exponential

• A and a are Real

(4)

(2) Sinusoidal signal

) n cos(

A ) n ( x

e A )

n ( x

1

0 ) n ( j 0

f + w

=

×

=

×

= a

×

f + w

(3) General complex exponential signals

) n ( n j

e

0

A )

n (

x = a

w +f

×

discrete-time sinusoidal signal 4

(5)

(4) Periodicity properties of discrete-time complex exponential

• 주파수 w0 와 (w0 ±2pr) 은 같은 주파수이다.

n j n

) 2 (

j 0 0

e e

w + p

=

w

• 고려해야 할 주파수 범위 : –p< w0 £ p or 0 < w0 £ 2 p

• Periodic Sequence

) N (

k , 2

k 2 N

1 e

, e e

) n ( x ) N n ( x

0 0

N j n

j )

N n (

j 0 0 0

= 유리수 p

p w

= w

=

=

= +

w w

+ w

ççè æ

W

W W

함수 주기

값에서도 어떤

신호 다른

서로 다르면

:

e

0 0 t

j 0

(6)

• 주기가 N인 신호의 기본 주파수

개 주파수

다른 서로

고조파 관련된

와 , k 0,1,...,N 1: N

N k 2 N

2

k

0 p = -

= p w

= w

w0 = 2pk 근처에서는 낮은 주파수, w0 = (p + 2pk) 근처에서는 높은 주파수

sinusoidal sequence for different frequencies 6

(7)

2.2 Discrete-Time Systems

)]

n ( x [ T )

n (

y =

• Ideal Delay System

) n n ( x ) n (

y = -

d

• Moving Average

å

-

=

+ -

= +

2

1

M

M 2 k

1

) k n ( 1 x

M M

) 1 n ( y

입력신호 n번째 샘플 근처의 (M1+M2+1)개의 입력 샘플 평균을 출력의 n번째 샘플로 계산한다 . : 일종의 저역통과 필터 ( LPF )특성

2.2.1 Basic system properties

(1) Memoryless

• The output y(n) at every value of n depends only on the input x(n) at the same value of n

(8)

(2) Linear

• 중첩의 정리 성립 ( The principle of superposition )

property scaling

: ) n ( ay )]

n ( x [ aT )]

n ( ax [ T

property additivity

: ) n ( y ) n ( y )]

n ( x [ T )]

n ( x [ T )]

n ( x ) n ( x [

T

1 2 1 2 1 2

=

=

+

= +

= +

• 일반적으로 입력 x(n)=Sakxk(n) 에 대한 linear system 의 출력은 y(n)=Sakyk(n)

• Accumulator

) n ( u response impulse

accumlator :

) n ( u ) n ( y then ),

n ( ) n ( x if

) k ( x )

n ( y

n

k

= 의 d

=

=

å

=

• A System for which a time shift of input sequence causes a corresponding shift in the output sequence.

) n n ( y )

n n ( x

) n ( y )

n ( x

0

0

® -

-

®

(3) Time - Invariant

8

(9)

• x(n) = d(n) ® y(n) = h(n) : impulse response (4) Causality

• A system is causal if the output sequence value at the index n=n0 depends only on the input sequence values for n £ n0

(5) Stability

• A system is stable if and only if every bounded input sequence produces a bounded output sequence.

• BIBO ( Bounded Input, Bounded Output )

n all for

B )

n ( y ,

B )

n (

x £

x

£

y

×

2.2.2 Linear Time - Invariant Systems

(10)

• Linear and time invariant

(1) Commutative and distributing properties

) n ( h ) n ( x ) n ( h ) n ( x )) n ( h ) n ( h ( ) n ( x

) n ( x ) n ( h ) n ( h ) n ( x ) n ( y

2 1

2

1

+ = * + *

*

×

*

=

*

=

×

ò å å

¥

¥ -

¥

=

¥

=

*

= t t - t

=

*

= -

=

- d

=

egral int

n convolutio :

) t ( h ) t ( x d

) t ( h ) ( x )

t ( y

sum n

convolutio :

) n ( h ) n ( x ) k n ( h ) k ( x )

n ( y

) k n ( ) k ( x )

n ( x

k k

10

(11)

(2) Cascade and parallel connection

• h(n)=h1(n) * h2(n)

• h(n)=h1(n) + h2(n)

(12)

(3) Stability of LTI system

• LTI system are stable if and only if the impulse response is absolutely summable

å

¥

=

¥

<

k

) k ( h

(4) Causality of LTI system

0 n , 0 ) n ( h ]

) 1 n ( x ) 1 ( h ) n ( x ) 0 ( h [

] )

2 n ( x ) 2 ( h ) 1 n ( x ) 1 ( h [

) k n ( x ) k ( h )

k n ( x ) k ( h )

k n ( x ) k ( h )

n ( y

0 n , 0 ) n ( h

) k n ( x ) k ( h )

k n ( h ) k ( x )

k n ( h ) k ( x )

n ( y

0 0

0 0

0

0 1

0 k

0 0

k k 0

<

=

® +

- +

+ +

+ -

+ + -

=

- +

-

= -

=

×

<

=

®

-

= -

= -

=

×

å å

å

å å å

¥ -

¥ -

¥

=

¥

¥ -

¥

=

¥

=

L

L

12

(13)

(5) Impulse response of LTI system

• Ideal delay

causal and

stable

0 n

), n n ( ) n ( h

) n n ( x ) n ( y

d d

d

>

- d

=

-

=

• Moving average

) 2 M , 0 M ( causal and

stable

Otherwise 0

M n 1 M

M M

1 )

k n 1 (

2 M 1 M ) 1 n ( h

) k n ( 1 x

M M

) 1 n ( y

2 1

M

M

2 1

2 1

M

M 2 k

1

2

1 2

1

³

³ -

çç ç è

æ - £ £

+

= + - + d

= +

+ -

= +

å å

- -

=

(14)

• Accumulator

causal and

unstable

0 n 0

) n ( u

; 0 n ) 1

k ( )

n ( h

) k ( x )

n ( y

n

k n

k

å å

=

=

ççè æ

<

=

= ³ d

=

=

• Forward difference

noncausal and

stable

) n ( )

1 n ( )

n ( h

) n ( x ) 1 n ( x ) n ( y

d - + d

=

- +

=

• Backward difference

causal and

stable

) 1 n ( )

n ( )

n ( h

) 1 n ( x ) n ( x ) n ( y

- d - d

=

- -

=

14

(15)

• FIR (Finite-duration Impulse Response) system

Ideal delay, Moving Average, Forward and Backward difference

• IIR (Infinite-duration Impulse Response) system

Accumulator

(6) Interconnections of LTI system

• Forward difference — one-sample delay

difference backward

: ) 1 n ( ) n (

)) n ( ) 1 n ( ( ) 1 n (

) 1 n ( )) n ( ) 1 n ( ( ) n ( h

- d - d

=

d - + d

* - d

=

- d

* d

- + d

=

• The backward difference system is the inverse system for the accumulator

) n ( )

n ( h ) n ( h ) n ( h ) n (

h *

i

=

i

* = d

• Accumulator-backward difference

system identity

; ) n (

) 1 n ( u ) n ( u

)) 1 n ( ) n ( ( ) n ( u ) n ( h

d

=

- -

=

- d - d

*

=

(16)

2.2.3 Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations

• N차 LTI 시스템의 일반적인 N차 선형상계수 차동방정식은

å å

= =

-

= -

N

0 k

N

0 m

m

k

y ( n k ) b x ( n m )

a

• 이 식을 다시 표현하면

å å

=

=

- +

- -

=

M

0

k 0

k N

1

k 0

k

x ( n k )

a ) b

k n ( a y ) a

n ( y

• 이 식에서 y(0) 를 구하려면, 입력 x(n)과 초기조건 y(-1),y(-2),….,y(-N) 이 필요하며 y(1) 을 구하려면 , 입력x(n)과 초기값y(0),y(-1),….,y(-N+1)이 필요 하므로, 즉 y(n)은 입력과 그 이전의 출력값 으로 부터 반복적 ( Recursively ) 계산된다.

• 만약 차동방정식 (N ³ 1) 으로 표현되는 시스템이 Linearity, Time Invariance, Causality를 만족하면 초기조건은 모두 영이 되어야 한다.

• 그리고, N ³ 1 인 시스템은 IIR 시스템이며, N=0인 경우는 FIR시스템이다.

16

(17)

2.2.4 Frequency-Domain Representation of Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

(1) Eigenfunction for LTI systems

LTI 시스템의 입력 x(n)=ejwn 이면 출력 y(n)은

å å

å å

¥

=

w - w

w w

¥

¥ -

w w

-

¥

¥ -

¥

¥ -

- w

=

=

=

= -

=

n

n j j

n j j n

j k j

) k n ( j

e ) n ( h )

e ( H

e ) e ( H e

) e ) k ( h (

e ) k ( h )

k n ( x ) k ( h )

n ( y

• LTI 시스템의 입력이 정현파나 complex exponential 인 경우 출력은 입력과 같은 형태를 가지며 크기와 위상이 시스템에 의해 결정된다.

• 이러한 경우 ejwn을 LTI system의 eigenfunction 이라 하며 H(ejw)을 eigenvalue라 한다. H(ejw)은 주파수 응답(frequency response) 이며 일반적으로 복소수이다.

(18)

• 즉 신호의 Fourier 표현은 LTI 시스템 해석에서 매우 유용하게 쓰인다.

• 일반적으로 입력신호를 complex exponential의 선형조합으로 표현하면

å å

w w

w

=

=

n j k j k

n j k

k k

e ) e ( H a )

n ( y

e a )

n ( x

• H(ejw)에서 고려해야 할 주파수 범위는 0 £ w <2p, p < w £ p

• Ideal frequency-selective filter (2) 주파수응답의 주기성

주기함수 인

주기가 2

) e ( H e

) n ( h )

e (

H j( 2 ) j( 2 )n j p

=

=

å

¥

¥ -

w p

+ w - p

+ w

18

(19)

ideal lowpass filter

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