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A case of treatment on amitraz toxicosis in a Thoroughbred racehorse

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(1)

大韓獸醫學會誌(2010) 第50卷 第3號 Korean J Vet Res(2010) 50(3) : 253~257

253

<증례보고>

Thoroughbred 경주마에서 amitraz 중독증 치료 1례

양재혁1·송희은1·이경갑2·지영흔2·우호춘2·임윤규2,*

1한국마사회 부산경남경마공원, 2제주대학교 수의과대학 (게재승인: 2010년 8월 18일)

A case of treatment on amitraz toxicosis in a Thoroughbred racehorse

Jaehyuk Yang

1

, Heeeun Song

1

, Kyuong-Kap Lee

2

, Youngheun Jee

2

, Ho-Choon Woo

2

, Yoon-Kyu Lim

2,

*

1Equine Hospital of Busan Race Park, Korea Racing Authority, Busan 618-240, Korea

2College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea (Accepted: August 18, 2010)

Abstract :

A 3-year-old female Thoroughbred racehorse was presented following the accidental oral and skin administration of amitraz. This case report describes the clinical signs and the treatment of this horse.

Clinical signs of amitraz toxicosis are associated with the stimulation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors. Amitraz is seldom fatal because the effects can be reversed by alpha2-adrenergic antagonists. The horse displayed typical clinical signs of colic, including pawing, small hard drops, tranquillisation, depression, ataxia, muscular incoordination and impaction colic lasting up to 7 days. The syndrome was accompanied by mild dehydration. The horse survived after persistent symptomatic treatment, including the giving of intravenous fluids, antibiotics, multiple doses of mineral oil per os, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dexamethasone intramuscularly and intravenously.

Keywords :

amitraz, colic, Thoroughbred racehorse, toxicosis

서 론

Amitraz(N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-[[(2,4-dimethyl- phenyl)imino]methyl]-N-methyl-methanimidamide)

formamidine

계열의살충제로서주로또는진드기와

같은외부기생충제거를위해농업수의학분야에

용되고있다

. Amitraz

경구또는피부로흡수가매우

잘되기때문에독성학적위험은매우높고사람

물에중독증이다발하고있으며

[12, 15, 29],

흡수된지

2-6

시간후에혈중농도가최고치에이르고

,

피부

,

,

,

쓸개즙

,

신장

,

소뇌

,

,

비장생식샘에저장되며

, 4- amino-3-methylbenzoic acid

대사된후에오줌을통하 배설된다

. Amitraz

독성기전은

alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

효과가있기에 중추신경순환계통은주요표적장기이고결국심장 혈관허탈호흡억제가나타난다

[23].

사람에서는증상이다양한데기면

,

혼수경련

중추신경계가억제되고축동이나타나거나드물지만 동공확대

,

호흡억제

,

느린맥

,

빠른호흡

,

방향상실

,

혈압

,

고혈압

,

저체온증또는발열

,

대발작

,

고혈당증

,

,

다뇨

,

구토

,

위장운동감소와장팽창 등이나타난다

[4, 7, 11, 14, 17, 19, 29, 32, 33].

동물에서

amitraz

부작용이간혹보고되고있는데개의부작용으로는

amitraz

alpha-2

아드레날린성수용체에작용해서진정

효과가유발되고과량에의한다른부작용으로는 려움

,

다뇨증

,

느린맥

,

저체온증

,

고혈당증발작이

고되었다

[24].

또한개구리배아에척상기형성장방

해를유발하고

[22],

랫드모노아민산화효소의억제

제이며

[8],

임신한랫드에서는태아체중감소태아사

망까지유발할있다

[1].

말은약에민감하기에

용하면되고

[21]

큰잘록창자에

alpha-2

작용효과를

가진다고의심되지만발병기전은증명되지않았으나

*Corresponding author: Yoon-Kyu Lim

College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea [Tel: +82-64-754-3367, Fax: +82-64-754-3354, E-mail: yklim@jejunu.ac.kr]

(2)

Ta ble 1. C lin ical p ath ology , cli nical sign s and treatm ents in the pati en t Day s Cli nic al pa tholog y Cl ini cal si gns Tr eat me nts 1 Sever e de press ion , a nor exi a, m ucous m em brane: pi nk col or Sm all bla ck ha rd drops w ith odor and m ucus BT : 38. 3

o

C, HR : 36/ mi n, RR 12/ mi n, CR T 1- 2 se c Re duce d gut soun d, RP: w ithdra wa l p elv ic f lexu re

Har tm ann `s sol uti on 15 L, Hepa gen 50 m L, Co mb i·C omc i I nj. 40 mL Sm all m ount fe eds an d wal kin g 2

De creas ed gut m obil ity , soft ene d f eces Bl ack ur ine w ith nor ma l fre quenc y, BT : 38. 4

o

C Ra pid and s hal low br eathi ng, Norm al H R An ore xia & dec reas ed wat er dri nk De pre ssi on as da y 1, Inc rea sed vi tali ty aft er 7 L fl uid t he rap y

Har tm ann `s sol uti on 11 L, 5% Dext rose 3 L, Finad yn e 15 m L, Hepa gen 50 m L, Co mb i·C omc i I nj. 40 mL , N eo pe nje ct 5 0 mL No feed bu t wat er, ha nd wal kin g 3 BT : 38. 3

o

C, RR : 12/ mi n, HR : 40/ mi n, anor exi a, Fla nk w atc hing RP: nor ma l Har tm ann `s sol uti on 20 L 4 BT : 38. 3

o

C, RR : 52/ mi n, HR : 36/ mi n Gu t so und: nor ma l but anor ex ia Har tm ann `s sol uti on 20 L, 5% D extr ose 5 L, Co mb i·C omc i I nj. 20 0 mL , D ex aso ne 50 m L 5 AL P, Bl ood gl ucos e an d T-bi lirubi n ar e i ncr eas ed HR : 36/ mi n, RR: 12 /m in, r edu ced g ut s ound, dep ressi on, Sm all har d dar k gr een drop s, Int erm ittent fl ehm en r eac tion

Har tm ann `s sol uti on 15 L, 10 % D ext ros e 12 L, A ripam in 50 m L, Am ito p-D 25 0 m L M ine ral o il 3 L 6 Vi tal ity and gu t s ound are no rm al Har tm ann `s sol uti on 20 L 7 No rm al cl ini cal pa thol ogi cal dat a Cl ini cal si gns and pa in: di sappea r HR : 36/ mi n, RR: 12 /m in, vi tal ity and appe tite ar e go od No rm al drops w ith m iner al oi l, RP: n orm al W ate r fl ow sound fr om ri gh t fla nk

Har tm ann `s sol uti on 14 L, Gent am ici n 40 m L, Dexa sone 20 m L BT : b od y tempe rat ure , CR T: c ap illar y refill tim e, HR: he art ra te, RP : re cta l p alp atio n, RR: r esp ira tor y rate .

(3)

Thoroughbred

경주마에서

amitraz

중독증치료

1

255 [31]

치명적인결장폐색

(colon impaction)

유발

있다고경고하고있다

[10, 27].

국내에서

amitraz

관한수의학적연구중독예는

실험동물과등에서보고된적이있으나

[1-3]

말에서는전무하기에저자들은

Thoroughbred

경주마에

발생한

amitraz

중독증과치료결과를임상가에

움이되고자증례를보고하고자한다

.

증 례

Thoroughbred

경주마

(

, 3

,

한국산

)

부산경남경마

공원에입사하였고

,

활발한건강상태를보였으나피모 다수의진드기가관찰되어마필관리사는전부

사용해진드기살충제인그린틱스

(amitraz 12.5 g,

N,N-dimethylacetamide, ethylan, xylene;

녹십자수의약품 주식회사

,

한국

)

물에희석

(1 : 30)

하여

10 L

정도를 얼굴을제외한전신피부에도포하였고

,

말이피부에

약물을핥아먹는것을관찰하였다

.

다음경주 마가갑작스런산통이발생하여

KRA

부산동물병원에 원하였다

.

말의상태는폐색성산통증상뿐만아니라

산통증상과는다르게머리를아래로떨어뜨리고 움직이지않는등의심한진정효과가하루에수차례 반복되었고 기면

,

운동실조 사지불균형

(muscular

incoordination)

일반산통보다정도가매우심하여

회복하여걸어가는말의행동과같았다

.

이상을종합 결과

alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

효과를나타내었기에

진드기살충제에들어있는

amitraz

중독으로판단하여

수액

(Safe-Flex Hartmann’s solution; CJ,

한국

),

종합비타

민제

(

콤비콤씨

Inj.;

대성미생물연구소

,

한국

)

해독제

(Hepagen; Ozzano Emilia, Italy)

등으로치료를시작하 였다

.

치료

5

일째의임상병리검사에서는혈당이

600 mg/

dL, T-bilirubin

3.5 mg/dL, ALP

537 IU/L

정상범

위보다증가하였다

. 7

일간의끌기운동

,

수액

(Safe-Flex Hartmann’s solution; CJ,

한국

),

포도당

(Safe-Flex 5%

dextrose; CJ,

한국

, Safe-Flex 10% dextrose; CJ,

한국

),

염제

(

덱사손

;

한동

,

한국

),

영양제

(

아미톱

-D;

한동

,

한국

,

아리파민

;

동방

,

한국

)

항생제

(

겐타마이신

;

대성미

생물연구소

,

한국

, Neopenject; Dopharma BV, the

Netherlands)

등으로치료후에건강이회복되었다

.

임상

병리검사에서혈당이증가하였고

,

폐색성산통등의

상증상수액요법치료세부결과는

Table 1

시하였다

.

고 찰

진드기는피부에손상

,

이차감염

,

농양

,

빈혈

,

컨디션

저하

,

진드기중독증진드기매개성전염병을유발할

있다

[26]. Formamidine

외부기생충구충제로써

드기등의중추신경계에직접작용하고정확한작용기 전은밝혀지지않았지만신경전달물질인

amine

대사 억제신경전달물질인

octopamine

활성화를담당하

monoamine oxidase

방해한다

[30].

그러나포유류

방해에저항이있다

[24]. Amitraz

미국에서

일하게동물에사용할있는

formamidine

물질이고

,

돼지만승인하고있으며

[10],

이들가축에

생하는진드기

,

진드기이를구제할있다

[30].

경구를통한급성독성일경우반수치사량은개에서는

100 mg/kg,

기니픽

400-800 mg/kg,

랫드

515-938 mg/kg

그리고

mice

에서는

1,600 mg/kg

이상이다

[23].

연구 에서회복하는데

7

일이소요되었는데이는

Bonsall

Turnbull

등이보고한잠재치사량중독

(potentially lethal

dose)

후에살아남은동물들은모든증상에서완전히

복하는데에

7-10

일이소요되는것과일치하였다

[9].

조랑말과 양에서는

amitraz

가수분해 되어

BTS27271

되는데혈장에서는

5

분후에검출이

되지만

,

조랑말에서는최소

90

분간지속된다

.

조랑말

에서대사가

amitraz

존속은

amitraz

종에

독성이있다는것을암시하고

amitraz

1

2

반감기

(the primary and secondary disposition half- lives)

각각

2

39

분이다

.

양은

BTS27271

확산에 관한겉보기용량

(apparent volume)

조랑말보다크고

소율이빠르다

[25]. Amitraz

말에서운동활동을감소

시키는데용량에따라지속시간이각각다르다

.

말체중

1 kg

0.05 mg

75

분간

, 0.1 mg

120

분간 그리고

0.15 mg

180

분간지속된다

[16].

사람의경우

,

초기혈당은

120 mg/dL

보다높고

AST

ALT

증가한다

[6].

경구를통한중독군은피부를

통한중독군보다증상회복이심각하였으나군에

사망은없었고

[18],

완전히회복하여퇴원하는데

1.0-

5.2(mean, 2.1

±

1.1)

일이소요되었다

[14].

성마의정상범

위는혈당은

75-115 mg/dL, T-bilirubin

1-2 mg/dL, ALP

138-251 IU/L

이다

[21].

그러나증례에서는혈당

600 mg/dL, T-bilirubin

3.5 mg/dL, ALP

537 IU/L

으로정상보다다소높았다

.

말에서

amitraz

중독의

경우에서고혈당증이뚜렷하게나타나고오줌배출량 증가한다고하였는데

[13, 29],

증례에있어서

혈당증이나타난것은전날투여한포도당때문으로 단되었다

.

말의임상증상은진정

,

침울

,

운동실조

,

사지불균형

,

폐색성산통

,

피부밑부종

,

미약한탈수산증이보고

되었는데

[5, 21, 27, 31],

연구의임상증상과거의

치하였다

.

일반적인폐색성산통일경우통증을나타내

(4)

거의죽음에도달한말기에는기면이나타나지만 증례에서는통증과기면이다발적으로나타났고

,

운동

실조사지불균형이일반산통과정도가달리매우 하였다

.

잘록창자폐색과임상적으로연관되고이는오름 잘록창자의폐색을유발할있다

[27].

효과는 잘록창자폐색의발병기전을설명하는개의단서를

제공할있는데특히

amitraz

골반굽이

pacemaker

활동을변화시켜서왼배쪽왼등쪽잘록창자사이의 협조적인운동을깨뜨려서과도한섭취물정체를유발 시키는것으로추정된다

.

정체가증가함에따라섭취물

로부터수분흡수가증가하고잘록창자내용물의탈수가 나타나서결국폐색이유발되는데

[28],

이와같은기전 으로경주마가딱딱한분변을배출한것으로사료된다

.

큰잘록창자에서섭취물에의한폐색은특히골반굽이 오른등쪽잘록창자와같은해부학적으로장의내경이 작아지는곳에발생한다

.

많은위험인자들이보고되어

있으나아직까지대부분증명하지는못하였다

[26].

내원

7

일째에경주마는생기가있고분변은정상적이 었다

. 2

전에투여한

mineral oil

묻어나왔고

,

직장

검사소견이정상이었기에폐색은해소된것으로판단됐 는데폐색이

6

일간지속된다는견해

[5]

일치하였다

.

Amitraz

피부에 노출되면 비눗물로 세척하고

Yohimbin,

수액

flunixin meglumine

투여하라고

장하고있으며

[21],

이에통증완화뿐만아니라

동에자극을주는끌기운동

(walking) [20],

내용물이

부드러워질있는수액요법

,

통증을완화하는소염 비스테로이드성소염제

[21]

등으로치료한결과 양호하게회복되어경주에복귀하였다

.

결 론

증례는

Thoroughbred

경주마가

amitraz

성분의 충제를전신피부에도포경구피부로흡수되어 욕부진변비산통증상이외에심한기면

,

운동실 사지불균형등의

alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

효과 나타내는심한임상증상이일반적인산통과비교 되었다

.

임상병리검사에서는혈당

, T-bilirubin, ALP

가하였으며끌기운동

,

수액소염제등으로

7

일간 료하자건강이회복되었다

.

참고문헌

1.

신진영

,

오기석

,

신동호

,

김성호

,

김형진

,

박승춘

,

현숙

,

정문구

,

김종춘

.

임신 살충제

amitraz

출된랫드의모독성평가

.

대한수의학회지

2004, 44 ,

523-532.

2.

윤형준

,

윤소미

,

이명헌

,

손성완

. HPLC-PDA

이용

Amitraz

분석법확립검증

.

대한수의학회지

2008, 48 , 33-38.

3.

이상은

,

김덕환

. German Shepherd

프리벤틱중독

3

.

한국임상수의학회지

2007, 24 , 264-268.

4. Atabek ME, Aydin K, Erkul I. Different clinical features of amitraz poisoning in children. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002, 21 , 13-16.

5. Auer DE, Seawright AA, Pollitt CC, Williams G.

Illness in horses following spraying with amitraz. Aust Vet J 1984, 61 , 257-259.

6. Avsarogullari L, Ikizceli I, Sungur M, Sözüer E, Akdur O, Yücei M. Acute amitraz poisoning in adults:

clinical features, laboratory findings, and management.

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2006, 44, 19-23.

7. Aydin K, Kurto lu S, Poyrazo lu MH, Uzüm K, Ustünbas HB, Hallaç IK. Amitraz poisoning in children: clinical and laboratory findings of eight cases.

Hum Exp Toxicol 1997, 16 , 680-682.

8. Aziz SA, Knowles CO. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by the pesticide chlordimeform and related compounds. Nature 1973, 242 , 417-418.

9. Bonsall JL, Turnbull GJ. Extrapolation from safety data to management of poisoning with reference to amitraz (a formamidine pesticide) and xylene. Human Toxicol 1983, 2 , 587-592.

10. Bowman DD, Lynn RC, Eberhard ML, Alcaraz A.

Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians. 8th ed. pp. 44- 253, Saunders, St. Louis, 2003.

11. Caksen H, Odaba D, Arslan S, Akgün C, Ata B, Akbayram S, Tuncer O. Report of eight children with amitraz intoxication. Hum Exp Toxicol 2003, 22 , 95- 12. 97. Demirel Y, Yilmaz A, Gursoy S, Kaygusuz K, Mimaroglu C. Acute amitraz intoxication: retrospective analysis of 45 cases. Hum Exp Toxicol 2006, 25 , 613- 617.

13. Doganay Z, Aygun D, Altintop L, Guven H, Bildik F. Basic toxicological approach has been effective in two poisoned patients with amitraz ingestion: case reports. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002, 21 , 55-57.

14. Ertekin V, Alp H, Selimo lu MA, Karacan M.

Amitraz poisoning in children: retrospective analysis of 21 cases. J Int Med Res 2002, 30 , 203-205.

15. Grossman MR. Amitraz toxicosis associated with ingestion of an acaricide collar in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993, 203 , 55-57.

g

o

g

o

s

ç ç

s

g

o

(5)

Thoroughbred

경주마에서

amitraz

중독증치료

1

257 16. Harkins JD, Queiroz-Neto A, Mundy GD, West D,

Tobin T. Development and characterization of an equine behaviour chamber and the effects of amitraz and detomidine on spontaneous locomotor activity. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1997, 20 , 396-401.

17. Jorens PG, Zandijk E, Belmans L, Schepens PJ, Bossaert LL. An unusual poisoning with the unusual pesticide amitraz. Hum Exp Toxicol 1997, 16 , 600-601.

18. Kalyoncu M, Dilber E, Okten A. Amitraz intoxication in children in the rural Black Sea region: analysis of forty-three patients. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002, 21 , 269- 19. 272. Kennel O, Prince C, Garnier R. Four cases of amitraz poisoning in humans. Vet Hum Toxicol 1996, 38 , 28- 20. 30. Mair TS, Divers TJ, Ducharme NG. Manual of Equine Gastroenterology. 1st ed. pp. 119-125, Saunders, London, 2002.

21. Orsini JA, Divers TJ. Equine Emergencies: Treatment and Procedures. 3rd ed. pp. 593-596, Saunders, St.

Louis, 2008.

22. Osano O, Oladimeji AA, Kraak MH, Admiraal W.

Teratogenic effects of amitraz, 2,4-dimethylaniline, and paraquat on developing frog (Xenopus) embryos. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2002, 43 , 42-49.

23. Osweiler GD. Toxicology. 1st ed. pp. 245-246, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1996.

24. Papich MG. Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs.

2nd ed. pp. 23-24, Saunders, St. Louis, 2007.

25. Pass MA, Mogg TD. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of amitraz in ponies and sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1995, 18 , 210-215.

26. Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC. Equine Internal Medicine. 2nd ed. pp. 929-930, Saunders, St. Louis, 2004.

27. Roberts MC, Argenzio A. Effects of amitraz, several opiate derivatives and anticholinergic agents on intestinal transit in ponies. Equine Vet J 1986, 18 , 256-260.

28. Sellers AF, Lowe JE, Drost CJ, Rendano VT, Georgi JR, Roberts MC. Retropulsion-propulsion in equine large colon. Am J Vet Res 1982, 43 , 390-396.

29. Ulukaya S, Demirag K, Moral AR. Acute amitraz intoxication in human. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27 , 930-933.

30. Webster CRL. Clinical Pharmacology. 1st ed. pp. 68- 93, Teton NewMedia, Wyoming, 2001.

31. White NA. The Equine Acute Abdomen. 1st ed. pp.

53-377, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1990.

32. Yaramis A, Soker M, Bilici M. Amitraz poisoning in children. Hum Exp Toxicol 2000, 19 , 431-433.

33. Yilmaz HL, Yildizdas DR. Amitraz poisoning, an

emerging problem: epidemiology, clinical features,

management, and preventive strategies. Arch Dis Child

2003, 88 , 130-134.

수치

Table 1. Clinical pathology, clinical signs and treatments in the patient DaysClinical pathologyClinical signsTreatments 1Severe depression, anorexia, mucous membrane: pink color Small black hard drops with odor and mucus BT: 38.3oC, HR: 36/min, RR 12/min,

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