3D-based Earthwork Planning and CO2 Emission Estimation for Automated Earthworks

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Received February 8 2013, Revised February 13 2013, Accepted February 18 2013

Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹ͸ͷʹȀǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵Ǥ͵Ǥͳͳͻͳ

ǤǤǤ

ⵎᦗ㰒#㝞ኳⴂ#Ⳃ㬚#6G#㝞ᶇ⇮⍂ኺ#㚂❊⇚⚛ᶇ#㍒ⷓ

׌নֽ

Kim, Sung-Keun*

3D-based Earthwork Planning and CO ₂ Emission Estimation for Automated Earthworks

ABSTRACT

The former researches on earthwork automation were mainly focused on GPS and sensor application, environment modelling, equipment path planning, work information management, and remote control etc. Recently, reducing CO

2

emission becomes one of main focuses for an automation research. In the case of earthwork operations, many kinds of construction machines or robots are involved, which can cause high level of CO

2

in a construction site. An effective earthwork plan and construction machine operation can both increase productivity and safety and decrease CO

2

emission level. In this research, some automation concepts for green earthworks are suggested such as a 3D construction site model, a 3D earthwork distribution based on two different earthwork methods, and an earthwork package construction method. A excel-based simulator is developed to generate the 3D earthwork distribution and to estimate the level of CO

2

emission for the given earthwork.

Key words : Earthwork, Automation, Low-Carbon, Job Planning, Simulator

Ⅹಾ

ʑ᳕᮹☁Ŗᯱ࠺⪵ᩑǍॅᮡᵝಽGPS᪡ᖝᕽ᮹᮲ᬊ, ᯲ᨦ⪹Ğ༉ߙย, ᰆእḥಽĥ⫮, ᯲ᨦᱶᅕšญ, ᬱĊ᳑ᱶ॒ŝzᮡᵝᱽᨱšᝍᮥࢱ ᨩ݅. ↽ɝᨱ۵Õᖅᯱ࠺⪵ᩑǍᇥ᧝ᨱᕽCO

2

q⇶ᯕᵝ᫵šᝍᔍ᮹⦹ӹಽݡࢱࡹᨩ݅. ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ᮹Ğᬑᨱ۵ฯᮡ᳦ඹ᮹Õᖅᰆእӹಽᅨॅ

ᯕšᩍࡹအಽÕᖅ⩥ᰆᨱᕽฯᮡ᧲᮹CO

2

ෝ႑⇽⦹۵᯲ᨦᯕࡹŁᯩ݅. ⬉ŝᱢᯙ☁Ŗĥ⫮ŝÕᖅᰆእᬕᩢᮡᔾᔑᖒၰᦩᱥᖒᮥ᷾a᜽┍

ᐱอᦥܩ௝CO

2

႑⇽పࠥᵥᯝᙹᯩ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵3D ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ༉ߙ, 2aḡ᜽Ŗჶᨱ᮹⦽3D ☁ప႑ᇥႊჶ, ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡǍᖒႊჶ ŝzᮡəฑ☁Ŗᮥ᭥⦽໨aḡᯱ࠺⪵}ֱᮥᱽ᜽⦹Łᯩ݅. ᨲᖡಽ᯲ᖒࡽ᜽ဍ౩ᯕ░ෝ}ၽᮥ☖⦹ᩍᵝᨕḥ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᨱݡ⦹ᩍ3D ☁ ప႑ᇥĥ⫮ᮥᙹพ⦹ᩡŁCO

2

႑⇽పᮥ⇵ᱶ⦹ᩡ݅.

áᔪᨕ ☁Ŗ, ᯱ࠺⪵, ᱡ┥ᗭ, ᯲ᨦĥ⫮, ᜽ဍ౩ᯕ░

1. ᕽು

1.1 ઴֜ଭࢼլࢫࡧୡ

ḡɩᖙĥ۵2005֥Ʊ☁᮹ᱶᕽၽ⬉ෝĥʑಽ┥ᗭ႑⇽ᮥ↽ᗭ⪵⦹ʑ᭥⦽יಆᮥ⦹Łᯩᮝ໑, 2011֥12ᬵᨱᯩᨩ޹“޵ၹ᮹

ᮁᨵʑ⬥ᄡ⪵⩲᮹”ᨱᕽ۵ᵲǎŝᯙࠥa┥ᗭ႑⇽ᮥᱽ⦽⦹۵Ʊ☁᮹ᱶᕽ2ʑᨱ࠺᮹⦹໕ᕽᰍᔾᨱթḡᔑᨦŝ┥ᗭ႑⇽ǭᔑᨦᯕ

ๅᬑᵲ᫵⦹íݡࢱࡹŁᯩ݅. ᖙĥᱢᯙĞᱽ⋉ℕಽÕᖅ᜽ᰆ᮹Ƚ༉aᗭ⡎qᗭ⦹۵⇵ᖙෝᅕᯕŁᯩḡอ, ᱥℕÕᖅ᜽ᰆᨱᕽəฑÕᖅ᮹

֨ėěν

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Fig.1. Research Process

Ƚ༉۵ๅ֥۹ᨕӹŁᯩ۵⇵ᖙᯕ݅. əฑÕᖅ᜽ᰆᮥᵝࠥ⦹۵

᜽ᰆᯕ ʑ᳕ᨱ۵ ᮁ౞(EU)ᩡḡอ ᱱ₉ ךᔪ᜽ᰆᨱ ྕšᝍ⧩޹

ၙǎ, ⋱ӹ݅, UAE, ⦥ญ⦡, ၰ ᯙࠥ ॒ŝ zᮡ }ၽࠥᔢǎᨱ

᮹⦹ᩍ⩶ᖒࡹŁᯩ݅. ✚⯩ၙǎ᮹Ğᬑᨱ۵Õᖅᇥ᧝ᨱᕽ┥ᗭᱡ qᮥ᭥⦽יಆᮝಽ⊽⪹ĞÕᖅʑᚁ}ၽၰᯱᰍ, ᜽Ŗჶᄡ⪵ᨱ

ݡ⦽R&D ⚍ᯱෝЙᵡ⯩⦹Łᯩ۵ᔢ⫊ᯕ݅. ᯕ్⦽ᔢ⫊ᨱᕽ

ǎԕÕᖅᨦࠥ┥ᗭ᜽ᰆᨱݡእ⧁ႊᦩᮥษಉ⦹۵äᯕ⦥᫵⦹݅.

ʑ᳕᮹ Õᖅᯱ࠺⪵ ᩑǍ۵ Õᖅᔾᔑᖒ ⨆ᔢ, ᇡ᳒⦽ י࠺ಆ

ݡℕ, ᜽Ŗ⣩ḩ⨆ᔢ, ၰŖʑ݉⇶॒ŝzᮡ༊ᱢᮝಽđŝྜྷॅᮥ

ᔑ⇽⦹ᩡ݅. ↽ɝ⊽⪹ĞÕᖅʑᚁ}ၽᨱݡ⦽᫵Ǎaฯᦥḡ۵

ᔢ⫊ᨱᕽÕᖅᯱ࠺⪵ᩑǍᨱʑ᳕ᨱ⇵Ǎ⦹޹༊ᱢ᮹ݍᖒŝ޵ᇩ ᨕəฑÕᖅᨱš⦽}ֱᮥ᯦ࠥ⧕᧝⧁⦥᫵aᔾĝ݅. ᅙᩑǍ۵

ᱡ┥ᗭᯱ࠺⪵☁Ŗ᜽ᜅ▽ᮥ᭥⦽᫵ᗭʑᚁᮥ}ၽ⦹۵ߑ༊ᱢᮥ

ࢱŁᯩ݅. ᯱ࠺⪵☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ᜽ᱡ┥ᗭ, ᱡᨱթḡݍᖒᮥ᭥⦽ႊჶು

ᮥ}ၽ⦹Łᯱ⦽݅. Ǣɚᱢᮝಽ۵݅ᙹၰ᳦݅᮹Õᖅᰆእ(ມ❑

ᨱᯕᱥ✙)aᔍᬊࡹ۵⪹Ğᨱᕽᱥℕ᜽ᜅ▽⬉ᮉᮥ↽ݡ⪵⦹Ł

┥ᗭ႑⇽ᮡ ↽ᗭ⪵⦹۵ ᯱ࠺⪵ ᜽ᜅ▽ᮥ }ၽ⦹Łᯱ ⦽݅.

1.2 ઴֜ଭ࣐଍ࢫࢺ࣑

ᅙᩑǍ۵ÕᖅŖ᳦ᵲᨱᕽaᰆʑᅙᯕࡹ໑݅᧲⦽Õᖅᰆእa

ᔍᬊࡹᨕ݅ෙŖ᳦ᨱእ⦹ᩍ┥ᗭ႑⇽పᯕ׳ᮡ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ(݉ḡ☁

Ŗ)ᮥݡᔢᮝಽ⦹Łᯩ݅. ᵝᨕḥᱶᅕෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍᯱ࠺ᮝಽ݉ḡ

☁Ŗᮥ᭥⦽☁Ŗ᯲ᨦĥ⫮ᮥᖙᬑŁÕᖅᰆእ᮹ᬕᩢᮥ⬉ᮉ⪵⦹

ᩍᔾᔑᖒ⨆ᔢၰ┥ᗭ႑⇽ᮥq⇶⧁ᙹᯩ۵᫵ᗭʑᚁᮥᱽ᜽⦹Ł

ᯱ⦽݅. ᱡ┥ᗭᯱ࠺⪵☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᮥ᭥⦽᫵ᗭʑᚁᵲᨱᕽ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ

༉ߙยʑᚁ, ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡ}ֱ, ☁Ŗ᜽Ŗჶᨱ঑ෙ3D ☁ప႑ ᇥ ၰ ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ CO

2

ప ᔑ⇽ᮥ ᩑǍ᮹ ჵ᭥ಽ ⦽݅.

ᬑᖁᱢᮝಽ ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ ⥥ಽᖙᜅෝ ᯕ⧕⦹Ł ݉ḡ}ၽᮥ ᭥⦽

☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᱶᅕ༉ߙᮥǍᖒ⦹Ł, ᯕäᮥʑၹᮝಽ↽ᱢ⪵ʑჶᮥ

ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ☁Ŗ᜽Ŗჶᄥಽ⬉ᮉᱢᯙ☁ప႑ᇥ⥥ಽᖙᜅෝᱽ᜽⦽

݅. əญŁ↽ᱢ᮹☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡǍᖒŝ☁Ŗ᜽Ŗჶ᮹✚ᖒᮥ

ၹᩢ⦹ᩍ႑⇽ࡹ۵CO

2

పᮥ⇵ᱶ⧕ᅕŁᯱ⦽݅. ᩑǍḥ⧪⥥ಽᖙ ᜅ۵ ݅ᮭ Fig. 1ŝ z݅.

2. šಉʑᚁ࠺⨆

↽ɝᨱ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᮥ⬉ᮉᱢᮝಽᯱ࠺⪵⧁ᙹᯩࠥಾᖅĥᱶᅕ᪡

ᬱḡၹᨱݡ⦽⩶ᔢᱶᅕᨱʑၹᮥࢵĥ⫮, ᰆእ᮹ᝅ᜽e᭥⊹

ᯱ࠺ᯙ᜾, ᙹพࡽĥ⫮ᨱ঑ෙǕᔎʑᯱᮉᵝ⧪॒ŝzᯕǕᔎʑᨱ

ĥ⫮ʑ܆, ᬱĊ᳑ᱶၰᯱᮉᱽᨕʑ܆ᮥᇡᩍ⦹۵᫵ᗭʑᚁᮥ}ၽ

⦹Ł⥥ಽ☁┡᯦ᮥ᪥ᖒ⦹۵ᩑǍ(Kim ᫙, 2012)aḥ⧪ࡹᨩ݅.

⦹ḡอ☁Ŗĥ⫮ᇡᇥᨱᯩᨕᕽ۵ᖒ☁᯲ᨦᮡᱽ᫙⦹Łᱩ☁᯲ᨦᨱ อ ⦽ᱶࡹ۵ ⦽ĥෝ wŁ ᯩ݅.

☁ప႑ᇥᨱš⦽ᩑǍॅᮥᔕ⠕ᅕ໕1₉ᬱᱢᯙᖁ⩶☁Ŗ᮹↽ᱢ

⪵ᨱš⦽äᯕᵝෝᯕ൉Łᯩᮝ໑, ݉ḡ☁Ŗŝzᮡ2₉ᬱᱢᯙ

☁ప႑ᇥᨱ š⦽ ᩑǍ(Lee ᫙, 2003; Lee ᫙, 2010; Kang ᫙, 2011) ۵ᱽ⦽ᱢᮝಽᙹ⧪ࡹᨩ݅. ᝅᱽ⩥ᰆᱢᬊᨱ۵ᦥḢࠥᖅĥ

ᯱ᮹Ğ⨹ᨱ᮹᳕⦹ᩍ2₉ᬱᱢᯙ☁ప႑ᇥᮥᝅ᜽⦹ÑӹLHŖᔍ ᨱᕽ}ၽ⦽DAS௝۵݉ḡᖅĥ⥥ಽəఉᮥᯕᬊ⦹Łᯩ۵ᝅᱶᯕ

݅. ʑ᳕᮹ႊ᜾ᮝಽ۵ᯱ࠺⪵☁Ŗᨱᔍᬊ⦹ʑ᭥⦽☁Ŗపᔑ⇽᮹

ᱶ⪶ࠥ ၰ ⬉ŝᱢᯙ ☁Ŗĥ⫮ ⊂໕ᨱᕽ ᱽ᧞ᱱᮥ wŁ ᯩ݅.

LCA᪡ šಉࡽ ᩑǍ۵ ᨱթḡšญŖ݉, ᔑᨦᯱᬱᇡ, ⪹Ğᇡ

॒ᨱᕽ LCA ᙹ⧪ႊჶ, ⠪aʑჶ }ၽ, LCI DBǍ⇶ŝ šಉ⦽

ᩑǍa⇵ḥࡹᨩ݅. Õᖅᇥ᧝ᨱᕽ۵Õ⇶ྜྷᮥݡᔢᮝಽLCAʑჶ ᮹ ᱢᬊႊჶ, ᖅእ᜽ᖅ᮹ LCAᱢᬊ, ᱥŝᱶᨱᕽ ၽᔾ⦹۵ CO

2

႑⇽పᔑᱶ, Õ⇶ᯱᰍ᮹LCAᱢᬊᨱš⦽ᩑǍaᙹ⧪ࡹᨕ᪵ᮝ ໑, LCA ⠪aႊჶᮥ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍ⪹Ğእᬊᮥᔑ⇽⦹ʑ᭥⦽ᩑǍॅᯕ

ᙹ⧪ࡹᨕ᪵݅. ᔍ⫭ʑၹ᜽ᖅྜྷᨱšಉ⦹ᩍᔢ⦹ᙹࠥ᜽ᖅ, ࠥಽ᜽

ᖅ, Ʊప᜽ᖅ, ⧎อ᜽ᖅ, ၽᱥ᜽ᖅ॒ᮥݡᔢᮝಽᱥŝᱶ݉ĥᄥ

⪹Ğᇡ⦹ ᇥᕾ, ⚍᯦ࡹ۵ ᯱᰍ ၰ ᰆእᄥ ᨱթḡ ᔍᬊప ࠥ⇽, ၽᔾ⦹۵႑⇽ྜྷḩॅ᮹ᱶప⪵ෝ☖⦽⪹Ğᇡ⦹⠪a, ⊽⪹Ğᖅĥ ᨱš⦽ᩑǍaᙹ⧪ࡹᨩ݅. 2000֥ࠥᯕ⬥ᨱእ᜽ᰆᰍᯙ⪹Ğᰍᨱ

š⦹ᩍ⪹Ğእᬊᮥ⪹ᔑ⦹ʑ᭥⦽ᩑǍa⪽ၽ⯩ᙹ⧪ࡹŁᯩ݅.

ᅙ ᩑǍ᪡ Ḣᱲᱢᮝಽ ᩑšᯕ ࡹ۵ ↽ɝ ᩑǍᔍಡෝ ᔕ⠕ᅕ໕

݅ᮭ Table 1ŝ z݅.

┥ᗭᱡqᨱš⦽ݡᇡᇥ᮹ᩑǍॅᮡ✚ᱶ᜽ᖅྜྷ᮹ᔾᧁᵝʑ

࠺ᦩၽᔾ⦹۵┥ᗭ႑⇽పᮥᩩ⊂⦹Łᨕਅ ݉ĥa⪹Ğᇡ⦹ෝ

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Table 1. Related researches on Low carbon

Author (Year) Contents Remark

Kim (2011)  Analyze the correlation of equipment combination, CO2 emission and duration. CO₂ emission estimation for construction equipment

Kim et al. (2010)

 Suggest WBS for integrated information management for cost, construction document and drawing.

 Suggest a system architecture for integrated analysis of VE/LCC and LCA.

LCC and LCA Integration

Moon (2009)

 Perform environment impact assessments for multiple road constructions to ascertain environmental stress at the initial road construction phase.

 Provide the process for environment impact assessment and conduct sensitivity analysis for the key materials used for road construction.

LCA for road constructions

Cass et al. (2011)

 Suggest a method that can be used to develop and analyze life-cycle inventories at the construction phase.

 Propose a shift to a context-sensitive process-based approach that uses actual observed construction data to calculate greenhouse gas emissions using a hybrid LCA.

LCA for road constructions

Fig. 2. 3D modeling process for an earthwork site

ฯᯕၽᔾ᜽┅۵ḡᨱš⦽ᇥᕾᮥᝅ᜽⦽äŝᔍᬊࡹ۵Õᖅᰍഭ

ෝݍญ⦹ᩍ┥ᗭ႑⇽ᮥᵥᯕ۵ႊᦩᮥᱽ᜽⦹۵äᯕݡᇡᇥᯕᨩ

݅. ᔩಽᬕŖᔍ⥥ಽᖙᜅ, ⬉ŝᱢᯙ᯲ᨦĥ⫮ၰ᜽Ŗჶᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ

┥ᗭ႑⇽ᮥ ᵥᯕʑ ᭥⦽ ᩑǍ۵ ᦥḢ ၙ⯂⦽ ⠙ᯕ݅.

3. ☁Ŗĥ⫮༉ߙ

3.1 ഠվୁડଡ଍෉ճߙ૬ী

☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᨱᩢ⨆ᮥᵝ۵᫵ᗭॅಽ۵Ŗᔍ᮹✚ᖒ(Ŗᔍ᮹᳦ඹ᪡

Ƚ༉॒), Õᖅᰆእ᮹✚ᖒ(᳦ඹ, ȽĊ, ⬉ᮉ, Łᰆශ, ᔍᯕⓕ┡ᯥ, ᵝ⧪ᖒ, ᰆእ᳑⧊॒), ⩥ᰆ᳑Õ(ԁᦉ, ⮺᮹᳦ඹၰᔢ┽, ḡᰆྜྷ

ᮁྕ, ḡ⢽ᙹၰḡ⦹ᙹᔢ┽, Ŗᔍᬊࠥಽᔢ┽॒), əญŁ᯲ᨦ᳑Õ (᯲ᨦĥ⫮, ᯲ᨦŖeᱽ᧞, ᬕᱥᯱᙺಉ॒ࠥ)ᮝಽǍᇥࢁᙹᯩ݅

(Kim ᫙, 2005). ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ᜽⚍᯦ࡹ۵݅᧲⦽Õᖅ ᰆእ᮹⬉ᮉᱢᯙᬡḢᯥŝᬕᩢᮥ☖⦽ᔾᔑᖒ⨆ᔢŝCO

2

ᱡq

༊⢽ෝݍᖒ⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍ᯲ᨦ᳑Õ᮹ᖙᇡ⧎༊ᵲᨱᕽᯱ࠺⪵☁Ŗ ᨱ ᱢᬊࢁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ᯲ᨦĥ⫮(☁ప႑ᇥĥ⫮)ᮥ ᵲᱱ Łಅ᫵ᗭಽ

eᵝ⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

3.2 ഠվ෮ୋं්

3.2.1 ഠվ෮ୋ3D ஺෴ࡦ܄෴ন

☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᇥ⧁༉ߙᮥǍᖒ⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍ3D ᜅ⋱թෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ

ḡ⩶ᮥᜅ⋵⦽ᯕ⬥ᨱ᨜ᨕḥ⡍ᯙ✙ⓕ௝ᬑऽ(Point cloud)ෝ

ʑၹᮝಽ 3₉ᬱ ḡ⩶༉ߙᮥ Ǎᖒ⦹í ࡽ݅.

Leicaᔍ᮹3D ᜅ⋱թෝᰆ₊⦽₉పᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆԕᨱ

ᜅ⋵ݡᔢǍᩎᮥᖅᱶ⦽⬥ᨱᜅ⋱᯲ܾᨦᮥ☖⦹ᩍ⩥ᰆḡ⩶ᮥ

ӹ┡ԕ۵ᬱ᜽ᜅ⋵ߑᯕ░(⡍ᯙ✙ⓕ௝ᬑऽ)ෝᔾᖒ⦽݅. ᯕäᮥ

ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ ᔝb฾(Mesh)ᮥ Ǎᖒ⦹ᩍ ⩥ᰆ ḡ⩶༉ߙᮥ ᔾᖒ⦹í

ࡽ݅. ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ᮹ⓍʑaⓑĞᬑᨱ۵⦽ჩ᮹ᜅ⋱᯲ܾᨦᮥ☖⦹ᩍ

☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᱥℕ᮹༉ߙᮥ᨜ᮥᙹaᨧ݅. ᯕ్⦽Ğᬑᨱ۵☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ

ԕᨱ໨}᮹Ǎ⩶┡⍴ᮥᖅ⊹⦹ᩍ״Ł݅᧲⦽᭥⊹ᨱᕽᜅ⋱ܾᮥ

⦹ᩍ ⦹ӹ᮹ ᳭⢽ĥಽ ᯝ⊹⪵ ᜽┅۵ ŝᱶ(ᱶ⧊ŝᱶ)ᮥ Ñℱᕽ

᨜ᨕḥᜅ⋱ܾߑᯕ░ෝ⦹ӹ᮹ߑᯕ░ᖬ(Set)ᮝಽᰍǍᖒ⦹ᩍ

↽᳦ᱢᯙ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆḡ⩶༉ߙᮥ᪥ᖒ⦹íࡽ݅. ᔢʑ᮹ᱩ₉ᨱ঑௝

ᕽ⩶ᖒࡽ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆḡ⩶༉ߙᮡᱩᖒ☁పĥᔑŝ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦĥ⫮ᮥ

ᖙᬑ۵ߑ ᔍᬊࡽ݅.

3.2.2 টഠվਏഠվ෮ୋं්

ᖁ☁Ŗᮡࠥಽ, ℁ࠥ, ⇶ᱽ॒ŝzᮡיᖁŖᔍᨱᔍᬊࡹ۵äᮝ ಽ⡎ᯕ᳢Łʙᯕaʕ⩶┽ಽǍᖒࡽ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᨱᕽᯕ൉ᨕḥ݅.

ʑ᳕ᨱ۵⊂పᮥ☖⦹ᩍ᳦݉໕ࠥ᪡⬂݉໕ࠥෝ᯲ᖒ⦹ᩍ☁పĥ

ᔑᕽෝ᯲ᖒ⦹ŁᯕäᨱɝÑ⦹ᩍ☁ᱢłᖁᮥ᯲ᖒ⦽݅. ☁ᱢłᖁ

(4)

* Note: B: Cutting area, W: Filling area Fig. 3. 1D partitioning for an earthwork site

* Note: B: Cutting area, W: Filling area Fig. 4. 2D partitioning for an earthwork site

Fig. 5. Data structure for an earthwork site and Information model for a node (Kim et al., 2012b)

ᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ☁పᯕ࠺ᮥ ĥ⫮⦹໑ᬕၹÑญᨱ঑ෙÕᖅᰆእෝ

ᖁᱶ⦽݅. ੱ⦽ᔍ☁ᰆၰ☁≉ᰆ᮹᭥⊹ࠥ☁ᱢłᖁ᮹☁ప٥ĥప

ᮥ ₙŁ⦹ᩍ ᭥⊹ෝ ᖁᱶ⦽݅. ⦹ḡอ ʑ᳕᮹ ႊჶᮡ ĥఖᱢᯙ

☁పᯕ࠺อᮥĥ⫮⧁ᙹᯩᮥᐱ↽ᱢ⪵᮹}ֱᨱᕽ۵⬉ᮉᱢᯕḡ

༜⦽ ⊂໕ᮥ wŁ ᯩ݅.

ࠥಽၰ℁ࠥ⩥ᰆࠥ3D ᜅ⋱թෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆḡ⩶༉ߙ ยᯕa܆⦹໑Fig. 3ᨱᕽ᪡zᯕ1D ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ᮹༉ߙᮥǍᖒ⧁

ᙹᯩ݅. ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ᮹ᇥ⧁ᮡʑŖʑ໕ᮥʑᵡᮝಽᱩᖒ☁aၵѭ۵

ḡᱱᮥʑᵡᮝಽ⦹ᩍᖙᇡǍᩎᮥӹ٥íࡽ݅. bǍᩎ᮹ʙᯕ۵

⩥ᰆ᮹᳑Õŝᱩᖒ☁పᨱ঑௝ᕽݍ௝ḡíࡽ݅. ʑᅙᱢᮝಽ↽᳦

ᱢᯙ᜽Ŗʑ໕᭥⊹ෝđᱶ⦹໕bǍᩎᄥಽᱩᖒ☁పᮥĥᔑ⧁

ᙹᯩᮝ໑ᯕäᮥၵ┶ᮝಽᱩᖒ☁ǍᩎᮥǍᇥ⦹Łᱩ☁Ǎᩎ(B)ᨱ ᕽᖒ☁Ǎᩎ(W)ಽ☁పᯕᯕ࠺⦹۵GraphෝǍᖒ⦹໕↽ᗭእᬊ⮱

෥ྙᱽ(Minimal cost flow problem)ಽǍᖒ⦹ᩍ↽ᱢ⧕ෝ₟ᮥ

ᙹ ᯩ݅.

1D ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ᮹ᇥ⧁ᔍಡ۵Ji ᫙(2010)᮹ᩑǍᨱᕽ₟ᦥᅝ

ᙹᯩ۵ߑ ᰆÑญ᮹ࠥಽŖᔍ ⥥ಽ᱾✙ෝ ᙹ⧪⦹۵ Ğᬑ bʑ

݅ෙ⫭ᔍᨱ᮹⦹ᩍ᜽Ŗᯕࡹ۵Ğᬑᨱᨕਜí☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᮥᖙᇡ

݉᭥᮹☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᮝಽᇥ⧁⦹ᩍ᜽Ŗᮥ⦹۵äᯕᱩᖒ☁Ɂ⩶ᮥ

฿⇵໕ᕽᖙᇡ݉᭥☁Ŗ⩥ᰆe☁ప᮹ᯕ࠺ᯕ↽ᗭ⪵ࡹ۵ḡᨱš

⦽ ⧕đ₦ᮥ ᱽ᜽⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

3.2.3 ࡟ഠվਏഠվ෮ୋं්ࢫୁડߑଲઘ

໕☁Ŗᮡ݉ḡ}ၽ, ݡȽ༉┾ḡ᳑ᖒၰḡᩎ}ၽ॒ŝzᯕ

ᖁ☁Ŗ ᅕ݅۵ ʙᯕa Ṉḡอ ⡎ᯕ մí Ǎᖒࡽ ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᨱᕽ

ᯕ൉ᨕḥ݅. ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ݉ḡ}ၽᮥ᭥⦽☁ప᮹႑ᇥႊჶᮡᖁ☁

Ŗŝzᯕיᖁ᮹⬂݉໕ᮥʑᵡᮝಽ⠪Ɂ☁పᮥĥᔑ⦽☁ᱢłᖁ

ᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ႑ᇥ⦹۵ႊ᜾ᮝಽ۵↽ᱢ᮹☁పᯕ࠺ĥ⫮ᮥᖙᬑ۵ ߑᇡᱢᱩ⦹݅. ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ໕☁Ŗĥ⫮ᮡ⠪໕ࠥᔢᨱᕽFig. 4᪡

zᯕ40meĊ᮹ႊᦩ฾ᮥǍᖒ⦽݅. bႊᦩ฾᮹ᱩᖒ☁᮹٥ᱢ☁

పᮥǍ⦽☁పĥᔑᕽෝ᯲ᖒ⦹Ł, ᩍʑᕽᔑ⇽ࡽྕݡప, ᯵☁ప, ᇡ᳒☁పᮥʑ᯦⦹ᩍ2₉ᬱᱢᯙᯕ࠺పᮥᔑ⇽⦹۵ᱩ₉ಽḥ⧪ࡽ݅.

ʑ᳕᮹2₉ᬱᱢᯙ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᇥ⧁ŝ☁పĥᔑႊჶᮝಽĥఖᱢᯙ

☁పᯕ࠺ĥ⫮ᮥᖙᬙᙹᯩḡอ᯲ᨦᯱ౩ᄉੱ۵Õᖅᰆእᬕᩢ

⊂໕ᨱᕽ↽ᱢ⪵ࡹᨕᯩ۵☁పᯕ࠺ĥ⫮᮹ᙹพᮡᨕಅᬑ໑ᯱ࠺

⪵ ᜽Ŗᨱ ᱢᬊ⧁ ᙹ ᨧ۵ ⦽ĥa ᯩ݅. ঑௝ᕽ ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵

ᯱ࠺⪵᜽ŖᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍÕᖅᰆእ᮹ᬕᩢ⊂໕ᨱᕽ⬉ŝᱢᯕ໑↽

ᱢ᮹☁పᯕ࠺ĥ⫮ᮥ☖⦹ᩍ┥ᗭၽᔾపࠥᱡq⧁ᙹᯩࠥಾ3₉ᬱ

ᱢᯙ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᱶᅕ༉ߙᮥǍᖒ⦹ᩡ݅. ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ3D ᱶᅕ༉ߙᮡ

ᔢʑᨱᕽᨙɪࡽၵ᪡zᯕ3D ᜅ⋱թෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍḡ⩶ᮥᜅ⋵⦽

ᯕ⬥ᨱ 3₉ᬱḡ⩶༉ߙᮥǍᖒ⦹Łᱩᖒ☁᮹Ɂ⩶ŝ☁పᯕᯕ࠺

᮹↽ᗭ⪵ෝŁಅ⦹ᩍ݉ḡ᮹᜽Ŗʑ໕ᮥđᱶ⦹íࡽ݅. Fig. 5 ᨱᕽᅕ۵ၵ᪡zᯕᩍ్⊖᮹Cutting Layer(ᱩ☁⊖)᪡Filling Layer(ᖒ☁⊖)ᮝಽ Ǎᇥ⦹í ࡽ݅.

bLayer᮹׳ᯕ۵Cutting Layer᮹Ğᬑᨱ۵Õᖅᰆእ᮹ᱽᬱ ŝ Õᖅᰆእa ᯲ᨦ᜽ ḡၹᯕ ᇶƕࡹḡ ᦫ۵ ׳ᯕෝ Łಅ⦹ᩍ

ᦩᱥᮥᮁḡ⧁ᙹᯩ۵׳ᯕᯙ4m ၙอᮝಽᖅᱶ⦹۵äᯕᱢᱩ⦽

äᮝಽ❱݉ࡽ݅. Filling Layer᮹Ğᬑᨱ۵⮺᝴ʑჶᨱ঑ෙ1⫭

ᖒ☁׳ᯕ᪡᯲ᨦ᜽ᖒ☁ᔍ໕ᯕᇶƕࡹḡᦫ۵ ʫᯕෝŁಅ⦹ᩍ

đᱶ⦹íࡹ۵ߑᱥႊ᝴ʑჶ᮹Ğᬑᨱ۵ᱥྙa᮹᮹čᨱ঑෕໕

5m ၙอᮝಽᖅᱶ⦹۵äᯕ┡ݚ⦽äᮝಽӹ┡ԍᮝ໑, ᙹ⠪⊖

᝴ʑჶᵲ⦹⃽ᱽႊ, ࠥಽၰ℁ࠥ᮹⇶ᱽᨱᯕᬊࡹ۵⬥⊖᝴ʑ۵

(5)

Fig. 6. Layer construction and Node color information Fig. 7. Earthwork package (Kim et al., 2012b)

Layer ׳ᯕෝ1.2m ၙอᮝಽəญŁ⮺ݱၰǍ᳑ྜྷ᮹अ₥ᬡᨱ

ᯕᬊࡹ۵ ၶ⊖᝴ʑ۵ Layer ׳ᯕෝ 0.6m ၙอᮝಽ ⦹۵ äᯕ

┡ݚ⦽ äᮝಽ ᳑ᔍࡹᨩ݅. ✚⯩ ᙹ⠪⊖ ᝴ʑჶᨱ ᮹⦽ ᖒ☁ᯙ

Ğᬑᨱ۵ʑⅩḡၹ᮹⋉⦹ෝ ႊḡ⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍᖒ☁ᰍഭ۵݅ḱ

⬥⊖ݚࢱ̹a0.2m ᯕ⦹aࡹࠥಾɁᯝ⦹í⡍ᖅ⦽⬥ᨱ݅ḱᮥ

⦹ࠥಾ Ƚᱶ⦹۵ Ğᬑa ฯᦹ݅.

Layer ෝǍᖒ⦽ᯕ⬥ᨱbLayer ᱶᅕෝLayered-Quad Tree (Kim ᫙, 2012)௝۵ᯱഭǍ᳑ෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍᱡᰆ⦹íࡽ݅. ᯕᯱഭ Ǎ᳑۵☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᯕ⊖ᄥಽ ᯕ൉ᨕḡ۵᯲ᨦ✚ᖒᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍ⬉

ŝᱢᮝಽ᯲ᨦḥ⧪ᨱš⦽ᱶᅕෝ݅൉ʑ᭥⦹ᩍ}ၽࡽäᯕ݅.

⦹ӹ᮹Layer۵ʑ᳕᮹Quadtree ᯱഭǍ᳑᮹✚ᖒᨱ঑௝ᩍ్

}᮹Cell(Node)ಽᇥ⧁ࡹíࡹ໑, ⦹ӹ᮹Cellᮡ݉ḡ}ၽ᜽ᔍᬊ

ࡹ۵ႊᦩ฾᮹Ⓧʑ(40m×40m)᪡࠺ᯝ⦹íᖅᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. Fig. 3ᨱ ᕽᅕ۵ၵ᪡zᯕbb᮹Cell(Node)ᮡיऽ᮹᭥⊹ᱶᅕ, ᯱഭǍ᳑

ᨱᕽ᮹ᩑđᱶᅕ, ᱩᖒ☁ෝǍᇥ⦹۵ᱶᅕ, ᯲ᨦݡᔢ☁ḩ᮹᳦ඹ᪡

✚ᖒᨱ š⦽ ᱶᅕ, ᯲ᨦ☁పᨱ š⦽ ᱶᅕ ॒ᮥ ⡍⧉⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

3.3 ഠվୁડ൪೬஺

3.3.1 ڋ݁আ୨࣪

☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ᮹ḡ⩶ᱶᅕ۵Layered-Quad Tree ᯱഭǍ᳑ෝᯕᬊ⦹

ᩍᱡᰆࡽ݅. bLayer۵݅ᙹ᮹יऽಽǍᖒࡹ໑יऽa⡍⧉⦹۵

ᱶᅕᵲᨱᕽᱩᖒ☁ෝǍᇥ⦹۵ᱶᅕಽיऽᔪᮥᯕᬊ⦹Łᯩ݅.

יऽ᮹ᔪᯕáᱶᔪ(B)ᯕࡹ໕ᱩ☁Ǎᩎᯕࡹ໑, יऽ᮹ᔪᯕ⯑ᔪ (W)ᯕ໕ᖒ☁Ǎᩎᯕࡽ݅. əญŁיऽ᮹ᔪᯕ⫭ᔪ(G)ᯕ໕⧕ݚ

Ǎᩎᮡᱩᖒ☁᮹᧲ᯕzÑӹ᜽Ŗʑ໕ᔢᨱ ᭥⊹⦹Łᯩᮝ໕ᕽ

⇵aᱢᯙ᯲ᨦᯕ⦥᫵ᨧ۵Ǎᩎᮥӹ┡ԕ۵äᯕ݅. יऽᨱᔪᯕ

ᇡᩍࡹᨕᯩḡᦫᮡĞᬑ(ྕᔪ)ᨱ۵⧕ݚǍᩎᮡᬱ௹᯲ᨦݡᔢ

☁ᔍa ᳕ᰍ⦹ḡ ᦫᮝ໑ ᯲ᨦݡᔢ Ǎᩎᨱ ⡍⧉ࡹḡ ᦫ۵ äᮥ

᮹ၙ⦽݅.

Fig. 6ᨱᕽᅕ۵ၵ᪡zᯕᵝᨕḥᬱḡၹᨱ঑௝ᕽ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᯕ

2 }᮹Cutting Layer᪡2}᮹Filling LayerಽǍᖒࡹᨕᯩ݅໕

Cutting Layerᨱᗮ⦽יऽॅ᮹ᔪᮡáᱶᔪ, ⫭ᔪၰྕᔪᮝಽ

Ǎᖒࡹ໑, Filling Layerᨱᗮ⦽יऽॅ᮹ᔪᮡ⫭ᔪŝ⯑ᔪᮝಽ

Ǎᖒࡽ݅. áᱶᔪיऽ۵☁పᮥŖɪ⦹۵ Source יऽaࡹŁ

⯑ᔪיऽ۵☁పᮥŖɪၼ۵Target יऽaࡽ݅. ⬉ᮉᱢᯙ☁Ŗ᯲

ᨦᮥᙹ⧪⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍᨕਅSourceᨱᕽᨕਅTargetᮝಽ☁పᯕ

ᯕ࠺᜽⍽᧝⧁ḡෝ đᱶ⧕᧝ ⦽݅.

3.3.2 ഠվୁડ൪೬஺֜ন

Layered-Quad Treeෝ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ ᱶᅕ༉ߙᯕ ᪥ᖒ

ࡽᯕ⬥ᨱFig. 7ᨱᕽᅕ۵ၵ᪡zᯕ݉ḡ᳑ᖒᮥ᭥⦽☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ

➉┅ḡ(Earthwork Package)ෝ5aḡ⩶┽(Kim ᫙, 2003)ಽǍᇥ

⦽݅. Cutting Layerᨱ᳕ᰍ⦹۵áᱶᔪ(B)יऽᨱᕽFilling Layer ᨱ᳕ᰍ⦹۵⯑ᔪ(W) יऽಽ႑ᇥࡹ۵⩶┽(Type1), BᨱᕽWಽ

ᯝᇡ☁పᮥ႑ᇥ⦹Łԉ۵ᱩ☁పᮥᔍ☁ᰆᮝಽ႑ᇥ⦹۵⩶┽

(Type2), B᮹ᱩ☁పᱥᇡෝᮁᬊ☁ಽᔍᬊ⦹ḡ༜⦹Ł༉ࢱᔍ☁

(6)

ᰆᮝಽ႑ᇥ⦹۵⩶┽(Type3), ᱩ☁పᯕᖒ☁పᅕ݅ᱢᨕᕽ☁

ᔍᰆᨱᕽWಽ႑ᇥ⦹۵⩶┽(Type4), əญŁ࠺ᯝ⦽Cell ԕᨱᕽ

ᱩᖒ☁ ᯲ᨦᯕ ᯕ൉ᨕḡ۵ ⩶┽(Type5)ಽ Ǎᇥࡽ݅.

⦽⩥ᰆ᮹☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᮡᔢʑᨱᨙɪࡽ5aḡ᯲ᨦᮁ⩶᮹Ḳ⧊

ᯕࡹ໑, 5aḡᮁ⩶ᮥǍᖒ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵↽ᱢ⪵ʑჶᮥᯕᬊ⦹

ᩍᱩ☁יऽ(B)᪡ᖒ☁יऽ(W)ෝๅ⋎᜽⍽ᵝ۵݉ĥෝÑℱ᧝

⦽݅. ᩍ్aḡ↽ᱢ⪵ʑჶᵲᨱᕽᙹᘂ༉ߙᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩡᮝ໑

ᯕ࠺እᬊᮡSource יऽᨱᕽTarget יऽʭḡ᮹Ñญಽᔑᱶ⦹ᩡ

݅. ➉┅ḡǍᖒ᮹↽ᱢ⪵aᱥℕ᜽ᜅ▽᮹᯲ᨦ᜽e݉⇶ŝ┥ᗭෝ

ᱡq⧁ ᙹ ᯩࠥಾ ⧕ ᵡ݅.

☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ༉ߙ➉┅ḡ۵ᱩ☁Ǎᩎ(B)ŝᖒ☁Ǎᩎ(W)᮹ๅ⋎ᨱ

š⦽ᱶᅕ, ᱩᖒ☁పၰ3₉ᬱŖeᔢᨱᕽᬕၹÑญᨱš⦽ᱶᅕෝ

⡍⧉⦽݅.

3.3.3 ഠվୁડ൪೬஺ୡ૳

⦹ӹ᮹☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡ۵↽ᱢ⪵ʑჶᨱ᮹⦹ᩍᱩᖒ☁పɁ⩶

ၰᬕၹÑญ॒ᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍǍᖒᯕࡽ݅. }ᄥᱢᯙ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡ ۵↽ᱢ⪵(ಽ⍍↽ᱢ⪵)ࡹᨕᯩḡอᱥℕ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ᮹šᱱᨱᕽ۵

↽ᱢ⪵aࡹḡᦫᮡĞᬑࠥᯩᮝအಽǍᖒࡽ༉ु☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡ

ᔍᯕᨱ᯲ᨦ᮹ᬑᖁᙽ᭥ෝŁಅ⦹ᩍᱥℕ᮹↽ᱢ⪵(ɡಽჭ↽ᱢ⪵)

ෝ ࠥ༉⧕᧝ ⦽݅. ᱥℕ ☁Ŗ᜽ᜅ▽᮹ ᔾᔑᖒ ⨆ᔢᮥ Łಅ⦹ᩍ

☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡॅ᮹᯲ᨦᙹ⧪ᬑᖁᙽ᭥ෝᱶ⦹Ł1ᯝ⚍᯦a܆⦽

Õᖅᰆእ᮹᳦ඹ᪡ݡᙹෝŁಅ⦹ᩍ☁ŖŖᱶĥ⫮ᮥᙹพ⦽݅.

Ŗᱶĥ⫮ᮥᙹพ⦽ᯕ⬥ᨱ۵☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍḥࠥ

šญෝᝅ᜽⦽݅. ᱥℕ☁ŖᔍෝǍᖒ⦹۵☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡॅ᮹

ᱩ☁(B) יऽᨱᕽ᮹᪥ഭࡽᱩ☁ప᮹⧊ŝᖒ☁(W) יऽᨱᕽ᮹

᪥ഭࡽᖒ☁ప᮹⧊ᮥᝅ᜽eᮝಽĥᔑ⦹ᩍ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ3D ༉ߙᨱᕽ

᨜ᨕḥ ᱥℕ ᱩᖒ☁పŝ እƱ⦹ᩍ ḥࠥᮉᮥ ⊂ᱶ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

ƓƒƒƇƌƅ©ƐƍƅƐƃƑƑ á ć ƍƒſƊ ƓƒƒƇƌƅ ¯ƍƊƓƋƃ

ā

Ƈ á Î Ƌ

¯

_¬Ƈ

ƇƊƊƇƌƅ©ƐƍƅƐƃƑƑ á ć ƍƒſƊ ƇƊƊƇƌƅ ¯ƍƊƓƋƃ

ā

ƈ á Î ƌ

¯

_ƈ

ƍƒſƊ©ƐƍƅƐƃƑƑ á ƓƒƒƇƌƅ©ƐƍƅƐƃƑƑ âƇƊƊƇƌƅ©ƐƍƅƐƃƑƑ Ï

ᩍʑᕽ, CVSi = iჩᱩ☁יऽ(Source)ᨱᕽ᮹᪥ഭࡽᱩ☁ప

(Completed cutting volume), FVTi = jჩᖒ☁יऽ(Target)ᨱᕽ ᮹ ᪥ഭࡽ ᖒ☁ప (Completed filling volume)

⚍᯦ࡹ۵Õᖅᰆእ᮹᯲ᨦ܆ශ⨆ᔢᮥ᭥⦹ᩍ⩥ᰍᙹ⧪ᯕࡹᨕ

᧝⦹۵☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡෝŁಅ⦹ᩍÕᖅᰆእ᮹᳑⧊ᮥđᱶ⦹۵ ߑᔍᬊ⦽݅. ☁Ŗᔍ᮹⬉ᮉᨱᩢ⨆ᮥၙ⊹۵ᩍ్aḡ᫵ᗭa

ᯩḡอŖᔍǍᩎԕ᮹☁ప႑ᇥᮥ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽ⦹۵äŝÕᖅᰆእ

ෝ⬉ᮉᱢᮝಽᬕᩢ⦹۵äᯕๅᬑᵲ᫵⦽᫵ᗭaࡽ݅. ⚍᯦ࡹ۵

Õᖅᰆእ᮹᳑⧊ᮥEquipment Cluster௝Ł⦹໑ᱥℕ☁Ŗ᜽ᜅ▽

᮹ ⬉ᮉ }ᖁᮥ ᭥⦹ᩍ Equipment Cluster᮹ Ⓧʑ۵ Łᱶࡹᨕ

ᯩ۵ äᯕ ᦥܩ௝ ᵝᨕḥ ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ ➉┅ḡᨱ ঑௝ᕽ ᄡ⪵⦽݅.

ᩩෝ ॅ໕, Ǖᔎʑ 2ݡ᪡ ✙౎ 10ݡa ⚍᯦ࡹᨕ ࠺᜽ᨱ 2}᮹

☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ ➉┅ḡෝ ࠺᜽ᨱ ᙹ⧪⧁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ Ğᬑ௝໕, ⃹ᮭᨱ۵

bEquipment ClusteraǕᔎʑ1ݡ᪡✙౎5ݡಽǍᖒࡹᨕ᯲ᨦᮥ

᜽᯲⧩ḡอŖᔍaḥ⧪ࡹ໕ᕽᯕ⬥ᨱᙹ⧪ᮥ⧕᧝อ⦹۵☁Ŗ᯲

ᨦ ➉┅ḡ᮹ ✚ᖒᮥ Łಅ⦹ᩍ Ǖᔎʑ 1ݡ᪡ ✙౎ 3ݡ, əญŁ

Ǖᔎʑ1ݡ᪡✙౎7ݡಽᰍǍᖒ⧁ᙹᯩ݅. ᷪ, ᵝᨕḥᔢ⫊ᨱᕽ

ᱥℕ ᜽ᜅ▽᮹ ⬉ᮉᖒᮥ ׳ᯝ ᙹ ᯩ ࠥಾ Equipment Clustera

ᰍǍᖒࡹ۵ äᯕ݅.

4. ᜽Ŗჶᨱ঑ෙ☁ప႑ᇥ

4.1 ୢࢺਣ׆࣑ଡ଍෉ഠ߆ࢼंඹߦপਆ

ᱥႊ᝴ʑჶᮡFig. 8ᨱᕽᅕ۵ၵ᪡zᯕᖒ☁Ǎᩎᮥ⨆⦹ᩍ

ᱥႊᮝಽ☁ᔍෝ⚍⦹⦹۵ŖჶᮝಽŖᔍእaᱡಕ⦹໑ᦩ᜾bᯕ

ᯱᩑᜅ౞íᯕ൉໕ᕽ᜽Ŗᗮࠥෝ዁෕í⧁ᙹᯩ۵ᰆᱱᯕᯩ݅.

⦹ḡอ ݅ḱᯕ ᇡ᳒⦹ᩍ Ǎ᳑ྜྷ ⇶᳑᜽ ⋉⦹a ฯᯕ ၽᔾ⦹۵

݉ᱱᮥwŁᯩ݅. ᵝಽๅพḡ॒᮹ݡ݉᭥Ŗᔍᨱᔍᬊࡹ໑ࠥಽ

ၰ ℁ࠥ ॒᮹ ԏᮡ ⇶ᱽᨱࠥ ᔍᬊࡽ݅.

ᱥႊ᝴ʑჶᮥ᭥⦽☁ప႑ᇥᮡbCutting Layer᮹ᱩ☁Ǎᩎ (Black cells)ᨱᕽᱩ☁⦽☁పᮥ᜽Ŗʑ໕ᯕ⦹ᨱ᭥⊹⦽Filling Layer᮹ᖒ☁Ǎᩎ(White cells)ᮝಽ႑ᇥ⦹íࡽ݅. ᱥႊ᝴ʑჶᮡ

᜽Ŗʑ໕ᯕ⦹᮹ᖒ☁Ǎᩎᨱݡ⦹ᩍLayer᮹Ǎᇥᨧᯕᱩ☁Ǎᩎᨱ ᕽᇡ░aʭᬕŔᨱᕽᇡ░ᙽ₉ᱢᮝಽᖒ☁ෝ⧕ӹa۵✚ᖒᯕ

ᯩ݅. ᯕ్⦽✚ᖒᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍFilling Layerॅ᮹ᖒ☁ᱶᅕෝ⦹ӹ ಽ☖⧊⦽Integrated Filling Layerෝ⩶ᖒ⦹ᩍ☁ప႑ᇥᮥᝅ᜽⦽

݅. อ᧞Fig. 6ᨱᕽ᪡zᮡ⩥ᰆ᳑Õᨱᕽ2}᮹Cutting layer᪡

2 }᮹Filling layerಽǍᖒࡹ۵Ğᬑᨱᱥႊ᝴ʑჶᮥᱢᬊ⦽݅໕

Fig. 9 ᨱᕽ᪡zᯕ2}᮹Filling layera1}᮹☖⧊ࡽ౩ᯕᨕಽ

Ǎᖒࡽ݅. Integrated filling layerᨱᗮ⦽יऽ᮹ᖒ☁పᮡʑ᳕ᨱ

ᩍ్}ಽᇥ⧁ࡽFilling layerᨱᗮ⦽יऽ᮹ᵲᝍ᳭⢽sᵲᨱᕽ

࠺ᯝ⦽(x,y)sᮥaḡ۵יऽ᮹ᖒ☁పᮥⅾ⧊⦹ᩍđᱶ⦽݅. ᇪᮡ

ᔪᱱᖁᮝಽ⢽᜽ࡽיऽॅ᮹ᖒ☁పᮡʑ᳕᮹2}᮹Filling layer ᨱ ᗮ⦽ יऽ᮹ ᖒ☁పᮥ ⧊⦹ᩍ đᱶࡽ݅. ☁ప႑ᇥᮡ ݅ᙹ᮹

Cutting layerᨱᕽ1}᮹☖⧊ࡽFilling layerಽ႑ᇥࡹ۵⩶┽ෝ

ᯕ൉í ࡽ݅.

(7)

Fig. 8. Earthwork distribution method for Forward filling method (Kim et al., 2012b)

Fig. 9. Integrated filling layer construction Fig. 10. Earthwork distribution method for Level filling method (Kim et al., 2012b)

4.2 ৤ඌ౾ਣ׆࣑ଡ଍෉ഠ߆ࢼंඹߦপਆ

ᙹ⠪⊖᝴ʑჶᮡᖒ☁Ǎᩎᮥᩍ్}᮹ᙹ⠪⊖ᮝಽӹ٥ᨕᖒ

☁ෝ⦹Ł݅ḱᮥ⦹۵Ŗჶᯕ݅. 1⊖᮹ࢱ̹۵0.9-1.2m ᱶࠥಽ

᜽Ŗ⦹۵⬥⊖ჶŝࢱ̹ෝ0.3-0.6m ᱶࠥಽ᜽Ŗ⦹۵ၶ⊖ჶᮝಽ

Ǎᇥ⦽݅. ᱥႊ ᝴ʑჶᨱ እƱ⦹ᩍ Ŗʑ ၰ Ŗᔍእ ⊂໕ᨱᕽ۵

ᇩญ⦹ḡอ ↽ᱢ᮹ ⧉ᙹእಽ ݅ḩ ᙹ ᯩᨕᕽ ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ ฯᯕ

ᔍᬊࡹ۵ ႊ᜾ᯕ݅.

ᱥႊ ᝴ʑჶŝ ݍญ ᙹ⠪⊖ ᝴ʑჶᮡ b Cutting Layerᨱᕽ

Ǖ₊ࡽ☁పᮥ↽⦹᭥Filling Layerᨱᕽᇡ░᜽Ŗʑ໕ᨱࠥݍ⦹ʑ ʭḡᙽ₉ᱢᮝಽLayerᄥಽᖒ☁᯲ᨦᮥᝅ᜽⦹ᩍ᧝⦽݅. ☁Ŗ⩥

ᰆ༉ߙᨱᕽ۵⦽Layer᮹׳ᯕa4m ၙอᮝಽࡹᨕᯩᮝӹၶ⊖᝴

ʑ᮹Ğᬑᨱ۵50cm ԕ᫙ಽᖒ☁⬥݅ḱᮥᝅ᜽⦹Ł⬥⊖᝴ʑ۵

1m ԕ᫙ಽᖒ☁ෝ⦹Ł݅ḱᮥᝅ᜽⧕᧝⦽݅. ᯕ్⦽᜽Ŗ✚ᖒᮥ

Łಅ⦹ᩍ3₉ᬱ☁ప႑ᇥ⥥ಽᖙᜅෝFig. 10ŝzᯕᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅.

ᙹ⠪᝴ʑჶᮥ᭥⦽☁ప႑ᇥᮡaᰆᔢ᭥᮹Cutting layerᇡ░

aᰆ⦹᭥ᨱ᭥⊹⦽Filling layerಽᙽ₉ᱢᮝಽᯕ൉ᨕḡ۵ߑ☁ప

ᮥᯕ࠺⦹۵↽ᗭ᮹ᯕ࠺ÑญෝŁಅ⦹ᩍᱩ☁᪡ᖒ☁יऽෝๅ⋎

(8)

Fig. 11. Network construction for earthwork distribution Fig. 12. Moving cost determination considering a precluded area

⦹íࡽ݅. Fig. 10ᨱᕽ᪡zᮡĞᬑᨱ۵Cutting layer4ᨱᕽᇡ░

Cutting layer1ჩᨱ ᯕ෕ʑʭḡ ᙽ₉ᱢᮝಽ ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ ➉┅ḡෝ

Ǎᖒ⦹ʑ᭥⦽ᱩ☁Ǎᩎ(Black cells)ᮥᖁᱶ⦹íࡹ໑, Filling layer4ᨱᕽᇡ░Filling layer1ჩᨱᯕ෕ʑʭḡᙽ₉ᱢᮝಽᖒ☁Ǎ ᩎ(White cells)ᮥᖁᱶ⦹ᩍᱩᖒ☁Ǎᩎᮥๅ⋎⦹íࡽ݅. ݅ᙹ᮹

Cutting layerᨱᕽ݅ᙹ᮹Filling layerಽ☁పᯕ႑ᇥࡹ۵⩶┽ෝ

ᯕ൉í ࡽ݅.

5. 3D ☁ప႑ᇥ

5.1 ഠ߆ࢼंੵճࠤஶ

ᱥႊ᝴ʑჶੱ۵ᙹ⠪᝴ʑჶ᮹᜽Ŗႊჶᨱ঑௝ᕽᱩ☁Ǎᩎ (B) ŝᖒ☁Ǎᩎ(W) Ǎᖒᯕ᪥ᖒࡹ໕, Fig. 11ŝzᯕm}᮹ᱩ☁Ǎ ᩎ(B

i

)ᨱᕽn}᮹ᖒ☁Ǎᩎ(W

j

)ᮝಽᱩ☁⦽ᮁᬊ☁ෝ↽ᗭ᮹እᬊ ᮝಽᬕၹ⦹Łᯱ⦹۵Ğᬑ, ᯕෝᖁ⩶ĥ⫮ჶᮝಽӹ┡ԕ໕݅ᮭ

᜾(Lee ᫙, 2003)ŝ zᯕ ӹ┡ԝ ᙹ ᯩ ݅.

tí ã

_ÎÎ

±

_ÎÎ

â

_ÎÏ

±

_ÎÏ

âzâ

_Îƌ

±

_Îƌ

ä âã

_ÏÎ

±

ÏÎ

â

_ÏÏ

±

ÏÏ

âzâ

_Ïƌ

±

Ïƌ

ä

  

âã

_ƋÎ

±

_ƋÎ

â

_ƋÏ

±

_ƋÏ

âzâ

_Ƌƌ

±

_Ƌƌ

ä

íí ±

_ÎÎ

â±

_ÎÏ

âzâ±

_Îƌ

=

_Î

±

_ÏÎ

â±

_ÏÏ

âzâ±

_Ïƌ

=

_Ï

   

±

_ƋÎ

â±

_ƋÏ

âzâ±

_Ƌƌ

=

_Ƌ

±

_ÎÎ

â±

_ÏÎ

âzâ±

_ƋÎ

> °

_Î

±

_ÎÏ

â±

_ÏÏ

âzâ±

_ƋÏ

= °

_Ï

   

±

_Îƌ

â±

_Ïƌ

âzâ±

_Ƌƌ

> °

_ƌ

±

Ƈƈ

> ×ì pƇìƈ

ᩍʑᕽ,C

ij

۵B

i

ᨱᕽW

j

ಽ☁పᮥᬕၹ⦹۵ߑ⦥᫵⦽እᬊ, X

ij

۵ B

_i

ᨱᕽ W

j

ಽ ᬕၹࡹ۵ ☁ప

5.2 ഠ߆ࢼंਏ૶ࢱण૳ଭୡ૳

ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ᱩ☁Ǎᩎᨱᕽᖒ☁Ǎᩎᮝಽ᮹ᯕ࠺Ğಽ᮹ʙᯕ

ෝᬕၹእᬊᮝಽᱶ᮹⦹໑, ʑᅙᱢᮝಽ☁పᮥᬕၹ⦹۵ߑ⦥᫵⦽

እᬊᮡᱩ☁Ǎᩎ᮹ᵲᝍ᳭⢽ᨱᕽᖒ☁Ǎᩎ᮹ᵲᝍ᳭⢽ᨱᯕ෕۵

ḢᖁÑญෝ᮹ၙ⦽݅. ᯕÑญ۵ᱩ☁ࡽ☁పᮥᖒ☁Ǎᩎᮝಽᬕၹ

⦹ʑ ᭥⦹ᩍ Õᖅᰆእa ᬡḢᯕ۵ 1⫭ ⠪Ɂᯕ࠺Ñญಽ eᵝࢁ

ᙹᯩ݅. อ᧞☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᙹ⧪ࡹ۵⩥ᰆᨱᕽ᯲ᨦ᜽⧪ᨱᕽᱽ᫙ࡹᨕ

᧝⦹۵ᱽ⃺ḡa᳕ᰍ⦹۵Ğᬑᨱ۵Õᖅᰆእ᮹ᯕ࠺Ğಽaᱽ⃺

ḡෝ☖ŝ⦹ḡᦫࠥಾ⧕᧝อ⦽݅. ᷪ, ᱽ⃺ḡෝ⡍⧉⦹۵Ğᬑᨱ۵

☁పᮥᬕၹ⦹۵ߑ⦥᫵⦽እᬊĥᔑ᜽݉ᙽ⯩ᱩ☁Ǎᩎŝᖒ☁Ǎ ᩎ᮹ᵲᝍ᳭⢽e᮹ÑญอᮥŁಅ⧕ᕽ۵ᦩࡹ໑ᱽ⃺ḡෝᬑ⫭⦹

۵ Ñญෝ ᬕၹእᬊᮝಽ ᱢᬊ⧕᧝อ ⦽݅.

ʑ᳕ᱽ⃺ḡෝŁಅ⦹ᩍᬕၹĞಽෝđᱶ⦹۵ᩑǍෝᔕ⠕ᅕ ໕݅ᮭŝz݅. Fig. 12(a)᮹Ğᬑᨱ۵ᱩ☁Ǎᩎŝᖒ☁Ǎᩎᔍᯕ ᨱᱽ⃺ḡa᳕ᰍ⦹۵Ğᬑᨱ۵ᱽ⃺ḡෝaಽḡ෕۵Ğಽෝ┾

⦹ḡᦫŁᱽ⃺ḡᵝ᭥᮹݅ෙǍᩎ᮹ᵲᝍ᳭⢽ෝ☖ŝ⦹۵Ğಽ

ෝᖁ┾⦹Łᯩ݅. ᯕ్⦽Ğಽ۵݅ᗭʕᬕၹĞಽෝᔾᖒ⦹í

ࡹᨕ እᬊᯕ ⍅ḡ۵ ྙᱽᱱᯕ ᯩ݅. ᯕ్⦽ ྙᱽᱱᮥ ⧕đ⦹ʑ

᭥⦹ᩍFig. 12(b)ᨱᕽ᪡zᯕa᜽ᱱʙ₟ʑႊჶ(Visibility path- finding)ᮥ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ ᳡ ޵ Ṉᮡ ᯕ࠺Ğಽෝ ᔾᖒ⧁ ᙹ ᯩࠥಾ

ᱽᦩ⦹Łᯩ݅. ⦹ḡอᝅᱽಽÕᖅᰆእaᬡḢᯕ۵ᯕ࠺Ğಽෝ

Łಅ⦹۵Ğᬑᨱ۵a᜽ᱱʙ₟ʑႊჶᨱ᮹⧕ᔾᖒࡹ۵ᯕ࠺Ğಽ ۵ᱽ⃺ḡෝ⢽᜽⦹۵ᇡᇥ᮹Ğĥᖁᮥ঑௝ᕽᔾᖒࡹအಽÕᖅᰆ እ᮹ᯕ࠺᜽ᱽ⃺ḡෝ⋉ჵ⦹۵ྙᱽᱱᯕၽᔾ⦽݅. ঑௝ᕽFig.

12(c) ᨱᕽ᪡zᯕᱽ⃺ḡෝ⡍⧉⦹۵݅b⩶᮹᫙ᇡᨱÕᖅᰆእ᮹

Ⓧʑෝ⇵aಽŁಅ⦹ᩍᱽ⃺ḡ᮹Ⓧʑෝ⪶ᰆ᜽┅۵⩶┽Ŗe (Configuration space) }ֱᮥᱢᬊ⧉ᮝಽ៉Õᖅᰆእaᱽ⃺ḡෝ

⋉ჵ⦹ḡᦫŁᯕ࠺⧁ᙹᯩ۵ႊჶᮥᅙᩑǍᨱᕽᱽᦩ⦹Łᯩ݅.

Fig. 12(b) ᪡Fig. 12(c)ᨱᕽᔾᖒࡹ۵ᯕ࠺Ğಽ۵እ᜘⦽༉᧲

ᮥӹ┡ԕŁᯩᮝӹᔾᖒႊჶᮡ₉ᯕaᯩ݅. Fig. 12(b)᮹Ğᬑᨱ ۵ᱽ⃺ḡ⡕ญŅ᮹᭥ᔢᮥᔾᖒ⦹Ła᜽ᱱĞಽə௹⥥ෝ⩶ᖒ⦽

⬥A* ↽݉Ğಽáᔪ᦭Łญ᷹ᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩍĞಽaaᰆṈᮡᬕၹĞ ಽෝᔾᖒ⦹۵äᯕ݅. Fig. 12(c)᮹Ğᬑᨱ۵☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᨱ᳕ᰍ⦹۵

ᱽ⃺ḡၰb᳦ᰆᧁྜྷॅᨱݡ⦹ᩍC-space ᰆᧁྜྷᮥᖅᱶ⦹Ł

(9)

Fig. 13. Earthwork distribution simulator

Fig. 14. TOTAL application for Earthwork LCA

SensBug (Kim ᫙, 2003b) ᦭Łญ᷹ᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩍᬕၹĞಽෝᔾᖒ

⦽ äᯕ݅.

5.3 ഠ߆ࢼंਏ࢘ߑଲഉ

ʑ᳕ᨱ ᙹ᯲ᨦᨱ ᮹⦹ᩍ ᙹ⧪ࡹ޹ ݉ḡ☁ప႑ᇥᮥ ᯱ࠺⪵⦹

ʑ᭥⦹ᩍExcelʑၹ᮹☁ప႑ᇥ᜽ဍ౩ᯕ░ෝ}ၽ⦹ᩡ݅. ☁ప႑ ᇥ ᦭Łญ᷹ᮡ ↽ᱢ⪵ ༉ߙ ᵲ᮹ ⦹ӹᯙ ᙹᘂ༉ߙᮥ ʑᅙᮝಽ

⦹ᩡ݅. ✚ᱶCutting LayerෝSourceಽFilling LayerෝTargetᮥ

ᖅᱶ⦹íࡹᨕᯩᮝ໑, ᱥℕᯕ࠺እᬊ(ᯕ࠺Ñญ)a↽ᗭ⪵ࡹࠥಾ

☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡෝ⩶ᖒ⦽݅. ✚ᱶBlack Cellᨱᕽ✚ᱶWhite Cell ಽ႑ᇥࡹ۵☁పᯕ⢽᜽ࡹࠥಾ⦹ᩡ݅. Source᪡Target᮹

ᱥℕ☁పᯕɁ⩶ᮥᯕ൑ᙹᯩࠥಾᔍ☁ᰆŝ☁ᔍᰆᮥ⇵a⦹ᩍ

᜽ဍ౩ᯕᖹ ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ ݅.

ੱ⦽☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᨱ⚍᯦ࡹ۵Õᖅᰆእ᮹᯲ᨦపၰᩑഭᗭ༉ప

ᔑ⇽ᮥ᭥⦽ʑᅙߑᯕ░ಽᔍᬊ⧉ᮝಽ៉☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᮥᙹ⧪⦹໕ᕽ

ၽᔾ⦽᪉ᝅaᜅၽᔾప᮹ᔑ⇽ᮥᙹ⧪⧁ᙹᯩࠥಾ⦹ᩡ݅. ḡǍ᪉ ӽ⪵ྜྷḩ᮹ᔑ⇽ᮡLCA(Life Cycle Assessment)ᇥᕾᮥ☖⧕

⪹Ğᇡ⦹పᮥᔑ⇽⦹۵⪹Ğᖒᱢ⢽ḡᱥᬊᱥŝᱶ⠪aᗭ⥥✙ᭉᨕ

TOTAL ᮹ᇥᕾđŝෝၵ┶ᮝಽᯕ൉ᨕḥ݅. ᜽ဍ౩ᯕ░۵☁Ŗప

ᔑ⇽▭ᯕት, ☁పᯕ࠺Ñญᔑ⇽▭ᯕት, ḡǍ᪉ӽ⪵ྜྷḩᔑ⇽

▭ᯕትಽǍᖒࡹᨕᯩᮝ໑bb᮹▭ᯕትᮡᕽಽᩑĥࡹᨕᯩ݅

(Fig. 13).

᜽ဍ౩ᯕ░۵ ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᨱ ⚍᯦ࡽ ᰆእ᮹ ⬉ᮉᔑ⇽ᮥ ᭥⦽

Worksheet᪡ᱩ☁Ǎᩎ᮹ ౩ᯕᨕᱶᅕෝݕŁ ᯩ۵Worksheet (C1, C2, ⲷCn : nᮡᱩ☁Ǎᩎⅾ౩ᯕᨕᙹ), ᖒ☁Ǎᩎ᮹౩ᯕᨕ

ᱶᅕෝݕŁᯩ۵Worksheet(F1, F2, ⲷFn : nᮡᖒ☁Ǎᩎⅾ

౩ᯕᨕᙹ), əญŁ☁ప႑ᇥᮥ᭥⧕ᱩ☁Layer᪡ᖒ☁Layer ᮹Layer Matchaᯕ൉ᨕḡ۵Worksheet(Step1, Step2ⲷStep n : n ᮡⅾmatching ⬀ᙹ)ಽǍᖒࡹ໑☁ప႑ᇥWorksheetᨱ ۵Layer Matchᨱ᮹⦽☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ᮹↽᳦đŝa᳦⧊ᱢᮝಽӹ┡

ӽ݅. Fig. 13᮹A۵SorceCell134᮹ᱩ☁ప100m

³

aTargetCell 244᮹ᖒ☁ᨱᔍᬊࡹᨩᮭᮥ᮹ၙ⦽݅. ᯕভᮁᬊ☁᮹ᯕ࠺Ñญ۵

Fig. 13 ᮹Bᨱӹ┡ӹíࡹ໑ᯕ࠺Ñญ۵☁ప႑ᇥᯕᯕ൉ᨕḡ۵

ࢱᖡ(40m×40m×H(ᱩ☁ၰᖒ☁ʫᯕ))᮹3₉ᬱŖeᔢ᮹Ñญෝ

᮹ၙ⦽݅. ᮁᬊ☁᮹ᯕ࠺Ñญᨱ঑௝Õᖅᰆእ᮹᳑⧊ᯕđᱶࡹ۵ ߑᅙ᜽ဍ౩ᯕ░ᨱᕽ۵☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ᮹ᯝၹᱢᯙʑᵡᨱ঑௝40m ᯕ⦹᮹ ᯕ࠺Ñญᨱᕽ۵ Ǖᔎʑ᮹ ྕݡ☁Ŗᮥ ᙹ⧪⦹Ł 40mⅩ ŝ~60mᯕ⦹᮹Ñญᨱᕽ۵ᇩࠥᱡ᮹ᔍᬊ, 60mෝⅩŝ⦹۵ᯕ࠺

Ñญᨱ ݡ⧕ᕽ۵ Ǖᔎʑ᪡ ߅⥥✙౎᮹ ᰆእ᳑⧊ᮥ ᖁ┾⦹ᩡ݅.

ᯕ࠺Ñญᨱ঑௝ᖁ┾ࡽᰆእ᪡⧕ݚᖡᨱᕽ᮹☁Ŗ᯲ᨦపᨱɝÑ

⦹ᩍᔑ⇽ࡽÕᖅᰆእ᮹ᨱթḡ(ᮁඹ) ᗭእపᮡḡǍ᪉ӽ⪵ྜྷḩ

ᔑ⇽ᮥ ᭥⦽ ʑᅙ ߑᯕ░a ࡽ݅.

ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵LCA ᇥᕾᮥ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍÕᖅᰆእᨱ᮹⧕ၽᔾࡹ

۵⪹Ğᇡ⦹ྜྷḩᮥᱶపᱢᮝಽᔑ⇽⦹ᩡ݅. LCA۵ǎᱽ⢽ᵡ⪵

ʑǍ᮹14040‘sᨱᕽᱶ᮹⦹Łᇥᕾᱩ₉ෝȽᱶ⦹Łᯩ݅. ISO 14040'sᨱ᮹⦹໕༊ᱢၰჵ᭥ᱶ᮹(Goal and scope definition), ᱥŝᱶ༊ಾᇥᕾ(Life Cycle Inventory Analysis), ᱥŝᱶᩢ⨆⠪

a(Life Cycle Impact Assessment), ᱥŝᱶ⧕ᕾ(Life Cycle Inter- pretation) ᮹݉ĥಽǍᖒࡹᨕᯩ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᮥ

ᙹ⧪⦹۵ŝᱶᨱᕽÕᖅᰆእaᗭ༉⦹۵Ğᮁ᪡ ⭹ၽᮁᨱ᮹⧕

ၽᔾ⦹۵6aḡᩢ⨆ჵᵝ(ᯱᬱᗭ༉: ADP, ḡǍ᪉ӽ⪵: GWP, ᪅᳕⊖ᩢ⨆: ODP, ᔑᖒ⪵: AP, ᇡᩢ᧲⪵: EP, Ų⪵⦺ᱢᔑ⪵ྜྷᔾ ᖒ: POCP) ᵲḡǍ᪉ӽ⪵ᩢ⨆ჵᵝ᮹ྜྷḩᮥ⪹Ğᇡ⦹᮹ݡᔢᮝಽ

ᖅᱶ⦹ᩡ݅.

LCA ᇥᕾᮥ᭥⦹ᩍ⪹Ğᇡ᪡⦽ǎ⪹Ğᔑᨦʑᚁᬱᨱᕽ}ၽ⦽

(10)

Table 2. Input parameters for simulation tests

Equipment Dimen-

sion Condition Remark

Excavator 1.0m³  Under natural condition

 Normal soil Dozer 32ton  Sand/S-soil

 Rotation angle: 90°

Dump Truck 15ton

 Sand, Gravel, Stream rock, Normal soil

 Speed:

- Loaded:7km/hr - Unloaded:8km/hr)

Excavator used if the moving distance is more than 60m.

Plate

Compactor 1.5ton

 Coverage width: 0.45m

 Speed: 1.0km/hr

 Number of compaction : N=3,

 Compacted thickness: D=0.1m

Forward filling : Work volume (m³/hr) used

Fig. 15. Layer construction and cutting-filling area information (Forward filling method)

Table 3. Simulation result (Forward filling method)

Match

Cutting volume (m³)

Filling volume (m³)

Total volume

(m³)

Total movement

(m)

Carbon Emission (kg CO2 eq./) Step1 2100.00 2100.00 2100.00 2028.42 1.872E+01 Step2 3806.25 3250.00 3250.00 3736.55 9.428E+01 Total 5906.25 5350.00 5350.00 5764.97 1.130E+02

⪹Ğᖒᱢ⢽ḡᱥᬊLCA ᗭ⥥✙ᭉᨕTOTAL Ver.4.0.13ᮥᔍᬊ

⦹ᩡᮝ໑TOTAL᮹Ǎ࠺ᮥ᭥⦹ᩍ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᨱݡ⦽Ŗᱶ✙ญෝ

ᔾᖒ⦹Ł༊ಾᮥǍᖒ⦹ᩍḡǍ᪉ӽ⪵ྜྷḩᨱݡ⦽ᱶపᱢᔑ⇽ᮥ

ᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅(Fig. 14).

TOTAL ᮹LCA ᇥᕾᮡLCI DB۵ǎaߑᯕ░ᄁᯕᜅ(ḡ᜾Ğ ᱽᇡ, ǎ☁⧕᧲ᇡ, ⪹Ğᇡ᮹LCI DB)ෝʑၹᮝಽəđŝaᔑ⇽ࡹ

໑ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵Õᖅᰆእᨱᔍᬊࡹ۵Ğᮁ᪡⭹ၽᮁLCI DBෝ

⪽ᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ᯕ᪡zᮡŝᱶᮡLayer Match᮹⬀ᙹอⓝၹᅖࡹᨕ

Step n Worksheet ᨱᱡᰆࡹ໑Layer Matcha↽᳦ᱢᮝಽ᳦ഭࡹ

໕☁Ŗᇥ႑Worksheetᨱ༉ुLayer Match᮹đŝa᳦⧊ᱢᮝಽ

ᔑ⇽ࡽ݅.

6. ᜽Ŗჶᨱ঑ෙ᜽ဍ౩ᯕᖹ▭ᜅ✙

6.1 ୢࢺਣ׆࣑ୡ૳ਏ

☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ(320m×320m)ᮥǍᖒ⦹ᩍ᜽ဍ౩ᯕᖹᮥᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅.

☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᮡᱥႊ᝴ʑჶᱢᬊ᜽ᨱ۵1⫭ᱩ☁ʫᯕ2mಽᖅᱶ⦹ᩍ

Cutting Layer 2}᪡ Filling Layer 1}ಽ ᇥ⧁⦹ᩡ݅. ᙹ⠪⊖

᝴ʑჶᱢᬊ᜽ᨱ۵1⫭ᱩ☁ʫᯕ2m, ᖒ☁ʫᯕ0.2mෝᖅᱶ⦹ᩍ

Cutting Layer 2}, Filling Layer 3}ಽ ᇥ⧁ࡽ ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆᮝಽ

༉ߙยࡹᨩ݅. ᜽ဍ౩ᯕᖹᮥ᭥⦽Õᖅᰆእ᮹᯲ᨦ⬉ᮉၰᩑഭᗭ

༉ప, ⩥ᰆ᳑Õᮡ 2012֥ ⢽ᵡ⣩ᖩᮥ ᱢᬊ⦹ᩡᮝ໑ ə ԕᬊᮡ

Table 2 ᪡ z݅.

ᱥႊ᝴ʑჶᮥᱢᬊ⦽᜽ဍ౩ᯕᖹᮡᱩ☁Ǎᩎᮡ1⫭ᱩ☁ʫᯕ

2m ෝŁಅ⦽2}᮹Layerಽᇥ⧁ࡹḡอŖჶ✚ᖒᔢᖒ☁Ǎᩎ᮹

Layer ᇥ⧁ᮡᱥℕෝ1}᮹Layer᪡1}᮹Cellಽᇥ⧁⦹ᩍ☁Ŗ႑

ᇥ᯲ᨦᮥᙹ⧪⦽݅. ᜽ဍ౩ᯕ░۵bᖡ᮹☁Ŗపᔑ⇽ᮥ☖⦹ᩍ

ᱩᖒ☁Typeᮥᯱ࠺ᮝಽǍᇥ⦹ᩍFig. 15᪡zᯕᱩ☁Type᮹

Ɂ⩶ᮥ ᯕ൉Ł ᯩ۵ Type᮹ ᖡᮡ G(Gray)ಽ ⢽⩥⦽݅.

ᖒ☁᯲ᨦᵲ݅ḱ᯲ᨦᮡŖჶ✚ᖒᔢ↽᳦ษྕญᨱݡ⦽1⫭

᮹݅ḱอᱢᬊ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᜽ဍ౩ᯕᖹđŝLayer Match۵2⫭

a ᯝᨕԍ݅. ⅾ ᱩ☁పᮡ 5,906.25m

³

, ⅾ ᖒ☁పᮡ 5,350m

³

,

ⅾᯕ࠺☁పᮡ5,350m

³

ᯕၽᔾ⧩݅. ⅾᖒ☁పŝᯕ࠺☁ప᮹⧊ĥ azᮡäᮡݡᔢ⩥ᰆᨱᕽ۵ၽᔾࡽᮁᬊ☁a༉ࢱᖒ☁᯲ᨦᨱ

ᔍᬊࡹᨩᮭᮥ᮹ၙ⦹໑ⅾᱩ☁పŝⅾᖒ☁ప᮹₉ᯕ۵ᔍ☁ᰆᮝ ಽ ⃹ญ⧕᧝⧁ ☁పᮥ ᮹ၙ⦽݅.

☁ప᮹ⅾᯕ࠺Ñญ۵5,764.97mᯕ໑TOTAL ⥥ಽəఉ᮹⪽

ᬊ⦹ᩍᱩᖒ☁᯲ᨦŝ☁ప᮹ᯕ࠺᯲ᨦᮝಽᯙ⧕႑⇽ࡹ۵ḡǍ ᪉ӽ⪵ ྜྷḩ᮹ ᱶపᱢ ᔑ⇽ đŝෝ ၹᩢ⦹໕ ݡᔢ ⩥ᰆᨱᕽ۵

1.130E+02 (kg CO

₂

eq./) ᮹ḡǍ᪉ӽ⪵ྜྷḩ᮹႑⇽ᯕၽᔾ⦹۵

äᮝಽ ᇥᕾࡹᨩ݅.

6.2 ৤ඌਣ׆࣑ୡ૳ਏ

(11)

Fig. 16. Layer construction and cutting-filling area information (Level filling method)

Table 4. Simulation result (Level filling method)

Match

Cutting volume (m³)

Filling volume (m³)

Total volume

(m³)

Total movement

(m)

Carbon Emission (kg CO2 eq./)

Step1 2100 400 400 320.30 1.402E+01

Step2 0 1700 1700 2354.18 4.825E+01

Step3 3806.25 550 550 428.34 2.302E+01

Step4 0 2700 2700 10026.33 1.635E+02

Total 5906.25 5350 5350 13129.15 2.561E+02

᮹ ᯕ࠺ᯕ ᱩ☁a ᯕ൉ᨕḥ Bᨱᕽ aᰆ aʭᯕᨱ ᭥⊹⦽ Wෝ

ᬑᖁᱢᮝಽ┱ᔪ⦹ᩍCelle1:1(B Cell:W Cell) ੱ۵1:n, n:1 Cell Mach ෝ☖⧕⧕ݚCellᨱᕽ⦥᫵⦽☁Ŗపᮥ༉ࢱᗭḥ⦹Ñӹ

ᙹɪ⧁ ভ ʭḡ ၹᅖ⦹۵ ᱩ☁Cell ᵲᝍ᮹ ᯲ᨦᮥ ᙹ⧪⦽݅.

᜽ဍ౩ᯕᖹđŝݡᔢ⩥ᰆᨱᕽ☁ప႑ᇥᮥ᭥⦽Layer Match ۵4⫭aᯝᨕԍ݅. Table 4ᨱᕽ᪡zᯕݡᔢ☁Ŗ⩥ᰆ᮹ⅾᱩ☁ప

ᮡ5,906.25m

³

, ⅾᖒ☁పᮡ5,350m

³

, ⅾᯕ࠺☁పᮡ5,350m

³

ᯕ

ၽᔾ⧩݅. Step2ŝ Step4ᨱᕽ۵ ᱩ☁పᯕ 0ᯙ äᮥ ⪶ᯙ⧁ ᙹ

ᯩ۵ߑ ᯕäᮡ Step1᮹ ᱩ☁పŝ Step1/Step2᮹ ᖒ☁ప e᮹

Layer Match᪡ Step3᮹ ᱩ☁పŝ Step3/Step4᮹ ᖒ☁ప e᮹

Layer Match aᯕ൉ᨕᲭᮭᮥ᮹ၙ⦽݅. ᱥႊ⊖᝴ʑჶ᜽ဍ౩ᯕ ᖹ᮹ đŝ᪡ ࠺ᯝ⦹í ݡᔢ ⩥ᰆᨱᕽ۵ ၽᔾࡽ ᮁᬊ☁۵ ༉ࢱ

ᖒ☁᯲ᨦᨱᔍᬊࡹᨩᮝ໑ⅾ ᱩ☁పŝⅾᖒ☁ప᮹₉ᯕอⓝ᮹

ᔍ☁పᯕ ၽᔾ⦹ᩡ݅.

ᯕভ☁ప᮹ⅾᯕ࠺Ñญ۵13,129.15mᯕ໑TOTAL ⥥ಽəఉ

ᮥ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍᱩᖒ☁᯲ᨦŝ☁ప᮹ᯕ࠺᯲ᨦᮝಽᯙ⧕႑⇽ࡹ۵

ḡǍ᪉ӽ⪵ྜྷḩ᮹ᱶపᱢᔑ⇽đŝෝၹᩢ⦹໕ᅙᩑǍ᮹ݡᔢ

⩥ᰆᨱᕽ۵2.561E+02(kg CO

2

eq./)᮹ྜྷḩᯕ႑⇽ࡹᨩᮭᮥ᦭

ᙹ ᯩ݅.

7. đು

ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽ ݡᔢᮝಽ ⦹Ł ᯩ۵ ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ᮹ Ğᬑᨱ۵ ฯᮡ

᳦ඹ᮹ÕᖅᰆእӹಽᅨॅᯕšᩍࡹအಽÕᖅ⩥ᰆᨱᕽฯᮡ᧲᮹

CO

2

ෝ႑⇽⦹۵᯲ᨦᯕࡹŁᯩ݅. ᷪ, ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦᨱᕽCO

2

႑⇽పᮥ

ᵥᯝᙹᯩ݅໕᜽Ŗ݉ĥᨱᕽ┥ᗭᱡq⬉ŝෝฯᯕᅝᙹᯩ݅۵

äᮥ᮹ၙ⦽݅. ঑௝ᕽ⬉ŝᱢᯙ☁Ŗĥ⫮ŝÕᖅᰆእᬕᩢᮥ☖⦹

ᩍᔾᔑᖒၰᦩᱥᖒᮥ᷾a᜽┍ᐱอᦥܩ௝CO

2

႑⇽పࠥᵥᯝ

ᙹᯩ۵ᯱ࠺⪵☁Ŗᮥ᭥⦽᫵ᗭʑᚁᮥᅙᩑǍᨱᕽᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅.

ʑ᳕ᨱ}ၽࡹᨩ޹☁Ŗ᜽ᜅ▽ᯕᱩ☁᯲ᨦอݡᔢᮝಽ⦽ၹ໕, ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ᱩᖒ☁᯲ᨦᮥ༉ࢱݡᔢᮝಽ⦹Łᯩᮝ໑, b᜽Ŗჶ ᮹✚ᖒᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍ3D ☁ప႑ᇥᯕࢁᙹᯩࠥಾ⦹ᩡ݅. ✚⯩

☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡ }ֱᮡ ↽ᱢ᮹☁ప႑ᇥᯕ ࢁ ᙹᯩࠥಾ ⦹໑

࠺᜽ᨱÕᖅᰆእ᮹⬉ᮉᱢᯙᬕᩢᨱࠥᔍᬊࡹ۵}ֱᮝಽᱽ᜽ࡽ

äᯕ݅. ➉┅ḡ᮹Ǎᖒŝ➉┅ḡᜅ⍡ᵥยᯕᱥℕᯱ࠺⪵☁Ŗ᜽ᜅ

▽᮹ᔾᔑᖒᨱᩢ⨆ᮥၙ⊹໑ᯕäᮡ┥ᗭ႑⇽పq⇶ᨱࠥḢᱲ ᱢᯙᩢ⨆ᮥၙ⊽݅. ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡǍᖒ᜽ᨱᱢᬊࡹ۵☁ప႑ᇥ

᦭Łญ᷹ᮡᙹᘂ༉ߙᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩡŁ, ᯕ࠺እᬊĥᔑᮡᝅᱽಽÕᖅ ᰆእaᬡḢᯕ໑᯲ᨦᮥ⧁ᙹᯩ۵ᯕ࠺ĞಽෝŁಅ⦽C-space ᰆᧁྜྷ}ֱᮥᔍᬊ⦹ᩍᔑ⇽⦹ᩡ݅. ʑ᳕᮹ᩑǍᨱ᮹⦹ᩍᱽ᜽ࡽ

äॅᮡᯕ࠺Ñญaʙᨕᕽእᬊᯕ׳ᦥḡ۵ྙᱽᱱᯕᯩÑӹᯕ࠺

Ñญ۵ṈḡอᝅᱽಽÕᖅᰆእaᬡḢᯕ۵ĞಽෝŁಅ⦽እᬊᮥ

ᔑ⇽⦹ḡ۵ ᦫᦹ݅.

əญŁᅙᩑǍᨱᕽᱽ᜽ࡽ}ֱॅᮥ⪶ᯙ⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍExcel ʑၹ᜽ဍ౩ᯕ░ෝ}ၽ⦹ᩡ݅. ᵝᨕḥ⩥ᰆᨱݡ⦹ᩍb᜽Ŗჶᨱ

঑௝ᕽ▭ᜅ✙ෝᝅ᜽⦹ᩍ☁Ŗĥ⫮ᙹพŝ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ➉┅ḡᔾᖒ

ᮥ⪶ᯙ⦹ᩡ݅. ੱ⦽b᜽Ŗჶᄥಽၽᔾ⦹۵CO

2

႑⇽పᮥᔑ⇽⧕

ᅕᦹ݅. ✚⯩┥ᗭ႑⇽ŝšಉࡽ᜽ဍ౩ᯕᖹđŝ۵᜽ŖჶŝÕᖅ ᰆእ ᬕᩢᨱ ঑௝ᕽ ┥ᗭ႑⇽పᯕ ฯᯕ ݍ௝ḡ۵ äᮥ ⪶ᯙ⧁

ᙹᯩᨩ݅. ᩍ్ჩ᮹݅ḱᯕᙹ⧪ࡹ۵ᙹ⠪⊖᝴ʑჶᯕ┥ᗭ႑⇽

పᯕฯᦹᮝ໑, ᅙםྙᨱᕽ۵đŝaᱽ᜽ࡹḡᦫᦹḡอ☁Ŗ᯲ᨦ

➉┅ḡa ↽ᱢ⪵ ࡽ Ğᬑ᪡ ə౨ḡ ᦫᮡ Ğᬑᨱ ┥ᗭ႑⇽పᨱ

ᯩᨕᕽ ₉ᯕa ฯᯕ ၽᔾ⦹ᩡ݅.

⇵⬥ᨱ۵ᝅᱽ⩥ᰆᮥݡᔢᮝಽ᜽ဍ౩ᯕᖹᮥᝅ᜽⧁ᩩᱶᯕ໑, ɩჩᩑǍᨱᕽ۵Õᖅᰆእ᮹ᬕᩢᮥ☖⦹ᩍၽᔾ⦹۵CO

2

႑⇽ప

ᔑ⇽ᮡ⣩ᖩᨱɝÑ⦽ᩑഭᗭ༉పᮥᔍᬊ⦹ᩡᮝӹ, ⩥ᝅᨱɝᱲ⦽

đŝෝᔑ⇽⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍ⩥ᰆᨱᕽḢᱲÕᖅᰆእᨱᕽ⊂ᱶ⦽CO

2

႑⇽ప ߑᯕ░ෝ ≉ा⦹ᩍ ᱢᬊ⧁ ĥ⫮ᯕ݅.

(12)

qᔍ᮹ɡ

ᅙםྙᮡƱᮂŝ⦺ʑᚁᇡ᮹ᰍᬱᮝಽ᜽⧪⦹۵⦽ǎŝ⦺ᰍ݉

᮹ᩑǍḡᬱ⥥ಽəఉᮝಽḡᬱၼᦹ᜖ܩ݅. (ᩑǍŝᱽNo: 2012- 002104)

References

Cass, D., and Mukherjee, A. (2011). “Calculation of greenhouse gas emissions for highway construction operations using a hybrid life cycle assessment approach: A Case Study for Pave- ment Operations.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 137, No. 11, pp. 1015-1025.

Ji, Y., Borrmann, A., Rank, E., Seipp, F., and Ruzika, S. (2010).

“Mathematical modeling of earthwork optimization problems.”

Proceedings of the International Conference in Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, Nottingham, UK, Nottingham University Press, Paper 202, pp. 403-409.

Kang, T. W., Cho, Y. H. (2011). “The study on the optimized earthwork transfer path algorithm considering the precluded area of massive cutting and banking.” International Journal of Highway Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 1-8 (in Korean).

Kim, B. S. (2011). “Correlation analysis on the duration and CO

2

emission following the earth-work equipment combination”.

Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, KSCE, Vol. 31, No. 4D, pp. 603-611 (in Korean).

Kim, C. H., Shin, M. H., Kang, L. S. (2010). “Integrated infor- mation system for environmental and economic evaluation.”

Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, KSCE, Vol. 30, No. 6D, pp. 615-622 (in Korean).

Kim, S. K, Lee, D. G., Kim, H. C. (2005). “A model for allocating automated earthwork equipment using contract net.” Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, KSCE, Vol. 25, No. 5D, pp. 721-727 (in Korean).

Kim, S. K., Min, S, G. (2012a). “Development of a work infor- mation model and a work path simulator for an intelligent excavation.” Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, KSCE, Vol. 32, No. 3D, pp. 259-267 (in Korean).

Kim, S. K., Min, S, G. (2012b). “evelopment of core technologies for a low-carbon automated earthwork.” Proceedings of the 13th KICEM Annual Conference, KICEM, Vol. 12, pp. 507-508.

(in Korean)

Kim, S. K., Russell, J. S. (2003a). “Framework for an intelligent earthwork system. Part II. Task identification/scheduling and resource allocation methodology.” Automation in Construction, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 15-27.

Kim, S. K., Russell, J. S., Koo, K. J. (2003b). “Construction robot path planning for earthwork operations.” Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 97-104.

Kim, S. K., Seo, J. W., Russell, J. S. (2012). “Intelligent navigation strategies for an automated earthwork system.” Automation in Construction, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 132-147.

Lee, C. K., Kim, S. K., Sung, Y. J. (2003). “A study on 2D-based earthwork planning methods.” Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, KSCE, Vol. 23, No. 3D, pp. 349-358 (in Korean).

Lee, J. N., Pyeon, M. W., Koo, J. H., Park, J. S. (2010). “Earthwork plan using the precise 3D topographic data.” Journal of the Korean Society for Geospatial Information System, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 63-72 (in Korean).

3D-based Earthwork Planning and CO2 Emission Estimation for Automated Earthworks

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׌নֽ

Kim, Sung-Keun*