Biotechnology in Passive Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage: a Review

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Vol. 49, No. 6 O2012PGpp. 844-854 http://dx.doi.org/10.12972/ksmer.2012.49.6.844

ॺনֈॺࢼ৤ୀ઴୨ฃ઩ছଭ঍ࢄվ෈ࠤख

୨জ็

Â஺ঃ૴

ÂԳ෹୨

Âହ׊୍

Â୨ઽ૵

Biotechnology in Passive Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage: a Review

Sokhee Jung, Sangwoo Ji , Hojeong Kang , Giljae Yim and Youngwook Cheong

Abstract : Microbiological reactions by sulfate reducing bacteria and ferrous oxidizing bacteria are critical in the passive treatment of acid mine drainage using constructed wetlands. A lot of research have been done to find better mixing strategy of different substrates to maximize viability of sulfate reducing bacteria and reactor performance.

However, research efforts have been poorly made in their microbial ecology comprising community identification and their interactions though they are the main body of acid mine drainage treatment. Currently, to attain high degrees of treatability and sustainability in this wetland-based treatment facility, biotechnological approaches are necessary to improve oxic ponds and successive alkalinity producing systems, where most of microbiological reactions occur during the treatment. In this paper, we critically reviewed microbial community and physiological functions of sulfate reducing bacteria and ferrous oxidizing bacteria, and suggested perspectives regarding microbiological facility improvement for more sustainable and more efficient passive treatment of acid mine drainage.

Key words : Acid mine drainage(AMD), Sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB), Ferrous oxidizing bacteria(FeOB), Passive treatment, Wetlands

څ أ ՙ࢘ݓεۋڌॢġԓѕսۆٍۙ܁জقԴԦНॡۺۍۚڌڹϔڍܼڅॠɰ. ٍۙ܁জ֨ԺقԴÀۤ

ܼڅॢйԦНۆܛΪəডԓّঞڙŒ(SRB)ęߏԓজŒ(FeOB)ۋەɰ. ԦНॡۺߌνقەرߌνমڱقěʹ ʽНνজॡۺқԵڹψۋٍĵʼؽڷǣ, ԦНॡۺߌνۆߌνܳߕۍйԦНقʂ३ԴəٍĵÀйড়ॢ֬܁

ۋɰ. ġԓѕսߌν֨ԺۆԦНॡۺٍĵقەرԴSRB টՁߤݕęݓ՚Ձঝ҃εڦॢşݗۆѕ०ęتܓۼ قʂॢٍĵ, ডԓّۆ܁͟ںࣀ३ߌν֨ԺقܕۦॠəSRBۆটՁقʂॢٍĵˣۋսॱʼČەݓχ, SRBۆ܁ߕőϼںڦॢқۙԦНॡۺķݚқԵٍĵٮйԦНÂۆԜ঒ۚڌقʂॢԦࢗॡۺٍĵəইۦūݓ

ŕ০ййॠɰ. AMD ߌν֨Ժۆȭڹߌνমڱęߌνݓ՚Ձݒݕںڦ३Դ, йԦНۚڌۋটьॠóێرǣə

ԓজܓٮ؎ࠥνėśܓεԦНėॡۺڷͿÒԸॣज़څՁۋʂ˃ʼČەə֬܁ۋɰ. ҆ȦЛقԴəٍۙ܁জ֨

Ժۆߌνমڱęߌνݓ՚ՁݒݕںЀۺڷͿ, ডԓّঞڙŒęߏԓজŒۆܛΪ, şɠфÒԸѓ؋قʂॠي

ԦНėॡۺۍě۾قԴşցॠٕɰ.

ܳڅر ġԓѕս, ডԓّঞڙŒ, ߏԓজŒ, ٍۙ܁জ, ՙ࢘ݓ

2012ț7ښ30ێۿս, 2012ț10ښ18ێ֮ԐٰΒ 2012ț12ښ13ێóۦঝ܁

1) ٍՃʂॡİԐধঞą֨֟ࢰėॡҙ

2) ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵڙݓĵঞąٍĵ҆ҙ

*Corresponding Author(ݓԜڍ/ Ì঒܁) E-mail; [email protected] / [email protected]

Address; Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) Daejeon 305-350, Korea / School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea

eISSN 2287-4321(Online)

Դ΁

ԓՁġԓѕս(acid mine drainage, AMD)ə ܼŚ՚

(heavy metals)ę ডԓّ(sulfate)ۆ ȭڹ Ȭʪٮ ǰڹ

pHͿۍ३, սݗęܳѺԦࢗćقۤşÂ؊ٖॳӼχ

؉ɦ͆, ডԟওڹۺÄԟۆŚ՚ࠞۻНͿۍ३֨Áۺ

উ١Çںڮьॢɰ(Fig. 1). 1989țܓԐĀę, Ճćۺڷ Ϳأ19,300 kmۆॠߎęأ720 km²ۆ঒սٮ۹սݓ À AMDͿ ١ّʼؽČ(Johnson and Hallberg, 2005), ĶǴقԴəأ150Ò࢏ġقқपॠəأ200ÒÚĵق ԴॠΘ80,000يࢻۆԓՁġԓѕսÀսćͿѓΪʼ Č ەə ìڷͿ ܓԐʼؽɰ(Yoo et al., 2006).

ߣşAMD ߌνѓѪڹНνজॡۺߌνقۆܕں॰

ݓχ, ডԓّঞڙŒۋǣߏԓজŒۆًॣۋьþʼϸԴ

ԦНॡۺߌνѪۋܳΪεۋΘóʼؽɰ. ԦНॡۺߌ νقەرߌνমڱقěʹʽНνজॡۺқԵڹψۋ

ٍĵʼؽڷǣ, ԦНॡۺ ߌνۆ ߌν ܳߕۍ йԦНق

३ Ժ

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Fig. 1. AMD sites. Coal mine drainage in Samtan, Korea (A) copper mine drainge in Samsan, Korea, (B) iron mound at Hughes Borehole in PA, (C) AMD treatment site at the Samma-taejeong coal mine, (D) AMD treatment site at the Waryong coal mine.

ʂ३ԴəٍĵÀйড়ॢ֬܁ۋɰ. Ŕ͒Դ҆ȦЛقԴ əAMD ߌνقەرܼ֮ۋʼəডԓّঞڙŒęߏԓ জŒۆ йԦНॡق ʂॢ ݓŚūݓۆ ٍĵε ܁νॠČ, йԦНॡۺě۾ڷͿߌνۆьۻںڦ३ǣ؉Àآॣ

ѓॳں Ͽԟ३҃şͿ ॠùɰ.

ԓՁġԓѕսۆьԦ

AMDεԦՁॠəŚ՚ডজН(metal sulfides)ۆԓজ

ۚڌڹÁŚ՚ۆܛΪق˰͆ɰβóݕॱʼ϶Ŕşۚ

ڹۋй۞؎Ͳ܋ەɰ(Rohwerder et al., 2003). AMD əܳͿডߏԵ(pyrite, FeS2)ۋǣডҼߏԵ(arsenopyrite, FeAsS), ডʴԵ(chalcopyrite, CuFeS2),Խ؉ٍԵ(sphalerite, ZnS), іߏԵ(marcasite, FeS2)ęÏڹşࢍŚ՚ডজН

˞ۋНęʂşقȤ߻ʼرԓজॠϸԴԦՁʼəʚ, ড ߏԵۋAMDۆԦՁقەرܳΪε঍Ձॢɰ. ডߏԵۆ

ԓজəɰɳćę܁ۋ϶ܳͿ3Àߏ(ferric iron)قۆ३

ԓজÀߤݕʽɰ(Evangelou, 1995). ߣş3Àߏڹॄজ ę܁قۆॢডߏԵۆԓজقۆ३ԦՁʼ϶ܳͿܼՁ

ًٖقԴ Ò֨ʽɰ.

FeS2(s)+ 7/2O2+ H2OG Fe²⁺+ 2SO42-

+ 2H⁺ (1)

ԦՁʽ2Àߏ(ferrous iron)ۆԓজəpH 4 ۋԜقԴə

জॡۺ ওڹ ԦНॡۺڷͿ ߏԓজ йԦН(ٚε ˞ر, Gallionella ferruginea)قۆ३3ÀߏͿԓজʼəʚ, জ ॡۺԓজÀܳʽъڿۋɰ. ъϸ, pH 4 ۋॠقԴəজ ॡۺԓজۚڌۆҼܼڹϔڍۚ؉ݓČ, ঒ԓՁۆߏԓ জйԦН(ٚε˞ر, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)ق

ۆ३Դܼ۾ۺڷͿݕॱʼəʚ, ԦНॡۺߏԓজəজॡ ۺԓজقҼ३߯ʂ10⁶ѕۋԜӇβóݕॱʽɰČ؎

Ͳ܋ەɰ(Rawlings, 2005). ؎ͲݕʂҙқۆߏԓজŒ ڹ pH 2 - 4 ًٖقԴ Àۤ টՁۋ ࢀ ঒ԓՁŒۋČ (Brown et al., 2002), ߯ŖܼՁًٖۆߏԓজŒقʂॢ

ٍĵÀ টь০ ݕॱܼقەɰ(Emerson et al., 2010).

2Àߏۆԓজ֩ڹ(2)ٮÏɰ. 2ÀߏڹpH 6.5 - 7 ۋ ԜقԴҙࢢࠞۻʼş֨ۚॠşقԓՁঞąقԴʂߕͿ

ۋ٣জ ԜࢗÀ ؋܁ॠɰ.

Fe²⁺ + 1/4O2 + H⁺ G Fe³⁺ + 1/2H2O (2) ԦՁʽ3ÀߏڹȬʪق˰͆pH 2.5 - 3.5 ۋॠۆŕ০

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܁Եৠ · ݓԜڍ · Ì঒܁ · ےţۦ · ܁ٖڎ

ǰڹpH ًٖۋ؉ɦČԴəۋ٣জԜࢗÀҝ؋܁ॠي, ъڿ (3)ę Ïۋ ߏսԓজН ঍ࢗͿ ࠞۻʽɰ.

Fe³⁺ + 3H2O G Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H⁺ (3)

2ÀߏۆԓজٮߏԓজНͿۆࠞۻъڿ֩ڹъڿ(4) ٮÏČ(ъڿ(2) + ъڿ(3)), ъڿ(4)əAMDۆԦՁ ۆ՚ʪĀ܁ɳć(rate determining step)ۋɰ(Kirk, 2004;

Singer and Stumm, 1970).

Fe²⁺ + 1/4O2 + 5/2H2O G Fe(OH)3(s) + 2H⁺ (4)

ۋ٣জԜࢗۆ3ÀߏڹডߏԵεԓজॠəۻۙսڌ ߕͿۚڌॠيডߏԵ1Mɾ15Mۆ2Àߏę16Mۆս ՙۋ٣ںԦՁॠóʽɰ. ъڿ(5)قԴ1MۆডߏԵԓ জق14Mۆ3Àߏۋՙڅʼşق, 2Àߏԓজقۆॢ3 ÀߏۦԦԓۋAMD ঍Ձقەر४֮ۺۍъڿۋɰ.

FeS2(s) + 14Fe³⁺+ 8H2O 15Fe²⁺+ 2SO42-

+ 16H⁺(5)

ъڿ (4)قԴ 1Mۆ 2Àߏ ԓজɾ 2Mۆ սՙۋ٣ۋ

ԦՁʼرԓՁজεڮьॠşقъڿ(4)əǰڹpHقԴ

ߤݕʼ϶, ܼՁًٖقԴ pHÀ 1 ٤͆Àϸ ъڿ՚ʪÀ

100ѕȭ؉ݕɰ(Kirk, 2004). pH 5 - 8 ًٖقԴъڿ

(4)ۆъڿ՚ʪəąॹۺڷͿɰڼęÏۋǣࢍǴرݕɰ (Kirk, 2004; Singer and Stumm, 1970).

֩(6)قԴ, k G2 × 10¹⁴mol³/dm^-9/s^-1(25 즙C)ۋɰ. ֩

(6)ق˰βϸ2Àߏԓজ՚ʪəێъۺڷͿ2Àߏ, ԓՙ, ŔνČOH^-ۆȬʪقۆ३ܟڍʼóʼəʚ, ࣢০pHۆ

ٖॳۋࢂں؎սەɰ. ʂşܼۆԓՙٮथ঍ںۋΘ əڌܕԓՙȬʪ([O2] = 0.28mM)قԴ, 2ÀߏۆъÇş (half-life)قəpH 7قԴ0.34 ֨Â(20 қ)ۋČpH5ق Դə143 ێͿԴ, pH 5قԴۆъÇşÀأ10,000 ѕţ رݙں؎սەɰ. AMDۆ 2ÀߏۆȬʪÀपজԜࢗ

ێ˺, ԓՙÀ߿қॠČpHȭڹąڍ2ÀߏԓজÀজॡ ۺڷͿϔڍӇβݓχ, ڌܕԓՙȬʪÀǰäǣǰڹpH

ًٖقԴə ϔڍ ɗͲݙں ؎ ս ەɰ(Roden et al., 2004).

2Àߏ ԓজъڿڹ ۋй ԦՁʽ Fe(OH)3(s)ق ড়޳

(adsorption) ʼرآъڿۋߤݕʽɰ(Kirk, 2004). ড়޳

ںČͲॢ 2Àߏԓজۆ ՚ʪ֩ڹ (7)ę Ïɰ.

يşԴ[Fe²⁺]adəߏսԓজНقড়޳ʽ2Àߏۋ٣ۆȬ ʪۋČ, ksəড়޳ʽ 2Àߏۋ٣ۆ ԓজ՚ʪԜսۋɰ.

".%ۆߌν

AMD ঍ՁںڙߎۺڷͿѓݓॠəìۋܞݓχই֬

ۺڷͿرͲړۋψɰ. ٚε˞ϸ, AMD ьԦقԴܼ߸

ۺۍًॣںॠəߏԓজŒۋǣডԓজŒںڼۋ٣ćϸ টՁ܃ۍ SDS(sodium dodecyl sulfate)Ϳ ܃äॠə ٍ ĵÀ֨ʪʼşʪ॰ɰ(Johnson and Hallberg, 2005). ॠ ݓχজॡНݗۆۺڌڹʂߕͿজॡНݗںݓ՚ۺڷͿ࣊

ۓ३آॠəЛ܃۾ۋەɰ. ডজġНۆशϸںNa-silicate ওڹK-phosphate ˣںۋڌॠيডজġНۆशϸںक़

҄ॠيԓজεѓݓॠəѓѪڷͿAMDۆьԦںԐۻ قѓݓॠəٍĵÀݕॱʼşʪ॰ɰ(Bessho et al., 2011;

Cárdenes Van den Eynde et al., 2009; Evangelou, 1995).

Ŕ͠ǣक़҄قۆॢԓজѓݓѪڹইۤܓæق˰δ܃

أęݓ՚Ձقʂॢҝঝ֬Ձۋ३ĀʼرآॣЛ܃Ϳ

ǫ؉ەɰ. ˰͆ԴAMD ԦՁ޲ɳ҃ɰəAMD ԦՁԐ

঳ߌνقʂॢۿŖѪۋইۤۺڌۆě۾قԴইۦٍĵ ۆ ܳΪε ۋΘČ ەɰ.

AMDقۆॢսćۆঞą١ّںφşڦ३, սćڮ ۓۻقAMDۆܼŚ՚ں܃äॠČpHεȭيѓ߻ॣ

ज़څÀەɰ. ۋ͠ॢAMDۆߌνεڦॢɰتॢজॡ ۺওڹԦНॡۺѓѪۋÒьʼؽɰ. ߌν֨֟ࢰںԦ НॡۺѓѪęজॡۺѓѪڷͿĵқॠə֨ʪʪەڷ ǣ, ԦНॡۺѺঞęজॡۺѺঞۋʴ֨قݕॱʼəą ڍÀʂҙқۋɰ(Johnson and Hallberg, 2005; Neculita et al., 2007).

AMDۆߌν֨֟ࢰںқΪ३҃ϸ, ۻş, ۍͳ, জॡ أुˣۆݓ՚ۺۍۙڙ࣊ۓںڅĵॠəė܁ںۺŕۺ (active) ߌνѪۋ͆ێ࠹Č, Âॷۺۍۙڙ࣊ۓںڅĵ ॠəė܁ںٍۙ܁জ(̚əՙŕۺ, passive) ߌνѪۋ͆

ॢɰ¹⁾. ʂशۺۍۺŕۺߌνѪقəlime, NaOH ˣۆ

ܼজ܃ε࣊ۓॠيߌνॠəܼজࠞۻѪ, ডজНԦՁԦ Нъڿܓ(sulfidogenic bioreactor)ٮҙ޳цۋ١ϔ֟ε

ۋڌॢ ߏԓজ À՚֨֟ࢰ(accelerated iron oxidation

1)ɠʴۺߌνٮսʴۺߌν͆ČѥًॠəąڍÀەəʚ, ɠ ʴę սʴڹ ߌνܳߕق ˰δ қΪۋɰ. Activeٮ Passive treatmentۆ޲ۋəߌν՚ʪٮěν܁ʪقşۍॠşقۺ ŕۺߌνٮՙŕۺߌνͿϼϼ३آॢɰ. ॠݓχ, ġ३ѓݓ қآقԴə ՙŕۺ ߌνε ٍۙ܁জѪڷͿ ԐڌॠдͿ ҆

ȦЛقԴə ٍۙ܁জѪڷͿ ܳͿ ϼϼॠʪ΀ ॠùɰ.

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Fig. 2. Schematics of SAPS (successive alkalinity producing system).

reactor with immobilized biomass)ۋەɰ. ٍۙ܁জߌ νѪقə ঒şՁ ՙ࢘ݓ²⁾(aerobic wetlands), ࣅҼࠗۋ

ʴъʽъڿܓǣՙ࢘ݓ(compost reactor/wetlands), ࣊ սՁъڿφ(permeable reactive barriers), ߏԓজ ߿ݕ

ࠗ ъڿܓ(packed bed iron-oxidation bioreactor) ˣۋ

ەɰ(Johnson and Hallberg, 2005; Song et al., 2010).

ۺŕۺߌνəߌν՚ʪəȭڷǣ, ȭڹߣşԺ࠘Ҽڌę

ݓ՚ۺۍ ۙڙ࣊ۓę ڮݓěνÀ ज़څॢ ɳ۾ۋ ەɰ.

ٍۙ܁জѪڹ ۺŕۺ ߌν҃ɰ মڱę ՚ʪə ǰڷǣ, ՙ࢘ݓۆėॡۺÒԸںࣀ३ߌν֨ԺܓՁۋÀɠॠي

ߣşԺ࠘ҼÀ۹ͶॠČ, ڮݓěνۆսڅÀԜɾ০ǰڹ

ۋ۾ۋ ەɰ.

҆ ȦЛقԴə ĶǴ AMD ߌνۆ ܳΪε ޲ݓॠə

ٍۙ܁জߌνѪܼۆॠǣۍՙ࢘ݓεėॡۺڷͿÒԸ

ॢٍۙ܁জߌν֨Ժقʂ३ԴɰΘʪ΀ॠùɰ. ՙ࢘

ݓεۋڌॢߌνقԴʪpHق˰δ2Àߏę3Àߏڹɰ δࠞۻɠͳۋڿڌʽɰ. 2ÀߏۆąڍpH 6.5 - 7, 3À ߏڹpH 2.5 - 3.5 ۋԜقԴࠞۻʼş֨ۚॠ϶, սԓজ ş(OH^-)ÀҤڹߏսԓজНۆ঍ࢗͿࠞۻʼşقpHÀ

ȭںս΀ࠞۻɠͳڹݒÀॢɰ. 1MۆডߏԵۋ16 Mۆ

H⁺ٮ15MۆFe²⁺ε঍ՁॠČ(ъڿ(5)), 1MۆFe²⁺ۆ

ԓজɾ2MۆH⁺ÀԦՁʼر(ъڿ(4)) ԓʪÀśüॠó

ݒÀॢɰ. ؎ࠥνʪεɰ͟ėśॠيpH Ԝ֧ںʪϿॠ يŚ՚ԓজНۆࠞۻںݒݕ֨ࢅəìۋAMD ߌνė

܁ۆ४֮ۋɰ. ۋεʪϿॠşڦ३, ۻࣀۺڷͿAMD ߌνəԵধԵࠗ(limestone bed)ęÏڹ؎ࠥνНݗں

Ԑڌॠيԓʪεܼজ֨ࡈŚ՚ںսԓজН঍ࢗͿ܃ä ॠيѓΪॠəѓ֩ۋؽɰ. ॠݓχ, ܼজʽߌνսÀʂ şقȤ߻ʾąڍ, 2Àߏۋ3ÀߏͿԓজʼرߏսԓজ Нں঍ՁॠيԵধԵںक़҄ॠóʽɰ. ۋͿۍ३, Եধ Եۆ ڌ३ε φə ইԜۋ ьԦॠٕČ(Gazea et al., 1996), ԵধԵࠗڷͿ ڮۓۻ ԓՙε ܃äॠي উşՁ (anoxic) ঞąۆAMDεܓՁॠşڦ३ࣅҼࠗ(compost layer)ں ԵধԵࠗ Ԝɳق ѕ࠘ॠə SAPS(successive alkalinity producing system, ٍ՚ ؎ࠥνʪ ėśܓ)À

׵ۋó ʼؽɰ(Fig. 2).

ڮۓսԓՙ܃äεࣀ३Ś՚ࠞۻںѓݓॠČ, ؎ࠥν ʪėśںڦ३ԜࠗقڮşНࠗںԺ࠘ॠəʚ, ۋڮş НࠗقԴডԓّঞڙŒ(sulfate reducing bacteria, SRB) قۆ३ԦՁʽȭڹъڿՁۆডজНęڮۓսǴۆŚ

՚Ā०قۆॢŚ՚ࠞۻۋьþʼؽɰ(Hammer, 1989).

2) ॡЛًٖق˰͆Դՙ࢘ݓ(炷玟灛) ̚ə֥ݓ(珐嬫)Ϳ׵ۋČ

ەɰ. ҆۹ȇۆݓĵęॡқآۆʫۙࠗںČͲॠي҆ȦЛ قԴə ܳͿ ՙ࢘ݓε ׵şͿ ॠùɰ.

Ś՚ডজНۆڌ३ʪəŚ՚սԓজН҃ɰۚ؉ࠞۻۋ

ঽ؃ ۞ʼдͿ, Ś՚ডজН঍ࢗۆ ߌνÀ Ը঒ʽɰ (Gazea et al., 1996). Ŕۋ঳, AMD ߌνεڦॢٍۙ܁

জߌν֨ԺۋǣԦНъڿܓٍĵقەرʂҙқۆٍĵ À SRBۆ টՁߤݕق ݚܼʼó ʼؽɰ(Johnson and Hallberg, 2005).

ێъۺڷͿ AMD ߌν֨Ժڹ ʂߕͿ SAPS, ঒şՁ

ՙ࢘ݓͿĵՁʼ϶, AMDۆpHق˰͆SAPSٮԓজܓ ۆ ڦ࠘À цǉşʪ ॢɰ. ߏۆ ࠞۻڹ SAPSǴقԴۆ

Ś՚ডজН঍ࢗۆࠞۻӼχ؉ɦ͆, ԓজܓقԴսԓজ Н঍ࢗͿۆࠞۻʪÀɠॠşق, ԓজܓقԴۆ3Àߏࠞ

ۻ ߤݕق ʂॢ ٍĵÀ սॱʼČ ەɰ(Burgos et al., 2012; DeSa et al., 2010; Senko et al., 2008). ̚ॢ, SRB টՁߤݕęݓ՚Ձঝ҃εڦ३şݗۆѕ०ęتܓۼ قʂॢٍĵÀܳΪεۋΘČەɰ(Chang et al., 2000;

Yoo et al., 2006).

ডԓّঞڙŒ TVMGBUFSFEVDJOHCBDUFSJB 43#

ডڹݓĵԜقॄҙॠóܕۦॠ϶ܳͿডߏԵۋǣԵ Č(gypsum, CaSO4)ۆ঍ࢗͿܕۦॠ϶, ϔڍȉڹԓজ ঞڙѩڦεÀݓČەرٰۻঞڙ֨-2À(S^2-)قԴٰۻ ԓজ֨+6À(SO42-

)εǣࢍǶɰ. 1980țʂقFritz Widdel ق ۆ३SRBÀݓĵԜۆ࢏ՙտঞقەرϔڍܼڅॢ

ًॣںॢɰəìںэঅǻɰ. Ŕۆٍĵε֨ьͿ३Դ

ݓǦ25țÂ؉ܳɰتॢڮşНںқ३ॠəSRB˞ۋ

қνѕت ʼؽɰ. SRBə ێъۺڷͿ սՙǣ ڮşНں

ԓজॠي ডԓّ(sulfate)ں ডজН(sulfide)Ϳ ঞڙॠə

উşՁйԦНͿԴ(Table 1), Иԓՙঞą(anoxic habitats) قȇνܕۦॢɰ. SRBۆটʴڹɰڼęÏڹ֩ڷͿێ ъۺڷͿǣࢍǶɰ(Neculita et al., 2007). ۋъڿڹ࢏ԓ

ّںԦՁॠيԓʪεܼজॠóʽɰ. ъڿ(8)قԴԦՁ ʽսڌՁডজНڹŚ՚(M - Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, or Cd)ę

Ā०ॠ϶ Ś՚ডজНۆ ࠞۻں ڮьॢɰ(ъڿ (9)).

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Table 1. Gibbs free energy generated per 1M of sulfate reductions at the biological standard condition of pH 7 (Thauer et al., 1977)

Equation Ģ °' (kJ/mol-SO42-

) 2Lactate + SO42-

ї 2Acetate + 2HCO^3- + HS^- -160.4

4H2 + SO42-

+ H⁺ ї HS^- + 4H2O -152.2

2Butyrate + SO42-

ї 4Acetate + HS^- + H⁺ -55.6

4/3Propionate + SO42-

ї 4/3Acetate + 4/3HCO^3- + HS^- + 1/3H⁺ -50.3

Acetate + SO42-

ї 2HCO^3- + HS^- -47.6

Fig. 3. Sequential patterns of microbial degradation of complex organic matters by sulphate-reducing bacteria in anoxic environments (Muyzer and Stams, 2008).

2CH2O + SO42-

G 2HCO3-

+ H2S (8)

H2S + M²⁺ G MS(s) + 2H⁺ (9)

SRBəٍۙćقԴӼχ؉ɦ͆, ڿڌۺۍࠑϸقԴʪ

ψڹٍĵÀʼČەɰ. ٚε˞ϸ, ডԓّঞڙۋϭ࢏Ԧ Ձںǰ߸şقϭ࢏ԦՁܓقԴəডԓّঞڙںز܃ॠ əٍĵÀսॱʼČەČ, ԵڮজॡԓغقԴəҙ֩Ձۆ

ডজНԦՁز܃εڦ३ডԓّঞڙز܃À֨ʪʼČە ɰ. Ś՚ডԓّۋսڌՁۋϔڍȭڹʚҼ३Ś՚ডজ НڹǰڹսڌՁںÀܐşق(Hulshoff Pol et al., 1998), ۋ Ձݗں ۋڌॠيŚ՚܃äε ڦ३ SAPS, ݓॠսߌ ν, दսߌνٮ Ïڹ ঞą॒ͿՃ֟ۆ ąڍقə Ś՚ę

ъڿՁۋÌॢডজНںԦԓںߤݕॠşڦॢψڹ֨

ʪÀ ۋΠݓČەɰ.

SBRəBacteriaٮArchaeaۆ˃ًٖ(Domain)قČ Θқपॠ϶, սՙф҄ۡॠČɰتॢڮşНݗںҼ΅

ॢşݗͿԐڌॢɰ(Fig. 3). ۋəϔڍ܃ॢۺۍşݗ(սՙ, acetate, methanol)χں Ԑڌॠə ϭ࢏ԦՁŒ(methanogen) ęʂҼʽɰ. SRBəսՙۆşݗԐڌقەرԴhydro- genotrophic methanogenęhomoacetogen҃ɰঽ؃ȭ ڹࠚজͳęǰڹthresholdεÀݓČەşقȭڹڍڦ ۆşݗ۾ڮąۮͳںÀݓČەɰ. SRBəacetateÀە رآۙ͆ş˺Лق, acetateÀػəঞąقԴəhomo- acetogenęėܕॠóʽɰ. ʴ͟ۆşݗۋԐڌʾąڍ

ডԓّঞڙقԴ ьԦॠə قȃݓ͟ڹ ݗԓّঞڙŒ҃ɰ əǰݓχ, methanogenesisǣhomoacetogenesis ҃ɰʌ

ψڹ قȃݓε ьԦॢɰ(Thauer et al., 1977). ˰͆Դ, SRBəmethanogenۋǣhomoacetogen҃Àşݗąۮق Դڍڦε۾ॠČ ەɰ. SRBÀ ܳͿ Ԑڌॠə şݗق

ʂॢডԓّ1M ঞڙقьԦॠəقȃݓьԦ͟ں҃

ϸ, lactateÀÀۤψڹقȃݓεьԦ֨ࢅČ, Ŕˏε

ۋرսՙ, butyrate, propionate, ŔνČacetate տےں

؎սÀەɰ(Table 1). LactateÀՃपۆʴজфۋজۚ

ڌقەرÀۤশαॢۻۙėيߕ͆Č؎Ͳ܋ەݓχ (Nagpal et al., 2000), ۋə lactateۆ ʴ͟ۆ Иóǣ

moleսق˰δҼİÀ؉ɦ͆, ʴ͟ۆডԓّঞڙɾԦ ԓʼəقȃݓۆتقʂॢҼİॢĀęےںܳݓॣज़ څÀ ەùɰ.

AMD ۙߕقəڌܕڮş࢏ՙڙۋ10 mg/L ۋॠۆ

ǰڹ ȬʪͿ ܕۦॠşق(Kolmert and Johnson, 2001),

ٍۙԜࢗقԴSRB টՁۆ܃ॢڅՙə࢏ՙڙۋɰ. Ŕ

͒Դۺۼॢ࢏ՙڙėśںࣀॢߌν֨ԺۆমڱॳԜں

ڦ३ψڹ֨ʪÀۋΠܐČ, মڱۺۍߌνۆݓ՚Ձں

ȭۋşڦ३қ३ՁۋɰβČՁԜۋɰδي͠Нݗں

ঔ०ॠə ֬ॹۋ ইۦūݓ ψۋ ۋΘرݓČ ەɰ

(Neculita et al., 2007). ێъۺڷͿÉҼֶտսڮşজ ०Нۋইۤق׵ۋş҃ɰ, ȬغदşНۋǣڼ֩दşН ęÏڹѣͲݓəНݗ˞ںڮş࢏ՙڙڷͿۺڌॠəٍ

ĵÀ ܳͿ ݕॱʼČ ەɰ(Yoo et al., 2006; Ahn et al., 2011; Chang et al., 2000; Neculita et al., 2007; Newcombe

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Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA of sulfate reducing bacteria (Muyzer and Stams, 2008).

and Brennan, 2010).

SRBۆɰتՁںܓԐॠəʚەرÀۤψۋԐڌʼČ

ەəѓѪڹ16S ribosomal RNA(rRNA) geneںқۙԦ НॡۺڷͿݒफॠيŔɰتՁںқΪॠəìۋɰ. 16S rRNAə ڙ४ԦН(prokaryote)ۆ ՃपǴقԴ peptideε

঍Ձॠə ribosomeۆ ॢ ҙқڷͿԴ, Ŕìں ьই֨ࢅ

ə16S rDNA sequenceəڮۻۙѺ঍ۋ۞ێرǣݓ

؍؉शݓڮۻۙ(maker gene)ͿÀۤψۋԐڌʼəʂ शۺۍڮۻۙۋɰ. 16S rDNA sequenceۆܓԐقۆॠ ϸ, SRBəইۦ7ÒۆÌ(class)Ϳǣɉݓ϶, 5ÒəBacteria (Deltaproteobacteria, Clostridia, Nitrospirae, Thermode- sulfobiaceae, Thermodesulfobacteria)ق ՚ॠČ 2Òə

Archaea (Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota)ق՚ॢɰ(Fig.

4). ݓŚūݓ؎ͲݕʂҙқۆSRBəDeltaproteobacteria ق՚ॢ23Ò՚(genus)ق՚३ەČ, ŔɰڼڷͿψڹ

ҙқڹ޲ݓॠəìڹClostridiaق՚ॠəŔ͊تՁŒ(gram positive bacteria)ۋɰ. Nitrospirae, Thermodesulfobiaceae, Thermodesulfobacteriaق ՚ॠə йԦН˞ڹ ঒َՁŒ (thermophiles)ڷͿԴ, ۍė֥ݓεࣀॢAMD ߌνٮə

ٍěۋϔڍۺںìڷͿٚԜʽɰ. ডԓّۆ܁͟ںࣀ ३SAPS ˣۆߌν֨ԺقܕۦॠəSRBۆটՁقʂ

ॢٍĵəսॱʼČەݓχ(Logan et al., 2005), SRBۆ

܁ߕőϼںڦॢқۙԦНॡۺķݚқԵٍĵəইۦū ݓŕ০ййॠɰ(Park and Kim, 2010).

Desulfotomaculum, Desulfobulbus, Desulfobacterium,

Desulfobacter, Desulfonema, Desulfosarcina, Desulfococcus, ŔνČ DesulfovibrioεԸ࢘ۺڷͿݒफॣսەə16S rDNA primer setۋÒьʼرԐڌʼČەɰ(Daly et al., 2000). ɰتՁںܘʌŪۋ҇սەəѓѪڹডԓّঞ ڙقěʹʽşɠՁڮۻۙ(functional gene)εۏəѓ Ѫۋɰ. ٷǽॠϸ şɠՁ ڮۻۙə Ŕ қজ ܁ʪÀ 16S rDNA ҃ɰঽ؃ࡾş˺Лۋɰ. SRBۆąڍədissimilatory sulfite reductaseε ьইॠə dsrABǣ(Wagner et al., 1998), dissimilatory adenosine-5’-phosphosulphate reductase εьইॠəaprBAÀशݓڮۻۙ(marker gene)Ϳ׵ۋ Čەɰ(Meyer and Kuever, 2007). 16S rDNAǣşɠՁ

ڮۻۙε ۋڌॠي quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)ęfluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)ۆ ѓѪں ࣀ३ йԦНں ܁͟জॠşʪ ॠəʚ (Ben-Dov et al., 2007; Mussmann et al., 2005), CARD- FISH(catalyzed reporter deposition FISH)Ѫںۋڌ३Դ

ØѧقԴSRBۆսݔқपεܓԐॢĀę߯ʂ11%ۆ

йԦНۋ SRBٕɰ(Mussmann et al., 2005). ѓԐՁۆ

şݗęFISHٮۆĀ०ںࣀ३Դ࣢܁SRBۆটՁںÀ

֨জॠəmicroautoradiography-FISH(MAR-FISH)ǣ(Ito et al., 2002), ѓԐՁڙՙÀ؉ɨ؋܁ॢʴڦڙՙεۋ ڌॠə stable isotope probing(SIP)ʪSRBٍĵقԐڌʽ

цەɰ(Webster et al., 2006). Microelectrodeεۋڌ३

ডজНۆȬʪࠑ܁ۋǣmRNA geneۆࠑ܁ںࣀॢ࣢

܁ SRBۆ টՁࠑ܁ʪ SRB ٍĵق ڿڌʼČ ەɰ (Ramsing et al., 1993).

ߏԓজŒ 'FSSPVTPYJEJ[JOHCBDUFSJB 'F0#

1837țق ߏԓজŒۍ Gallionella ferrugineaۆ ԓজ ߏ(Fe-oxyhydroxide)قˆͲּۍठϿ(stalk)قʂॢě

޶ں ֨ۚڷͿ(Ehrenberg, 1987; Ghiorse, 1984), G.

ferrugineaۆқνѕتۋՁėॠóʼرFeOBə҆ü ۺڷͿٍĵʼş֨ۚॠٕɰ(Kucera and Wolfe, 1957).

ߏԓজۆݓݗॡۺۍܼڅՁڷͿۍ३FeOBقʂॢψ ڹ ٍĵÀ ۋΠ܋ ٵəʚ, ۋۻقə ԓՁঞąقԴۆ

FeOBقʂॢٍĵÀۻࣀۺۍܳΪεۋΡɰϸ, Ŗ͒ق əŔʴ؋ٍĵʼݓЇ॰ʏ֮३Ԧࢗćˣۆɰتॢۙ

ٍԦࢗćۆ ٍĵε ڦ३, ڌܕԓՙۆ ȬʪÀ ййॠČ

ܼՁঞąقԴ֩ॠəFeOBقʂॢٍĵÀψۋۋΠݓ Čەɰ(Emerson et al., 2010). ֬ڌۺۍࠑϸقԴ, FeOB ə սćঞą҃঒εڦॢAMDۆԦՁęߌνقەرԴ

ܼڅՁۋ ȭşق, ۋѥ ۤقԴə AMDق ěيʼə

FeOBۆйԦНॡق ʂ३ԕट҃ʪ΀ ॠùɰ.

pH 7قԴ Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ۆ ԓজঞڙۻڦ(E0쨃)ə +0.2ۋČ

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ԓՙ(O2/H2O)ə +0.82ۋşق, FeOBə ߏԓজε ࣀ३

ࢍ঒şՁԓজقҼ३ϔڍۚڹ0.62 VεصóʼČ, pH 2قԴ Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ۆE0쨃ə +0.77ۋČ ԓՙ(O2/H2O)ə

+1.11ͿԴʌڎۚڹ0.34 Vۆقȃݓεصóʽɰ³⁾.ۋ əFeOBۆɗοԦۤ՚ʪͿŊĀʼر, ֬ॹ֬ܓæقԴ

қνѕتʽܼՁًٖ(circumneutral)ۆFeOBə8 - 15

֨Âۆ doubling timeں Àݓə ìڷͿ ǣࢍǮɰ (Emerson and Moyer, 1997). pHٮFe³⁺/Fe²⁺Àǰ؉ݗ ս΀, ÀڌՁقȃݓÀܶر˞رԓজঞڙۻڦəԜ֧ॠ óʽɰ(ъڿ(2)). At. ferrooxidansə߯ʂ+0.8 V Ԝࢗ

ۆ2ÀߏںԓজॣսەČ, Leptosprillum ferrooxidans ə߯ʂ+0.95V Ԝࢗۆ2ÀߏںԓজॠəìڷͿ؎Ͳ܋

ەɰ(Rawlings, 2005). ۋԐ֬ڹ˃йԦНۆėܕ֨L.

ferrooxidansə2ÀߏۆȬʪÀԜʂۺڷͿǰڹĖقԴ

At. ferrooxidans҃ɰʌ۞ ͉ۙս ەڼں ۆйॢɰ.

2Àߏ ԓজ՚ʪə ؘԴ ԕट҆ ìę Ïۋ ֩ (10)ę

ÏۋǣࢍǷսەɰ. ۋ֩ق˰βϸ, ȭڹڌܕԓՙۆ

؎ࠥνۆսćقԴ2ÀߏڹজॡۺڷͿӇβóԓজε

ॠݓχ, ڌܕԓՙȬʪÀǰäǣԓՁًٖقԴəজॡۺ

ԓজ՚ʪÀ śü০ ǰ؉ݓşق ъڿں ߤݕॠş ڦ३

FeOBۆۚڌۋ ज़սۺۋɰ(Roden et al., 2004).

AMDۆ pHə ьԦڙۆ জॡۺ ࣢Ձʪ ܼڅॠݓχ, AMDÀ ৔βə ۍŖ ݓݗॡۺ ࣢Ձق ψۋ ܟڍʽɰ.

ٚε˞ϸ, AMDڮًق؎ࠥνεėśॠəؒԵۆتق

ҼͻॠيAMDۆpHə٤͆Àóʽɰ. ĶǴġԓѕս ۆąڍŔݓݗॡۺ࣢ՁۋɰتॠيAMD pHÀ2.6 - 7.4ۆқपε̺əъϸ(Ji and Kim, 2003), ۍŖݓݗ ق࢏ԓّࠗۋψڹٖĶۆąڍpHÀ5.5 - 7.2 Ԑۋق

қपॢɰ(Canfield et al., 2005).

ǰڹpHۆąڍ2Àߏۆজॡۺԓজəϔڍɗνó

ݕॱʼݓχ(Senko et al., 2008), ঒ԓՁߏԓজŒ(acidophilic FeOB)ڹ ԓՁًٖقԴ 2Àߏۆ ԓজε ߤݕ֨ࢇɰ (Olem and Unz, 1977). Ŕ͒ԴǰڹڌܕԓՙȬʪقԴʪজ ॡۺԓজÀ۹ॠʼşق, ܼՁًٖ(circumneutral)قԴۙ͆

əFeOBقʂॢٍĵۆज़څՁۋʂ˃ʼČەɰ. ʂश ۺۍܼՁFeOBقəGallionella ǣLeptothrixٮÏڹܛۋ

ەČ(Emerson et al., 2010), ঒ԓՁ FeOBə Thiobacillus

3) şܕۆЛॶقԴəpH 2ۆߏԓজशܵۻڦٮpH7ۆԓՙ ঞڙۻڦ޲ۍ0.05 V(0.77-0.82)εFeOBÀصəۻڦͿć ԓॠيۚڹقȃݓÀÌܓʼرşցʽɰ. ॠݓχ, Ҽİॠə

pHۆÉۋɰβşق҆ȦЛقԴəÏڹpHԜقԴۆۻڦ

޲ε ćԓॠٕɰ.

ferrooxidansٮL. ferrooxidansÀەɰ(Park et al., 2009;

Park and Kim, 2010) (Fig. 5). ঒ԓՁFeOBəডজġН ͿҙࢢڮڌॢŚ՚ںধսॠəbioheap leaching ė܁

ق ۋڌʼşʪ ॢɰ(Rawlings and Johnson, 2007).

߯ŖϽțԐۋق, ߏġНʌйقԴߏজŒۆķݚĵ ܓқԵۋۋΘرܐɰ(Blöthe and Roden, 2009; Bruun et al., 2010; Haaijer et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2010) (Fig.

5). ۋ˞ۆ Āęق ˰βϸ, қԵʽ cloneۆ 26-75%À

Betaproteobacteriaق՚॰Č, GallionellaٮSideroxydans À10-25%ε޲ݓ॰ɰ. LeptothrixəϿ˜ٍĵĀęقԴ

3% ۋॠͿ ǣࢍǮɰ. MicroelectrodeͿ ߏġНʌйۆ

ԓՙȬʪٮ йԦН қपق ʂॢ ٍĵÀ ۋΠܐəʚ (Emerson and Revsbech, 1994), йԦНۋۙ͆əߏġ Нʌйۆԓՙ࣊ęȬʪə300쩋mقԴսcm ܁ʪٕ

ɰ. ̚ॢL. ochraceaÀܳ۾ܛۍйԦНφۆԓՙ࣊ę

˃ƍÀG. ferrugineaÀܳ۾ܛۍйԦНφ҃ɰঽ؃࠾

əʚ, ԓՙ࣊ę˃ƍقй࠘əٖॳڹ2ÀߏȬʪ, ڮ՚, ս֮ˣψڹڅՙ˞ۋܕۦॠşقйԦНܛΪ, ԓՙ࣊

ę˃ƍٮݓݗজॡˣۆěćεőϼॠşڦ३Դəψ ڹ ٍĵÀ ज़څॠùɰ.

FeOBۆʂԐقʂॢٍĵəɰڼęÏڹЛ܃Ϳۍ३

ψڹ܃أۋەəʚ࣢০ܼՁًٖقԴۙ͆əFeOBۆ

ٍĵقࢀ܃أۋܕۦॢɰ. ߏԓজͿصəقȃݓÀϔ ڍۚşق߿қॢتۆйԦНتںصşūݓψڹ֨Â ۋ èνČ, ߏԓজͿ ߏսԓজНں χ˞şق ࠞۻНۋ

ԦşČԓʪÀݒÀॠيFeOBεşβəìۙߕʪرͷ Č, ߏχںۻۙսڌߕͿ׵şقѺۋ(mutant)εχ˚ə

ڮۻۙܓۚق܃أۋψۋ˰δɰ. қۙԦНॡфڮۻ

ۙॡڷͿݓŚūݓۆٍĵʽ܁νεڅأ३҃ϸ, 1) ߏԓ জəՃपÂŕ(periplasm)ۋǣٽՃपφ(outer membrane) قԴ ێرǣ϶, 2) cytochromeۋ ܳڅ ߏԓজমՙ(Fe oxidase)͆Č يûݓČ ەڷ϶, 3) ۻۙۋʴߕ(electron shuttle)À ۻۙε Ճपφ(cytoplasmic membrane)ūݓ

ۋʴ֨ࢅəًॣںॢɰəìۋɰ(Emerson et al., 2010).

ٍĵۻϐ

ǰڹԺ࠘ҼٮڮݓěνҼͿۍ३ۍėՙ࢘ݓεۋڌ

ॢٍۙ܁জߌν֨ԺقۆॢAMD ߌνÀÁġںыČ

ەݓχ, ߌν֨Ժقʂॢۋ३ҙܔڷͿߌν֨Ժۆߌ νՁɠݓ՚ՁقψڹЛ܃۾ۋǣࢍǣČەɰ. şܕٍ

ĵĀęՙ࢘ݓεۋڌॢٍۙ܁জߌν֨Ժۆইܕॠə

Л܃ə֨Âۋݓǫق˰ٍ͆ۙ܁জߌνۆśüॢՁɠ

۹ॠÀǣࢍǦɰəìۋɰ(MIRECO, 2008). ۋ֨Ժ˞

ڹߣş1-2 țÂڹ܁ԜۺۍՁɠںь৅ॠǣ, Ŕۋ঳

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Fig. 5. A phylogenetic tree of iron oxidizing bacteria and archaea based on 16S rRNA gene. Seven phyla were represented in this tree. The circumneutral lithotrophic FeOB are in bold. This tree constructed using the neighbor-joining method (Emerson et al., 2010).

قəʂҙқۆ֨ԺقԴAMD ߌνমڱۋśü০ǰ؉

ݕɰ. ڮ߻սսݗںқԵॢĀę, ێҙ֨Ժۆąڍ֨

Âąęق˰͆ߌνقەرÀܼۤڅॢ؎ࠥνʪėś ęডԓّঞڙۋ۞ێرǣݓ؍ڷ϶, ࣅҼࠗںࣀęॠ يʪڌܕԓՙ܃äÀۋΘرݓݓ؍əąڍʪьԦॠČ

ەɰ(MIRECO, 2008).

SAPS ԜҙۆڮşНࠗशϸقψڹߏսԓজНۋक़

҄ʼرەəìęڮşНۆқ३ͿۍॠيڮşНࠗۋ

۾ࢹߌͤѺॢìۋě޶ʼؽɰ. ۋͿۍ३, ڮşНࠗۆ

࣊սՁںইüॠóÇՙॠČ, սؓقۆ३SAPSق޽ȇ τ(channeling)ۋ ьԦʼə ìڷͿ ܓԐʼؽɰ. ێъۺ ڷͿԦНॡۺডԓّঞڙę؎ࠥνʪėśںࣀॢ߯ۺ ۆߌνεڦ३, 2ێۋԜۆHRT(սνॡۺߕΪ֨Â)ۋ

څĵʼǣ, ڮşНࠗۆ࣊սՁÇՙͿۍॢ޽ȇτьԦ ڹHRTεśüॠóÇՙ֨ࢅş˺Лق, ডԓّঞڙę

؎ࠥνʪėśقەرݓʂॢ؊ٖॳںйߝAMD ߌν ε۹३ॠəìڷͿࣺɳʽɰ. SAPSقԴφ৪ę޽ȇτ قʂॢŖ҆ۺۍЛ܃ÀьԦॠşق, ڮşНԓজ֨ق ʪφ৪ইԜۋьԦॠݓ؍ʪ΀ۻۙսڌߕεݓ՚ۺڷ Ϳ܃ėॠəSAPSۆėॡۺۍ˥ۙۍÒԸ؋ۋज़څॠ ɰ. SRBۆࢀՁۤڱͿۍ३ڮşНࠗقՃपԐߕͿۍ

ॠيφ৪ইԜۋÀ՚জʼдͿ, ডԓّমڱڹȭڷǣ

ՃपՁۤڱڹԜʂۺڷͿǰڹйԦНŒܳٮйԦНۆ

Ԧۤںߤݕॠݓ؍ڹۻۙۻɵߕقʂॢٍĵʪۆй

ەںìۋɰ. йԦНۻşজॡ֨֟ࢰٍĵقۆॠϸ, ۻ

ۙۻɵߕȬʪÀȭ؉ݗս΀йԦНۆ঒ড়ۚڌۋݒݕ ʼČ ۻşজॡۺ ۹२ۋ ۚ؉ݕɰČ эঅݕ ц ەɰ

(Jung et al., 2012; Jung et al., 2011; Von Canstein et al., 2008).

ইۤۆԜডęЛॶںйΘر҇˺, ڌܕԜࢗ2Àߏ ڹԵধԵࠗۋǣSAPSٮÏڹ؎ࠥνėśܓڮۓۻق

ʼʪ΀ψۋ܃äʼəìۋц͊ݔॠɰ. ٷǽॠϸߌν

ҙॠεܶےںࣀ३ԵধԵࠗۋǣSAPSۆߌνսϼں

ɚπսەş˺Лۋɰ. AMDεԵধԵࠗقࣀę֨pH ÀݒÀॠşق2ÀߏۆԓজÀߤݕʼČ, 2ÀߏԓজН ۋԓՙٮۿߤॣ˺3ÀߏսԓজНʼرԵধԵںक़

҄ॠيԵধԵۆڌ३ε۹३ॠóʽɰ. SAPSقԴŚ՚

ডজНԦՁقۆॢAMD ߌν֨قʪ, ڮşНࠗۆԓজ ͿڮşНࠗۋ۾ࢹࠗߌͤѺ३φ৪ę޽ȇτۋьԦॠ ó ʽɰ.

܁ν३҃ϸ, ێъۺڷͿǰڹpHεÍəAMDۆম ڱۺۍߌνεڦ३ԴSAPSܓڮۓۻق2Àߏԓজε

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ࣀॢߏۆࠞۻ܃äεݒݕ֨࢈ज़څÀەڷ϶, ۋεڦ ॠي঒ԓՁFeOBۆԦНėॡۺۍۿŖۋज़څॠɰ. ۙ

ٍćقԴʪǰڹԓՁًٖقԴAMDۆ2Àߏۋমęۺ ڷͿ܃äʽąڍÀەČ, ֬܃ۺۍڿڌęߏԓজŒق

ʂॢۋ३εʪϿॠşڦ३, ۋقʂॢսݗজॡęйԦ НॡقʂॢٍĵÀݕॱʽцەɰ(Senko et al., 2008).

FeOBۆ2ÀߏԓজقʂॢমڱݒݕقʂॢٍĵÀই

֨۾قԴज़څॠɰ. Ӈδߏԓজ՚ʪٮpHѺজقлÇ ॠݓ؍ڹйԦНŒܳǣķݚقʂॢйԦНॡۺٍĵ ٮ, Ŕ͢Œܳǣķݚۆ߯ۺՁۤںڦॢėॡۺۍۿŖ ۋज़څॠɰ. ̚ॢۻۙۋʴߕεԐڌॠəFeOBۆ࣢Ձ ںۋڌॠيۻۙۋʴߕۆȬʪǣܛΪÀߏԓজقر̅

ٖॳںй࠘əݓقěॢٍĵٮߏԓজমڱںݒݕ֨

ࢅə ѓѪق ʂॢ ٍĵʪ ज़څॠɰ.

ԐԐ

ۋٍĵə ʪأę܃(ॢĶٍĵۦɳ, ę܃ѥ঒ 201100 29802), ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵڙş҆Ԑغ(ę܃ѥ঒12-3212) фKorean-American Scientists and Engineers Association ۆ ݓڙں ы؉ սॱʼؽɰ.

޷ČЛॶ

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୨জ็

2004ț Դڐ֨ςʂ ঞąėॡ ॡԐ 2007țङ֬Ѯɦ؉ܳςʂঞąėॡԵԐ 2011țङ֬Ѯɦ؉ܳςʂঞąėॡчԐ

ইۦ ٍՃʂॡİ ԓॡঊͳɳ æԺėॡٍĵՙ ٍĵڙ (E-mail; [email protected])

Գ෹୨

1990ț Դڐʂॡİ йԦНॡ ॡԐ 1995ț Դڐʂॡİ ʪ֨ćন ԵԐ 1999ț ڟێ݋ʂॡİ ঞąॡ чԐ

ইۦ ٍՃʂॡİ Ԑধঞą֨֟ࢰėॡҙ ҙİս (E-mail; [email protected])

஺ঃ૴

ইۦ ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵڙ ݓĵঞąٍĵ҆ҙ Ըےٍĵڙ (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧49嘳G 缧2埲G 垾畢)

ହ׊୍

ইۦ ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵڙ ݓĵঞąٍĵ҆ҙ Ըےٍĵڙ (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧49嘳G 缧2埲G 垾畢)

୨ઽ૵

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