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Physiological Responses of the Chicken Grunt Parapristipoma trilineatum to High Water Temperature Stress

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(1)

한수지 51(6), 714-719, 2018

714

Copyright © 2018 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 51(6),714-719,2018

Short Communication

서 론

최근지구온난화의영향으로인해우리나라

,

,

남해 역의표층수온의지속적인상승이보고되었으며

(Seong et al.,

2010),

세계평균수온이산업혁명이전인지난세기와비교

하여

0.76℃

증가하고향후

100

이내에는

2℃

이상해수 온이증가될것으로예측하고있다

(Brewer, 1997).

이러한영향 으로제주연안에서는관찰되지않았던아열대성어류들의 현이증가하는추세이며

,

이에따라기존의제주토속어종들의 분포가점차변화될것으로예측되고있다

.

특히벤자리

(Parapristipoma trilineatum)

농어목하스돔과 속하고온대성의연안성어종으로쿠로시오해류의영향을 받는연안의깊은곳이나해조류가많은바위지대에서식하며 제주도와추자도

,

전남홍도여름철에서초가을에주로활동

하며제주도의토속어종으로알려져있으나

,

수가감소하는 추세에있다

.

최근

,

제주신양리연안인공어초주변해역에서 서식하는어류의조성계절변동을조사한결과를보면

,

자리는수온이감소하는

9

, 12

3

월에주로소량이출현 하였으며다음해의출현빈도가감소하는추세에있다고 고하고있다

(Kim et al., 2011).

이러한출현양상의변화는 속화되어가고있는아열대환경으로인해제주인근해역에서 개체수가줄어들고

,

고수온의영향으로서식지의변화가 발되었을것으로추정되나

,

원인에대해서는알려진바가 실정이다

.

한편

,

벤자리는최근수족관의관상대상어종으로도각광 어종으로

,

이들의생태학적특성은둥근형태의

fish ball

형성하여유영함으로써대형수조의전시생물로서가치 증가하고있다

.

따라서대형수족관등의새로운관상생물로

사육수의 고수온 스트레스가 벤자리(Parapristipoma trilineatum)에 미치는 생리학적 영향

김기혁·홍성원 1 ·문혜나·여인규*

제주대학교 해양생명과학과, 1한화 호텔&리조트

Physiological Responses of the Chicken Grunt Parapristipoma trilineatum to High Water Temperature Stress

Ki-Hyuk Kim, Sung-Won Hong

1

, Hye-Na Moon and In-Kyu Yeo*

Department of Marine life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea

1Hanwha Hotels and Resorts, Jeju 63642, Korea

We investigated the effects of water temperature on physiological parameters in the chicken grunt Parapristipoma trilineatum . At high temperature, the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were increased, suggesting that high temperature induced hepatic damage. In addition, total protein (TP) was high at high water temperatures, which were considered stressful in the breeding environment. At high water temperatures, triglycerides (TG) were low due to increased metabolic activity, which decreased the blood TG levels as TG were used as an energy source. There was no significant difference in the plasma osmolality or the blood ion concentrations with water temperature. In generally, lysozyme, a factor in innate immunity, increased with water temperature. How- ever, lysozyme activity tended to decrease with increasing water temperature, but the difference was not significant.

These results suggested that the decrease of biophylaxis at high temperature was affect the growth or survival of the population .

Key words: High temperature, Physiological parameters, Osmolality, Lysozyme, Chicken grunt

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 64.754. 3474 Fax: +82. 64. 756. 3493 E-mail address: [email protected]

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received 20 September 2018; Revised 13 November 2018; Accepted 14 December 2018 저자 직위: 김기혁(대학원생), 홍성원(대학원생), 문혜나(대학원생), 여인규 (교수)

https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2018.0714

Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 51(6), 714-719, December 2018

(2)

고수온이 벤자리에 미치는 영향

715

자원의조사생리학적연구의필요성이대두되고있으나 이에대한연구는거의없는상황이다

.

일반적으로수온은어류에있어성장과번식

,

분포에중요한 영향을미치는요인하나로종마다최적의수온에적응하 생활한다

(Shamseldin et al., 1997).

어류에있어수온변화 생체내의대사

,

삼투압조절면역같은생명활동의 화를초래하며최종적으로생명유지도위협하는것으로알려 있다

(Logue et al., 1995).

또한수온상승은해양생물인

(Haliotis discus)

성숙을억제하며

(Portner et al., 2005;

Mueter and Litzow, 2008; Parker et al., 2013),

대구

(Gadus

macrocephalus)

에서는스트레스증가면역력감소를유발

하여성장률의저하폐사율의증가를나타내는것으로보고 되고있다

(Choi et al., 2011).

이에연구에서는제주해역에서벤자리의개체수변화와 관계를파악함과동시에전시대상어류에대한기초자료를 확보하고자

6

제주도해역평균수온인

20℃

대조구로 정하여저수온

15℃

고수온

25℃

30℃

4

가지의수온 환경에서의벤자리에대한면역활성혈액생리학적변화를 조사하였다

.

재료 및 방법

실험동물 및 사육조건

실험에서는평균무게

187.8±20.4 g

벤자리를사용하 였으며

,

실험구에각각

20

미씩수용하여실험을실시하였다

.

실험사육수는

1 ton

유리사육조에서수중펌프로이용하여

리적화학적여과를하는

sand filter (Astral, Spain)

여과하여 사용하였다

.

여과된사육수는수온조절장치를이용하여

15℃, 20℃, 25℃

30℃

수온을유지하였다

.

사육용존산소

pH

각각

35.0±0 ‰

8.0±0 ppm

으로모든실험군에서 일하게유지하였다

.

실험은

15

일간진행되었으며

,

사육기간 동안수온에따른실험구별먹이섭취의정도차이가영양대사 변화를초래할가능성이있어실험에서는먹이공급을 않고수온에따른영양대사변화에따른혈액생리학적변화 만을분석하고자하였다

.

혈액생리학적 분석

혈액은

15

일간의사육실험종료

,

그룹의

10

마리실험어

2-phenoxyethanol

마취

3 mL

주사기로개체들의미부 정맥에서채취하였다

.

채취한혈액은

2,500 rpm, 10

분간원심 분리하여상층액인혈청을분리새로운

1.5 mL e-tube

-50℃

보관한분석을실시하였다

.

수온변화에따른혈중이온농도의변화를파악하기위하여 액내의

Na

+

, K

+

, Cl

-

, Mg

2+그리고

Ca

2+각각분석하였으며

,

혈액내의삼투압은삼투압측정기

(Vapor Pressure Osmometer 5600, Wescor Inc, South logan, USA)

이용하여분석을

시하였다

.

혈액생화학적분석은생화학분석기

(VET TEST 8008, Idexx, Colorado, USA)

이용하여

alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), triglyc- eride (TG)

glucose

각각조사하였다

.

면역활성 분석

면역활성분석을위해

lysozyme

활성은혈액에서분리한

청을이용하여흡광도를측정

lysis

후의흡광도차이를 교하여측정하였으며

,

활성단위

(U)

흡광도

0.001/min

소치를

1 unit

으로확인하였다

.

통계 처리

실험의모든결과는

SPSS version 21 (SPSS Inc., USA)

활용하여

One-way ANOVA-test

통계분석을실시하였다

.

데이터값의유의차는

Duncan’s multiple test

사후분석을실시 하여측정하였으며

, P<0.05

에서유의성을판단하였다

.

결과 및 고찰

사육수온에따른체조성의변화는어종마다다르게나타나므 대상어종마다수온변화에대한영향을각각평가할필요가 있는것으로알려져있다

(Kim and Lee., 2017).

현재우리나라 연안에는이미다양한형태의해양생태의환경파괴가일어나 있어

,

연구에서는지구온난화로인한제주인근해역의 수온상승에있어벤자리

(P. trilineatum)

개체수가감소한다 보고를인지하여서로다른수온에서벤자리의생리학적 화에어떤영향을미치는지에관하여관찰하였다

. 4

개의다른 수온환경에서벤자리를

15

일간절식시켜사육실시개체들 성장을확인한결과전체적으로절식에의한체중의감소가

15℃, 20℃, 25℃

30℃

실험구에서각각

98.4%, 97.4%, 97.8%

95.2%

결과를나타내수온의상승에따라에너지 소모의증가로인한체중감소가가속화되는것으로나타났다

(Data not shown).

일반적으로혈중이온농도의변화는외부스트레스로인하여 나타나는것으로알려져있어

(Schreck, 1982),

연구에서도 수온변화에따른혈중

Na

+

, K

+

, Cl

-

, Mg

2+

Ca

2+이온농도와 혈장삼투압을각각분석하였다

(Fig. 1).

결과

, Ca

2+ 도를제외한나머지이온들은수온의변화와상관없이유의한 차이를나타내지않았으나

,

고수온인

30℃

에서높은수치를 타내었다

(Fig. 1). Ca

2+ 농도의결과는

15℃

에서

12.42±2.85 mg/dL, 20℃

에서

12.92±0.77 mg/dL, 25℃

에서

12.4±1.20 mg/dL

30℃

에서

15.85±0.21 mg/dL

저수온인

15℃

25℃

에서는대조구인

20℃

유의적인차이가나타나지않았

으나

,

고수온인

30℃

에서는유의적으로높은수치를나타내었

(Fig. 1E).

이러한혈중의이온농도의변화가최종적인체내 삼투압에영향을미치는지에대한결과를조사한결과

,

수온과

(3)

김기혁

홍성원

문혜나

여인규

716

체내삼투압과는무관한것으로나타나고수온의환경스트레 스가혈중이온항상성에는영향을미치지않는것으로판단된

(Fig. 1F).

그러나

Ca

2+같은

2

이온들은생체내에서 백질합성이증가되었을혈중

Ca

2+ 농도가증가되는것으로 보고되고있어

(Waring et al., 1996),

실험결과에서나타난 고수온에서의

Ca

2+ 농도또한대사활동의증대로인하여혈중

단백질농도가상승함에따라나타난결과로추정된다

.

한편

,

수온의변화는어류에게

1

차적으로스트레스요인으로 작용하여혈액

cortisol

분비가증가시키며

, 2

차적으로 세포파괴에의한

AST

ALT, glucose

증가시키는것으로 보고되고있다

(Han et al., 2009).

연구결과에서

AST

15℃

에서

33.5±11 U/L, 25℃

에서

24.8±5.63 U/L

대조 Fig. 1. Sodium (A), potassium (B), chloride (C), magnesium (D), calcium (E) and plasma osmolality (F) level in plasma of chicken grunt Parapristipoma trilmeatum. Data are expressed as mean±SD, different superscript letters (a, b) indicate significant difference between the values (P<0.05).

150 160 170 180 190 200

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃ 15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃ 15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃ 15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

Sodium (mEq/L)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Potassum (mEq/L)

140 150 160 170

Chloride (mEq/L)

0 1 2 3 4

Magnesium (mq/dL)

4 8 12 16 20

Calcium (mq/dL)

(A) (B)

(D)

(E) (C)

a

a a

a

a a

a a

a

a

a a

a a

a

a

a

b

350 370 390 410 430 450 470

Plasma osmolality (mOsm/L)

a

a

a a

a

a

(F)

(4)

고수온이 벤자리에 미치는 영향

717

구인

20℃

62.25±46.60 U/L

비해낮게나타났고고수온

30℃

에서는

125.5±12.02 U/L

실험구에비해유의하 높게나타났다

(Fig. 2A). ALT

에서도

AST

결과와유사하 대조구에비해고수온인

30℃

에서유의하게높은수치를

타냈다

(Fig. 2B).

일반적으로어체의생리상태가좋지않을수

손상이유발되어내의아미노산합성효소인

AST

ALT

혈중농도가증가하는것으로알려져있어

(Casilas et al., 1985; Rao, 1990),

실험에서나타난고수온에서의혈중

AST

ALT

농도의상승은스트레스의요인으로작용하여

손상을유발하는것으로판단된다

.

수온의변화에따른벤자리의 생체내대사변화를조사하기 위하여

total protein (TP), triglyceride (TRIG)

glucose

각각분석하였다

(Fig. 3).

결과

TP

대조구인

20℃

에서

3.62±0.71 g/dL

나타냈으나

,

고수온인

30℃

에서

4.95±0.49

g/dL

나타나실험구에비해유의하게높은수치를나타냈

(Fig. 3A).

수온변화에따른넙치

(Paralichthys olivaceus)

혈중

TP

일정한변화경향이나타나지않는것으로보고됐으

(Park et al., 1999),

고수온사육쏘가리

(Siniperca scher-

zeri)

치어성장실험결과역시실험구간유의한차이를나타

내지않았다고보고됐다

(Kim and Lee., 2017).

실험에서는 혈중

TP

농도의상승을유도하는것으로나타나어종에따른 수온적응성이차이를가지며이에따라개체군의자원변동에 차이를가질있을것으로추정된다

.

또한

, TP

어류의 진단이나영양상태

,

질병진단에이용되고있으며정상적인 경골어류의경우

4-7 g/dL

농도범위로알려져있다

(Turner,

1937). 2016

저수온스트레스에따른능성어혈액의생리생

화학적반응연구결과에서수온을하강시킨실험구간에서 소되는경향을보였다

(Park et al., 2016). TRIG

경우에는 수온인

15℃

에서 가장높은수치를나타냈으며수온이상승 함에따라감소하는경향을나타내었다

(Fig. 3B).

일반적으로

TRIG

수온

,

먹이

,

생식주기성별등에의해수치가변화되 것으로보고되고있으며

,

생체내의에너지요구량이증가하

되면혈중

TRIG

세포내로동원됨에따라감소하는경향을

나타나게된다

(Lie et al., 1988).

실험의결과에서도고수온

환경에서에너지요구량증가에따른

TRIG

동원으로인하

혈중농도가실험구에비해감소된것으로판단된다

.

그러

혈중

glucose

일반적으로고수온과같은스트레스작용으

증가하는경향을보이는데실험에서는고수온인

30℃

99.5±3.53 mq/dL

다른실험구에비해높은수치를나타 내긴하였으나

,

개체간의편차가심하여유의한차이는나타나 Fig. 2. Analysis of AST (A) and ALT (B) in serum of chicken grunt

Parapristipoma trilmeatum. Data are expressed as mean±SD, dif- ferent superscript letters (a, b, c) indicate significant difference be- tween the values (P<0.05). AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase.

0 40 80 120 160

Aspartic aminotransferase (U/L)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Alanin aminotransferase (U/L)

Temperature (A)

(B)

a

a

a

b

b

ab a

c 0

1.5 3 4.5 6

Total protein (g/dL)

0 150 300 450 600

Triglyceride (mq/dL)

60 80 100 120

Glucose (mq/dL)

(A)

(B)

(C)

ab a ab

b

b

ab ab

a

a a

a a

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

Lysozyme activity (U/mL)

Temperature

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

Temperature

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

Fig. 3. Total protein (A), triglyceride (B) and glucose (C) level in plasma of chicken grunt Parapristipoma trilmeatum. Data are expressed as mean±SD, different superscript letters (a, b) indicate significant difference between the values (P<0.05).

0 40 80 120 160

Aspartic aminotransferase (U/L)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Alanin aminotransferase (U/L)

Temperature (A)

(B)

a

a

a

b

b

ab a

c 0

1.5 3 4.5 6

Total protein (g/dL)

0 150 300 450 600

Triglyceride (mq/dL)

60 80 100 120

Glucose (mq/dL)

(A)

(B)

(C)

ab a ab

b

b

ab ab

a

a a

a a

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

Lysozyme activity (U/mL)

Temperature

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

Temperature

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

15℃ 20℃ 25℃ 30℃

(5)

김기혁

홍성원

문혜나

여인규

718

않았다

(Fig. 3C).

일반적으로간손상이발생하면

glucose

수치가높아지는데

(Robertson et al., 1987),

넙치

(Paralichthys olivaceus)

쥐놀래미

(Hexagrammos agrammus),

연어류의 수온변화에의한스트레스실험결과에서저수온보다고수온 에서

glucose

혈중농도가높게측정되었으며

(Chang et al., 2001),

수온상승에따른스트레스영향으로

glucose

높게 타난다고보고되었다

(Park et al., 1999).

이러한결과로추정하

,

고수온스트레스는어류의혈중

glucose

농도를증가 시켜에너지소비가촉진되고이에따라체중의감소가유발되 것으로판단된다

.

또한

,

수온아니라

15

일간의절식에

stress

gloucose

농도가증가한것으로도판단된다

.

비특이적면역활성하나인

lysozyme

어류내재면역시

스템

(innate immune system)

중요한방어체계로작용한다 보고되었으며

,

세균침입에대한초기방어 역할을수행하

,

성별

,

수온

, pH,

독성물질노출

,

감염스트레스정도에 활성이다양하게나타난다

(Saurabh and Sahoo, 2008).

,

스트레스 관련호르몬인

cortisol

마찬가지로 스트레스 받을경우활성이증가한경시적으로 감소되는것으로 보고되어있다

(Ma et al., 2013).

실험에서도

lysozyme

활성 측정한결과 저수온인

15℃

에서

4.5×10

-2

±1.8×10

-2

U/

mL

나타냈고대조구인

20℃

3.4×10

-2

±2.2×10

-2

U/mL, 25℃

2.9×10

-2

±1.8×10

-2

U/mL

그리고고수온인

30℃

2.7×10

-2

±1.6×10

-2

U/mL

수온상승에따른

lysozyme

활성이점차감소하여

,

저수온실험구에비해고수온실험구가 낮은수치를나타냈다

(Fig. 4A).

실험의결과를종합하여

,

저수온

15℃

고수온

25℃

30℃

4

가지의수온환경 에서의벤자리에대한면역활성혈액생리학적변화는고수

온으로수온이증가함에따라

lysozyme

활성은감소하는경향

나타냈으며

, AST

ALT

역시고수온인

30℃

에서높은 치를나타냈다

.

또한

,

수온상승에따른에너지소모증가로 감소가확인되었으며

,

이온농도역시증가되었다

.

추후면역 관련유전자의분석을통해고수온이어떤면역인자를자극하

는지에대한세부적인검토가이루어져야것으로사료된다

.

사 사

논문은

2018

년도제주대학교학술진흥연구지원사업에

하여연구되었습니다

.

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Aspartic aminotransferase (U/L)

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Alanin aminotransferase (U/L)

Temperature (A)

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수치

Fig. 3. Total protein (A), triglyceride (B) and glucose (C) level  in plasma of chicken grunt Parapristipoma trilmeatum

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