Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
Chapter 3. Classical Theory of Absorption
3.1 Introduction
Visible color of an object : Selective absorption, Scattering, Transmission
1) Absorption in gases : line spectrum - Electronic resonance : UV region
ex) white daylight : N2 or O2 does not absorb at visible frequency - Molecular vibration : IR region
- Molecular rotation : Microwave region
2) Absorption in liquids or sold : broad band spectrum ex) Green water : absorption in the red portion
ex) Red dye : strong absorption in the blue or UV ex) Metal (free electron, plasma freq. : UV region)
- Shine <= Visible frequencies are completely reflected - Characteristic color <= absorption of bound electrons
ex) Most good insulators : usually transparent in the visible, but opaque in the UV ex) Semiconductors : usually absorbs visible, transparent in the IR
=> defects or impurities : modify the absortion spectra
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
3.2 Absorption and the Lorentz model
Absorption (?) => Frictional force that damps out dipole oscillations
2 fric 2
F x )
, R (
x e E t k
s dt
m d
=> Equation of motion ;
3.3 Complex Polarization and Index of Refraction
) (
E
0E ˆ e
i tkz
02 0 ( )2 2
ˆ E dt x
2 dx x
d
i t kzm e e dt
sol) x(t) a e
i(tkz)where,
i 2 (e/m)E - ˆ
a
20 2
0
where,
dt b d
bv x
Ffric
Origin of friction : collision
(Section 3.9, 3.10)
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
x p e - Dipole moment,
2 2 2
2 2 0
2 2 0 2
2 2 0
2
4 )
(
2 2
) /
(
i
m e i
m e
In case of many electrons ;
2 2 2
2 2 0
2 2 0 0
2 2 2
0
0 2
2
4 )
( 1 2
2 1 /
)
(
i
m Ne i
m n Ne
Complex refractive index E p
;
- Polarizability,
Polarizability
z
j j j
j
j i
m e
1
2 2 2
2 2 0
2 2 0 2
4 )
( ) 2
(
) ) (
1 ( 2 2
2
0 2
2
2
n
c N
k c
)]
2( )
(
[ n
R in
I
(2.3.13)
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
) (
E
0εˆ ) , (
E z t e
i tkzi) Intensity
where,
zj j j
j
I
mc
c Ne n
a
1
2 2 2
2 2 0
2
0 2
4 )
( / 2
)]
( [ 2 )
(
Electric field in the medium
} / )]
( [ { /
)]
( [ 0 )
/ ) ( [
0
εˆ E
εˆ E e
i tn z c e
nI z ce
i t nR z c
z c a
z
n
I e
e I
z
I
( )
( 0 ) (
[ I()] /)
2
0 (): absorption coefficient
ii) Refractive Index
zj j j
j
R
m
n Ne
1
2 2 2
2 2 0
2 2 0 0
2 2
4 )
1 ( )
(
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
3.4 Polarizability and Index of Refraction near a Resonance
Most gain media of lasers are composed of a background material and a small amount of resonant material.
ex) gas : background gas + active gas medium ex) solid (ruby) : Al2O3 + Cr+3
ex) liquid (dye) : ethanol + dye
Thus we can write,
) ( )
( )
(
b
r
b r r b
b r r b
r r bi
i
bi
N
n n n N
N n N
( ) 1 ( )
1 )
( )
( 1
)
(
20 2 2
0 0
2
2
n
b
(nearly const.)b b
r r b
b r r
b
n
n N n N
n
2
) ( )
1 ( )
(
2 / 1
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
Near the resonance ( ),
0
| , , | |
|
o 0 o
o2
2 (
o )(
o ) 2 (
o )
i
m e
o
r
/ 2
) (
2
2 2
0 0 0
2
) (
) 4
(
n m
n Ne n
bR bR
R
2 2
0 0
2
) (
) 4
(
n m
n Ne n
bR bI
I
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
3.5 Lorentzian Atoms and Radiation in Cavities
Electric field in a cavity is not the form of a traveling wave but a standing wave,
t i n
n
k ze
t
z , ) εˆ E sin
(
E
where, kn n / L, n 1, 2, 3, ...
Similarly as previous sections, z k e
i tsin
na
x(t)
where,
i 2 (e/m)E - ˆ
a
20 2
n
Maxwell wave equation for a cavity including cavity loss, ) , ( 1 P
t) 1 E(z,
2 2 2 0 2
2 2 2
0 2
2
t t z
c t
c t
c
z
where,
: conductivityE
J
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
i m Ne
c c
i c k
n2 /
2 2 0
0 2 2
2 2
0 2
Near resonance approxiamtion ;
o2
2 2 (
o ) ,
2
n2 2 (
n) c
i ig m
i Ne
n
( )
2 1 )
( 4
2
0 2 20 0
2
0
g c
0
)
2
) 2 (
) 2
1
0
c gc
n
: cavity pulling )
2 ( 2
/ ) 2 / (
0 0
n n
n
gc
gc
gc
: threshold gain (*)
o
n
n
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
(*) Relations 1), 2) are correct except the sign of g
g c
0
If , then field amplification is possible,
But, from (3.5.9),
) 0 (
2
0 0 2 22
mc
g Ne
: negativeThis means that g c
0
cannot be satisfied.
That is, a classical laser theory based on the linear electron oscillator model is not possible.
And, it requires a quantum mechanical treatment of light-matter interaction to understand how can be made positive.
g
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
3.6 The Absorption Coefficient
[Lorentzian Lineshape]
(3.3.25) => ( when 1 )
4 )
( ) 2
(
2 2 2 20
2
0
2
j
mc a Ne
Near the resonance,
2 2
0 0
2
) (
) 2
(
mc a Ne
2
v
20 2
0 0 0
2
) 4 (
)
( v
v mc
a Ne
where,
0 / 2 ,
0|
|
o
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
Lineshape Function ;
2 0 2
0 0
) (
) /
( v
L v
: Lorentzian lineshape 1 ) (
d L
max 0
0
0
( )
2 1 2
) 1
(
L
L
20: FWHM
0 0
2
0
) 4
(
mc a Ne
In general, a ( ) a
tS ( )
where, is the integrated absorption coefficientat Normalization :
t
t
d S a
a a
d
0 ( )
0 ( )
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
3.7 Oscillator Strength
Absorption Cross section :
N a ( ) )
(
t a
t/ N
From (3.6.17) and (3.6.23),
2 . 65 10 cm /s 4
2 2
0
2
mc e
t
: universal valueOscillator strength,
As can be seen in Table 3.1 for the integrated cross section of hydrogen atom, actual values of do not agree with the calculated values by classical theory. This problem of classical theory could be patched by introducing oscillator strengtht assigned empirically.
mc f e mc
e
t t
0 2
0 2
4
4
f
* Quantum theory removes this defect of Lorentz’s model.
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
3.11 Doppler Broadening
- 1842, C. J. Doppler, Predicted
- 1854, C.H.D. Buys Ballot, Demonstrated (trumpet in a moving train)
To an atom moving with velocity away from a source of radiation of frequency , the frequency of the radiation appears to be shifted :
c
v
v
'
) 1
(
' c
v
Atomic velocity distribution :
dv kT e
v m
df
x mxv /2kT2 / 1
2
) 2
(
: Maxwell-Boltzman distributionThus, the atom with resonance frequency will absorb radiation near to the frequency :
0) 1
0
(
c
v
d
dv c v c
0 0
0
, )
(
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
c dv
kT e v m
df
x mxc kT0 2
/ ) ( 2
/ 1
2 0 2
0 2
) 2
(
Since the absorption rate must be proportional to , we may write the Doppler line shape function as
) (v df
2 0 2
0
2( ) /2
2 / 1 2 0 2
) 2
(
kT c
x
e
mxkT c v m
S
: Doppler line shape function
2 ln 0 0
0 ( ) ( )
2 ) 1 2
( 1 S S e
S D
: FWHM
1/20 2
/ 1
0 2 2 ln 2
2 2 ln
2
x x
D M
RT m
kT
c
2 / 1 0
2 ln 4 ) 1
(
D
S
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
3.12 The Voigt Profile
Collisional broadening : Homogeneous => Lorentzian Doppler Broadening : Inhomogeneous => Gaussian
In general, we cannot characterize an absorption lineshape of a gas as a pure Lorentzian or a pure Gaussian.
Voigt profile : Described the absorption lineshape when both collision broadening and Doppler broadening must be taken into account.
RT v
x
e
MxRT v M
S dv v
S
/22 / 1
2
) 2 , ( )
(
where,
2 0 0 2
0
0
) (
) / 1 ) (
,
(
v c v
S
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
20 2
0 0
2 / 0
2 / 1
) / 2 (
) (
2
v c
e dv RT
v M S
RT v
M x
x
2 20 2 2 /
3
( )
1
2b x
y
e dy
b
y
: Voigt profilewhere,
( 4 ln 2 ) ,
0 2 0
/ 1
x
D
b
02 /
)
12 ln 4
(
( )
2erfc ( )
0 2 / 3
2
0
e b
b
S b
b
where,
2
1/2 2erfc du e
u
: complementary error function
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
Limit case of Voigt profile
0
D b 1
e
bb
11
/2b
) (
2
erfc
0 0
) 1
(
S
: nearly pure Lorentzian0
D b 1
2 / 1 0
2 ln 4 ) 1
(
D
S
: nearly pure Gaussianii) e
b2erfc ( b ) 1
General case : numerical calculation i)
) (
Re ) Re
(
2 2
2
2 w x ib
b ib
y x
e dy i
b b
x y
e
dy y y
where, w : error function of complex argument
Nonlinear Optics Lab . Hanyang Univ.
Example) Na vapor
K 300 T
, line) - (D A
5890
MHz
1300
DMHz P
0
1700
b 2 . 2 P ( torr )
: If P < 0.1 torr => Doppler regime Absorption coefficient,2 / 1
0 2 0
0 2 0
2 ln 4 1
) 4 4 (
)
(
D
mc N f S e
mc N f a e
A 5890 ,
1
f
N P(torrT ) 10
65 .
9 18