Natural Environment Protection and Restoration of Historic Landscaping Works For Preserving The Ancient City of Gyeongju

Corresponding author: Hyo-Sun Lim, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Korea, Tel.: +82-54-770-2231, E-mail: [email protected]

Natural Environment Protection and Restoration of Historic Landscaping Works For Preserving The Ancient City of Gyeongju

Hong, Kwang-Pyo* ․ Lim, Hyo-Sun**

* De pt .ofLands c apeAr c hi t e c t ur e ,DonggukUni ve r s i t y

* * De pt .ofLa nds c apeAr c hi t e c t ur e ,Gr adua t eSc hoolofDonggukUni ve r s i t y

ABSTRACT

Th i sp a p e rl o o k si n t oh o wt op r e s e r v eGy e o n g j u ' sn a t u r a le n v i r o n me n ta n dt or e s t o r ei t sh i s t o r i cl a n d s c a p i n gwo r k s , o n eo ft h eg r e a t ef a c t o rt h a tc o mp o s ea n c i e n tc i t ya sawa yo fwi s e l yp r e s e r v i n gGy e o n g j u ,o n eo ft h eo l d e s tc i t i e so f Ko r e a .Gy e o n g j u ,ac i t yb a s e di ni t sn a t u r a le n v i r o n me n t ,i sf o r ma t e di n s i d eo fab a s i no fmo u n t a i n sa n ds t r e a ms .Mo u n t a i n s a n ds t r e a msa r et h ema j o rt wof a c t o r swh e no nt h i n k so fp r e s e r v i n gt h ea n c i e n tc i t yo fGy e o n g j u .Fo u rmo u n t a i n ss u r r o u n d i n g t h ec i t yp l a yad i r e c tr o l ei nma r k i n gc o o r d i n a t e so fma j o rc i t yl a n d ma r k s ,wh i l es t r e a msi n f l u e n c et h es t r u c t u r ea n df o r ma t i o n o ft h ec i t yi nag r e a td e a l .Mo r ep r e c i s e l y ,mo u n t a i n ss h o u l db ea b l et ob es e e nf r o m t h ec e n t e ro ft h ec i t ya n ds t r e a ms s h o u l db er e s t o r e di nawa yt h a tt h e yc a ns e r v ea ss c e n i ci d e n t i t i e so ft h e i rt i me .Ef f o r t ss h o u l da l s ob ep u ti n t or e s t o r i n g s u c he l e me n t sa sa n c i e n tg a r d e n s ,r o y a lf o r e s t sa n dwa t e rwa y s .Th er e s e a r c ht e a m b e l i e v e st h a ts u c he f f o r t st h e ms e l v e s wi l lb eag r e a tme t h o d si nr e c l a i mi n gh i s t o r i cv a l u e sa n ds i g n i f i c a n c eo fp l a c e so fGy e o n g j u .

Re s t o r i n ga na n c i e n tc i t yi sn o tl i mi t e dme r e l yr e s t o r i n gac i t yi na na r t i f i c i a lc o n c e p t ,i tr e a c h e st op r e s e r v i n gn a t u r a l e n v i r o n me n ta sab a c k d r o po ft h ec i t ya n dt r a c e so fl a n d s c a p i n gwo r k s .Wh e ni tc o me st or e s t o r i n ga na n c i e n tc i t y ,o n e mu s tu n d e r s t a n dt h a tp r e s e r v i n gn a t u r a le n v i r o n me n ta n dh i s t o r i cl a n d s c a p i n gwo r k sa r ea sv a l u a b l ea sr e s t o r i n gc i t ys t r u c t u r e o rc o n s t r u c t i o n a le l e me n t s .Web e l i e v et h a td e f i n i n gs u b j e c t so fa n c i e n tc i t yr e s t o r a t i o nmu s tb emo r ep r e c i s e ,c l e a ra n d d e t a i ld o wnt h er o a d .

Ke yWo r d s :Re s t o r i n gAn c i e n tCi t i e s ,Ol dGa r d e n s ,Ro y a lFo r e s t s ,Ol dPa s s a g e s ,Wa t e rWa y s

Ⅰ.I nt r oduc t i on

A di c t i o nar y di c t at e st hatananc i e ntc i t yr e f e r st o‘ o l d c api t al . 'Thet e r mi no l o gyc anbeus e do nl ywhe nt hec i t ywas ac api t alo fac o unt r y.Thet e r m ‘ Hi s t o r i cCi t y, 'whi c hhasa s i mi l arme ani ngwi t hanc i e ntc i t y,hasmuc hl ar ge rme ani ng t ome anac i t yt hatpo s e shi s t o r i c alval ue(Hwang,200 8:13).

Gye o ngj u,t hec api t alo fSi l l a,t hec api t alo fBuye oandGo ng- j u,J e o nj u,t hec api t alo ft hel at t e rpar to fBae kj eDynas t y, I ks an,whe r enumbe r so fhi s t o r i c all e gac i e so fMahanand Bae kj ear ef o undandSe o ul ,t hec api t alo ft heJ o s e o nDynas t y

f al li nt ot hec at e go r yo fHi s t o r i cCi t y.Unf o r t unat e l y,ho we ve r ,

Se o ulhasl o s tt o omuc ht os t ayi nt hec at e go r yandhi s t o r i c al

bac kgr o und i sr at he ri ns uf f i c i e ntc o mpar e d t oo t he rl i s t e d

c i t i e s .TheAc to fPr e s e r vi ngAnc i e ntCi t y,t he r e f o r e ,s e e ms

t ol i mi tt heus eo ft het e r m,anc i e ntc i t y,t oGye o ngj u,Go ng-

j u,Buye oandI ks an.Unl i keo t he rc i t i e s ,ananc i e ntc i t yhas

s pe c i f i cc har ac t e r i s t i c st hatc ano nl ybef o undi nar o yalc i t y

s uc haspal ac e ,f o r t r e s s ,t e mpl e ,r o yalt o mbsandhi s t o r i c al

f ac t sr e l at e dt ogo ve r ni ngt hec o unt r y.I fo net akeal o o kat

e nl i s t e dc ul t ur alas s e t so fc i t i e st hatc ur r e nt l yde s i gnat e das

anc i e ntc i t y:Gye o ngj uhas297,Buye ohas187,Go ngj uhas

185andI ks anhas8 6i t e ms( Par kandJ e o ng,200 8:454).The numbe ro fc ul t ur alas s e t si t s e l fpr o ve st heval ueo ft he s ec i t i e s asanc i e ntc i t i e s .

Fo r e i gnc o unt r i e s ,aswe l l ,ar ef o c us i ngpr o t e c t i ngt he i rc ul - t ur alas s e t sandhi s t o r i ce nvi r o nme nt sbyl e gi s l at i ngs uc hl e gal appar at usasUr ban and Subur ban Lands c api ng Law,t he Uni t e dKi ngdo m,TheLaw o nFac i l i t at i ngBui l di ngSt r uc t ur e Re s t o r at i o n and Suppl e me nt i ng t he Law o n Hi s t o r i c and Ar t i s t i c Le gac y,Fr anc e ,Law o n Pr o t e c t i ng Mo nume nt s , Baye r n,Ge r manyandLaw o nEar t hFac eandHi s t o r i cDi s - t r i c t s ,t heU. S. A.ande t c(Namkung,2000 :37～38).J apan, e s pe c i al l y,e nac t e dt heLaw o nAnc i e ntCi t yPr o t e c t i o ni n 1966andLaw o nCul t ur alAs s e tPr o t e c t i o ni n19 75t opr e- s e r veanc i e ntc i t i e spo s i nghi s t o r i c alval ueandhi s t o r i cl a nd- s c api ngwo r ks .TheLaw o nAnc i e ntCi t yPr o t e c t i o nf o c us e s o n pr e s e r vi ngnat ur ale nvi r o nme nt st opr o t e c thi s t o r i cand nat ur alc har ac t e r i s t i c s .Ot he rc o unt r i e saswe l lar el o o ki ngi nt o var i o uswayst opr e s e r venat ur ale nvi r o nme nt sandhi s t o r i c l ands c api ngwo r ksasawayo fpr o t e c t i nghi s t o r i ce nvi r o n- me nt s .Thi st e l l sust hatpr e s e r vi ngnat ur ale nvi r o nme ntand r e s t o r i nghi s t o r i cl ands c api ngwo r kspl ayve r yi mpo r t antr o l e s i n anc i e ntc i t y pr e s e r vat i o n and t he y mus tbec o ns i de r e d t ho r o ughl y.

Unt i lno w,anc i e ntc i t y pr e s e r vat i o n wasl i mi t e dt oc i t y f r ame wo r kandpr e s e r vi ngc e r t ai nbui l di ngsandpo l i c i e sand budge t swe r eal s of o c us e do nt he s e .The r es ho ul dbe ,ho w- e ve r ,as hi f ti npar adi gm t of o c usmo r eo nr e s t o r i nghi s t o r i c l ands c api ngwo r ksandt oc o ns i de rmo r eo nnat ur ale nvi r o n- me nt sasawayo ft opr o t e c tt heanc i e ntc i t yo fGye o ngj u.I t i squi t eat t r ac t i vet hatr e s t o r at i o n c o s t sf o rhi s t o r i cl and- s c api ng wo r ksar er e l at i ve l y l o w andt hee f f e c to ft hi si s i mme di at e .

Theai m o ft hi spape ri st os he dl i ghto nt hec ur r e nts t at us o fnat ur ale nvi r o nme nt ,f i ndo utwayst opr e s e r vei t ,s e l e c t s ubj e c t sf o rr e s t o r at i o nandho w t or e s t o r et he m.

Ⅱ.Pr es er v at i onofNa t ur alEnv i r onment

1 .Nat u r alEnv i r onmentofGy eongj u,t heAnc i entCi t y

1 )Mo unt ai ns

Si l l af o r me dt hec i t ybyt aki ngt headvant ageo fGye o ngj u bas i nwhi c hi ss ur r o unde dbymo unt ai nsands t r e ams .The r e ar eSo ge umgangmo unt ai n(178m)t ono r t h,Nam mo unt ai n

(466 m)t os o ut h,Myo ungwhalmo unt ai nt oe as tandSe o ndo Mo unt ai n( 38 0 m)t os o ut ho fWal l s ung,t hemai npal a c e .Mo r e- o ve r ,Nangmo unt ai n,o neo ff i veho l ymo unt ai nso fSi l l a,i s po s i t i o ne dc l o s e dt oWal l s ung.The s emo unt ai nss ur r o undi ng Gye o ngj ubas i nmus thavebe e nc o ns i de r e dasho l ymo unt ai ns t or i t ual sandpe o pl eal waysc o ns i de r e dt he m c l o s et ot he m- s e l ve s .

I ts e e mst hatmo unt ai nso fGye o ngj u pl aye d s i gni f i c ant r o l e si nf o r mi nghi s t o r i ce nvi r o nme nt s .Thef ac tt hatHwang- nyo ngs a,o neo ft her e pr e s e nt at i vet e mpl e so fSi l l a,i spo s i - t i o ne di nc o nne c t i o nwi t ht ho s es ur r o undi ngmo unt ai nspr o ve s t hi spo i nt .I no t he rwo r ds ,Hwangnyo ngs a,l o c at e di ne as ts i de o fWal l s ung,t hec e nt e ro fSi l l a,c o nne c t st hes ummi to fs ur - r o undi ngmo unt ai nspo s e das i gni f i c antme ani ngi nt e r mso f pl ac eands c e nar yt oSi l l ape o pl e .Aso nec ans e e ,mo unt ai ns o fSi l l aar eani mpo r t ants ubj e c tt hatdi r e c t l yi nf l ue nc e dt he f o r mat i o no ft hec i t y(Re f e rt oFi gur e1).Themo unt ai nss t i l l e xi s tast he yhavebe e nf o rt ho us andso fye ar sbe i ngl and- mar ksandi c o nso fGye o ngj u.

2 )St r e ams

Gye ongj ubas i nho us e sNamcheo nt os out h,Bukc heo nt o no r t handSe o c he o n,par to fHyungs anRi ve rs ys t e m t owe s t . The s et hr e er i ve r spr o vi de dGye o ngj uwi t hbas i cc o ndi t i o nst o bet hecapi t alo fSi l l af o rmo r et hanat ho us andye ar sand i nf l ue nc e dSi l l ape o pl e ' swayofl i f ei nagr e atde al .Att he

a:Na t ur ale nvi r o nme nt b:Mo unt a i nso fGye o ngj u Fi gu r e1 .Co nt e x t uall i nk ageo fHwangny o ngs a

Dat a :Ho ng,2 00 8:1 45 -4 18 .

a:Na mc he o n b:Bukc he o n c :Se o c hun Fi gu r e2 .Ri v er so fGy eo ngj u,t heAnc i entCi t y

Dat a :Pho t obya ut ho r s .

s amet i me ,mo r et hano ner e s e ar c he si de nt i f yt hatt he s ewa- t e r ss e r ve dagr e at er o l ei nf o r mi ngt her angeands t r uc t ur e o ft hec api t alo fSi l l a.

Bukc he o n,whi c hac r o s sGye o ngj ubas i nhasbe e ndr awi ng i nt e r e s t swi t ho ve r f l o w i nr ai nys e as o nsandwasao bs t ac l ei n f o r mi ngt hec i t yi nmanyways .Ove r f l o w i nBukc he o n,al s o kno wnasDo ngc he o n,wass os i gni f i c antnat ur aldi s as t e rt hat i twasr e c o r de di nSamgukSagi

.Var i o usr e s e ar c he ss ho w t hatt hewat e rpas s agewaspr o babl ydi f f e r e ntt hanwhati s t o day.Eve ni fi twe r et hes ame ,i ti sge ne r al l yunde r s t o o d t hatt hes hapeo fi twashar dl ys e e nasao bvi o uswat e rway (Ki m,2006:1 74).Andt hes o ut he r npar to fBukc he o n,whi c h i sno w whe r eBunwhags aandHwangnyo ngs aar e ,t her e- mai nso fo ve r f l o w ar ee as i l ys po t t e d.Ar c hae o l o gi s t sandhi s - t o r i ansas s umenat ur ale nvi r o nme nt st hr o ughwhatwasdi s - c o ve r e dar o undBukc he o nandr e c o r dso fo ve r f l o wi nKye o ng- j u ar e aand mo s to ft he m c l ai m t hatBukc he o n wast he s o ur c eo fo ve r f l o w.Ar t i c l e so fBukc he o n

ande xc avat i o no f Hwangnyo ngs apl ac ebac kupt hef ac tt hatBukc he o no f t e n o ve r f l e w ( Cul t ur alAs s e tManage me ntDe par t me nt ,1984:4 4;

48).

Bys t udyi ngvar i o usr e s e ar c he so nBukc he o n,o nec anas - s umet hatt he r ehadbe e nnume r o uso c c as i o nso fo ve r f l o w whi c hl e adHwangnyo ngs ar e gi o nunus abl el o w ands wampy pl ac e .And whe n a bank wasbui l ti n s o ut he r n ar e a o f Bukc he o nandf o r e s t swe r ef o r me d,o ve r f l o w damage swe r e f i nal l yc o nt ai ne d.Aso nec ans e ehe r e ,Bukc he o nhasbe e na maj o re l e me nti nl andus ageandc i t yf o r mat i o no fGye o ngj u.

I ft hati st hec as e ,Bukc he o ni sani c o no fGye o ngj u,t hean- c i e ntc i t yandt heo r i gi nals hapeo fwat e rpas s ages ho ul dhave be e nke pt .Ho we ve r ,t hec ur r e ntc i t ypl ano fGye o ngj ui sbe- i ngpur s ue dwi t ho utc o ns i de r i ngs uc hf ac t s .Thes t r e am ho us - e sar t i f i c i algr as s ,e xe r c i s i ngi ns t al l at i o nsandpave me nt st hat c anbes e e ne ve r ywhe r eandf ai l e dpr e s e r vi ngt hes c e ni ci m- ageo fGye o ngj u,t heanc i e ntc i t y.

2 .Meas ur esofPr eser v at i onofNat ur alEnv i r onment 1 )Pr e s e r vi ngMo unt ai ns

( 1)Pr e s e r vi ngSc e ni cChar ac t e r i s t i c so fMo unt ai ns Mo unt ai nss ur r o undi ngGye o ngj uar er e pr e s e nt at i ves c e ne s o ft hec i t yandi t snat ur ale nvi r o nme ntwe r ec o ns i de r e dho l y.

Ho we ve r ,i ti sdi f f i c ul tt of e e lt heduedi gni t y and pi e t y.

Hi gh- r i s e nbui l di ngsbl o c kt hevi e wf r o m t hec e nt e ro fKye o ng- j u t o t he s ur r o undi ng mo unt ai ns .Mus hr o o me d apar t me nt bui l di ngsi nt hec i t yi so neo ft her e as o nsands amepr o bl e m i sbe i ngo c c ur r e di nHwangnyo ngs awhe r et he r ei sal mo s tno bui l di ngi nt hevi c i ni t y.

Ho we ve r ,Gye o ngj uc i t i z e nss t i l lc o nt i nuet of i l ec o mpl ai nt as ki ngf o rr e l axat i o no fal t i t uder e s t r i c t i o nwhi c hi sno wr e gu- l at e dunde rc i t ypl anni ng.Re s t o r i ngt hec i t yi nt hef ac eo ft hi s c o mpl ai ntandpr ac t i c al l yi mpo s s i bl eands ho ul dno tbedo ne . The r e f o r e ,t heaut ho r i t yo ughtt opr o vi det he m wi t hpr o pe r e xpl anat i o nr e l at e dt ode ve l o pme nt si nur banar e aandc o m- pe ns at ef o rt he i rl o s s .Att hes amet i me ,t hec i t ys ho ul dc o me upwi t hapl ant opur c has ehi gh-r i s eapar t me nt st oi nc r e as e t hevi s i bi l i t yo ft hes ur r o undi ngmo unt ai nsi nt hef ut ur e .

( 2)Re s t o r i ngt heOr i gi nalShapeo fMo unt ai ns

So meo fc ul t ur all e gac i e sl e f ti nGye o ngj uar ede s i gnat e das nat i o nalas s e t sandpr o t e c t e dunde rl awswhi l es o mear el e f t unpr o t e c t e d.St andal o nel e gac yc ul t ur alas s e t st e ndt obe we l lpr o t e c t e dandc o nt r o l l e dwhe r e asnat ur ale nvi r o nme nt s c o nt ai ni ngc ul t ur alas s e t sar er e l at i ve l yvul ne r abl e .Whe nnat - ur ale nvi r o nme nt sar eno tpr o t e c t e d,t hepac eo fdamagewi l l ac c e l e r at ewi t ht het i meandt he ye ve nt ual l ywi l lr e ac ha po i ntwhe r et he i ro r i gi nals hape sbe c o meunno t i c e abl eand l o o s et he i rhi s t o r i cval ue s .

Amo ngmanyi nGye o ngj u,Nams anhass omanyBuddhi s t l e gac y,as s e t s ,c ul t ur alandr e l i gi o use l e me nt s(Ho ng,19 94:

8).Ho we ve r ,manyt hi ngst hatar ef arf r o m e nvi r o nme ntpr o- t e c t i o n ar e happe ni ng i n t hi sr e gi o n.Ci r c ul arr o adswe r e pave dandt o omanynumbe ro fhi ke r swal ke dt hepas s age damagi ngt heo ve r al le nvi r o nme nto fNams ant hatho l dss i g- ni f i c antval ue si nt e r mso fhi s t o r yandl ands c api ngwo r ks . Fo ur -l anepave me ntwe r el ai d be t we e n Do dang Mo unt ai n Ear t he nRampar t sandNams anEar t he nRampar t ss e par at i ng Nams an.Fo r e s tf i r eki l l e dl i f eands c e nar yo ft hemo unt ai n.

Wi t h var i o use xt e nt ,t hes i mi l art hi ngsar ehappe ni ng t o To ham mo unt ai n,Sundomo unt ai n,So ke umgangmo unt ai n.I t i st i met ohavemo r ei nt e r e s t so nr e s t o r i ngdamage ss ur f ac e andpr e s e r vi ngnat ur ale nvi r o nme nt so ft heanc i e ntc i t yand putmo r ee f f o r t so npr o t e c t i ngt he m.Whati sal s or e qui r e di s t or e c o gni z i ngt hatpr e s e r vi ngs uc hnat ur ale nvi r o nme nti sdi - r e c t l yr e l at e dt opr e s e r vi nghi s t o r i ce nvi r o nme nt .

2 )Pr e s e r vi ngRi ve r s

Bukcheon,SeocheonandNamcheonr unt hr oughur ban

a:Rai l r o adi nf r o nto fNams a n b:Vi e w f r o m Nams an

c :Layi ngt r ai li nNams an d:Dama ge dTr ai l Fi gu r e3 .Damagedgeogr aphi c alf eat ur es

Dat a :Pho t obya ut ho r s .

a:Ri ve r s i depar ki ngl o t s b:Wal ki ngt r a i li nSe o c he o n

c :Exe r c i s ef a c i l i t i e si nBukc he o n d:Exe r c i s ef ac i l i t i e si nBukc he o n Fi gu r e4 .Damagedr i v ers c e nar y

Dat a :Pho t obya ut ho r s .

ar e ao fGye o ngj u.Bukc he o ns e par at e st her e gi o ni nt os o ut h andno r t hwhi l eSe o c he o nandNamc he o ns ur r o undt hec i t y f r o m we s tands o ut h.I ti ss af et os ayt hatr i ve r so fGye o ngj u i nf l ue nc e di nf o r mi ngt hec i t yands pat i als t r uc t ur ei nagr e at de al .I no t he rwo r ds ,f o r e s t swe r ef o r me dt oc o nt r o lf l o o dso f r i ve r s and s uc h r o yalf o r e s t s e xpande d us abl e l ands o f Gye o ngj ubas i nandi tl e adt ot hede ve l o pme nto ft her o yal c api t al .

Ther i ve r st o dayl o s tt he i ro r i gi nalc ur ve sduet oe mbank- me nt s .Par ki ngl o t s ,e xe r c i s ef ac i l i t i e sandwal kandr unni ng t r ai l swe r ei ns t al l e df o rt hec o nve ni e nc eo fr e s i de nt s .De ve l o p- me nto fr i ve r so fGye o ngj u,whi c hi skno wnasahi s t o r i cc i t y,

i nt he s ewaysi sno ti nhar mo nywi t hhi s t o r i cs c e nar yandi t i spl ayi ngamaj o rr ol ei nl o s soft heci t y' suni quei de nt i t y.

The r e f o r e ,r i ve r si nananc i e ntc i t ys ho ul dbede ve l o pe dand us edi nadi f f e r entwayandt he i ro r i gi nals hapes houl dbe ke ptt ot hee xt e ntpo s s i bl e .I tme anst hate ve ni ft he r ei s s o meamo unto fi nc o nve ni e nc ei nus i ngt hel and,nat ur alc ur - vat ur eo fwat e r ,f i e l do fr e e ds ,wat e rpl ant smus tbepr o- t e c t e dandmi gr at o r ybi r dss ho ul dbeabl et of l ywhe nt he t i mei sr i ght .Thi si ss uppo s e dt ober i ve r so fGye o ngj u,t he anc i e ntc i t y.

Ⅲ.Re s t or a t i onofHi s t or i cLa nds c api ng Wor k s

1 .Rest or at i onofOl dGar dens

Ol dgar de nsar ec ul t ur alt r ac e st hatt e l l sho w wast hec ul - t ur eandl ands c api ngs t yl e swe r el i keatt hatt i me .The yar e , wi t ho utdo ubt ,i mpo r t ante l e me nt st hatc anbeus e di nr e vi v- i ngval ue so fhi s t o r yandpl ac eo ft heanc i e ntc i t y.

Al t ho ugh Gye o ngj u,t her o yalc api t alo fSi l l a Dynas t y, mus thavenume r o usgar de ns ,o nl yf e w ar el o c at e dandi de n- t i f i e dandt he yi nc l udeAna pgi ,Guwha ngdo ngwo ngi ,Yo ngang- do ngwo ngiandGupumye o ngii n Bul kuks a.The y r e pr e s e nt gar de nso fSi l l aDynas t yandhaveuni queval ueasKo r e a' s t r adi t i o nalgar de n.

Samkuks agidi c t at e st hatAnaphiwasc o ns t r uc t e di nt he

ye ar14o fKi ngMo o nmu( 674).Anapgii sal mo s tt heo nl y

o net hats t i l lma i nt ai ni ngi t so r i gi na ls hapeamo ngma nyo l d

l ake s .Anapgii sanar t i f i c i all andf o r me dwi t hdi r t st hatwe r e

gat he r e daf t e rc r e at i ngawat e rpas s ageandi thar mo ni o us l y

us e ss t r ai ghtl i nea ndc ur ve s .Guwha ngdo ngwo ngia ndYo nga ng-

do ngwo ngihavec ur ve ds ho r el i keAnapgido e sandt he ybo t h

havei s l andswi t hi nl and.Al t ho ughGupumye o ngio fBul kuks a

i sno tye te xc avat e d,r e s e ar c hc o nf i r mst hati thaso vals hape .

I ft he s egar de nsar er e s t o r e d,i ti sbe l i e ve dt hatt he ywi l lc e r -

t ai nl y pl ay a pi vo t alr o l e i n r e c l ai mi ng t he i de nt i t y o f

Gye o ngj u.Hi s t o r i c alandCul t ur alCi t yPl ant hati sbe i ngpur -

s ue di nGye o ngj us ho ul dal s of o c usr e s t o r i ngt he s eo l dgar de ns

andputmo r epr i o r i t yi nt hi st omakes ur et hei mageo ft he

anc i e ntc i t yi sr e gai ne datt hee ar l i e s tpo s s i bl et i me .Unl i ke

bui l di ngs t r uc t ur e ,r e s e ar c he so nt he s egar de nswe r ef i nal i z e d

andi ft he r ei sl i t t l emo r eo fs uppl e me nt at i o n,t her e s t o r at i o n

c anbedo nemo me nt ar i l y.

a:Anapgi b:Guwhangdo ngwo ngi c :Yo nga ngdo ngwo ngi Fi gur e5 .Gar denl egac yofSi l l aDy nas t y

Da t a:a:Cul t ur alAs s e t sa ndPubl i cAf f ai r sDe pa r t me nt ,19 78 . b:Nat i o nalGye o ngj uCul t ur a lAs s e t sRe s e a r c hI ns t i t ut e ,20 08 :66 . c :Ye o ngna m Cul t ur alAs s e t sRe s e a r c hI ns t i t ut e ,20 01 :19 8.

2 .Rest or at i onofRoy alFor es t s

Numbe r s o fhi s t o r i c alr e c o r ds ,i nc l udi ng Samkuk Sagi , SamkukYus aandFo r e s t s , Wat e r so fJ o s e o nDynas t y,i n- di c at et hatt he r ewe r emanyf o r e s t si nGye o ngj u.Andmo s t o ft he m ar el i ke l yar t i f i c i al l yf o r me dr o yalf o r e s t sr at he rt han nat ur al .Whe no nc o ns i de rt hel o c at i o nso ft he s ef o r e s t sal o ng wi t hf l o wso fr i ve r si nGye o ngj ubas i n,i ti ss af et os ayt hat f o r e s t si nGye o ngj ubas i nc o nt ai nsf e ns huic o nc e ptl i kear t i f i - c i alf o r e s t sandl andso bs t r uc t i ngt hevi e w o ft hemo ut ho f r i ve r st hatwe r ef o r me dbySi l l ape o pl edo .

Amo ngmanyr o yalf o r e s t si nSi l l aDynas t y,Mo o ni ngr i m, No nho r i m andChe o nr i m ar er e l at e dt oBukc he o n.Mo o ni ngr i m i sas s ume dt hati ti swhe r eHwangnyo ngs awaswhi c hho us e d J angyukj o ns angwi t hgo l dandi r o ns e ntf r o m Ki ngAs o kao f I ndi a(Le e ,20 06:196 ).No nho r i m waso nc er e c o r de dasSung- bo o kr o mj o o ng(城北林中)andi ti ndi c at e sGo yangs o o( 高陽 藪),whi c hi sno w c al l e dWhangs ungf o r e s ti nDo ngkyo ung- j apgi .The r e f o r e ,i ti sas s ume dt hatt hef o r e s tmayhavebe e n l o c at e das i deo fBukc he o nt hatr unss o ut ho fWhangs ung- do ngandno r t ho fBukc he o n(Le e ,2 006:197).Me anwhi l e , Chunr i m i sf o r me di nt hes o ut ho fHyundukRo yalTo mb, Do ngc hun-do ngandi tc o nt r o l l e dt hef l o o do fBukc he o n(Le e , 2006 :197).

Aso nec ans e ef r o m t heabo ve ,f o r e s t sar o undBukc he o n we r ei mpo r t antl ands c api ng s o l ut i o n f unc t i o ni ng asaf l o o r c o nt r o l l e randpr o t e c t e dHwangnyo ngs ar e gi o n.Fi ndi ngo ut t hef ac tt hatt he s ef o r e s t she l pe dHwangnyo ngs ar e gi o nbe-

c o meus abl el andsi sas i gni f i c antr e s ul tf r o m t her e s e ar c ho n r o yalgar de no fSi l l aDynas t y.Suc ht hat ,i ti sabs o l ut e l yne c- e s s ar yt or e s t o r et he s ef o r e s t sal o ngwi t hHwangnyo ngs at o r e vi vet heo r i gi nals c e nar y whe n Hwangnyo ngs awasf i r s t bui l t .

3 .Rest or at i onofWat erWay s

Amo ngmanyr i ve r st hatr unt ho ughc e nt e ro fGyeo ngj u, Bukc he o nwasano bs t ac l ei nl andus agei nmanywaysdue t oi t sover f l ow.Duet oi t sgeogr aphi calchar act er i s t i cs , Bukc he o ni skno w t oo f t e no ve r f l e w e ve ni nt heo l dt i me s .A l andr egi s t r at i o nmapi ndi cat est hatunl i ket o daywher ea moder nembankmentwasbui l tt os ecur ecer t ai ndi s t ance be t we e nBunwhangs aandBukc he o n,Bunwhangs aands o ut h- e r npar to fHwangnyo ngs awe r ei nt her angeo fe f f e c to f Bukc he o no ve r f l o w be f o r et he ne mbankme nt .Thi st e l l sus t hatt hewat e ro fBukc he o nr ant hr o ughHwangnyo ngs aar e a i sno tanunr e l i abl ec l ai m.

Pr e c e di ngr e s e ar c ho n Bukc he o ni ndi c at et hatBukc he o n

r ani ns mal lwat e rbr anc he s .Duei tt hege o gr aphi c alc har ac-

t e r i s t i c so fBukc he o nwat e rpas s age ,t he r ehadbe e nmany

f l o o dsandne w and s mal lwat e rbr anc he swe r ege ne r at e d

f r o m t he s ef l o o ds .Oneo ft he m wasge ne r at e dt o war dsBun-

whangs aandHwangnyo ngs aar e a.Thi swat e rbr anc hi se x-

pe c t e d t o r an t hr o ugh no r t he n ar e a o fAnapgi ,be t we e n

Che o ms e o ngdaeand Banwal l s ung and r an t o war dsNam-

c he o n.The s ewat e rf l o wss e e m o r i gi nat e df r o m be f o r eSi l l a

Fi gur e6 .Ri v er sandf o r es t so fSi l l aDy nas t y Dat a :Le e ,20 06 :19 6.

Fi gu r e7 .Whe r ec o mmu n df o r e s t wasy oo r i m

Dat a:Pho t obyaut ho r s .

Fi gur e8 .Gy er i m Dat a :Pho t obya ut ho r s .

Dynas t y and par to fBukc he o n wat e r ,i n t i meo ff l o o ds , dr ai ne dt hr o ught hi spas s aget o war dsNamc he o n( Le e ,200 2:

48～52).

Suc ht hat ,r e s t o r i ngt hef l o w o fBukc he o nwo ul dhavel o t s o fme ani ngsf o rGye o ngj u,t her o yalc api t alo fSi l l aDynas t y.

Whi l er e s t o r i ngt heo r i gi nalf l o w o fBukc he o nmaybepr ac t i - c al l ydi f f i c ul t ,r e s t o r i ngwat e rbr anc he so fi ti spo s s i bl e .That i sbe c aus et hear e awhe r ewat e rbr anc he smayhaver an,i s no w c l e ar e df o re xc avat i o no fHwangnyo ngs a.Mo r e o ve r ,e x- c avat i o nr e s e ar c he sar ebe i ngc ar r i e dawayi nt hi sar e awhi c h me ansi de nt i f yi ngt hepas s ageo fwat e rbr anc he sar eno tt hat di f f i c ul t .

4 .Rest or at i onofOl dTr ai l s

Re s t o r at i o no fo l dt r ai l si sabas i cf r ame wo r ki nr e s t o r i ng ananc i e ntc i t yandi ti st or e vi vet hec i t y' shi s t o r i cs t r uc t ur e ands pat i alaut he nt i c i t y.

The y may havebe e n many r o adsc o nne c t i ng t her o yal c api t alandi t ' ss at e l l i t ec i t i e si nSi l l aDynas t y.Amo ngt he m, t he r ewe r et hr e er o adst hatr e ac he df r o m Si l l at oEas tSe a:

Ul s ant os o ut h,Po hangt ono r t handGampot oe as t .Ro adst o Ul s anandPo hangar ef l at l and,whi l et her o adt oGampogo e s o ve rr ugge dHanwal landTo ham mo unt ai n. SamkukYus a r e c o r dst hat“Ki ngSi nmo o n,t he3 1s tKi ngo fSi l l a,ac qui r e d Manpas i kj e o k,api pe ,f r o m Ki ngMo o nmo ot hatc hange di nt o a dr ago n and r e s t e d f o ra mo me ntata s t r e am-s i deo f Ki r i ms ao nhi swaybac kt ohi spal ac e . "Thi st e l l sust hatt he wayf r o m Gye o ngj ut oKi r i ms awas ,i nf ac t ,ac o nne c t i o nbe- t we e n Se o r abe o landt hes e a.Thi sanc i e ntr o adhadbe e n us e d as an i mpo r t antt r af f i c r o ut e unt i lt he Chur yo ung Tunne li so pe n.The r e f o r e ,t her o adne e dst ober e s t o r e d,f o r pe de s t r i ansatl e as t ,andhe l pt he m f e e lt heanc i e ntf o o t s t e ps o fSi l l a.

TheSi l l ar o yalc api t alhadar o adbui l di ngs ys t e m c al l e d Bangl i j ewhi c hs t i pul at e dt obui l dr o adswi t hc e r t ai nc l e ar anc e be t we e nt he m ( Hwang,2004:39).I no r de rt ounde r s t andt he s t r uc t ur eo ft hec i t y,i ti st hemo s ti mpo r t antj o bt or e s t o r e Bangl i j es ys t e m.Oneo ft hepl ac ewhe r et het r ac eo fBangj i j e s ys t e m s t i l lr e mai nsi sHwangnyo ngs aar e aandnumbe ro f r o yalc api t alr e l at e dl e gac i e s ,i nc l udi ngS1E1-ac o mpl e t e Bangj i j es ys t e m,we r ei de nt i f i e d.Gi ve nt hehi s t o r i c alf ac tt hat t hec api t alc i t yo fSi l l aDynas t ye mpl o ye ds uc hs ys t e m,t he i de nt i f i e dBangl iar e ahe l psusgr as pt hebi gpi c t ur eo fho w t heBa ngl i j es ys t e m we r ef o r me d.Whe no t he rpar t so fGye o ngj u havel o s ti t sanc i e ntBangl is ys t e m duet oc i t yde ve l o pme nt s , atl e as tt heBangl is ys t e m o fHwangnyo ngs aar e as ho ul dbe r e s t o r e d.Whe ni ti sdo ne ,i twi l lhe l pust ounde r s t andho w t hec i t ywe r epl anne di nt heo l dt i meandwi l lho l dagr e at me ani ngasahi s t o r i c alpl ac e .

Af t e rt hede mi s eo fSi l l aDynas t y,Gye o ngj u,o nc et her o yal capi t al ,t oo kas hameofde gr adi ngt oas mal lci t yi nr ur al ar e a.Thes c e ni cc har ac t e r i s t i c so ft hec i t y,aswe l l ,we r el o s t . Es peci al l y,t hebui l di ngofGyeongj ueupFor t r es swasa t ur ni ngpo i ntt hatc hange dt hec e nt e ro fs c e nar yo ft hec i t y.

Res t or i ngt heanci entci t yofGyeongj ui st obewor ksof r es t or i ngt het i met hatcompr es s edovert i me,r es t or i ng r e vi vi ngt hehi s t o r i cc i t yo fGye o ngj uc o me st ol i f ewi t he ve r y pi e c eo fi t sbr i c kso fmo r et hanat ho us andsye ar so fhi s t o r y.

Gye o ngj ueupFo r t r e s si si ne vi t abl e .I ts ho ul dno tbej us tr e -

bui l di ngawal lo ft hef o r t r e s s ,i tmus thavet heme ani ngo f

Rel at i onbet weent her oyalcapi t alwhi c hcent er edar o und

Fi gu r e9 .Re s t or at i onmapo fSi l l aRoy alCapi t al Dat a :Par k,1 99 8:2 32 .

Fi gur e1 0 .Ex c av at edr o adsar o undHwangny ongs a Le ge nd:

Cur r e ntRo ad,

Ro a dExc a va t i o n

Dat a:Nat i o nalGye o ngj uCul t ur alAs s e tI ns t i t ut e ,Te mpl e . 20 10 :50 0.

Wal l s ungandGye o ngj ue upFo r t r e s sc anbef o undno to nl yi n t he i rge o gr aphi c all o c at i o nbutal s ot he i rc o nc e pto fc i t ypl an- ni ng,Bangl is ys t e m.

Al t ho ught hehi s t o r i cs c e ne r i e sar ebe i ngi mpr o ve dasar e- s ul to fHi s t o r i c alandCul t ur alCi t yPl an,s t r e e tr e s t o r at i o ns ar ej us ts upe r f i c i alandt he r ei snopl anf o rpr e s e r vi ngc i t y c har ac t e r i s t i c so ft heanc i e ntr o yalc api t al .Re s t o r at i o no fo l d r o adsandpr e s e r vat i o no fc ul t ur alas s e t so fGye o ngj ui st he

f i r s ts t e pf o rr e -e s t abl i s hi ngt hei de nt i t yo fGye o ngj u.

Ⅳ.Conc l us i ons

Ananc i e ntc i t yi st her e s ul to fc o unt l e s sye ar so fhar mo ny o fphys i c alandhumanc i r c ums t anc e sbas e do nnat ur ale n- vi r o nme nt .Andt hec i t ygr o wsf r o m o r gani cr e l at i o no fl i ve s o ft hepe o pl el i ve di ni t .Mo r e o ve r ,t hee nvi r o nme nto fanc i e nt c i t yt hatwes e et o dayi sal i vi ngo r gani s m t hatf i l l e dwi t h t r ac e so fpe o pl el i ve di nt hec i t yf o rge ne r at i o ns .

Theanc i e ntc i t yo fGye o ngj ui sac i t yf o r me dbas e do ni t s nat ur ale nvi r o nme nt .Mo unt ai nsandr i ve r ss ur r o undi ngt he c i t yhe avi l yi nf l ue nc e di nt hef o r mat i o no fi t .Suc hnat ur al e nvi r o nme nts ho ul dbeatt het o po ft hel i s twhe ni tc o me st o r e s t o r at i o no ft heanc i e ntc i t y.Ho we ve r ,Gye o ngj u' smo un- t ai nsandr i ve r shavebe e ns e r i o ul ydamage df r o m mo de r n de ve l o pme nt .Ro adsar el ai di nmo unt ai nsand l andswe r e us e dwi t ho utpr o pe rpl an.Ri ve r shavel o s tt he i ro r i gi nals ha pe s t oac c o mmo dat ec i t i z e ns 'c o nve ni e nc e sandno w t he yhave l o s tmuc ho fi de nt i t yi nt e r mso fs c e nar yandhi s t o r i cval ue s . The r e f o r e ,r e s t o r at i o no fGye o ngj us ho ul ds t ar tf r o m mo un- t ai nsandr i ve ri nt hec i t yandt he ys ho ul dber e s t o r e di na wayt or e vi vet hec i t y' ss c e ni ci de nt i t y.

Ano t he rl ands c api ngc hal l e ngei st or e s t o r ee l e me nt sc o n- s i s t i ngt hec i t y.Agai ns tt hi sbac kdr o p,i ti sve r yi mpo r t antt o r e s t o r eo l dgar de ns .Amo ngmanyl e gac ys i t e sandi t e mst hat s ho wwhatt heanc i e ntc i t yo fGye o ngj uwasl i ke ,t he r ei so n- l yo neo l dgar de n:Anapgi .i ti ss ur e ,ho we ve r ,t hati fs uc h gar de n l e gac i e sasYo nggangdo ngwo ngio rGuwhangdo ng- wo ngiar er e s t o r e d,Gye o ngj uwi l lhavemo r ec o mpl e t ei mage asananc i e ntc i t y.Att hes amet i me ,o t he re l e me nt st hat c o ns i s tananc i e ntc i t y,i nc l udi ngr o yalf o r e s t s ,ar ewo r t ht o r e s t o r e .The r ewe r enoc i t yl i keGye o ngj ui nKo r e at hathad s of l o ur i s he sf o r e s t s .To day,unf o r t unat e l yho we ve r ,t he r ei s o nl y o nel e f t ;Whangs ung f o r e s t swhe r ewe r ekno wn as Ko yangs o o .No w t hatt hec i t yi sbe i ngde ve l o pe d,r e s t o r i ng s uc hf o r e s t swi l lno tbeane as yt as k.Buti fwemanage dt o r e s t o r eatl e as tpar to fi t ,i twi l lhe l pusunde r s t andandapp- r e c i at eho w r o yalc i t ywe r el i keati t st i me .Es pe c i al l y,r o yal f o r e s t sar o undWhangyo ungs as ho ul dber e s t o r e dal o ngwi t h t het e mpl e .Att hes amet i me ,i ti si mpo r t antt or e s t o r eo l d wat e rwaysandt r ai l s .

I nr e s t o r i ngananc i e ntc i t y,whi c hi spr e s e r vi ngac i t ywi t h

anar t i f i c i alc o nc e pt ,i ti si mpo r t antt opr e s e r vet hes t r uc t ur e

o rbui l di ngst hati thas .Butwhati se qual l yi mpo r t anti st o r e s t o r et r ac e so fl ands c api ngwo r ksandnat ur ale nvi r o nme nt ast he yar es i gni f i c ante l e me nt st hatc o ns i s tt hec i t y.Co m- par i ngt obui l di ngso rs t r uc t ur et hatac i t ymi ghthave ,t he c i t y' snat ur ale nvi r o nme nto rt r ac e so fl ands c api ngwo r ksar e r e l at i ve l ye as yt or e s t o r eandt he yo f t e nbei ns i deo fr e s t o r a- t i o nbudge t s .I ti st her e s e ar c ht e am' sbe l i e ft hatwhe ni t c o me st or e s t o r i ngananc i e ntc i t y,o nemus tf o c usmo r eo n de f i ni ngwhatt or e s t o r eandpayat t e nt i o nt ol i t t l ede t ai l s ,as we l l .

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Not e s 1.七年 夏四月 暴雨 閼川水溢 漂流人家 金城北門自毁(Kang, 1979:Si l l abo ngiAdal ani s ake umj oYe ar7).

Not e s2.七年夏四月暴雨閼川水溢漂流人家金城北門自毁 夏五月大雨閼川 水漲漂沒二百餘家 (Kang, 1979: Si l l abongi Soj i mar i pganj o Year18).

Ref er enc es

1 .Ho ng,Kwang- Pyo ( 1 99 4 )Re s e ar c h o n ho w t opr e s e r veGye o ngj u Na ms an,Si l l aCul t ur e1 0 ( 11 ) :5 -2 0 .

2 .Ho ng,Kwang- Pyo ( 20 0 8 )Cha l l e nge sa ndSt a t uso nLa nds c a pi ngWo r k r e s e a r c h:Na t i o na lCul t ur alAs s e t sRe s e ar c hI ns t i t ut e ,Cha l l e nge sa nd St at uso fRe s e a r c ho nWha ngr yo ngs a ,Ac a de mi cSympo s i um Di s s e r - t a t i o nSe r i e s .pp.1 4 1- 1 5 3 .

3 .Hwa ng,Ha ( 2 00 8 ) Re s e a r c h o n I mpr o ve me nto fSpe c i a lAc to n Pr e s e r vi ngAnc i e ntCi t i e s :Fr o m t heVi e wpo i nto fSc e nePr e s e r - vat i o nandMa i nt e na nc e .Mas t e rThe s i s ,Uni ve r s i t yo fHa nYa ng, Se o ul .

4 .Hwa ng,I n- ho ( 20 0 4 )Re s e a r c ho nSi l l aCi t yPl a nThr o ughRo adsi n Si l l aRo ya lCapi t a lCi t y.Ma s t e rThe s i s ,Uni ve r s i t yo fDo ng- A,Bus a n.

5 .Ki m,Bo o - Si k,Sa mguks a gi .Se o ul :Eul - yo oPubl i s hi ngCo . 6 .Ki m,Ho - Sa ng( 2 00 6 )St a t uso nar c he o l o gi c a lr e s e ar c ho nSi l l aRo yal

Ga r de ns .Hi s t o r i c a lAr c hi t e c t ur eRe s e a r c h1 5 ( 4 ):1 7 3 -1 9 0 . 7 .Le e ,Ke un- J i k( 20 0 6 ) Fo r mat i o n and de ve l o pme nto fSi l l a Ro yal

Capi t a lCi t y.Ar c hi t e c t ur alHi s t o r yRe s e a r c h1 5 ( 4 ) :1 9 1 - 21 0 . 8 .Le e ,Ki - Ba e k( 1 9 86 )Ac c e pto fBuddhi s m i nt hePe r i o do fThr e e

Nat i o nsandt heSo c i a lMe ani ngo fI t .Si l l aI de aHi s t o r yRe s e ar c h, Se o ul :I l j o kak.

9 .Na mkung,Se ung- Ta e ( 2 0 0 0 )Chal l e nge si nr e s t o r i nga nc i e ntc i t i e sa nd hi s t o r i c a landc ul t ur ale nvi r o nme nt .Law a ndSo c i e t y1 9( 1 ) :9- 4 5 . 1 0 .Par k,Ba ng- r yo ng( 19 9 8 )Re s e ar c ho nSi l l aRo ya lCa pi t a l .Ph.D.Di s -

s e r t at i o n,Uni ve r s i t yo f Do ng- A,Bus an.

1 1 .Pa r k,Ho o na ndJ a e - Yo ngJ e o ng(2 0 0 8 )Re s e ar c ho nSt a t usa ndCha- r a c t e r i s t i c so fAnc i e ntCi t i e si nKo r e a :The s i sAnno unc e di nAc a- de mi cCo nve nt i o no fKo r e aAr c hi t e c t ur a lDe s i gnI ns t i t ut e .Mo s t l yo n Kye o ngj u,Go ngj u,Buye oandI ks a n.pp.45 2 - 4 6 5.

1 2 .Cul t ur ea ndPubl i cAf f a i r sDe pa r t me nt ,Cul t ur alAs s e tMana ge me nt Br a nc h( 19 7 8 )Ana pgiExc a va t i o nRe po r t .

1 3 .Cul t ur a lAs s e tMana ge me ntDe pa r t me nt ,Cul t ur a lAs s e tRe s e a r c h I ns t i t ut e (1 9 8 4 )Whangr yo ngs aExc a vat i o nRe po r t .

1 4 .Na t i o nalGye o ngj u Cul t ur alAs s e t sRe s e a r c h I ns t i t ut e ,Gye o ngj u Ci t y(2 0 0 8 )Hi s t o r i c alLe ga c i e si nSi t ef o rGye o ngj uGuwha ngdo ng Wha ngr yo ngs a giExhi bi t i o nFa c i l i t y:Guwha ngdo ngLa keandGa r de n Le gac y.Guwhangdo ngLa kea ndGa r de nLe ga c yExc ava t i o nRe po r t . 1 5 .Na t i o nalGye o ngj u Cul t ur alAs s e t sRe s e a r c h I ns t i t ut e ,Gye o ngj u

Ci t y(2 0 1 0 )Whangr yo ngs aRe s t o r at i o nRe s e a r c h.Whangr yo ngs aRe- s e a r c hSe r i e s6 .

1 6 .Ye o ngna m Cul t ur a lAs s e t sRe s e ar c h I ns t i t ut e ( 2 0 01 ) Le gac i e si n Gye o ngj uYo nggangdo ngwo ngi ,Ye o ngnam Cul t ur a lAs s e t sRe s e ar c h I ns t i t ut eAc a de mi cRe s e a r c hRe po r tBo o k3 0.

Received : 24 November, 2010

Received in Revised : 14 December, 2010 (1st) 23 December, 2010 (2nd) Accepted : 24 December, 2010

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