사회학영문강독 제 11강
전광희 교수 jkh96@cnu.ac.kr
강독내용
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사회학자 T. H. Marshall•
시민권 Citizenship•
다문화주의 MulticulturalismCitizenship
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Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law of a state that bestows on that person (called a citizen) the rights and the duties of citizenship.•
That may include the right to vote, work and live in the country, the right to return to the country, the right to own real estate, legal protections against the country's government, andprotection through the military or diplomacy.
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A citizen may also be subject to certain duties, such as a duty to follow the country's law, to pay taxes, or to serve in the military.血統主義(Jus Sanguinis)
• Jus Sanguinis: If one or both of a person's parents are citizens of a given state, then the person may have the right to be a citizen of that state as well.
• Formerly this might only have applied through the paternal line, but sex equality became common since the late twentieth century.
• Citizenship is granted based on ancestry or ethnicity, and is related to the concept of a nation state common in Europe.
• Where jus sanguinis holds, a person born outside a country, one or both of whose parents are citizens of the country, is also a citizen.
• States normally[citation needed] limit the right to citizenship by descent to a certain number of generations born outside the state.[clarification needed
• This form of citizenship is common in civil law countries
生地主義(Jus Solis)
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Jus Solis: Most people are automatically citizens of the state in which they are born.•
This form of citizenship originated in England where those who were born within the realm were subjects of the monarch (a concept pre-dating citizenship), and is common in common law countries.•
In many cases both jus solis and jus sanguinis hold; citizenship either by place or parentage (or of course both).婚姻主義(Jure matrimonii)
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Jure matrimonii: Many countries fast-track naturalization based on the marriage of a person to a citizen.•
Countries which are destinations for such immigration often have regulations to try to detect sham marriages, where a citizen marries a non-citizen typically for payment, without themhaving the intention of living as man and wife.
歸化(Naturalization)
• States normally grant citizenship to people who have entered the country legally and been granted leave to stay, or been granted political asylum, and also lived there for a specified period.
• In some countries naturalization is subject to conditions which may
include passing a test demonstrating reasonable knowledge of the language or way of life of the host country, good conduct (no serious criminal
record), swearing allegiance to their new state or its ruler, and renouncing their prior citizenship.
• Some states allow dual citizenship and do not require naturalized citizens to renounce any other citizenship
제척범주(Excluded Categories)
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In the past there have been exclusions on entitlement to citizenship on grounds such as skin color, ethnicity, sex, and free status (not being a slave).•
Most of these exclusions no longer apply in most placesTwo Contrasting Views of
Citizenship
T. H. Marshall (1893-1981)
• 영국의 사회학자, 시민권 (Citizenship) 연구, 사회정책, 복지국가론이 그의 전공영 역
• 런던 출생, University of Cambridge에서 경제학과 유 럽 중세사를 전공, 제1차 세 계대전 중 독일군의 포로가 되어 수용소 생활
• 1929년, L. T. Hobhouse 후임 으로 London School of
Economics의 사회학교수로
Marshall on Citizenship and Social Class
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In T. H. Marshall’s famous essay on citizenship. civic rights—the right to free worship, peaceful opposition, free speech, the right to enter contract, ownership of property—are fairly
minimal rights.
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Political rights, on the other hand, refer to the right to vote and the related right to stand for election. Social rights refer to the right to welfare, education, unemployment benefits, andpensions.
US Citizenship and Immigration
Services
Digital Citizenship
Monument to Multiculturalism
• Toronto, Canada - a city and country well known for its approach to
multiculturalism.
• Four identical sculptures
are located in Buffalo City,
South Africa; Changchun,
China; Sarajevo, Bosnia
and Sydney, Australia
Chinatown, Manhattan in New York
City
Harmony Day in Australia
참고문헌
