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Medical imaging and immunohistochemical diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor originated from colon in a dog

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(1)

111

개의 결장 간질종양에 대한 영상의학 및 면역조직화학 진단 1예

최지혜1·김현욱1·이혜경1·김준영2·윤정희2,*

1해마루 이차진료동물병원, 2서울대학교 수의과대학 BK21 수의과학연구인력양성사업단 (게재승인: 2008년 1월 17일)

Medical imaging and immunohistochemical diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor originated from colon in a dog

Jihye Choi

1

, Hyunwook Kim

1

, Haekyung Lee

1

, Junyoung Kim

2

, Junghee Yoon

2,

*

1

Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital, Seongnam 463-050, Korea

2

College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

(Accepted: January 17, 2008)

Abstract : Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is one of the mesenchymal tumors originated from gastrointestinal submucosa. A 10 year-old, male, mixed breed dog with persistent diarrhea, anorexia and lethargy was referred to Haemaru Animal Referral Hospital. Large mass originated from the transverse colon was observed and large amount of ascites and free gas were found on abdominal radiography and ultrasonography. The ascites was septic exudate mixed with bacteria that consisted with intestinal perforation.

There was no metastatic lesion. This mass was tentatively diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and lymphosarcoma and surgical resection and histilogical examination were planned. However, according to owner’s request, the patient was euthanized and then the necropsy was performed. About 10 cm sized mass originated from the cecum, ascending colon and transverse colon was adhered to surrounding mesentery and the perforation and large amount of ascites were observed. GIST was suspected on histopathologic examination and confirmed according to CD 117 expression in immunohistochemistry. GIST, derived from interstitial cells of Cajal, can be distinguished from LMS and leiomyoma (LM) on the basis of expression of CD117 (KIT) immunohistochemically. GIST has a different biological behavior and clinical course compared with LMS and LM, therefore definite diagnosis for GIST using immunohistochemistry is clinically important to predict the precise prognosis of the patient.

Keywords : dog, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mesenchymal, immunohistochemistry, CD117

서 론

원발성위장관종양은상피세포유래

,

신경내분비

유래

,

조혈세포유래

,

중간엽

(mesenchymal)

유래로

류할있다

[14].

개에서가장흔히발생하는

발성 위장관 종양은 점막층에서 기인하는 선암종

(adenocarcinoma)

으로

70%

정도에서림프절

,

,

,

망으로전이된다

.

중간엽유래종양은점막하층에서

생하며

,

평활근종양

,

신경성분화를보이는종양

,

위장

간질 종양

(gastrointestinal stromal tumor; GIST)

으로

분류된다

[1].

종양발생시조직표본을

hematoxylin

eosin

으로염색한광학현미경으로검사하여진단했던

과거에는평활근과유사한모양을보이는비림프계

간엽종양은모두평활근종

(Leiomyoma; LM)

이나평활

근육종

(Leiomyosarcoma; LMS)

으로진단되어왔다

[8].

하지만평활근종양으로분류되었던종양을최근

*Corresponding author: Junghee Yoon

College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea [Tel: +82-2-880-1265, Fax: +82-2-880-8662, E-mail: [email protected]]

(2)

112 최지혜·김현욱·이혜경·김준영·윤정희

유의

kit

단백질을 면역조직화학법

(immunohistoche-

mistry; IH)

으로재분류한결과다수가

GIST

확인되었

[1, 10, 13]. GIST

점막하층의 카잘 간질 세포

(Interstitil cell of Cajal)

에서발생하는육종으로

, kit

라고

하는신호전달단백질이변형되어발생하는것으로

려져있다

[5, 9, 11, 12]. GIST

과거평활근종양으로

생각했으나

, IH

검사혹은전자현미경적분화양상에

평활근분화

(myogenic)

보이는종양

,

신경분화

(neurogenic)

보이는종양

,

평활근과신경분화를동시

보이는종양

(mixed),

특별한분화를보이지않는

(anaplastic)

다양한분화과정을보이는것으로

려졌다

[4, 8]. GIST

다른원발성위장관종양처럼

평균

10

이상의노령견에서발생하며

,

품종소인

없는것으로보고되었다

[8].

종양발생시체중저하

,

구토

,

식욕부진

,

설사다양한소화기증상을나타내

,

위와소장에서흔히발생하는평활근종양과는

달리

,

주로소장과대장에서관찰되었다

[8, 13, 14].

조직검사상대장에서발생한종양은소장종양에 악성지표를보였고

,

천공과복막염을동반한

경우가많았다

. GIST

LMS, LM

조직학적검사상

평활근성상을보여감별이매우어려우나

, GIST

활근유래종양과는행동특성과예후등이다르므로 가적인

IH

검사를통한감별이필요하다

.

증례는결장에서발생한종괴로인해결장이폐색 되고이차적으로파열되어심한복막염이발생하였다

.

감별진단목록으로원발성위장관종양선암종

,

활근유래종양

,

림프육종등을의심하였으나

,

조직학적

검사상평활근성상종양으로분류되었고

IH

검사를

GIST

확진되었다

.

보고를통해결장종양에

대한진단영상과

GIST

확진을위해반드시실시해

하는

IH

검사에대해고찰하고자한다

.

증 례

설사와구토

,

기력저하

,

식욕감소를보이는

11

살의 수컷잡종견이

10

일간대증치료에증상이개선되지

진료의뢰되었다

.

내원당시설사

,

식욕절폐

,

기력 저하

,

점막창백

,

복부팽만이관찰되었다

.

신체검사상 복부중앙부에종괴가촉진되어

,

혈액검사와방사선

사를 실시하였다

.

혈액 검사상백혈구증가증과

band cell

증가

(14%),

빈혈

(PCV=23%),

저알부민혈증

(1.2 g/dl,

정상범위

; 2.2-3.9 g/dl), ALKP

증가

(507 µ/l,

정상범위

;

23-212 µ/l)

확인되었다

.

복부방사선검사상복수에

복강대비도가감소되고

,

중하복부에서연부조직 종괴와방광내결석이관찰되었다

(Fig. 1).

외측상에서

종괴의앞쪽과뒤쪽에

,

그리고간의뒤쪽변연과유문부

사이에가스음영이관찰되어 복강유리가스

(free

gas)

존재하는것을확인할있었고

,

종괴에의해

결장이등쪽으로변위되어있었다

.

복수와유리 스로인해종괴의변연이불분명하고주변장기와의 계가명확하게구별되지않았으나

,

종괴의위치와주변

장기가변위된방향을바탕으로결장이나소장에서

Fig. 1. Abdominal radiographs of the dog. A mass is identified in middle abdomen and abdominal detail is decreased

due to ascites in lateral (A) and ventrodorsal view (B). Descending colon (dc) is displaced dorsally by a mass (m) in

lateral view and the lumen is interrupted (long arrow) steeply. Abnormal free gases (short arrow) are observed as linear

shape caudal to the liver (l) and the gastric pylorus (p) and the concurrent ascites and abdominal free gas suggest the

rupture of alimentary tract. Additionally, abnormal round shape gas bubbles were observed in mid-abdomen. Incidentally,

a calculus is found in urinary bladder (ub).

(3)

래한종양혹은장간막림프절에서유래한종양사이에 감별이필요하였고

,

복강내에복수와유리가스가함께

확인되어이차적인장관파열이의심되었다

.

복부초음 검사상다량의복수가고에코로영상화되어초음파

유도하에

700 cc

정도를제거하였다

.

복강내유리가스

인해초음파영상이좋지않았으나

,

중하복부에서 조직과경계가불분명하고변연이울퉁불퉁한종괴 관찰되었고

,

종괴내에국소적으로가스가포함된

분이있어저에코와고에코가혼재된양상으로영상화

되었다

(Fig. 2).

종괴의앞쪽으로정상적인분절이

행하다가 종괴로 연결되었으나

,

종괴 내에 장벽의

layering

전혀관찰되지않았고분절의내강으로

정할만한선상의고에코음영도관찰되지않았다

.

하지

,

정상적인구조를가진내림결장은좌측복부에서

관찰되었으나오름결장과가로결장은영상화되지 았다

.

커다란종괴로인해좌측신장과비장은복부 측으로변위되고복막염에의해장간막이심하게비후 되어있었다

.

다른장기에서종양의전이소견은보이지 않았다

.

종괴가발생한부위와파열부위를명확 하게평가하여수술가능성여부를판단하기위해가스 트로그라핀

(gastrografin; Schering, Spain) 20 ml

주입 하여결장조영술을실시하였다

(Fig. 3).

직장과내림 장은조영제로충진되었으나가로결장부분은내강이 좁아지면서앞쪽부분은이상조영제가채워지지

가로결장의폐색이 확인되었다

.

조영제가내림 결장은종괴에 의해등쪽으로변위되어있었으나

,

부위에서조영제의유출소견은확인되지않았다

.

초음

유도하에천자한복수는삼출물

(exudates)

세포학

검사결과다수의간균과구균

,

세균을탐식하고

염증세포가관찰되었다

.

이상의결과를바탕으로 결장유래종괴에의해폐색이발생하고결국 열되어복막염으로진행한것으로진단하였으며

,

종괴

둥근고립병변

(solitary lesion)

형태로확인되어선암

(adenocarcinoma),

평활근육종

(leiomyosarcoma),

림프

육종

(lymphosarcoma)

등을감별항목으로설정하였다

.

로의전이여부를평가하기위해실시한흉부방사선 사에서특이적인이상은보이지않았다

.

수술을통해 열된결장을제거하고문합술을실시할것을추천하였 으나

,

환자상태가좋지않아보호자의요청으로안락사 하였다

.

부검시복강전체에심한악취와농성복수가확인되

었고복부중앙장간막에심하게유착된직경

10 cm

기의검붉은종괴가확인되었다

(Fig. 4).

유착된장간막 비후되고충혈되어있었으며다수의림프절이종대 되어있었다

.

유착된장간막을조심스럽게제거하자 괴의파열된부분이확인되었고응고된혈괴가부착되 있었다

.

종괴는가로결장과오름결장

,

맹장에서

인한것으로확인되었고

,

이들장기는정상적인장벽을

Fig. 2. Abdominal ultrasonography of the dog. A hypoechoic mass with indistinct and irregular border containing anechoic

fluid (arrow) is observed in middle abdomen (A) and multifocal hyperechoic gases (long arrows) with acoustic shadowing

(short arrows) are identified within the parenchyma of a mass (B, C). A focal mass (m) with relatively distinct border

containing anechoic fluid (arrowheads) and hyperehoic lesions (long arrows). This part of the mass is suspected as cecum

during postmortem examination. Large amount of echogenic ascites and normal small intestinal loops (s) are observed (E).

(4)

114 최지혜·김현욱·이혜경·김준영·윤정희

소실하고내강이폐색되어있었다

.

소장과내림 결장다른장기에는육안검사상특이적인이상

견은 발견되지 않았다

.

종괴를 적출하여 조직 검사

(Antech Diagnostics, USA)

의뢰하여다음과같은

Fig. 3. Contrast colon study with Gastrografin of the dog. The descending colon (dc) is filled with contrast medium and interrupted (long arrow). This lesion represents the obstruction of descending colon. However, there is no leakage of contrast medium. A soft tissue density mass is identified in middle abdomen (m). Lots of free gases (short arrows) are observed and a part of the mass is delineated by free gas (arrowheads).

Fig. 4. Postmortem examination of the dog. A pale descending colon (dc) is connected with a dark red mass (m). The

perforation (arrow) due to necrosis is observed (A). After pulling back the mass, ascending colon (ac) and cecum (c) are

identified to be involved into the mass (B). The surface of the mass is irregular and messy and it is measured about 10 cm.

(5)

과를얻었다

(Fig. 5).

경계가불분명하고

capsule

싸여

있지않은종괴는방향성없이배열된세포로구성되어

있었고 세포는 세밀한 섬유혈관 기질

(fibrovascular

stroma)

지지되어작은크기의나선형과비월주사된

다발

(interlacing bundles)

관찰되었다

.

방추형의 세포

내에는호염성의응집된염색질

(chromatin)

가지는

다란핵이하나관찰되었고

,

세포질의양은적거나중등

도로확인되어육종

(sarcoma)

특징을보였다

.

유사

열은고배율에서 시야당

0-2

정도관찰되어

,

이러한 형태학적인특징을바탕으로

grade 1

GIST

잠정

단하였다

.

하지만

,

이러한형태학적인특징은평활근육

,

섬유육종

,

신경다발막육종

(nerve sheath sarcoma),

엽세포종

(mesenchymoma)

에서도유사하게관찰되므로

,

확진을 위해

c-kit

대한

IH

검사를 추가하였고

,

종양

세포가

c-kit

대해면역양성반응을보여다른육종

배제하고

GIST

최종진단하였다

.

고 찰

점막하층에서발생하는중간엽종양은평활근종양

,

신경성분화를보이는종양

,

그리고

GIST

구분된다

[1]. GIST

위장관의연동운동을조절하는네트워크를

형성하는것으로알려진카잘간질세포에서유래하며

,

LM, LMS

신경집종등과구별되는고유의

IH

검사

특징을갖는다

[1, 6, 8].

평활근성상을보이는대부

분의위장관중간엽종양은현미경검사를통해

LM

LMS

진단되어 왔다

[8, 15].

하지만

,

최근에는

CD117

발현이

GIST

평활근유래종양의감별에

용하다고밝혀지면서

,

사람에서조직검사를통해평활

종양으로 진단되었던 많은중간엽 종양이

CD117

(KIT)

검사를통해

GIST

재분류되고있어중요성

높아지고 있다

[1].

개에서도소장과맹장에서조직

검사를통해

LM

LMS

진단된표본을

IH

검사로

활근유래종양과

GIST

재분류한다양한보고에서

장과맹장모두에서평활근유래종양보다

GIST

생률이높은것을확인할있었다

[7, 10, 13].

GIST

c-kit

유전자돌연변이와연관이있다고알려

있다

[1, 7].

이는

tyrosine kinase

수용체를만드는 전자로세포분열이필요한경우외부에서신호가오면

kit

단백질이활성화되고이에따라세포가분열하게 는데

,

유전자에돌연변이가생겨

kit

단백질이변형 되면외부신호가없어도단백질이활성화되어 암세포 지속적으로자라나도록신호를보내고이로인해

분열이촉진되어

GIST

발생하게된다

[5, 9, 11, 12].

GIST

다른원발성위장관종양처럼주로평균

11

살의노령견에서발생하며

,

체중저하

,

구토

,

식욕부진

,

설사비특이적인소화기증상을보이며무증상으로 진행하기도한다

[5, 8, 14]. GIST

암수에서동일한

율로보고되었고

,

증례도품종

,

연령

,

성별

,

임상 상으로는특별한감별진단리스트를세우기어려웠다

[5].

평활근유래종양이위와소장에서다발하는 것과

달리

, GIST

주로소장과대장에서보고되었고

,

증례역시맹장

,

오름결장

,

가로결장대장에서

래하였다

[13].

조직검사상

GIST

대장에서유래한

소장유래종양에비해악성지표가높고

,

증례와 같이장이천공되고복막염을동반한경우가많다고

고되어있다

[10, 13].

증례는악성도의조직학적

준을따라종양의유사분열

,

세포밀도

,

이형성

,

괴사

Fig. 5. Microscopically, the mass is composed of cells arranged haphazardly and in interlacing bundles and small whorls

supported by a fine fibrovascular stroma. The cells are spindle to elongate with scant to moderate cytoplasm and a single

elongate nucleus with basophilic aggregated chromatin. Mitoses are 0-2/hpf (A, H & E,

×

400). This neoplastic cells are

immunoreactive for c-kit. (B, immunohistochemical stain,

×

400).

(6)

116 최지혜·김현욱·이혜경·김준영·윤정희

출혈유무등으로분류했을

grade 1

정도의비교

낮은악성도를보였다

[1].

하지만

, GIST

악성도는

조직학적소견만으로판단하기어렵고임상다양한 예후인자들을종합적인판단하여결정해야한다는 연구

[1]

처럼

,

증례도조직학적분류와는달리

괴의파급으로인해맹장

,

오름결장

,

가로결장의 조가완전히소실되고내강이폐색되는종양의행동 매우공격적인양상을보여결과적으로환자의예후 좋지않았다

.

GIST

평활근유래종양과는달리주로혈관을

전파되므로주변림프절로의전이가적다

.

증례에

서도종양의크기가

10 cm

정도로크고내강의폐색

파열이발생할정도로진행하였으나

,

체표림프절이

주변장간막림프절로의전이가확인되지않았고 장기에서도이상소견은없었다

.

하지만

, GIST

단된

21

마리

29%

간이나복강으로전이된보고도

있어

, GIST

의심되는경우에도주변장기로의전이

여부를평가해야것이다

[5].

또한

,

위장관종양이

생한

42

마리의개에서

GIST

LMS

특성을비교한

결과평균생존기간이각각

11.6

7.8

개월로나타났

,

특히수술기간을고려하면각각

37.4

7.8

개월로비교적차이를보이는

, GIST

평활근

종양과는생물학적특성이다르다

[3, 8, 13].

따라서

,

GIST

LMS, LM

조직학적검사상평활근성상을

감별이매우어려우나

,

추가적인

IH

검사를통한

별이반드시필요하다

[1].

위장관종양이의심되는경우방사선검사

,

초음파

,

내시경

, CT

검사등을통해종괴여부를확인하고

,

조직학적검사상방추세포가확인되고 육종의특성을

보이면주로

LMS

GIST

감별이필요하다

. GIST

고유의

kit

단백질을

IH

검사를통해확인하며

, CD117

발현만으로도

LMS

명확한구별이가능하다

[2, 5].

다른위장관종양은주변림프절을포함한광범위한

절제술이필요한것과는달리

, GIST

주변림프절로의

전이가없어수술적으로종양부분만을절제한다

[3].

람에서는

GIST

에서특이적으로발현하는

kit

단백질

항제를사용하여

GIST

억제하는연구가이루어지고

있다

[6].

증례는종양의파열로인해보호자가치료

거부하여이러한치료방법을적용하지못하였으나

,

위장관종양특히대장유래종양이발생한경우조직

검사와

IH

검사를통해

GIST

진단된경우수술적

제와

kit

길항제를적용해보는것이추천된다

.

결 론

GIST

원발성위장관질환중간엽에서유래하는

종양으로발생빈도가비교적높은편이다

.

평활근

유래종양과형태학적으로유사하지만

,

혈액을통해

이되고주로소장이나대장에서호발하며치료방법과 예후다양한특성이서로달라이들종양간의감별 필수적이다

.

방사선검사와초음파검사진단 상을통해위장관종양이의심되는경우조직학적검사 실시하고

,

평활근유래종양의특성을보이는 경우

IH

검사를통해

GIST

대한확진이필요하다

.

참고문헌

1.

강동욱

,

김주헌

,

김동훈

,

김경희

,

박미자

,

강대영

.

장관간질종양에서

c-kit

유전자돌연변이면역조 직화학적발현

.

대한병리학회지

2003, 37 , 246-254.

2. Bettini G, Morini M, Marcato PS. Gastrointestinal spindle cell tumours of the dog: histological and immunohistochemical study. J Comp Pathol 2003, 129 , 283-293.

3. Cohen M, Post GS, Wright JC. Gastrointestinal Leiomyosarcoma in 14 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2003, 17 , 107-110.

4. Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, Gorstein F, Lasota J, Longley BJ, Miettinen M, O'Leary TJ, Remotti H, Rubin BP, Shmookler B, Sobin LH, Weiss SW. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a consensus approach. Hum Pathol 2002, 33 , 459-465.

5. Frost D, Lasota J, Miettinen M. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyomas in the dog: a histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 50 cases. Vet Pathol 2003, 40 , 42-54.

6. Koh JS, Trent J, Chen L, El-Naggar A, Hunt K, Pollock R, Zhang W. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors:

overview of pathologic features, molecular biology, and therapy with imatinib mesylate. Histol Histopathol 2004, 19 , 565-574.

7. Kumagai K, Uchida K, Miyamoto T, Ushigusa T, Shinohara S, Yamaguchi R, Tateyama S. Three cases of canine gastrointestinal stromal tumors with multiple differentiations and c-kit-expression. J Vet Med Sci 2003, 65 , 1119-1122.

8. LaRock RG, Ginn PE. Immunohistochemical staining characteristics of canine gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Vet Pathol 1997, 34 , 303-311.

9. Lennartsson J, Ronnstrand L. The stem cell factor

receptor/c-KIT as a drug target in cancer. Curr Cancer

Drug Targets 2006, 6 , 65-75.

(7)

10. Maas CPHJ, Haar GT, van der Gaag I, Kirpensteijn J . Reclassification of small intestinal and cecal smooth muscle tumors in 72 dogs: clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical evaluation. Vet Surg 2007, 36 , 302-313.

11. Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): definition, occurrence, pathology, differential diagnosis and molecular genetics. Pol J Pathol 2003, 54 , 3-24.

12. Miettinen M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Lasota J.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recent advances in understanding of their biology. Hum Pathol 1999, 30 , 1213-1220.

13. Russell KN, Mehler SJ, Skorupski KA, Baez JL,

Shofer FS, Goldschmidt MH. Clinical and immunohistochemical differentiation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors from leiomyosarcomas in dogs: 42 cases (1990-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007, 230 , 1329-1333.

14. Selting KA. Tumors of the intestinal tract. In: Withrow SJ, MacEwin EG (eds.). Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology. 4th ed. pp. 491-501, Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007.

15. Withrow JS. Gastric cancer. In: Withrow JS, MacEwin

EG (eds.). Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal

Clinical Oncology. 4th ed. pp. 480-491, Saunders,

Philadelphia, 2007.

수치

Fig. 1.  Abdominal radiographs of the dog. A mass is identified in middle abdomen and abdominal detail is decreased due to ascites in lateral (A) and ventrodorsal view (B)
Fig. 2.  Abdominal ultrasonography of the dog. A hypoechoic mass with indistinct and irregular border containing anechoic fluid (arrow) is observed in middle abdomen (A) and multifocal hyperechoic gases (long arrows) with acoustic shadowing (short arrows)
Fig. 3.  Contrast colon study with Gastrografin of the dog. The descending colon (dc) is filled with contrast medium and interrupted (long arrow)
Fig. 5.  Microscopically, the mass is composed of cells arranged haphazardly and in interlacing bundles and small whorls supported by a fine fibrovascular stroma

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