Received February 7 2013, Revised March 7 2013, Accepted March 13 2013
Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers
ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹͷʹȀ ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵Ǥ͵Ǥͳʹͷ͵
Ǥ ǤǤ
⽾❋ᆾᡣ㬚#⇚ⷂⴂ#Ⳃ㬚#ጫⷚ#⮎㔒㙾Ⱳᇚ⇚#♪᷾⍂⛛#
ୋผ Chang, Hoon*
Lessons Learned from Eco-town Cases for Sustainable Development
ABSTRACT
one of types, however there cannot be strictly discrete classification by its complicated and composite characteristics of them. In
regions.
Key words : Eco-town, Sustainable development, Climate change, International development
Ⅹಾ
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡḡᗮa܆}ၽ᮹ᔩಽᬕ⩶┽ಽᕽᱥᖙĥᱢᮝಽฯᯕḥ⧪ࡹŁᯩ݅. ၙ௹}ၽႊ⨆᮹⦽ŝᱽಽḡᗮa܆}ၽᯕ⇵Ǎ⦹Łᯩ۵༊
⢽ෝᙹᬊ⦹໕ᕽੱ⦽ḡᩎ}ၽ༊⢽ෝݍᖒ⦹Łᯱ⦹໑, ↽ɝᨱ۵ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡḡᗮa܆}ၽᯕ༊⢽ಽ⦹۵⬉ᮉᱢᨱթḡšญ, ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲, ၰᔍ⫭Ğᱽᱢၽᱥᮥʑᱡᨱ⧉ᮁ⦹Łᯩ݅. ᅙםྙᮡᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮥօaḡ⩶┽ಽᇥඹ⦹ᩍbb᮹✚Ḷŝᱥఖᮥᔍಡෝᵲᝍᮝಽᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ
Ł, ᯕෝʑⅩಽbᔍಡ᮹✚Ḷᮥʑᚁ⦹ᩡᮝӹ, ᔍᨦŝᔍᨦḡ᮹✚ᖒᨱᩍ్ᇥඹᨱᗮ⦹۵ᔍಡࠥᯩᨩ݅. đುᱢᮝಽᅙםྙᨱᕽᱽ
⦽ᇥᕾ⩶┽ෝʑⅩಽǎԕၰǎᱽᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦ᮹ᱥఖŝ⇵ḥᮥᖅᱶ⦹۵ߑʑᩍ⧁ᙹᯩ݅Łᔍഭࡽ݅.
áᔪᨕ ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ, ḡᗮa܆}ၽ, ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵, ǎᱽ}ၽ
1. ᕽು
ᔑᨦ⩢ ᯕ⬥ ɪĊ⦹í ၽᱥ⦽ Ğᱽၽᱥ᮹ ⦥ᙹᗭಽ ᯱᬱ᮹ ᙹa ɪ᷾⦹í ࡹᨕ ᯱᬱᱥᰢᮝಽ ࢁ อⓝ ᯱᬱ᮹ ᵲᖒᯕ
⪶ᔑࡹᨩ݅. ᮁŝᇢၙෝᵲᝍᮝಽ⦽ᖁḥǎॅᮡĞᱽᖒᰆŝᔑᨦၽᱥᨱ⦥⦽ᯱᬱᮥᯱᬱᯕ⣮ᇡ⦽ǎaॅᨱ᮹᳕⦹ᩡŁ, ᯕᨱ
ݡ⦽ᇡᱶᱢᯙᇡᔑྜྷಽᯱᬱᮥŖɪ⦽ǎa᮹ᝍb⦽⪹Ğ⦝⧕᪡ᯱᬱŁiᮥࠥ௹⦹ᩡ݅. Ğᱽᖒᰆʑ᮹}ၽࠥᔢǎᮡĞᱽᱢᯙၽᱥ ŝᔾ⪽ᙹᵡ⨆ᔢᮥ༊⢽ಽ݉ʑᱢĞᱽၽᱥᮥ༊⢽ಽᯱᬱ᮹ᙽ⪹ᯕӹŁiᮥŁಅ⦹ḡᦫᮡ₥ǎaԕᇡᯱᬱᐱอᦥܩʑ┡ǎaಽᇡ
░ ᙹ᯦⦹ᩍ ⨆⬥ ၙ௹ᨱ ݆⋁ ⪹Ğᩢ⨆ᨱ ݡ⦽ ᵡእa ၙእ⦹ᩡ݅. }ၽᙹᵡᯕ ԏᮡ ǎaᨱᕽ۵ Ğᱽၽᱥᮥ ᯕʑ ᭥⦽ ԕᱽᱢᯙ
⯹ŝᩎపᯕၙၙ⦹ᩍ, ᅕᮁ⦹Łᯩ۵ᩑᯱᬱᮥᙹ⇽⦹۵ߑᨱᵲᱱᮥࢱᨕ⪹Ğ⦝⧕᪡ᩢ⨆ᅕ݅۵݉ʑ⪵ᅕᮁᨱⅩᱱᯕ฿⇵ᨕᲭ Ł, ੱ⦽ᱶ⊹ᱢᯙᇩᦩᱶࠥᯕෝᬒaᗮ⎑݅. ᯕಽᯙ⦹ᩍᖁḥǎॅ᮹Ğᱽၽᱥŝ⧉̹ʑ┡ǎaॅ᮹ᯱᬱԉᬊŝ❭ƕ۵ᝍb⦽
ࠑ͟фݓėÂ܁҃ėॡ
Ǧ
ᙹᵡᨱᯕ్, 1990֥ݡᨱǎᱽʑǍෝᵲᝍᮝಽ⪹Ğᨱݡ⦽ݡ₦
ŝၙ௹᮹⪹Ğᨱݡ⦽šᝍ᷾ݡၰᯱᬱᔍᬊ᮹ĥ⫮ᖒᮥ⪶พ⦹ʑ
᭥⦽Ʊ☁⩲᧞(Kyoto Protocol)ᮥᖁᨙ⦹ᩡ݅(UNFPA 2007).
Ʊ☁⩲᧞ᮡᱥᖙĥaĞᱽၽᱥᨱอᵲᱱᮥࢵḡɩʭḡ᮹ၽᱥ
ႊ⨆ᮥၽᱥŝ⪹Ğᅕ⪙ෝ࠺ᨱ⇵ḥ⦹Łᯱ⦹۵ǎᱽᱢᯙ⩲ಆ ᮹ ↽Ⅹ᮹ ⩲᧞ᮝಽ Ⓧí (i) Ğᱽၽᱥŝᱶᨱ ၽᔾࡹᨕ ⪹Ğŝ
ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ᨱⓑᩢ⨆ᮥၙ⊹۵┥ᗭ႑⇽Ƚᱽ᪡(ii) Ğᱽၽᱥŝᯱᬱ ᙽ⪹ᨱ⦥ᙹᱢᯙᩑᯱᬱ᮹⬉ᮉᱢᯕᬊᯕʼnᯱᯕ݅. ✚⯩┥ᗭ႑
⇽ᮡ⪵ᕾᩑഭෝᵝಽᔍᬊ⦹۵⩥ᰍĞᱽၽᱥ⩶┽ෝŁಅ⧁ভ
ḡᗮᱢᮝಽၽᔾ⦹۵┥ᗭෝ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽȽᱽ⦹Łᯱᖁḥǎᮥᵲ ᝍᮝಽᜅᜅಽ┥ᗭ႑⇽పᮥđᱶ⦹ᩍᯕ⧪⦹۵ᱽࠥᩡ݅. ᯕෝ
☖⦹ᩍᯱǎԕ᮹ၽᱥᗮࠥෝᯱℕᱢᮝಽ᳑ᱩ⧕⧩ᮝ໑, ᱢᱩ⦽
ၽᱥႊ⨆ŝ ᔑᨦ⩶┽ෝ ☖⦹ᩍ ┥ᗭ႑⇽ᮥ ᳑ᱩ⦹۵ äᯕᨩ݅.
Ʊ☁⩲᧞ᮡǎḡᱢᯙ┥ᗭ႑⇽ᨱ ݡ⦽Ųᩎᱢᯙᩢ⨆ŝ⦝⧕ෝ
༉ुᖙĥaᯙḡ⦹Łᯙඹa฿ᯕ⦽Ŗ☖ᱢᯙྙᱽಽᕽ⩲ಆŝ
᧲ᅕ۵ ᙹ݉ᮥ ☖⦹ᩍ ⧕đ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ᵲ⦽ ᱽࠥᩡ݅.
⦹ḡอ, ┥ᗭ႑⇽᮹ᔢݚ⦽ᇡᇥᮥ₉ḡ⦹Łᯩ۵ᵝǎa᮹
ၙₙᩍಽᯙ⦽Ʊ☁⩲᧞᮹ᝅ⬉ᖒᨱ᮹ྙᯕᱽʑࡹ۵äࠥ⩥ᝅᯕ
݅. ᱥᖙĥ┥ᗭ႑⇽ᨱฯᮡʑᩍෝ⦹Łᯩ۵ၙǎᮡĞᱽᖒᰆࢵ⪵
᪡ᔑᨦၽᱥᱶℕၰᗭእྙ⪵ᱽ᧞ᮥᬑಅ⦹ᩍ⩲᧞Ⅹʑᇡ░ₙᩍ
ෝÑᇡ⦹Łᯩ݅. ᇢၙǭ᮹ၙǎŝ⧉̹ᵲǎᮡᯱǎ᮹݉ʑᱢ
Ğᱽᖒᰆᮥ༊⢽ಽ}ၽࠥᔢǎ᮹ḡ᭥ෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍƱ☁⩲᧞ᯕ⧪ᨱ ᕽᮁᅕࡹᨩ݅. ၹ໕ɪĊ⦽ᔑᨦᖒᰆŝĞᱽၽᱥᮥᯕൊ⦽ᬑญӹ
ࠥ}ၽࠥᔢǎ᮹ḡ᭥ෝᨩᮝӹ, ĞᱽȽ༉᪡ݡእ⦹ᩍᯝᱶᇡ ᇥ᮹┥ᗭ႑⇽ǭᨱݡ⦽Ƚᱽෝᯕ⧪⦹Łᯩᮝ໑┥ᗭ႑⇽ᨱݡ⦽
ᩍᮁෝ ⪶ᅕ⦹ᩡ݅ (World Bank 2009).
Ʊ☁⩲᧞ᯕ⬥ǎᱽʑǍ᮹ḡᗮᱢᯙᖁᨙŝיಆᮡ1990֥ݡ
ᵲၹᨱᨱ⎵┡ᬕ}ၽಽᱥ⪹⦹ᩡ݅. ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡƱ☁⩲᧞ᯕᙹพ
ࢁݚḡᗮa܆⦽ၽᱥ(Sustainable development)}ֱŝእ
⦽ʑᨱၽᱥࡹᨩ݅. ᖁḥǎᮥᵲᝍᮝಽ᯲ࡽᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡḡᗮ a܆⦽ၽᱥᮥ⇵Ǎ⦹ŁbǎaaᯱℕᱢᯙĞᱽȽ༉᪡ၽᱥᗮࠥ
down ႊ᮹⪹ĞȽᱽӹᨖᱽᅕ݅۵ḡᩎᱢᯙיಆŝ⪹Ğᅕ⪙ᨱ
ݡ⦽šᝍᮥ᷾ݡ⦹Łᯱḡᩎᱶᇡ(local government)aᜅᜅಽ
⪹Ğᅕ⪙᪡⬉ᮉᱢᯙᨱթḡᔍᬊᮥ⇵ḥ⦹۵⩶┽ᩡ݅. እಾⅩʑ
ᩡḡอɮᱶᱢᯙ⠪aෝၵ┶ᮝಽḡᗮa܆}ၽŝ⧉̹⪶ݡ⧪
ࡹᨩ݅. 1990֥ݡᇡ░ᩢǎၰᇢᮁǎa᪡ᯝᅙᨱᕽ۵ฯᮡ
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦᯕ⧪ࡹᨩᮝ໑, ⩥ᰍ۵ᖁḥǎᐱอᦥܩ}ၽࠥ
ᔢǎᨱࠥᨱ⎵┡ᬕᙹพᔍᨦᯕᔢݚ⯩ฯᮡᯱᅙŝᱶᇡၰǎᱽʑ Ǎ᮹ḡᬱ⦹ᨱ⧪ࡹŁᯩ݅. ǎԕᨱᕽࠥᯕיಆᨱၽ฿⇵ᨕ
ᱶᇡ᮹ᵝࠥ⦹ᨱᨱ⎵❑ੱ۵ᮁእ░ᜅᨱ⎵❑॒᮹ᔍᨦ⩶
┽ಽ ⧪⦹ᩡ݅.
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡḡᗮa܆⦽ၽᱥ᮹ḡᩎᱢיಆŝၽᱥᨱ⧖ᝍᱢᯙ
ᔍᨦᇡྙᮝಽᯱญᰂŁᯩᮝ໑, ญ᪅+20⫭᮹ᯕ⬥ᨱࠥᯕᨱݡ⦽
ᔍᨦᯕḡᗮࢁäᮝಽᩩᔢࡹᨕǎԕᨱᕽࠥᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦᨱݡ⦽
šᝍŝ⪶ݡa⦥⦹݅(UN 2011). ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹༊ᱢᮡᔍᨦᨱ
ᖙᇡᱢᮝಽ݅ෙ༊⢽ෝaḡŁᯩᮝӹ, }ఖᱢᮝಽ۵ᯱᬱᙽ
⪹ᮥ Łಅ⦽ ⪹Ğᅕ⪙᪡ ᔍ⫭Ğᱽᱢ ၽᱥᮥ ᵝ ༊⢽ಽ ⦹Ł
ᯩ݅(CABE 2008). ✚⯩↽ɝᨱʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ᨱݡ⦽ǎᱽᱢᯙšᝍŝ
יಆᯕ᷾ݡࡹᨕ↽ɝᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦᮡʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲ᨱݡ⦽ᵡእ
ࠥ ⡍⧉ࡹŁ ᯩ۵ ⇵ᖙᯕ݅.
ᅙםྙᨱᕽ۵1990֥ݡᯕ⬥ᨱᖁḥǎŝ}ၽࠥᔢǎᨱᕽ⧪
ࡽੱ۵⧪⦹Łᯩ۵ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍಡෝᇥᕾ⦹ᩍ݅bᱢᯙ⩶┽ಽ
ᇥඹ⧉ᮝಽ៉ǎԕᨱᱢ⧊⦽ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᙹพႊ⨆ᨱᯕၵḡ⦹Łᯱ
⦽݅. ݅₉ᬱᱢᯙᨱ⎵┡ᬕᇥᕾᮥ☖⦽ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᇥᕾᮡǎԕᙹพ ᐱอᦥܩǎԕ᮹ǎᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦ⧪ᨱŁಅ⧁ᔍ⧎ᨱࠥ
ʑᩍ⧁ᙹᯩ݅. 2ᰆᨱᕽ۵ḡᗮa܆⦽ၽᱥᨱݡ⦽}ֱŝ}ᨱ
ݡ⦹ᩍᖅ⦹Ł, ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹}ֱŝ᳦ඹᨱݡ⦹ᩍʑᚁ⦹ᩡ݅.
3 ᰆᮡᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ᗭ᪡ᮁ⩶ᮥᱶญ⦹ᩍ, bb᮹ᮁ⩶ᨱෙ
ᱥఖᮥᱽ⦹ᩡ݅. 4ᰆᨱᕽ۵ᩍ్ǎᱽᔍಡෝʑᚁ⦹Ł✚Ḷŝ
⇵ḥႊ⨆ᮥ ᧞ ʑᚁ⦹ᩡŁ, 5ᰆᮡ ᔍಡෝ ʑⅩಽ ݅₉ᬱᱢᯙ
ᇥᕾᮥ☖⦹ᩍᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮥᇥᕾ⦹ᩍ, ₉ᯕᱱŝŖ☖ᱱ॒ᔍᱱᮥ
ᱽ⦹ᩡ݅. ษḡสᰆᮡđುᇡᇥᮝಽᅙםྙᨱᕽᇥᕾ⦽ᨱ⎵┡
ᬕ᮹ ᮁ⩶ŝ ᔍಡෝ ʑⅩಽ ᔍᱱŝ ʑ┡ ᱥఖᮥ ᧞⦹ᩡ݅.
2. ḡᗮa܆⦽ၽᱥŝᨱ⎵┡ᬕ
2.1 ুԧۇࢳୢ (Sustainable Development) ḡᗮa܆⦽ ၽᱥᮡ 1970֥ݡᨱ }ֱŝ ႊ⨆ᯕ ᱶพࡽ ⬥ᨱ
40ᩍ֥e}ֱ᮹ᙹᱶŝၽᱥႊ⨆ᨱҫᯥᨧ۵ᄡ⪵ෝÑℱ᪵݅.
⡍ťᱢᯙḡᗮa܆⦽ၽᱥᨱݡ⦽}ֱᮡ ǎᱽʑǍෝᵲᝍᮝಽ
ᖁḥǎ᮹ᵝࠥಽ⇵ḥࡹᨕ, Ⅹʑᨱᵝ}ֱᮡᯱᩑᅕ⪙᪡ᯱᬱᅕ
᳕ŝ ᔍᬊᨱ ݡ⦽ Ƚᱽᨱ Ⅹᱱᮥ ฿⇵ᨩ݅. ⦹ḡอ ⪹Ğᅕ⪙ᨱ
ᵲᱱᮥࢱᨕ↽ᗭ⦽ᯱᬱᔍᬊŝᅕᮁ⦽⪹Ğ᮹↽ᗭ⦽ੱ۵ᱽ⦽ᱢ ᯙᯕᬊᮥࢵ}ֱᮡᯕၙᯝᱶᙹᵡ᮹Ğᱽᖒᰆᮥᯕൊ⦽ǎaᨱᕽ
ࠥ ⧪⦹ʑ ᨕಅᬕ ᇡᇥࠥ ᳕ᰍ⦹ᩡ݅.
ᯕෝᅕ᪥⦹ಅŁⅩʑ᮹ḡᗮa܆⦽ၽᱥᨱᕽ۵ᯱᬱ᮹ᯱᩑᱢ ᯙᙽ⪹ʑෝŁಅ⦽ᱢᱩ⦽ᯱᬱᔍᬊᯕᨩᮝӹ, ᯕෝၵ┶ᮝಽ
⦽ḡᗮa܆⦽}ၽᱥఖᮡ}ၽࠥᔢǎᯕӹᱡ}ၽǎaᨱᕽ۵⧪
⦹ʑᨕಅᬕၽᱥ⩶┽ಽᩩᱢᮝಽ}ၽࠥᔢǎᮡᯝᱶᙹᵡᨱࠥ
ݍ⦹ʑʭḡᮁᩩ⦹۵⩶┽ಽ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. ⦹ḡอ, ᯝᱶᙹᵡᯕ۵
ʑᵡࠥ༉⪙⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᯱǎ᮹ᯕᯖอᮥ⇵Ǎ⦹ᩍḡᗮa܆ၽᱥᨱ
ݡ⦽ ⬉ŝᨱ ᮹ྙᯕ ᱽʑࡹŁ ᯩ݅.
ḡᗮa܆ၽᱥᮡ݉ᙽ⦽ᯱᬱᔍᬊȽᱽ᪡⪹Ğᅕ⪙ᨱⅩᱱᯕ฿
⇵ᨕᲙᯩᨕ, Ğᱽᖒᰆᮥᯕᨕ⦹۵ᱡ}ၽǎaᨱᕽ۵₉ᬊ⦹
ʑ⯹ुᱽࠥᩍᕽ, ᙹᱶࡽḡᗮa܆ၽᱥႊ⨆ᯕ21ᖙʑᨱᯕ్
ၽ⢽ࡹᨩŁ, ᵝʼnᯱ۵ʑ᳕᮹ᯱᬱᔍᬊᅕ݅۵⬉ŝᱢᯙᨱթḡ ᔍᬊᮝಽᱥ⪹⦹ᩡŁ, ⪹Ğᅕ⪙ᐱอᦥܩʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ࠥŁಅ⦹ᩡ
Ł, aᰆ ᵲ⦹í ᔍ⫭Ğᱽᱢᯙ ၽᱥࠥ ⇵aࡹᨩ݅.
⬉ŝᱢᯙᨱթḡᔍᬊᮝಽᱥ⪹ࢉᨱ๚༊ᱢᯙᯱᬱᔍᬊᱽ
⦽ᯕᦥܭ⩥ᰍ᮹ᔾ⪽ᮥᩢ᭥⦹۵ߑᨱ⦥⦽ᯱᬱᮥݡℕᰍ}ၽ ಽᱥ⪹⦹Łʑᚁᱢᯙ ᩑǍḡᬱᮥ☖⦹ᩍᨱթḡෝ⬉ᮉᱢᮝಽ
ᔍᬊ⦹ᩍᔗ᮹ḩᮡ׳ᯕ໕ᕽᯱᬱᔍᬊᮥᵥᯕ۵⩶┽ಽ⇵ḥࡹᨩ
݅. ⬉ᮉᱢᨱթḡšญ۵✚⯩bǎ᮹Ğᱽᔢ⫊ŝĞᱽȽ༉ၰ
ᔑᨦ⩶┽ᨱᯱℕᱢᮝಽᙹพ⧁ᙹᯩᨩŁ, a܆⦽ᩑᯱᬱŝ
⧉̹ݡℕᨱթḡᨱݡ⦽ᩑǍၰᨱթḡᔍᬊᨱݡ⦽ʑᚁᱢၽᱥ
ᩑǍ᪡ ┡ ǎaಽ᮹ ᱥᙹࠥ a܆⦹í ࡹᨩ݅.
ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ᨱݡ⦽šᝍ᷾ݡࠥḡᗮa܆ၽᱥᨱᵲ⦽}ֱᮝಽ
ᯱญᰂᦹ݅. ᯕᱥ᮹ ⪹Ğᅕ⪙۵ ݉ᙽ⪹ ᩑᯱᬱᔍᬊ Ƚᱽᨱอ
Ⅹᱱᮥࢱᨕᅖᰂ⦹Ł݅bᱢᯙʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ᨱෙḡǍʑ⬥᮹ᄡ⪵
ᩑǍaᇡ᳒⦹ᩡ݅. ྜྷುᵲ⦽ᗭᯙ┥ᗭ႑⇽ᮥ☖⦹ᩍ↽ᗭ⦽
᮹ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ෝ⇵Ǎ⦹ᩡḡอ, ↽ɝᨱ۵ᯝᱶᙹᵡ᮹┥ᗭ႑⇽ᮡ
⦥ᙹᇩađ⦽Ğᱽᖒᰆ᮹ᔑྜྷಽᕽၼᦥॅᯕ໕ᕽʑ⬥ᄡ⪵Ƚᱽᅕ
݅۵ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲(Climate Change Adaptation)ᮝಽᱥ⪹⦹ᩡ
݅. ᯕෝ☖⦹ᩍၙ௹ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ᨱݡ⦽ʑⅩᩑǍෝᙹพ⦹ᩍၙญ
ݡ᮲⦹Łᯕᨱ฿⇵ᨕᔾ⪽⩶┽᪡ᨱթḡᔍᬊ॒Ğᱽၽᱥႊ⨆ࠥ
ᙹᱶ⦹۵॒ᯱℕᱢיಆŝ⧉̹ǎᱽᱢᯙŖ࠺ݡ᮲ࠥa܆⦹݅.
ᔍ⫭Ğᱽᱢᗭ᮹⇵a۵ๅᬑŁྕᱢᯕ݅. ᔍ⫭Ğᱽᱢᗭ
⇵a۵ḡᗮa܆ၽᱥ᮹ᵲᝍᯕ⪹Ğ᮹ᱶ᮹ෝᯱᩑ⪹Ğ(natural environment)ᨱᕽᯱᩑ⪹Ğŝᯙe⪹Ğ(built environment)ಽ
⪶ݡࢉᮥ᮹ၙ⦹Ł, ࢱ⪹Ğ᮹⩲ಆᱢၰɁ⩶ᱢᯙၽᱥᮥ⇵Ǎ⦹۵
äᯕ݅. ᯙe⪹Ğᯕᯱᩑ⪹Ğŝ⧉̹⪹Ğᨱ⡍⧉ࡹᨕᯙe᮹ᔗ᮹
ḩ⨆ᔢࠥḡᗮa܆ၽᱥ᮹▭ࢱญᦩᨱᕽ⇵Ǎ⧁ᙹᯩᮝ໑, ↽ɝᨱ ۵ᔍ⫭≉᧞ĥ⊖᮹ǭᯖŝᔾ⪽ᙹᵡ⨆ᔢ, ᩍᖒǭญ⪶ݡ, ʑⅩᱢᯙ
᭥ᔾŝḩᄲšญ, ᦥ࠺ၰℎᗭ֥᮹ǭᯖᅕᰆ॒݅᧲⦽ᇡྙᯕ
ḡᗮa܆ၽᱥ༊⢽ᨱ⇵aࡹᨩ݅. ᯕ۵↽ɝUN᮹UN Women
⥥ಽəఉ᮹ ⪶ݡ᪡ ⧪ᯕ ⦽ ᩩಽ ฯᮡ ǎaॅ᮹ ᩍᖒǭᯖᨱ
ݡ⦽⪶ᅕ᪡ʑᦥྙᱽ⧕đ॒ᔍ⫭ᱢྙᱽᨱⅩᱱᮥࢵᔍᨦᮝಽ
⨆⬥ 20֥e ᵲᱱᮝಽ ⧪⧁ ᩩᱶᯕ݅.
ḡᗮa܆ၽᱥᮡᱥᖙĥᱢᮝಽ}ֱᱥ⪹ᮥ☖⦹ᩍǎaᜅᜅಽ
ᯱℕᱢᮝಽǎԕᔍᱶᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍ༊⢽ෝᱶ⦹Łᙹᱶ⦹ᩍ⇵ḥ⧁
ᙹᯩࠥಾə}ֱᮥ⪶ݡ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᬑญӹࠥǎԕ⪹Ğᨱ฿۵
ḡᗮa܆ၽᱥ ༊⢽ෝ ᙹพ⦹ᩍ ⇵ḥ⧁ ⦥a ᯩ݅.
town project) ŝ⧪ᯕ1990֥ݡᵲၹᇡ░᯲ࡹᨩᮝ໑, ⩥ᰍ
ᱥᖙĥᱢᮝಽฯᮡᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦᯕḥ⧪ࡹŁᯩ݅(Chris 2003).
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹⋎ᮡⅩʑᨱ۵ecological townᨱᕽ⇽ၽ⦹ᩍᔾ┽
⦺ᱢᮝಽᯱᩑ⪹Ğᨱ⊽⪵ᱢᯙᯙeᵝÑŖeᮥ⩶ᖒ⦹۵äᮝಽ
⇵ḥࡹᨕᖁḥǎᨱᕽ᯲ࡹᨩ݅(MOE 2009). ǎḡᱢᮝಽ᯲
ࡽⅩʑᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡ⪵ᕾᩑഭᔍᬊᮥ↽ᗭ⦽ᮝಽ⦹Ł, ┽᧲ᩕੱ۵
ᙹಆ, ḡᩕ॒ݡℕᨱթḡෝᔍᬊ⦹ᩍᗭȽ༉᮹ᵝÑŖeᨱ⦥⦽
ᨱթḡෝŖɪ⦹ᩍ, ᔍᬊᨱթḡ᮹ᯱɪᯱ᳒ᮥ༊⢽ಽ⦹ᩡ݅. ʑᚁ ᱢᮝಽᱽ⦽ࡹŁᰍᱶᱢᯙḡᬱᯕᩕᦦ⦽ᔢ⫊ᨱᕽ⬉ᮉᱢᨱթḡ
ᔍᬊᮡᗭȽ༉ಽ⇵ḥࡹᨕ⧩ᮝ໑ᔾ⪽⩶┽ࠥᱽ⦽ᱢᯕᨕᕽᱢ ᬊݡᔢᯕ ⦽ᱶࡹᨩŁ, ḡᩎₙᩍ᪡ ᱢᬊჵ᭥ࠥ ݅ᗭ qᗭࡹᨩ݅
(Joss 2010).
ᩢǎᮥᵲᝍᮝಽᇢᮁǎaᨱᕽ۵ḡᗮa܆ၽᱥ᮹⦽⇶ᮝಽ
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ ⪶ݡෝ ʑݡ⦹ᩍ 1990֥ݡᨱ ᵲᱱᱢᯙ }ֱᱶพŝ
ᰍᱶᱢᯙḡᬱᮝಽᨱ⎵┡ᬕၽᱥᮥⅪḥ⦹ᩡ݅. ᯝᅙᨱᕽࠥ1990
֥⬥ၹᨱĞᱽᖒᰆᯕᱶℕࡹᯱ, ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮥ⇵ḥ⦹ᩍݡℕᨱթḡ
ᩑǍ᪡ᨱթḡ⬉ᮉᩑǍ᪡⧉̹Ğᱽᖒᰆᮥ⇵Ǎ⦹ŁᯱฯᮡŔᨱ
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕÕᖅᨱ⚍ᯱෝ⦹ᩡ݅. 21ᖙʑᨱॅᨕᕽᱥᖙĥᱢᮝಽ
݅᧲⦽ ᨱ⎵┡ᬕÕᖅ ᔍᨦᯕ ⇵ḥࡹᨩᮝ໑, ᱶᇡᔑᨦ᮹ ᵝࠥಽ
⧪ࡽᔍᨦᯕǎᱽʑǍ, ǎᱽ}ၽᮡ⧪ŝᵲᦺᱶᇡၰḡႊᱶᇡ᮹
ᱥ⡎ᱢᯙḡᬱᮝಽ⇵ḥࡹŁᯩ݅. ᵲǎ᮹Ğᬑᔍʑᨦᯕᨱ⎵┡ᬕ }ၽᔍᨦᨱₙᩍ⦹ᩍḡᩎᨱᕽ۵ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᙹพᯕ۵༊ᱢݍᖒŝ
࠺ᨱ ᔍʑᨦᮡ ᯕᮅᮥ ⇽⦹۵ ႊࠥ ⇵ḥࡹŁ ᯩ݅. ੱ⦽
Ⅹʑᨱᵲᦺᱶᇡᨱᕽ⇵ḥ⦹ᩍḡᩎᱢǍ᪡༊⢽᪡݅ᗭᇡ⧊ࢁ
ᙹᯩ۵ᇡᇥࠥ↽ɝᨱ۵ḡᩎᨱᕽǍ⦹ᩍḡᩎᜅᜅಽၽᱥႊ⨆
ŝᙹพᮥᱶพ⦹۵⩶┽ಽᄡ⪵⦹Łᯩ݅. ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵}ֱ᮹᯦ࠥᮝ ಽ⩥ᰍᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡḡᩎၽᱥ᮹ǎᱽᱢᯙיಆ᮹⦹ӹ᮹ᵲ⦽
ŝᱽಽᕽ ฯᮡ a܆ᖒᮥ ԕ⡍⦹Ł ᯩ݅.
ᦿᮝಽᖁḥǎŝ}ၽࠥᔢǎၰᱡ}ၽǎaᨱᕽࠥฯᮡᨱ⎵┡
ᬕ}ၽᯕᩩᱶࡹŁ⧪ࢁäᯕᯱ⦹Ł, ✚⯩ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵᪡ᨱթḡ
⬉ᮉᖒ॒ ᖁḥ ʑᚁᯕ⡍⧉ࡽ ⩶┽ಽ ၽᱥࢁᩩᱶᮝಽ ʑᚁᮥ
ᅕᮁ⦹Łᯩ۵ǎa۵ʑᚁᙹ⇽ŝ⧉̹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦĞ⨹ᮥᱥᙹ
⦹ᩍ ၽᱥa܆ᖒᯕ ྕǢྕḥ⦹݅.
3. ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᇥᕾ
3.1 ಸଭ૬ী
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ᅙ௹༊ᱢᮡ⪹Ğ⊽⪵ᱢᯕŁᔾ┽⦺ᱢᮝಽᦩᱶᱢ ᯙษᮥᮥ⩶ᖒ⦹໕ᕽᯙe᮹ᔗᮥ࠺ᨱᯝᱶᙹᵡᯕᔢᮥᩢ᭥⦹
۵äᯕ݅(CABE 2008). Ⅹʑᨱ᯲ࡽᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ᖒĊᮥᮁḡ⦹
໕ᕽ⩥ᰍ۵݅᧲⦽ᗭॅᯕ⇵aࡹᨩŁ, UNŝUNEPෝእ⦽
ǎᱽ}ၽʑǍᨱᕽ۵ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮥḡᩎᱢ}ၽ⩶┽ಽ⪹Ğᅕ⪙᪡
⧉̹⬉ᮉᱢᨱթḡᔍᬊ, ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲, ၰᔍ⫭Ğᱽᱢၽᱥᮥ
ᵝᗭಽᖁᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. ⦹ḡอbӹᄥੱ۵ḡᩎᄥಽ⇵ḥ⦹۵
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ⩶┽ᨱᕽ݅᧲⦽⇵ḥႊ⨆ᮥᅝᙹᯩᮝӹ, ʑᅙᗭಽ۵
ᨱթḡ/⪹Ğ, ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲, əญŁᔍ⫭Ğᱽᱢၽᱥᯕ⦥ᙹᱢᯕ݅.
ʑ┡ᗭॅᮡ᭥᮹᳑Õᮥ∊᳒⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍᇡaࡹ۵ᗭᯕÑӹ
ੱ۵ ӹᄥಽ ᵲᱱᮥ ࢵ ᗭᯕ݅ (GEF 2005).
3.2 ಸକ෴ࢫୢ߃
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡ ᦿᕽ ᨙɪ⦽ ၵ᪡ zᯕ ᱥ ᖙĥᱢᮝಽ ⇵ḥࡹŁ
ᯩᮝӹ, ʑᅙ3ᗭෝ⡍⧉⦽݅᧲⦽⩶┽ಽĥ⫮⧪ࡹŁᯩ݅.
ᕽ⦽ǎaԕᨱᕽࠥḡᩎᱢᯙ⪹Ğᗭӹᗭाᨱᕽࠥ
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ᖙᇡ༊⢽᪡ʑe॒ฯᮡ₉ᯕෝᅕᯕŁᯩḡอݡఖᱢ ᮝಽ ᮁ⩶ᮥ 4}ಽ ᇥඹ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅.
Fig. 2ᨱᕽᅕ۵ၵ᪡zᯕx⇶ᮥᨱթḡੱ۵⪹Ğᅕ⪙ᱶࠥಽ
y ⇶ᮥᔍ⫭Ğᱽၽᱥᱶࠥಽᱶ⦹໕, 4}᮹ᩢᩎᮝಽݡఖᱢᮝಽ
ᇥඹ⧁ᙹᯩ۵ߑFig. 2᮹ᇥඹᨱᕽĞĥ۵ᇥඹᔢ⠙᮹༊ᱢᮝಽ
ӹ٩äᮝಽᵲeၽᱥᱶ᳕ࠥࠥᰍ⧁ᙹᯩ݅. ᕽᨱթḡ⬉ᮉŝ
⪹Ğᅕ⪙a׳ᮥᙹಾ᪅ෙᮝಽ᷾a⦹໑, ᔍ⫭Ğᱽၽᱥࠥษ₍
aḡಽ׳ᮡᙹᵡᮥw۵Ğᬑ᭥ᨱ᭥⊹⦹íࡽ݅. bᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡ
⧪ǎa᮹ᙹᵡᨱ᮹Ñ⦹ᩍ⧕ݚ᭥⊹ađᱶࡹ໑, ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲
ᱶࠥ۵Ⓧʑಽӹ┡ԝᙹᯩ݅. 4}᮹ᇥඹ۵b⇶᮹ၽᱥᱶࠥᨱ
ᱶᇡᵝࠥ⩶, ᔑᨦᵝࠥ⩶, ǎᱽʑǍᵝࠥ⩶, ⪝⧊⩶ᮝಽᮁ⩶ᯕ
ᱶญࡽ݅.
ຝᱡ ᱶᇡᵝࠥ⩶ᮡ ĞᱽȽ༉a ɪĊ⦹í ⍅ḡÑӹ Ğᱽᖒᰆ
ᗮࠥaɪĊ⦹ᩍᗭाᙹᵡᮡ⨆ᔢࡹᨩᮝӹ, Ğᱽၽᱥᨱෙᨱթ ḡ᪡⪹Ğ⦝⧕ᩩ⊂ᯕᔢݡᱢᮝಽᱢᮡᮁ⩶ᯕ݅. ᵲᦺᱶᇡᨱᕽ۵
ᨱթḡ ⬉ᮉᨱ šᝍᯕ ᯩᮝӹ, ḡႊ ᱶᇡ۵ ᔍ⫭ᜅ▽ ၽᱥᯕ
ᔢݡᱢᮝಽᱢᨕšᝍᯕԏᮡ⠙ᯕӹ, ʑᚁŝᩑǍෝ᭥⦽ᯙᱢᯱᬱ
ᮡᨕ۱ᱶࠥᅕᮁ⦹Łᯩ۵ᮁ⩶ᯕ݅. ᕽᵲᦺᱶᇡaᰍᬱษಉ
ᕽ۵ᇡǎᱽʑǍၰᔍʑᨦᮝಽᇡ░ᰍᬱᮥ∊ݚ⦹ʑ᭥⦹
ᩍ ჶŝ ᱽࠥෝ ᵲᦺᱶᇡa ᱢɚᱢᮝಽ }᯦⦽݅.
ᔑᨦᵝࠥ⩶ᯙĞᬑ۵ᔍ⫭Ğᱽၽᱥŝᨱթḡ᪡⪹Ğᅕ⪙ᱶࠥ
aๅᬑ׳ᮡ⩶┽ಽᵝಽԏᮡᖒᰆශᮥၵ┶ᮝಽᨱթḡ⬉ᮉᨱ
ᵲᱱᮥࢱŁᯩ۵ᮁ⩶ᯕ݅. ✚⯩ၝॅ᮹ᔗ᮹ḩ⨆ᔢᨱᵲᱱᯕ
ࡹᨕ, ḡႊᱶᇡᜅᜅಽᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮥ⇵ḥ⦹໑ᵲᦺᱶᇡ۵ᯝᇡᇥอ
ᮥ ḡᬱ⦹۵ ⩶┽ᯕ݅.
ǎᱽʑǍᵝࠥ⩶ᯙĞᬑᨱ۵ᨱթḡ/⪹Ğᱶࠥၰᔍ⫭Ğᱽၽᱥ
ᱶࠥࠥԏᮡĞᬑಽᵲᦺᱶᇡၰḡႊᱶᇡ᮹ԏᮡšᝍࠥಽᯙ⦹ᩍ
ǎᱽ}ၽᮡ⧪ᯕӹǎᱽʑǍaᔍᨦᵝℕᯙĞᬑaݡᇡᇥᯕ݅. ✚
⯩ ᯕ Ğᬑᨱ۵ ᇡᩑǍᯙಆŝ ⩥ḡ ᱥྙaa ࠺ᨱ ᔍᨦᮥ
⇵ḥ⦹ᩍ ᔍᨦᮥ ḥ⧪⦹ḡอ, ᵲᦺᱶᇡӹ ḡႊᱶᇡಽ᮹ ᪥ᱥ⦽
ᱥᯕ۵ʑݡ⦹ʑ⯹ॅ݅. ᨱթḡӹ⪹Ğᅕ⪙ᅕ݅۵ɪĊ⦽Ğᱽၽ ᱥᨱᵲᱱᮥࢱ۵ӹᯙĞᬑɁ⩶ᱢᯙᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ᖅĥᅕ݅۵
ᯝၹ }ၽᔍᨦᨱ aʭᬕ Ğᬑa ฯ݅.
⪝⧊⩶ᮡᔍ⫭Ğᱽၽᱥᱶࠥᨱእ⦹ᩍ׳ᮡᨱթḡၰ⪹Ğၽᱥ
ᱶࠥෝᯕ്⩶┽ಽᱥᖙĥᱢᮝಽᱢᮡĞᬑᨱ⧕ݚ⦽݅. ⦹ḡอ
Ğᱽ}ၽ᮹a܆ᖒᯕᯩ۵อⓝᅕ᳕ࡽᯱᬱŝᨱթḡၰ⪹Ğᨱ
ݡ⦹ᩍᅕ⪙aᵲᱱᱢᮝಽᯕᨕᲙ⦹໑, ʑᚁᱢᮝಽ۵ᇡʑ ᚁᯕᮁ᯦ࡹᨕ⩥ḡᱥྙa᪡⩲ᨦᯕ⦥ᙹᱢᯕ݅. ᯕᮁ⩶ᮡ׳ᮡ
ᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹šᝍᨱእ⦹ᩍḡႊᱶᇡ۵ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹⦥ᖒᯕᱢᨕ
ᔍᨦᯕᛞḡᦫᦥᱶᇡ, ᔑᨦ, ǎᱽʑǍ॒᮹⪝⧊⩶┽ಽ⇵ḥ⦹ᩍ
⨆⬥Ğᱽᖒᰆŝᱶᨱᕽၽᔾࢁ⦝⧕ෝᩩ⊂⦹ᩍᵥᯝᙹᯩ݅.
᭥᮹ᮁ⩶ᮥʑⅩಽ2}᮹aᔢ᮹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍಡෝ⢽ʑ⦹໕
Fig. 3 ŝ z݅. Aᔍᨦ᮹ Ğᬑ ᯕၙ ׳ᮡ ᔍ⫭Ğᱽၽᱥ ᱶࠥෝ
ᯕൊ⦹Łᨱթḡ᪡⪹Ğᅕ⪙ᨱݡ⦹ᩍšᝍᯕ׳ᮡḡᩎᯙĞᬑᨱ
Fig. 3. Comparison of two hypothetical cases
Country/Characteristics UK Japan
Driving Force High central & local government/ high local participation High central & local government/ high local participation Investment Central/local governments Central/local governments with private investment Major aims New town for sustainable development with climate change
adaptation Energy recycle with urban renewal project
Info. Dissemination for residents and education, incentives
Local participation
Monitoring system
Increase in communication with residents
Efficient Energy
zero carbon/renewable energy
Carbon free/ safe transportation
Waste management system
zero carbon/renewable energy
Efficient energy control
Waste management system
Climate Change Adaptation
Active climate change adaptation
Green infra. (40% green areas)
Biodiversity
Flood control system
Natural disaster preparation
Harmonization with environment
Future environment technology development
Generation of new jobs Efficient public administration system
Higher quality of life
Notable points
Scientific/Research focused
Industry & public cooperation
Private industry investment
⧪ࡹ۵ᔍᨦᮝಽᔑᨦᵝࠥ, ᷪʑᨦ᮹⚍ᯱaᵝࠥᱢᮝಽᯕᨕ ḡ۵ᔍᨦᯕ݅. Bᔍᨦᮡᔍ⫭Ğᱽၽᱥᱶࠥaၙၙ⦹Ł, ᨱթḡ
ၰ ⪹Ğᅕ⪙ᨱࠥ ၙ⯂⦽ ᱽࠥෝ aḥ ḡᩎ᮹ Ğᬑᨱ ⧕ݚ⦹ᩍ
ǎᱽʑǍ᮹ᵝࠥ⦹ᨱ⧪ࡹ۵⩶┽ෝ᮹ၙ⦽݅. Fig. 3ᨱᕽࢱ
ᔍᨦ᮹Ⓧʑ₉ᯕ۵ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵᮹ ݡ᮲ᨱݡ⦽ᔢݡᱢᯙ⢽⩥ᮝಽ
ᯕĞᬑᨱ۵Aᔍᨦᯕʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲ᗭෝᔢݡᱢᮝಽBᔍᨦᅕ݅
ᱢɚᱢᮝಽ ၹᩢ⦽ Ğᬑᯕ݅.
4. ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍಡၰᇥᕾ
4.1 ઽ֝ॷߢ
2007֥ᨱᙹพ⦽ᙹᱶࡽ}ၽᔍᨦ᮹༊⢽ᵲ⦹ӹಽᨱ⎵┡ᬕᙹ พᮥ 10} ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ᨱ ݡ᮲⦽ ḡᗮa܆⦽ ᝁࠥ Õᖅᮥ ᵝ
༊⢽ಽ⦹ᩡ݅. ᩢǎ᮹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡ⩥ᰍǎᱽᔍ⫭aᱶ⦽ḡᗮa܆
ၽᱥ༊⢽ෝݡᇡᇥᙹᬊ⦹ᩍ⇵ḥ⦹Łᯩᮝ໑, ✚⯩zero carbonᮥ
ᵝᦥᯕ▽ᮝಽᖁᱶ⦹ᩍʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ᨱෙᩢ⨆ᨱ↽ᱢ᮹ݡ᮲ᮥ
ᬑᖁ⦹Ł ᯩ݅ (PRP Architects 2008).
Table 1ᨱᕽ ᅕ۵ ၵ᪡ zᯕ ᩢǎ᮹ ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ ᔍᨦᮡ ׳ᮡ
ᙹᵡ᮹ᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹šᝍŝḡᩎₙᩍෝᮁࠥ⦹ᩍ᪥ᖒࠥෝ׳ᯕŁ
ᯩ݅. ੱ⦽ᵲᰆʑᱢᔍᨦšญ᪡ḡᗮᱢᬕᩢᮥ᭥⦽ʑᵡᮥษಉ⦹
ᩍᔍᨦᯕ᪥đࡽअᨱࠥḡᗮᱢᮝಽᬕᩢࢁᙹᯩ۵ʑ✡ᮥษಉ⦹
Łᯩ݅. ᔍᨦ༊⢽ෝᅕ໕⩥ᰍǎᱽᔍ⫭ᨱᕽᱶพ⦽ḡᗮa܆ၽᱥ ᮹༉ु}ֱᮥ׳ᮡᙹᵡᮝಽၹᩢ⦹Łᯩᮝ໑, ✚⯩ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲
⧎༊ᯕ⇵aࡹᨩŁ, ᔍ⫭Ğᱽၽᱥᨱݡ⦽⧎༊ࠥ༊⢽ᵲ⦹ӹಽ
ᵲࠥෝ ׳ᩡ݅.
4.2 ଵ࣭ॷߢ
ᯝᅙࠥ1990֥ݡ⬥ၹᇡ░ᖁḥǎᨱᕽaᰆ⪽ၽ⦹íᨱ⎵┡ᬕ ᔍᨦᮥ⇵ḥ⦹Łᯩ݅. ᯝᅙᱥᩎᨱÙℱ᧞20ᩍ}᮹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦ ᯕ ᪥ᖒࡹᨩÑӹ ⇵ḥࡹŁ ᯩᮝ໑, Ƚ༉ࠥ ḡᩎŝ ᔍᨦᨱ
݅᧲⦹݅. ᯝᅙࠥᩎ׳ᮡᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹šᝍŝḡᩎₙᩍಽᔍᨦ
Country/Characteristics China Philippines India
Driving Force Fair central govern. / high IO(international
organization) High IO & central government High IO Investment International development bank/IO/private
investment IDB/IO IDB/IO
Major aims Environment friendly/resource preservation/
urban development
town development Urban infrastructure development
Project generals
Ecological biodiversity
Carbon free/ safe transp.
Waste management system
Climate change adaptation
Natural disaster
Economic dev.
Urban infra renewal
Reduction carbon in transportation system
Living condition
Efficient Energy
Carbon emission control
Increase in accessibility
Water resources control
Energy efficient industry
Renewable energy Carbon free/ safe transportation Climate Change
Adaptation
Renewable energy
Air quality improvement Natural disaster plan for climate
change adaptation None
Industrialization
Living condition
Income increase
Law/regulation Better living condition
Notable points
Private investment
Human resources
Increase in local government interests Local government interests Least government interests
⧪ᮡ ྕญa ᨧᨩᮝ໑, ᵝ ༊⢽ಽ۵ ࠥ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᇡ᯲ᬊᮥ
⫭ᅖ⦹Ł ᯱᬱᙽ⪹ᨱ ᩎᱱᮥ ࢱŁ ᯩ݅ (Berkel et al. 2009).
ᯝᅙ᮹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ĞᬑᩢǎŝእƱ⦹ᩍ݅ᗭ⩲ᗭ⦽༊⢽᪡
ၽᱥ ႊ⨆ᮥ aḡŁ ᯩᮝӹ, ḡᗮa܆ၽᱥ᮹ ༉ु ⧎༊ᮡ ᱥᇡ
ᙹᬊ⦹Łᯩ݅(METI 2004). ✚⯩✚Ḷᮝಽ۵⦺ᚁᩑǍ᪡᮹ᩑĥ
ෝ☖⦹ᩍᯱᬱᙽ⪹ŝ ݡℕᨱթḡᩑǍෝᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦ᮹ᵲ
⦽༊⢽ಽࢱŁᯩ݅(Hashimoto et al. 2010). ʑᨦ᮹ᱢɚᱢᯙ
ₙᩍෝᮁࠥ⦹ᩍḡႊᱶᇡ᮹ࠦᯱᱢᯙᬕᩢŝ⧪ᨱ᯦ḡෝḡᬱ
⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ⪹Ğၙ௹ʑᚁʑၹᮥၙญ᳑ᖒ⧉ᮝಽ៉ၙ௹ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵
ݡ᮲ᨱࠥ อᱥᮥ ʑ⦹Ł ᯩ݅ (GEF 2005, GEC 2009).
ᯝᅙ᮹ᯱǎ᮹Ğ⨹ᮥၵ┶ᮝಽ࠺ԉᦥᦥၰᵲǎ, ʑ┡ǎaಽ ᮹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᳑ᖒᮥᙹ⇽ĥ⫮ᮥᙹพ⦹Ł, ᯝᅙᮡ⧪ŝǎᱽ}ၽᮡ
⧪ŝ᮹ᩑĥಽᨱ⎵┡ᬕḡᱥݍŝ⧉̹šಉ⪹Ğʑᨦ᮹ḥ⇽ࠥ
Ⅺḥ⦹Ł ᯩ݅ (MoE 2007).
4.3 ண֝ॷߢ
ᵲǎᮡ⩥ᰍaᰆฯᮡᨱ⎵┡ᬕੱ۵ᮁᔍ⦽ᔍᨦᯕḥ⧪ࡹŁ
ᯩ۵ǎaᯕ݅. ᵲǎᮡ↽ɝ10֥eĞᱽᖒᰆශᯕaᰆ׳ᮡ}ၽࠥ
ᔢǎᮝಽĞᱽᖒᰆ᮹ᇡᔑྜྷಽ ⪹Ğ⦝⧕aɪ᷾⦹Łəᙹᵡᮡ
ᱥᖙĥaᬑಅ⧁ᱶࠥಽɝᱲ⦹ᩍ, ᯝಉ᮹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦᯕǎᱽ}
ၽᮡ⧪, ǎᱽʑǍၰᔍʑᨦ᮹⚍ᯱ॒⪝⧊⩶┽ಽ⇵ḥࡹŁᯩ݅
(World Bank 2009). ݡ⢽ᱢᯙᔍಡಽ▱ḥ(Tianjin) ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡ
ᔍʑᨦ᮹⚍ᯱෝၵ┶ᮝಽ⇵ḥࡹ۵⩶┽ಽʑ᳕᮹}ၽࠥᔢǎᨱ ᕽ⧪ࡹᨩᔍᨦ⩶┽᪡۵݅í⚍ᯱ᪡}ၽᯕݡȽ༉ಽᯕ
ᨕḥᔍಡಽᅝᙹᯩ݅. ⦹ḡอᯕᔍᨦ᮹Ğᬑ׳ᮡḡႊᱶᇡ᮹
ၽᱥšᝍŝᯕၙᅕᮁ⦹Łᯩ۵ᯙᱢ, ᔑᨦᱢၰᱽࠥᱢᯱᬱᮥ
ၵ┶ᮝಽ⧪ࡽᔍಡಽ, ŝÑᨱḥ⧪ࡹᨩ݅ෙḡᩎ᮹ᵲǎ᮹
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍᨦŝ۵ ݅ෙ ᖒĊᮥ ᅕᯙ݅ (Kim 2012).
ᵲǎ᮹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹Ğᬑɪᗮ⦽Ğᱽᱢၽᱥᮥእ⇵ᨕᅝভ
ၝe⚍ᯱ⩶┽aၽᱥ⧁äᮝಽᩩᔢࡹӹ, ᩢǎŝᯝᅙᔍಡ᪡۵
݅íᵝၝₙᩍෝᮁࠥ⦹ÑӹᱶᅕŖ}ෝ☖⦽ᯱ⊹ᱢᯙᖒĊᮡ
݅ᗭđᩍࡹᨕᯩ݅. ੱ⦽, ᦿᖁ⪹ĞʑᚁᱢᩑǍෝၵ┶ᮝಽݡℕᨱ թḡੱ۵ᰍᔾᨱթḡෝᱢɚ⪽ᬊ⦽݅۵ĥ⫮ᮡ↽ݡ᮹┥ᗭ႑⇽
ǎᵲ⦹ӹᯙᵲǎᨱᱢ⧊⦽ĥ⫮ᯥᮥᔍ⦽݅. ✚⯩ɪᗮ⦽ᔑᨦၽ ᱥ᮹ᔑྜྷಽᕽ⠱ʑྜྷญᨱݡ⦽ℕĥᱢᯙšญ᪡ᱡqࠥᵲǎ
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ ✚Ḷ ᵲ᮹ ⦹ӹᯕ݅.
4.4 ෂࠤශॷߢ
⦥ญ⦡ᮡ2007֥⦥ญ⦡ᵲᦺᱶᇡᨱᕽʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲ݕݚᇡᕽ ᯙʑ⬥ᄡ⪵⩲᮹⫭(Climate Change Commission)ᮥᖅ⊹⦹ᩍ
šಉჶಚᮥᱽᱶ⦹ᩍ, ₉⬥᮹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕÕᖅᨱʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ݡ᮲ᱥఖ
ᮥᱢɚᱢᮝಽᙹᬊ⦹ʑಽ⦹ᩡ݅. ᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹ᱽࠥᱢᯙḡᬱ⦹ᨱ
ḡႊᱶᇡ, ✚⯩ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ಽᯙ⦽ᯱᩑᰍ⧕aᝍb⦽ḡᩎᮥᵲᝍᮝ
ಽ ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ⇵ḥ ၰ Õᖅᨱ Ⅹᱱᮥ ฿⇵Ł ᯩ݅ (GEF 2005).
⦥ญ⦡ᔍಡ᮹ĞᬑᱶℕࡽĞᱽᖒᰆᮝಽ⠱ʑྜྷᯕӹ⪹Ğ⦝⧕
ᅕ݅۵ᵝၝᔾ⪽}ᖁᨱᵲᱱᱢᮝಽ⇵ḥࡹŁ✚⯩ᯱᩑᰍ⧕⦝⧕
ᱡqᮥ᭥⦽ྜྷญᱢၰᱽࠥᱢႊᦩᮥ༉ᔪ⦹۵ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ⩶┽ᯕ݅.
׳ᮡᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹šᝍŝ۵ၹݡಽᰍᱶᱢᯙḡᬱᯕᇡ᳒⦹ᩍǎᱽ }ၽᮡ⧪, ᦥᦥ}ၽᮡ⧪(Asian Development Bank), ੱ۵ʑ┡
ǎᱽḡᬱᔍᨦ॒ᮝಽ⇵ḥࡹᨕ⩥ḡၝᮥ᭥⦽⩥ᝅᱢᯙ}ၽᔍᨦ ᮹ ᖒŝa ݅ᗭ ၹqࢁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ᩍḡa ԉᦥ ᯩ݅.
4.5 ܑॷߢ
ᯙࠥᔍಡ۵ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ}ၽᅕ݅۵ࠥᯙ⥥Õᖅŝ⪶ᰆ, ᰍÕ
ᔍᨦᯕᵝෝᯕŁᯩ݅. ᯙࠥ۵↽ݡᯙǍᅕᮁǎᯕ໑ࠥᝍḡᩎ᮹
׳ᮡᯙǍၡࠥ᪡ᔾ⪽⪹Ğᯕᩕᦦ⦹Ł, ✚⯩ݡʑḩŝᔾ⪽ᬊᙹᨱ
ᝍb⦽ᙹᵡᮝಽᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡⅩʑᔾ⪽}ᖁᔍᨦ⩶┽ಽǎᱽ}ၽ
ᮡ⧪ ॒ᯕ ᵝࠥ⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ᬑᙹ⦽ ᯙᱢᯱᬱŝ ʑᚁᮥ ᅕᮁ⦹Ł
ᯩᮝӹ, ᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹ᰍᱶᱢḡᬱᯕӹℕĥᱢᯙᔍ⫭ᜅ▽᮹ᇡᰍ ಽ⩥ᰍ۵ᖒĊᯕ༉⪙⦽ᔢ⫊ᯕḡอ, ၙ௹ᨱ⎵┡ᬕÕᖅᰆᮡ
ᵲǎŝษ₍aḡಽa܆ᖒᮡๅᬑⓑäᮝಽᅕᯙ݅(Joss 2010).
5. ᨱ⎵┡ᬕእƱ/ᇥᕾ
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ᖒĊŝ⇵ḥ⩶┽ෝᇥᕾ⦽đŝbӹ᮹ᔍಡ۵
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ᮁ⩶ᮝಽᱶ᮹⦽᭥⊹ᨱᇥඹࢁᙹᯩᨩ݅. ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮁ
⩶ᮡᱶᇡᵝࠥ⩶, ᔑᨦᵝࠥ⩶, ǎᱽʑǍᵝࠥ⩶, ⪝⧊⩶ᮝಽᇥඹࡹ
ᨩᮝ໑, ᅙםྙᨱᕽ۵ᱽ⦽ӹ᮹ᔍಡ᮹✚ḶŝᔍᨦᖒĊᨱ
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮁ⩶ᨱᇥඹࡹᨩᮝӹ, ݡᇡᇥᔍಡ۵ᮁ⩶Ğĥෝ
ᵲᅖ⦹ᩍ ᇥඹࡹᨩ݅.
ᩢǎŝᯝᅙᮡᱥ⩶ᱢᯙᔑᨦᵝࠥ⩶ᮝಽⅩʑᨱ۵ᱶᇡ᮹ᵝࠥಽ
ᝅ⧪⇵ḥࡹᨩᮝӹ, ᱱḥᱢᮝಽḡႊᱶᇡ᮹ᱢɚᱢᯙ⇵ḥ᮹ḡ᪡
ḡᩎᄥ✚ᖒᮥŁಅ⦽⇵ḥႊ⨆ᮥʑⅩಽᔍʑᨦ᮹⚍ᯱ᪡ᱶᇡ᮹
ḡᬱ⩶┽ಽᯱญෝᰂᦹ݅. ᩢǎŝᯝᅙ᮹Ğᬑᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹ᩎ⧁ᮡ
ᱽࠥᱢᯙḡᬱŝᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᳑ʑᦩᱶᮥ᭥⦽⧪ᱶၰჶශŝᰍᱶᱢ
ḡᬱᨱ ⦽ᱶࡹᨩŁ, ḡႊᱶᇡ ᜅᜅಽ ᩎ⧁ ᖅᱶᮥ Ⅺḥ⎑݅.
ᵲǎᮡᨱ⎵┡ᬕᯕaᰆฯᯕ⧪ࡹŁᯩ۵ӹᯕᯱ, bᔍಡॅ
ࠥᩍ్ᮁ⩶ᯕ⪝⧊ࡽĞᬑᯕ݅. ɪᗮ⦽Ğᱽၽᱥŝᔑᨦ᮹݅b⪵
aᯕᨕḡŁ, ḡᩎᄥಽĞᱽၽᱥᙹᵡŝᔍ⫭ᜅ▽᮹Ċ₉a
ᝍ⦹ᩍ, ᩍ్ᮁ⩶ᯕᅖᰂ⦹í⇵ḥࡹŁᯩ݅. Ⅹʑᨱ۵ǎᱽʑǍ᪡
ᱶᇡᵝࠥ⩶ᯕᵝෝᯕᨩᮝ໑, ḡႊᱶᇡ᮹ᩎ⧁ᮡᨱ⎵┡ᬕÕᖅ
ᮥ᭥⦽ḡᩎᮥᱽŖ⦹۵äᮥ⦽ᱶࡹᨩ݅. ↽ɝɪᗮ⦽Ğᱽၽᱥᮥ
ݍᖒ⦽ݡࠥ᮹สv⦽ᰍᱶᱢḡᬱŝᔍʑᨦᮥᵲᝍᮝಽݡ݉᭥
᮹ᔑᨦᵲᝍᨱ⎵┡ᬕᯕÕᖅࡹŁᯩᮝ໑, ᔍ⫭Ğᱽᱢၽᱥᨱࠥ
ฯᮡ Ⅹᱱᮥ ᇡᩍ⦹ᩍ ᨱթḡ ၰ ⪹Ğ⊽⪵᪡ ⧉̹ ḡᗮa܆⦽
}ၽ༊⢽᪡ ၽ฿⇵Ł ᯩ݅.
⦥ญ⦡ᮡǎᱽʑǍᵝࠥ⩶ᯕᵝෝᯕŁᯩᮝӹ, ᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹
šᝍᮡʑ┡݅ෙӹᨱእ⦹ᩍᦿᖁ⠙ᯕ݅. 2007֥ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵᭥ᬱ
⫭ෝᵲᝍᮝಽʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ḡᬱჶᮥᱽᱶ⦹ᩍ, ʑ⬥ᄡ⪵ಽᯙ⦽ᯱᩑ ᰍ⧕⦝⧕ෝᵥᯥŝ࠺ᨱĞᱽၽᱥᮥࠥ༉⦹۵ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ⇵ḥᮥ
ᱢɚᱢᮝಽḡᬱ⦽݅. ə్ӹ, ǎaĞᱽၽᱥᗮࠥaᰍᱶᱢᯙḡᬱ ᨱ۵ၙ⊹ḡ༜⦹Łᔍ⫭ᜅ▽ᯕ⩥ᱡ⦹íਉᨕᲙ, ⦥ญ⦡ᨱᅙᔍ
ෝࢱŁᯩ۵ᦥᦥ}ၽᮡ⧪ᮥ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍᨱ⎵┡ᬕÕᖅᮥ⇵ḥ⦹
Ł ᯩ݅.
ᯙࠥ۵ݡᇡᇥ᮹ŝᱽ۵ǎᱽʑǍaᵝࠥ⦹Łᯩᮝ໑, ᔢݡᱢᮝ ಽ ᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹ šᝍᅕ݅۵ ḡႊᱶᇡ᮹ šᝍᯕ ⓑ ⠙ᯕӹ, ݅ෙ
ǎaᨱእ⦹ᩍ༉ुäᯕਉᨕḡ۵äᮡᔍᝅᯕ݅. ✚⯩ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᅕ
݅۵ᵝၝ᮹ʑᅙᱢᯙᔾ⪽ʑၹᮥᱽŖ⦹۵ᯝၹᱢᯙᔍ⫭ʑၹ
ᖅ ᰍÕᔍᨦᯕ ᵝෝ ᯕŁ ᯩᮝ໑, ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ ੱ۵ ḡᗮa܆⦽
}ၽ༊⢽ෝ⇵ḥ⦹ʑᨱ۵⩥ᱡ⦽₉ᯕෝᅕᯕŁᯩ݅. ᱱḥᱢᯙ
ᵲᦺᱶᇡ᪡ǎᱽʑǍ᮹šᝍŝᩑǍa⪶ݡࡹŁᯩᮝӹ, ᱶᇡᵝࠥ
⩶ᯕӹᔑᨦᵝࠥ⩶ᮝಽᯕ࠺⦹ʑᨱ۵ᔢݚ᮹ʑeᯕ⦥⦽äᮝ ಽ ❱݉ࡽ݅.
6. đು
ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᮡḡᗮa܆⦽ၽᱥ᮹༊⢽ෝ⇵ḥ⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍǎᱽʑ Ǎᨱᕽ ᱽᦩ⦹Ł ǭŁ⦽ ᔍ⧎ᨱ ฿⇵ᨕ b ǎaᄥಽ ⧪ࡹŁ
ᯩ݅. ᅙםྙᨱᕽ۵ᩍ్ǎaᔍಡᵲᨱᕽݡ⢽ᱢᯙǎa᪡ᔍಡෝ
ᵲᝍᮝಽᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ᮁ⩶ᮥᇥᕾ⦹Łᇥᕾ✚Ḷᮥၵ┶ᮝಽᨱ⎵
┡ᬕᮥ ǎaᄥಽ ᇥඹ⦹ᩡ݅.
ᅙםྙᨱᕽ۵ᨱ⎵┡ᬕᔍಡෝᇥᕾ⦽đŝ݅ᮭŝzᮡđುᮥ
ᨩ݅. ℌṙ, ĞᱽȽ༉᪡ၽᱥᮥᯕ്ӹ᮹Ğᬑᔍ⫭Ğᱽၽᱥᅕ
݅۵ᨱթḡ⬉ᮉᖒᨱᵲᱱᮥࢱᨕ⇵ḥ⦹Łᯩᨩᮝ໑, ʑᚁᱢᯙ
ᙹᵡࠥᔢݚ⦹ᩡŁ, ḡႊᱶᇡ᮹⇵ḥᯕᱢɚᱢᯕᨩ݅. ࢹṙ, ɪᗮࠥ
ಽ}ၽᵲᯙǎaᨱᕽ۵vಆ⦽ᵲᦺᱶᇡ᮹⇵ḥ᮹ḡෝၵ┶ᮝಽ
ǎᱽʑǍੱ۵ᔍʑᨦᮥᵲᝍᮝಽᨱ⎵┡ᬕᯕ⇵ḥࡹŁᯩᮝ໑,
⇵ḥႊ⨆ᮡᨱթḡ⬉ᮉᖒŝᔍ⫭Ğᱽᱢၽᱥᯕ⪝⧊ࡹᨩŁ, ฯᮡ
ᔍಡॅᮡᬑญӹ᮹ᝁࠥ⩶┽ಽ⇵ḥࡹŁᯩᨩ݅. ᖬṙ, Ğᱽၽ ᱥᯕ⩥ᱡ⯩ԏᮡǎaᨱᕽ۵ǎᱽʑǍ᮹ᵝࠥಽ⇵ḥࡹŁᯩᮝ໑, ݡᇡᇥ᮹ᔍಡॅᮡᔍ⫭ʑၹᖅᰍÕᔍᨦᨱᕽᇡᇥᱢᯙᨱթḡ
ੱ۵ ⪹Ğ⊽⪵ᱢ ᗭෝ ⇵a⦹۵ ⩶┽a ᵝෝ ᯕᨩ݅.
ᅙםྙᨱᕽᇥᕾ⦽ᨱ⎵┡ᬕ᮹ᮁ⩶ŝᇥᕾᔍಡෝᵲᝍᮝಽ
ᬑญӹaᅕᮁ⦽ʑᚁŝĞ⨹ᮥၵ┶ᮝಽᨱ⎵┡ᬕÕᖅₙᩍᨱ
घၼ⋉⧁ᙹᯩ۵ᯱഭಽ⪽ᬊࢁäᮝಽᔍഭࡹ໑, ੱ⦽ǎԕᨱ⎵┡
ᬕÕᖅᨱ⇵ḥႊ⨆ŝ༊⢽ᖅᱶᐱอᦥܩ⇵ḥ⩶┽ᖁᱶᨱࠥ
ₙŁa ࢁ äᮝಽ ᔾbࡽ݅.
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recycling technology database, http://nett21.gec.jp/ Ecotowns.
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