Analysis of Rock Discontinuities Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

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Vol. 49, No. 1 O2012PG pp. 37-46

஺ঃߑଲୠਆ಑ە׆࣑ଡଲ૳෉੹ࢱॷ࡟ଭऄ઴ু࡟ंজ

ૈ਎ఛ

Â ࢮ෴ܛ

Â ୺ઽܑ

Analysis of Rock Discontinuities Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Sungchan Oh, Hyeong-Dong Park and Young-Do Jo

Abstract : Discontinuity orientation is a major factor that influences mechanical behavior of rock mass. Field survey using clinometer can collect orientation data, but recent laser scanning technique has been used alteratively.

Existing laser scanning method was labor-intensive in preprocessing, and trial and error approach was required to adjust input parameters. Therefore, this study presents orientation analysis technique directly from raw point cloud data obtained from laser scanning. To evaluate the accuracy of the method, indoor test was performed, and the error of dip direction and dip was within 2°. Field test were performed at rock exposures in Sinsang-ri, Gapyeong, Korea, and the orientation result was within observation error. This method is expected to be useful when field discontinuity measurement is needed with a preservation of rock face in underground tunnel or rock slope.

Key words : Laser scanning, Terrestrial lidar, Rock slope, Discontinuities, Orientation

څ أ ؒъۆًॡۺäʴںथÀॠəʚۓͳʼəܳڅѺսܼॠǣۍҝٍ՚ϸۆѓॳՁڹێъۺڷͿ

սۚغࠑ܁ںࣀ३صرݓݓχ߯Ŗͪۋ۹֟ࠪɮşѪںটڌॢқԵۋۋΘرݓČەɰ. ݓŚūݓۆͪۋ۹

֟ࠪɮқԵşѪڹۻߌνۚغۋ҄ۡॠČ֨ॱ޳١εࣀ३ۓͳѺսεܓ܁ॣज़څÀەؽɰ. ˰͆Դ҆

ٍĵəͪۋ۹֟ࠪɮڷͿҙࢢصرݕ۾ķۙΒͿҙࢢݔۿۺڷͿѓॳՁқԵںսॱॠəşѪں܃֨ॢɰ.

܃֨ॢѓѪۆ܁ঝʪεࣺɳॠşڦ३֬Ǵ֨ॹںսॱॢĀęąԐѓॳ, ąԐÁقʂ३थŒ2ʪۋǴۆ

١޲ͿѓॳՁںٚࠑॠٕɰ. ইۤۺڌՁںঝۍॠşڦॠيąşʪÀथķ֪ԜνۆজÌؒؒъقʂ३ۙΒ εࠄ˛ॠČқԵںսॱॠيܓԐۙق˰δࠑ܁١޲ۋǴۆÉںصؽɰ. ٍ҆ĵقԴ܃؋ॢşѪڹʂԜ

ؒъںۦইॠϸԴۼνķқԵ, ÒѻۼνۆқΪÀÀɠॠيԐϸۋǣࢢȇقԴۆѓॳՁ܁҃ন˛قۋڌʾ

ìڷͿşʂॢɰ.

ܳڅر ͪۋ۹֟ࠪɮ, ݓԜ͆ۋɰ, ؒъԐϸ, ҝٍ՚ϸ, ѓॳՁ

2012ț2ښ3ێۿս, 2012ț2ښ20ێ֮ԐٰΒ 2012ț2ښ22ێóۦঝ܁

1) Դڐʂॡİقȃݓ֨֟ࢰėॡҙ

2) ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵڙۙڙ࢒ԐÒьٍĵ֬

*Corresponding Author(ч঍ʴ) E-mail; [email protected]

Address; Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea

Դ΁

ؒъڹ սψڹ ҝٍ՚ϸڷͿ ۋΘرݕ ҝٍ՚ߕͿԴ

ؒъۆࣷĨəܳͿۍۤÌʪÀۚäǣۻঅػəۼν ϸ, ɳࠗϸˣۆҝٍ՚ϸں˰͆ьԦॢɰ. ҝٍ՚ϸۆ

şॠॡۺ࣢ՁۍѓॳՁ, äࠜş, ȉۋ, Ҿʪəؒъۻ ߕۆäʴقࢀٖॳںй࠘ş˺ЛقݓъܓԐ֨ज़ս ۺڷͿࠑ܁ʼر ؋܁ ३ԵѪۆ ۓͳ ۙΒͿ ۋڌʽɰ.

ؒъԐϸۆҝٍ՚ϸқԵęěʹॠيۓߕԐݕࠑ͟

şѪںڿڌॢٍĵÀĶǴٽۺڷͿսॱʼرٵɰ(Fenq, 2001; Reid and Harrison, 2000; ܁޻ْęч঍ʴ, 2003;

ॢ܁঵ęբۦܵ, 2007). Ԑݕࠑ͟ںۋڌॢѓѪڹٖ

Ԝۆşॠεц࢖ڷͿॢֻۆ֟ࢬͪ١ٖԜقԴԜ঒

Âۆʂڿ۾ۆ3޲ڙܟशεĵॠČۋ۾ڷͿҙࢢҝٍ

՚ϸںĵՁॠيѓॳՁںࠑ܁ॢɰ. ۓߕԐݕࠑ͟ڹҼ İۺۺó˞ݓχҝٍ՚ϸۋܕۦॠəҙқۆٖԜۆ

ݗۋ̆رݓäǣǨ؁ǣܓʪۆЛ܃ͿʂԜݓ۾ںϼ ঝ০ࣷ؊ॣսػəąڍ۾ķںԦՁॠşرͲڏॢć Àܕۦॢɰ.

֟ۆҼॱ֨Â(time-of-flight)ڷͿČ३Ԝʪ3޲ڙܟश ε ࠑ܁ॠə ڙü ࢒Ԑ şѪۍ ݓԜ ͆ۋɰ(terrestrial light detection and ranging) ওڹ ͪۋ۹ ֟ࠪɮ(laser

ٍĵȦЛ

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Fig. 1. Normal direction of point. Normal direction (n1, n2) at point p1, p2 is determined by eight nearest points within h.

scanning) şցۋьɵॠيؒъқآقڿڌʼČەɰ.

ۋşցڹࠑ܁ڦ࠘قͪۋ۹ऑ֟εьԐॠيইۤۆ

ܓʪٮԜěػۋЀ֨Ը(line-of-sight) Ԝۆ۾ķںɠʴ ۺڷͿন˛ॣսەڷдͿ۾ķۋėÂۺڷͿŒˣॠó

қपॠəۤ۾ۋەɰ. ͪۋ۹֟ࠪɮںۋڌॢşѪڹ

şܕۆսۚغܓԐşѪںʂ֪ॠيۿŖۋرͷäǣ

֪՚ՁںڅĵॠəæԺইۤقԴʪŒݗॢ۾ķںন˛

ॣ ս ەɰ.

ͪۋ۹֟ࠪɮڷͿন˛ॢ۾ķڹؒъۆҝٍ՚ϸѓ ॳՁ, äࠜşқԵقۋڌʼرٵɰ. äࠜşқԵڹ॒Ϳ

ࣷێóۋݓεۋڌॠəʂ֪۾ķڷͿҙࢢս࠘জʽۼ νϸ॒Ϳࣷێں߸߻ॠČйՙşڐşٮJRCεćԓॢ

ɰ(чՁڎęчআݕ, 2011; ՜঒ږˣ, 2006). ۼνϸ॒

Ϳࣷێںصşڦॢۻߌνę܁ڹ۾ķۆȤۋ݋ٮܼ

҄ں܃äॢ঳ҝő࠙ԘÁϐ(triangulated irregular network) ں ԦՁॢˏǨࠢͿڏԘÁϐ, ƚۍ঍ࢗۆԘÁϐں܃

äॠə҄ۡॢۚغۋڅĵʽɰ. ॢठ, ͪۋ۹֟ࠪɮں

ҝٍ՚ϸѓॳՁࠑ܁قۋڌॢٍĵقԴəSplit-FX ՙ

॒࣡ڟرε ۋڌॠي қԵॠəʚ(ť࠘ঞę Kemeny, 2008; Kemeny et al., 2006) ۋę܁قԴʪً֨ڦٮ

Ïڹي͠ɳćۆۻߌνÀڅĵʽɰ. ˰͆Դٍ҆ĵق Դə۾ķںԘÁϐڷͿѺঞॠݓ؍Čڙ͒ۆ۾ķں

ŔʂͿۋڌॠϸԴɰՙҝő࠙ۺۍ۾ķқपقԴʪथ ŒۺۍѓॳՁںćԓॠČۋͿҙࢢۼνķںۙʴۺڷ Ϳ߸߻ॠə қԵ şѪں ܃؋ॠČۙ ॢɰ.

şܕѓॳՁқԵşѪ

ݓŚūݓۆٍĵεࣀ३۾ķۋǣҝő࠙ԘÁϐںۋ ڌ३ԴѓॳՁں߸߻ॠəşѪ˞ۋ܃֨ʼؽɰ. ߣş ۆٍĵقԴəԐڌۙÀҝٍ՚ϸق՚ॠəěًٖ֮ں

Ը࢘ॠϸًٖǴۆ۾ڷͿҙࢢ߯ՙ܃ĕथϸфѓॳ ںĵॠəѓѪۋ܃؋ʼؽڷǣҝٍ՚ϸěًٖ֮Ժ

܁ںڦ३Ԑڌۙۓͳۋъ˚֨څĵʼəЛ܃Àەؽ ɰ(Fenq and Roshoff, 2006; Sturzenegger and Stead, 2009). ˰͆Դ қԵۆ ۙʴজε ڦ३Դ Ҽİۺ ۙΒε

ɰΘşڌۋॢĵܓۍҝő࠙ԘÁϐںটڌॢٍĵÀ

ۋΘرܐɰ(Slob et al., 2002, Kemeny et al., 2006). ۋ

˞ٍĵقԴəԘÁϐÒѻڅՙۆѓॳںĵॠČۍۿ

ॢԘÁϐۆѓॳۋێ܁ÁʪۋǴͿڮԐॢąڍѿ० ॠيҝٍ՚ϸः࠘εĵՁॠٕɰ. ः࠘ə֪ۙۋप॥

ॠəԘÁϐۆսÀێ܁ۋԜۍąڍقχҝٍ՚ϸۆ

ێҙͿÂܳʼؽɰ. ۋşѪڹѺսͿۍۿॢԘÁϐԐ ۋۆÁʪ, ः࠘Àप॥ॠə߯ՙۆԘÁϐսεۓͳы əʚҝٍ՚ϸۆäࠜşǣ३Ԝʪق˰͆Դۺۼॢۓͳ

Éۋ ɵ͆ݗ ս ەɰ. ॢठ, RANSAC(random sample concensus)ڹےۆۆՃ۾ںъ҄ۺڷͿԸ࢘ॠϸԴঝ έۺڷͿڍՃॢѓॳՁںćԓॠəşѪڷͿؒъҝٍ

՚ϸڹН΁ʪ֮ݓۆæ߹Н࢒ݓقʪۋڌʼəşѪۋ ɰ. ۋѓѪڹۓͳѺսÀɰتॠČߣşÉԺ܁ۋرͲ ڗڙॠəĀęεʪ߻ॠşڦ३ψڹ֨ॱ޳١Àज़څ ॠɰ(Roncella and Forlani, 2005). ݓŚūݓۆ ѓॳՁ

߸߻şѪںҼİ३҆ĀęқԵۙÀ۾ķڷͿѓॳՁں

ڌۋॠóࠑ܁ॠşڦ३ԴəۓͳѺսۆսε߯ʂॢ

ܶۋČܕۦॠʌ͆ʪқԵۙÀٚԜॣսەəÉڷͿ

ॢ܁ॠə ìۋ ц͊ݔॠɰČ ࣺɳʼؽɰ.

ҝٍ՚ϸѓॳՁқԵф߸߻şѪ

ԘÁϐںۋڌॠݓ؍Č۾ķڷͿҙࢢѓॳՁ܁҃ε

ćԓॠşڦॢѓѪڷͿێ܁ъąǴۆŖο۾ݚ०ڷ Ϳҙࢢ߯ۺथϸںĵॠəѓ؋ںԦÁॣսەɰ. थϸ Ԝقڦ࠘ॢ۾ķڹFig. 1ęÏۋüۙ঍ࢗͿқपॠó

ʼəʚѓॳՁںĵॣܼ֮ۆ۾ڷͿҙࢢÀۤÀūڏ

۾8ÒÀܼ֮۾ںقڗֳəԐÁ঍঍ࢗͿܕۦॢɰϸ

ܼ֮۾ڹʂ͜ۺڷͿ࣢܁थϸڦقܕۦॢɰČॣս

ەɰ. ˰͆Դٍ҆ĵقԴəےۆۆ۾ڷͿҙࢢъąh ۋǴ8ÒۆŖο۾ۆқपÀڙࣺقÀūڏǬۚॢࢍڙ ߕͿŖԐʽɰČÀ܁ॠČėқԓॱ͵(covariance matrix) ۆ߯ՙۍČڮ࠘(eigenvalue)قʂڿʼəČڮѯࢢ(eigen- vector)ͿѓॳՁںćԓॠٕɰ(Fig. 1, Hahnel et al., 2003).

ėқԓॱ͵ڹɰڼęÏۋ܁ۆʽɰ(Poppinga et al., 2008).

¦_Ɖá_{Ƈ á Î}

ā

^Ɖ ^ÞƐ^Ƈ^{à Ɛ}^ßÞƐ^Ƈ^{à Ɛ}^ß⁽¹⁾

ڦ֩ۆƐəܼ֮۾ęъąǴۆ۾˞ۆИóܼ֮ۋɰ.

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(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. Joint separation of point cloud by region growing.

(a) Points belong to joint set A, or B, yet are not assigned to an individual joint. (b) Adjacent point with the same joint set are merged one by one so that the point set is divided by joints.

Fig. 3. Relationship between search radius(h) and voxel size (2h).

Ɛá ćƉ

Î_{Ƈ á Î}

ā

^Ɖ ^Ɛ^Ƈ⁽²⁾

êԟъąǴقԴŖο۾ںêԟॠəۚغڹܼ֮۾ڷ Ϳҙࢢęʪॠóϥν̆رݕ۾ںѕۦॠČथϸقÀ ūڏ۾˞χںԸѻॠş˺ЛقѓॳՁćԓقԴҝٍ՚

ϸԜقەںÀɠՁۋȭڹ۾˞χںۋڌॠóʼəম ęÀ ەɰ. ˰͆Դ 8Òۆ Ŗο۾ں ŖԐ֨ࡈ ѓॳՁں

ĵॠəşѪڹşܕۆşѪقԴՃ۾ۋۋΘəथϸۆ

ѪԸڷͿĵ॰ʏѓ֩قҼ३ҝٍ՚ϸۆäࠜşǣčέ ۆٖॳںʑыڷϸԴथŒۺۍѓॳںćԓॠə࣢ݜ ۋەɰ. ɳ, ۾ķüۙۆÀͿ, ՃͿţۋə֟ࠪȃͿҙ ࢢ۾ūݓۆäν, ҝٍ՚ϸۆѓॳՁ, äࠜşق˰͆ɰ ՙѺʴॣսەڷдͿۺۼॢêԟъąۆÉںݓ܁ॠ əۚغۋŖο۾ۆêԟÀɠՁęĀęۆ܁ঝʪقٖ

ॳںйࠜսەɰ. ۋѥٍĵقԴə҄ۡॢܓæںϿ˃

ČͲॠş҃ɰԐڌۙۓۤقԴқԵ֨ۓͳںɳտॠó

ॠşڦ३ԴêԟъąںɳێॢÉڷͿݓ܁ॠٕɰ. қ Եۙəڙ͒ۆ۾ķںě޶ॠČнʪÀǰڹҙқقқ पॠə۾ۆÂüں҃Čêԟъąںݓ܁ॣսەɰ.

Òѻ۾ۆѓॳՁںĵॢ঳قəऎݓK थŒķݚқ ԵںۋڌॠيÁ۾ںڮԐʪÀȭڹۼνķڷͿқΪ

ॢɰ. ऎݓK थŒķݚқԵڹϿݚɳۍѓॳՁʚۋࢢ εࣀćۺڷͿڍՃॢKÒۆݚɳڷͿқΪॠϸԴݚɳ

ǴۆѓॳՁथŒںĵॠəѓѪڷͿٍ҆ĵقԴəHammah and Curran(1998)ۆ ؎ČνݏڷͿ şɠں ĵইॠٕɰ.

ķݚজę܁قԴÒѻѓॳՁęKÒۆथŒѓॳՁԐ ۋۆڮԐʪεۆйॠəՙ՚ʪ(degree of membership) À॥ƍćԓʼəʚÁ۾ڹՙ՚ʪÀÀۤȭڹۼνķ قॣɾʽɰ. يşԴۼνķսə֬܃ইۤقԴگ؋ě

޶ۋÀɠॢąڍۚغۙÀࣺɳॢÉںۓͳॣսەݓ χࠑ܁ʂԜūݓۿŖۋرͲڏąڍқԵںݕॱॠϸ Դۼνķ սε ܓ܁ॣ ज़څÀەɰ.

۾ۋ՚ॢۼνķںĵॢۋ঳قəॢ۾ڷͿҙࢢʴ ێۼνķق՚ॢŖο۾ںѿ०३ǣÀϸԴҝٍ՚ϸں

ԦՁॢɰ(Fig. 2). ۋѓѪڹॠǣۆҝٍ՚ϸڅՙÀɰ δѓॳՁۆҝٍ՚ϸقۆ३ąćݓرݓəՁݗںۋڌ

ॢɰ. ٚε˞رFig. 2(a)ٮÏۋ˃ÀݓۆѓॳՁڷͿ

ۋΘرݕۼνϸۋەں˺ےۆۆ۾ںۡČʴێۼν ķق՚ॢŖο۾ںѿ०ॠϸۼνķۋѺॠəĖںą ćͿ ՃÒۆ ۼνϸڷͿ қνʽɰ(Fig. 2(b)).

۾ķڹ҃ࣀ֯χ, ওڹіχÒɳڦͿন˛ʼş˺Л قѓॳՁćԓ֨Ŗο۾êԟقԜɾॢ֨ÂںՙҼॢ

ɰ. ۋ֨Âںۼأॠşڦ३Դəےۆۆ۾ڷͿҙࢢܳ

Ѻ۾ڷͿমęۺڷͿۿŖॣսەəԟۍ۹ۤĵܓÀ

څĵʽɰ. ۾ķںÀͿ, ՃͿ, ȭۋÀ߯ՙॢêԟъą ۆ˃ѕ, ݌2h ۋԜۋʼə҄Ն(voxel)قǣɀر۹ۤ

ॠϸܼ֮۾Ŗѓۆ8Ò҄ՆǴۆ۾˞χںʂԜڷͿ

Ŗο۾êԟۋÀɠ३܋ٍԓ՚ʪÀÒԸʽɰ(Alexa et al., 2003). Fig. 3ڹ2޲ڙقԴۆٚͿܼ֮ڷͿҙࢢh ۋǴۆ۾ڹŖѓۆȐÒۆ҄Ն؋قԴêԟʾսە ڼں ҃يܵɰ.

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(a) (b) (c)

joints. (c) Orientation of joints.

D

E

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 5. Point cloud of the test model. (a) Raw point. (b) Joint set classification. (c) Orientation.

֬Ǵ֨ॹںࣀॢ܁ঝʪथÀ

֬܃ؒъۆҝٍ՚ϸڹȉڹًٖق èߝܕۦॠČ

ѓॳՁڹॠǣۆۼνϸǴقԴʪѺʴॠş˺Лقؒъ

ҝٍ՚ϸۆսۚغࠑ܁Āęٮͪۋ۹֟ࠪɮںۋڌॢ

ѓॳՁࠑ܁ĀęεێʂێͿҼİॠşرͷɰ. ˰͆Դ

ٍ҆ĵقԴə֬Ǵ֨ॹںࣀ३ԺćʽܓæقԴѓॳ Ձ ࠑ܁ں սॱॠČ܁ঝʪε थÀॠٕɰ.

֬Ǵ֨ॹۆϿ঍ڹЀۦҸ΀ںɰتॢѓॳڷͿܓ ०ॢۍėҝٍ՚ϸۋɰ(Fig 4). ѕَۆɳڦڅՙÀʼ əҸ΀ۆ؉͘ϸڹ10 cm × 10 cm ͿʴێॠČՃͿ

ѓॳۆąڍԐÁşˊϿ঍ڹȭۋѻͿ3 cm, 5 cm, 7 cm, נşϿ঍ڹÁʪѻͿ30°, 45°, 60° ՃÀݓ঍ࢗͿ

܃ۚॠٕɰ. қԵۆठۆεڦ३Ͽ঍ۋۻߕۺڷͿц

͆҃əѓॳںҚޅ, ݌ąԐѓॳۋ0°Àʼʪ΀ѕ࠘ॠ

ٕɰ. Ҹ͡ںѕ࠘ॢĀęۻߕ ۼνķۆսə 11ÒͿ

ؒъқΪşѪۆॠǣۍQ֨֟ࢰقԴ܃֨ॠəۼνķ

սѩܳۆ߯ʂÉۍ4ÒۋԜۍܓæںχܔॠٕČۼν ķ Ԑۋۆ Áʪə ߯ՙ 15°ٕɰ.

ٍ҆ĵقԴə۾ķۆন˛ںڦ३ԴLeica geosystem ԐقԴÒьॢScanstation C10ںۋڌॠيࠑ܁ںսॱ ॠٕɰ. Ͽʝۆ۾ķڹFig. 4ۆϿʝͿҙࢢ2m ۻѓق Դ0.002 radۆ३ԜʪͿࠑ܁ॠي46,985Òۆ۾ܟश εصؽɰ. ϸĵܓࠑ܁ںڦॢқԵܓæقԴŖο۾ۆ

êԟъąڹ1cm, ۼνķۆսə11ÒͿݓ܁ॠٕɰ. ۺ ڌ Āęə Fig. 5, Table 1ę Ïɰ.

қԵڹ11Òۆۼνķܼۼνķ4, 6ں܃ٽॢ9Òۆ

ۼνķۆąԐ, ąԐѓॳں߯ʂ2°, 3° ۋǴͿćԓॠٕ

ɰ(Table 1). ˰͆ԴϿʝۙΒۆқԵĀęəԺćʽѓ ॳՁęäۆێ࠘ॢɰČࣺɳॣսەؽɰ. ъϸێҙۼ νķقԴəɀ͇, ܼ҄ʼäǣ١޲ÀࢀąڍÀܕۦ॰

ɰ. Fig. 4(c), Fig. 5(c)ںҼİॠϸۼνķ4, 6ۋ०ߝ

܋ॠǣۆķڷͿ०ߝܐČʂ֪ۼνķ7ۋ˃ÒͿǣ ɀر܋࢒ݓʼؽڼںঝۍॣսەɰ. ĀęقԴۼνķ

4, 6ۋࣀ०ʽۼνķۆѓॳڹ15° ÂüڷͿݓ܁॰ʏ

ڙ͒ۆѓॳڷͿҙࢢÁÁ7°, 8°χࢂ̆ر܋ܼÂۺۍ

ѓॳںǣࢍǴəॠǣۆķڷͿѿ०ʼؽɰ. ۋę܁ق Դ࢒ݓق߸ÀͿۋڌॣսەóʽॠǣۆķڹۼν

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Table 1. Orientation of designed modal and test result

Joint set Direction of designed model Direction of plane detection Error Dip direction Dip Dip direction Dip Dip direction Dip

1 30 90 30 89 0 -1

2 330 90 329 90 -1 0

3 45 90 46 89 1 1

4 315 90 n/a n/a n/a n/a

5 60 90 60 89 0 -1

6 300 90 128 90 8 0

7a 0 90 182 86 2 -4

7b 0 90 0 87 0 -3

8 0 30 2 31 2 1

9 180 30 182 30 2 0

10 0 45 1 46 1 1

11 180 45 181 45 1 0

Average 1.5 -0.5

ķ7ں7aٮ7b ˃ÒͿқνॠٕɰ. ۋইԜۆڙۍڹ

KथŒķݚқԵقԴսݔϸۍѓॳՁ7ۆҾʪÀɰδ

ϸقҼ३3ѕ܁ʪȭؕČϿԴνҙқ(ٚε˞رۼν ķ1ę2 Ԑۋ)قԴćԓʽѓॳՁۋتޅҝٍ՚ϸԐ ۋۆܼÂۺۍѓॳՁںǣࢍǴϸԴۼνķ7ۆқपѩ ڦÀɚرǮş˺Лۋɰ. ۋ͠ॢইԜڹҾʪÀǰڹҝ

ٍ՚ϸںɀ͇֨࢈սەş˺ЛقѓॳՁۆҾʪεČ ͲॢşѪۆÒԸۋۋΘرݗज़څÀەɰ. Ŕ͠ǣইۤ

قԴࠑ܁ʼəܳڅҝٍ՚ϸۆąԐѓॳ, ąԐə30ʪ

܁ʪۆ ȉڹ ѩڦͿ ܓԐʼČ(лąڙę ॢʴَ, 2008) ࠑ܁ۙق˰͆ąԐѓॳ±10°, ąԐ±5° ܁ʪۆ١޲À

ьԦÀɠॢ۾ںÇ؋ॠϸ(Ewan and West, 1981) Ȥ߻

ۋ۞ʼرەəҝٍ՚ϸࠑ܁قॢ३Դə߿қॢ܁ঝ ʪε ÀݕɰČॣ ս ەɰ.

ইۤ֨ॹںࣀॢۺڌՁथÀ

ٍ҆ĵݓًڹąşʪ Àथķॠϸ ֪Ԝνقڦ࠘ॢ

জÌؒ޽ԵۤǴۆȤ߻Ԑϸۋɰ(Fig. 6). şъؒڹ݇

͆şʂ҃জÌؒںşъڷͿॠ϶սݔѓॳۆۼνÀ

ьɵ३ەɰ. ޽ԵۤǴؒъڹĶǴقԴԓ߻ʼəԵۦ

ܼϔڍ֪ԸॠČؓ߹ÌʪÀڍս३ԴČśæ߹Нۆ

ǴٽۤۦͿԐڌʼČەɰ. ؒԵڹܼԦʂ݇͆şۆܼ

ςݗ-ܓςݗজÌؒڷͿԴҙՁқġНͿԵΪԵ(garnet) ں Àݓə ę؎Θйǣݗ জÌؒۋɰ(ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵ ڙ, 2004).

ͪۋ۹֟ࠪȃəЀ֨ԸԜۆݓ۾χںࠑ܁ॣսە ڷдͿࠑ܁ںѓ३ॠəĵܓН, ֩Ԧ, ওڹҝٍ՚ϸق

ۆॢڅߏقۆ३Դࠑ܁ʼݓ؍əًٖۋԦţսەɰ.

ۋ͠ॢইԜڹ࣢܁ѓॳՁںɀ͇֨ࡈĀęۆ܁ঝʪق

ٖॳںܳşʪॢɰ(Lato et al.). ˰͆Դşşəࠑ܁ॠ ČۙॠəѓॳՁں֨ÁۺڷͿ߯ʂॢψۋě޶ॣս

ەə ݓ۾ق Ժ࠘ॠə ìۋ ܼڅॠɰ. ҆ ٍĵقԴə

Fig. 6(b)ٮÏڹڦ࠘ق֟ࠪȃεڦ࠘֨ࡈսݔॢѓॳ ۆ˃ۼνķęԐϸڷͿҙࢢ֟ࠪȃͿॳॠəąԐѓॳ ۆۼνķںࠑ܁ॠČۙॠٕɰ. şşڦ࠘əؒъۆۻ ߕًٖۆ۾ķںন˛ॠşقəڮνॠٕڷǣێҙۼν ϸقəͪۋ۹ऑ֟ÀӃûԴۓԐʼдͿࠑ܁ʼəϸۆ

ѓॳՁق˰͆۾ķۆнʪÀ޲ۋÀەؽɰ(Fig. 6(c)).

ࠑ܁ॢĀęʂşҙқęͪۋ۹ऑ֟Àʮ؉١ݓ؍ڹ

ҙқں܃ٽॠČ1,648,710Òۆx, y, z ܟशεন˛ॠٕ

ڷ϶ ࠑ܁ ʂԜۍ ؒъۋ ؉ɨ ֩Ԧ, ࢹتں ܃äॠي

206,308Òۆ ؒъशϸۙΒε Ըѻॠٕɰ. şş Ժ࠘

ɾ֨֟ࠪȃÀц͆҃əşܵѓॳۋҚޅęɵ͍ş˺

Лقx, y ܟशəъ֨ćѓॳڷͿ45° χࢂধۻѺঞʼ ؽɰ.

֟ࠪɮ ۙΒۆߌνĀęٮ֬܃ѓॳՁںҼİॠş

ڦ३ԴࢁνȤйࢢεۋڌॢսۚغڷͿߪ21Ėۆѓ ॳՁںࠑ܁ॠČFig. 7ęÏۋǣࢍǴؽɰ. ʂԜȤ˃ۆ

ҝٍ՚ϸѓॳڹܳॳѓॳڷͿҚԴ-ǫʴ(AٮC), Қʴ -ǫԴ(B) տڷͿ ڍՃॠó ьɵॠČ ەɰ. ҝٍ՚ϸۆ

қपнʪεČͲॠيA, B, C ՃÒۆۼνķڷͿĵқ

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(a) (b)

(c)

Fig. 6. Field location and data. (a) Field locations of rock outcrop. (b) Rock outcrop. (c) Point cloud.

$

%

&

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 7. Discontinuity orientation of rock outcrop in Sinsang-ri by the manual survey. (a) Pole diagram. (b) Fischer concentration. (c) Major joint set.

ॠٕČąԐѓॳ, ąԐʪəÁÁۼνķAÀ52°, 78°, ۼνķBÀ330°, 90°, ۼνķCÀ260°, 52°Ϳćԓʼ ؽɰ.

ন˛ʽ۾ķۆқԵڹ۾ۆѓॳՁćԓ, ۼνķқΪ, ҝٍ՚ϸĵқՃɳćͿݕॱʼؽČêԟъąق˰͆

ࠑ܁ॢҝٍ՚ϸۆşॠॡۺ঍ࢗٮѓॳՁĀęۆ޲ۋ εě޶ॠČۙॠٕɰ. ۾ķقԴ߸߻ॠəۼνķۆս əইࣺۤɳфFig. 7قԴĵॢцٮÏۋ3ÒͿʴێ ॠóݓ܁ॠيÁۼνķѓॳՁćԓĀęۆڮԐʪε

ࣺɳॠČۙॠٕɰ. χأȤ˃ق˚͠ǦۼνķսεԐ ۻقگ؋ڷͿࣷ؊ॠݓЇॠəąڍK थŒķݚқԵ

֨ۼνķսεѺą३ÀϸԴ֨ॱ޳١ѪڷͿ߯ۺۆқ Ϊεսॱ३آॢɰ. ॢठ, ܳѺ۾ۆêԟъąڹ5 cm, 10 cm ˃ąڍͿǣɀرқԵॠٕɰ. êԟъąۋ࠶ݓ ϸѓॳՁćԓęًٖঝۤ֨प॥֨࢈սەəŖο

۾ۋɚرǣş˺ЛقʌڎۻъۺۍѓॳՁںćԓॠó

ʼČҝٍ՚ϸۋʌψڹսۆ۾ںप॥ॣսەںì ڷͿ şʂॠٕɰ.

܃؋ॢşѪںۺڌॠيėқԓॱ͵ͿҙࢢÁ۾قԴ ۆѓॳՁںĵॠČ۾ķںK थŒķݚқԵڷͿ3Òۆ

ʂशۼνķڷͿқΪॠٕɰ(Fig. 8). ϸĵܓÀɰδۼ νķقҼ३ࡾóьɵॢۼνķAəêԟъąęԜě

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(a)

(b)

Fig. 8. Joint set classification of point cloud. Search distance is (a) 5 cm, (b) 10 cm.

Table 2. Orientation of the result. The value in the parenthesis is the deviation from the manual survey

Search distance

A B C

Dip

direction Dip No. of planes

Dip

5 cm 54

(2)

75

(-3) 50 326

(-4)

88

(-2) 12 255

(-5)

50

(-2) 41

10 cm 56

(4)

77

(-1) 58 327

(-3)

87

(-3) 28 253

(-7)

52

(0) 66

ػۋ۾قԴۆѓॳՁںڮԐॠóćԓॠٕɰ. ъϸ֟

ࠪɮ֨ͪۋ۹ۆۓԐÁۋҼİۺսݔقÀūڝʏۼ νķB, ˚͠ǦϸۆࡾşÀɰδķقҼ३ۚؕʏCə

۾ķۆսÀۺČėÂۺۍнʪÀǰؕş˺Лق߿қ

ॢսۆܳѺ۾ں޼şرͲڗêԟъąق˰͆Āę قࢀ޲ۋεٕ҃ɰ. êԟъąۋۚڹąڍܙڹѩڦ

ǴقԴѓॳںćԓॠş˺ЛقėÂۺڷͿлÇॠóѓ ॳՁںćԓॠݓχۻߕۺۍąॳںъٖॠݓЇॠş˺

ЛقäࠜşÀܕۦॠəҝٍ՚ϸقԴəۼνķۋঔۦ ʼرǣࢍǮɰ. êԟъąۋࢀąڍə۾ķۆнʪÀǰ ʌ͆ʪŖο۾ںʌȉڹѩڦقԴêԟॠş˺Лقۻ ъۺۍąॳںъٖॠيѓॳՁںćԓ॰Č, ɰՙäࠜ

şÀەəशϸقԴʪێěۺڷͿۼνķқΪεսॱॠ

ٕɰ.

K थŒ ķݚқԵڷͿ ćԓʽ ۼνķڹ սۚغ ࠑ܁

ĀęٮҼİॠيąԐѓॳ±7°, ąԐ±3° ۋǴۆ١޲ε

҃يܳؽɰ(Table 2). A, BٮҼİॠيۚڹϸۋɰս

ьɵॢۼνķCə١޲À2°قԴ3°À͟ʌࡾóǣࢍ

Ǯݓχսۚغࠑ܁֨ьԦÀɠॢąԐѓॳ±10°, ąԐ

±5°(Ewan and West, 1981) ١޲ۋǴͿيۻ০֪΋ॣ

χॢĀęε҃يܳؽɰ. ١޲ۆڙۍڹ֬Ǵ֨ॹقԴ ٮڮԐॠóҝٍ՚ϸۆϿԴνقԴćԓʽܼÂۺۍѓ ॳՁقۆ३ѓॳՁқपۆѩڦÀȉر܋ѓॳՁқप ۆИóܼ֮ۋۋʴ॰ş˺ЛڷͿࣺɳʽɰ. ॢठ, ćԓ

(8)

(a)

(b)

Fig. 9. Region growing of point cloud. Search distance is (a) 5 cm, (b) 10 cm.

ʽѓॳՁڹêԟъąۆݒÀٮěʹॠيԜěěćε

ǣࢍǴݓ ؍ؕɰ.

Fig. 8ۆĀęͿҙࢢًٖঝۤںսॱॠيҝٍ՚ϸ ں߸߻ॢĀęəFig. 9ٮÏɰ. êԟъąۋࢁս΀ҝ

ٍ՚ϸۆսٮًٖۆȉۋÀݒÀॠٕČ, ࣢০ҝٍ՚

ϸۆսəۼνķAقҼ३ۼνķB, CقԴݒÀՃÀ

̤͸ॠٕɰ. ۋ͠ॢ ইԜۆ ڙۍڹ қԵۆ ۓͳۙΒÀ

ʼəۼνķқΪۙΒÀ҃ɰࢀ֟ࡀێقԴۆąॳں

ъٖॠٕČ߿қ০ϤĖۆ۾ںŖο۾ڷͿۡڹ঳ٖ

ًঝۤۋÀɠ॰ş˺Лۋɰ. ۼνķBÀࠑ܁Ԝডق ԴнʪÀǰóࠑ܁ʼؽڼقʪҝĵॠČêԟъąں

ࡾó॥ڷͿ׆2ѕقɵॠəսۆҝٍ՚ϸ܁҃εন˛

ॣսەؽɰəԐ֬ڹইۤقԴҝνॢܓæڷͿࠑ܁

Āęεন˛॰ʌ͆ʪߌνܓæڷͿҙࢢ۾ķۆнʪ޲

ۋε رɗ ܁ʪ ŕ҄ॣ ս ەɰə ÀɠՁں ҃يܵɰ.

Ā΁

ٍ҆ĵəͪۋ۹֟ࠪɮۙΒͿҙࢢؒъҝٍ՚ϸں

қԵ֨ۻߌνقψڹȤͳۋՙڅʼəԘÁϐںۋڌ ॠəѓ֩قԴѫرǣ۾ķۙߕͿҙࢢѓॳՁںқԵॠ əşѪں܃؋ॠٕɰ. ̚ॢқԵۆठۆՁںڦॠيۓ ͳѺսεêԟъą, ۼνķۆս˃ÀݓͿ܃ॢॠٕ

ɰ. ܃؋ʽşѪڹ֬ǴϿ঍֬ॹںࣀ३ѓॳՁࠑ܁ş Ѫۆ࣢Ձ, ܁ঝʪεࣷ؊ॠٕČ֬܃ؒъȤ߻ϸقۺ ڌॠيইۤۺڌՁںࣺɳॠٕɰ. ٍĵۆǴڌںڅأ ॠϸ ɰڼę Ïɰ.

ؒъ Ԑϸۆ۾ķʚۋࢢəқԵق ҝज़څॢҙқں

܃äॠəۻߌνεä࠘ČǦˏݔۿۺڷͿѓॳՁć ԓ, ۼνķқΪ, ۼνϸ߸߻قۋڌʼؽɰ. ۾ķۆߌ νəČڮѯࢢćԓ, ऎݓK थŒķݚқԵ, ًٖঝۤں

ٍćॠəێʹۆę܁ڷͿսॱʼؽɰ. ֬Ǵ֨ॹقԴə

15° ÂüڷͿԺ܁ʽۼνεت঒ॠóĵқॠٕČąԐ, ąԐѓॳںÁÁ2°, 3° ۋǴͿćԓॠٕɰ. ֬܃ؒъق

ۺڌॢĀęقԴۆ܁ঝʪəࢁνȤйࢢقۆॢࠑ܁Ā ęٮҼİॠي߯ʂ7°, 3° ܁ʪۆ޲ۋε҃يսۚغ

ࠑ܁ڷͿьԦॣսەə١޲ۋǴۆĀęεʪ߻ॠٕ

ɰ(Ewan and West, 1981). ۓͳѺսܼêԟъąڹÉ ۋࢁս΀ۻъۺۍѓॳՁںćԓॠČʌψڹսۆۼ νϸں ߸߻ॠə ʚٖॳں ܳؽɰ.

ۋٍĵεࣀॠيҝٍ՚ϸқԵقইۤͪۋ۹֟ࠪ

ɮۙΒεठνॠóۋڌॣսەəѓѪں܃֨ॠٕɰ.

ؘڷͿɰتॢܓæۆԐϸقʂ३ي͠ࠑ܁ںսॱॠ Č०νۺۍۓͳѺսÉںĀ܁ॠəٍĵÀۋΘرݕɰ ϸইۤقԴۆমęۺۍѓॳՁқԵۋÀɠॣìڷͿ

ࣺɳʽɰ.

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ԐԐ

҆ ٍĵə ॢĶقȃݓşցथÀڙۆ Ś՚ġНۙڙق

ʂॢۻܳşۙςজşցÒьԐغۆݓڙڷͿսॱʼؽ ڷ϶ ۋق ÇԐ˚ςɦɰ.

޷ČЛॶ

׌౿ฅ, Kemeny, J., 2008, “LIDAR૕Split-FX ীඹൈଆઘ

ࠜଲ૳෉੹ࢱୣࠤ࡟ଭୀܛ౟ౢրୣࠤଭ൉নंজ,”

ഉٮր஺෇վԩ^, ୪19֫1෹, pp. 1-10.

ࢢլ଀, ෉ܛવ, 2008, “ܑߦ੹ࢱୣ౫ॷ࡟઩۩෉ॺࢳ

঍ۇߚඌԧଭॷߢ઴֜,”෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ෈ฎ஺,୪

45֫ 2෹, pp. 188-201.

ࢮন૵, ࢮ෭஼, 2011, “஺ঃޭଲۗࠜଲ૳෉੹ࢱॷ࡟ऄ

઴ু࡟Ջಃ׆઩۩෉คࠔ൉নंজ,”۩෉஺ாվ෈ฎ஺^, ୪21֫ 1෹, pp. 1-13.

ৃ෹૽, ૈজผ, ׌ઽլ, 2006, “3ఙ଀ߑଲୠਆ಑ەਏਆ ഗଡଲ૳෉ऄ઴ু࡟ଭࢺේন౸୨րഉٮ࣡଍ࡦۍ ഉࠫ,” ۩෉஺֜ࢄࠤ෈ฎ஺^, ୪9֫ 1෹, pp. 47-62.

୨టહ, ࢮ෴ܛ, 2003, “3D laser scanning ࢫ৤౿ॷ஼౸߆ ଡଲ૳෉੹ࢱॷ࡟ଭDEM ౟ౢ׆࣑,” ഉٮր஺෇վԩ^, ୪13֫ 3෹, pp. 207-214.

෉֝஺ாୀ଀઴֜଀, 2004, ෉֝ଭ஺ாڋܪ150ট, ෉֝

஺ாୀ଀઴֜଀, pp. 72-73.

෉୨ผ, ৉୍ஜ, 2007, “଺఼ॷ஼౸߆׆࣑ଭ੹ࢱୣࠤ୺ॷ

઩۩෉ୡ૳ন઴֜,” ഉٮր஺෇վԩ^,୪17֫2෹, pp.

139-151.

Alexa, M., Behr, J., Cohen-Or, D., Fleishman, S., Levin, D. and Silva, C.T., 2003, “Computing and rendering point set surfaces,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 3-15.

Ewan, V.J. and WEST, G., 1981, “Reproducibility of joint orientation measurements in rock,” Transport and Road Research Laboratory, p. 18.

Fenq, Q., 2001, Novel methods for 3-d semi-automatic mapping of fracture geometry at exposed rock faces.

Thesis(PhD). Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.

Feng, Q. and Roshoff, K., 2006, “Semi-automatic mapping of discontinuity orientation at rock exposure by using 3D laser scanning techniques,” IAEG2006, p. 751.

Hahnel, D., Burgard, W. and Thrun, S., 2003, “Learning compact 3D models of indoor and outdoor environments with a mobile robot,” Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Vol. 44, pp. 15-27.

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