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(2). æ; æR΢ JR ¾ Ö">8~ ]æÎ :²Ë >~Î~ JæöÁã{* ã§&L Â^&8, 702-701 &\% §\ ÖÏÿ 1370®æ. Numerical Simulations of Local Wind Field at the Naro Space Center by MUKLIMO with Terrain and Surface Effects* Ji-Won Yoon and Kyung-Duck Min* 'HSDUWPHQW RI $VWURQRP\ DQG $WPRVSKHULF 6FLHQFHV .\XQJSRRN 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ 'DHJX .RUHD $EVWUDFW Microscale wind fields were simulated by MUKLIMO at the Naro Space Center, where complicated mountainous terrain and trees exist. In order to test the model’s sensitivity with the effects of terrain and trees, experimental simulations were conducted under the various initial conditions. The experiments showed that the effects of trees were more significant on flat surfaces than on mountain cliffs. Based on the results, an actual 10 m level microscale wind field was simulated at the Naro Space Center, which has complicated mountainous terrain. Simulations of wind fields before and after the construction of the launching site were also conducted. It was found that MUKLIMO was successful in representing the microscale wind field at complicated mountainous terrain and finding characteristic features of the mesoscale wind fields at the Naro Space Center. ,FZXPSET Microscale Urban Climte Model, microscale wind field, numerical simulation, Naro Space Center º £ Ç Ökæ;" X ®º ¾R Ö"b8~ Î :²Ëj MUKLIMO¢ ÒÏ~ Î~~& . æ;" ¾ Z& ®j H Î~ "6ê¢ þ~8 *~ '« .8~ö >~Î~¢ >¯~& . þÖ" ¾Zº ïæ *ö Bº 'Ëj ~¾ Þ{æ;öBº 'Ëj ~æ áj r~ .
(3) þÖ"¢ Ï~ ¾R Ö"b8~ 10 m çöB~ Î :²Ë" $, BÒË~ J*ê~ :²Ëê Î~~& . Ö" MUKLIMIOº Ç æ;öBê :²Ë~ >~Î~& &Ë~ Ö FÏj r~ Ö"b8öB~ :²~ ßW «>î . ºÚ ZÒÎ( Î ê8ê Î), Î :²Ë, >~Î~, ¾R Ö"b8. * V Vç*ç~ >~ Î~ º * &Î *ç, ¯ &V&B~~ Î~, Vê æz~ Î~f 7Î Vç*ç~ Î~º ô Ú^ zb¾, Î * ç~ Î~ º ç&'b ¦ ;Þ . ¾ " 7Î *ç~ 7ºW" z®Ú Î * ç~ Î~ ê B® Úæ ®º ; .. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Tel: +82-53-950-6361 Fax: +82-53-950-6359. &V &B~ Î" 7Î Îf ϶*Ï >~> km çb Îö j Î&. Ö æ æ;¾ ê b ~ ^ 'Ëj ªC~V Ú[ . V¢B &B~ Î" 7 Î Îj Ï æVç Î~ º Ö B >Ú ®bæ Î Îö ~ ~ jºW &v>î ("ã{ , 2002). Ç æ;öB ê' jBÖ 3Nö :²Ë~ Î~ º Sherman(1978)ö ~ ê>îb¾ Ï ¶*Ï 5km Ö æ æ;" æbö ~ ' Ë R:² Î~>æ á®b, Hjelmfelt(1982)º æ; jv' Ô jò Þ{ St. Louis æ~.
(4) æ;æR΢JR¾Ö">8~]æÎ:²Ë>~Î~. :²Ëj Î~~ ê~ :²Ëj Î~ : ® . Sievers and Zdunkowsi(1986)º ê ¶b[j ; &~² ª~ Â~v~ê>¢ Ö;ö ®Ú b ^¢ Ï~ 2Nö :²Ëj êÖ~&b, Â~ Î>z¢ êb êÖ*ê ² 6²~º B &¢ R^ . $, Ross et al.(1988)f Ç æ; j * ê' :²Ë Î~ {Ë" þj ~& , Segal et al.(1988)f æ;ö ~ Fê>º æ Î~ B~f ª¢ J®j r z £zN j æ æ;" æÎ"& :²Ëö ~º 'Ëj ï&~& . ê Sievers(1995)& 2Nö : ²Ëj 3Nöb {Ë~ ^Î :²Ë" J" {Öj Î~~& . Þ ÖÒ¾¢öBº ;'" '(1990), f÷ (1993) >ê²" >ê æ ~ æ;Î"¢ J :²Ë ÖÂö & ¢ ·~&, ßÖf ÿ(1998)º 3Nö 7Î Îj Ï~ æ;" æ ßWj J æ Î B~~ ßWj ÚÚ : ®b¾ V ~ ôf º Î~ ªË > km&bæ æ ;" æb~ Î"& ¾ Î~>æ á~& . Þ, Baik and Kim(1999)" Baik et al.(2000)f ê 7öB~ :²Ë" J"bî~ *2ßWj > ~Î~~ þÎj BB~& . " ªËf z× æ ®b, ª'² (2000)º æ;Î"f Ææ Ïê¢ Ï 3Nö :²Ëj >W m~ çê Î~ : ®b¾ >W m çê~ æ Î B~öBº Ç æ;~ ^Î B~~ ßW j ç^® C®º º ¦ ®î . ê ¦ã N (2000)& > m~ çê Îj Ï~ ~ê æ~ :²Ëj >Ïö WÎ"¢ J~ þ~&b, ö ~ Î~ 3Nö :²Ë æzf J"{Öj : ® . "jöº æ;" æßWö ~ æB~ & Ú^ æB~ ö ~º æ; Î"~ & ôf ê*j î. (fçJ" "ã{, 2001). n7(2002)" n7 (2003)º ¢ {Ë~ &, BÞ, ¦Ö ú ãVË "æ 5 ~êFîªj «Ïê ãVË ~ æB~ Î~¢ 10 m~ çê ê : ® . ¾ f " bj J :²Ë j ^Î Î~ ~º b Ökæ;" ?f Ç æ;öB~ çê~ :²Ëj C®º öº ¦ ®î . ~ Ï'f Î VêÎ MUKLIMO. . ¢ Ç Ökæ;ö 'Ï~, Ç æ;ö B~ Î :²Ëj çê Î~~º ® . &çæbº Ç Ökæ;j &æº ¾ Ö"bV¢ F;~ Î~ þj ~&b, $ æ; ~ æzö V Î :²Ë~ æz¢ Î~~& . Ò Ökæ ¾ Ö"bVöº >Ï ô Ò~æ Î~¢ *~ Î~ *ö MUKLIMO~ >ÏÎ"~ "6ê¢ þ~& . Î :²~ &G ÚJÚ ÖkæöBê Î VêÎ MUKLIMO¢ Ï~ Î : ²Ëj Î~~ .G > ®² >î . Ö "º b Ç æ;" æöB Î :²Ë j ~º V~ $, êVê ö ÏF > ®j ©b ÒJB .. :²Ë >~ þ 08./,02 Î 5 êÖ O» öB ÒÏB Îf Î :²Ë >~Î MUKLIMO(Micro scale Urban Climate Model) . Îf .Vö 2Nö Î Sievers and Zunkowski(1986)ö ~B Bn>î & êö Sievers (1995)& FF> O»j Ï~ 3Nö :²Ë Î BF © . Îf 1~2 kmÚ~ 'ö B æ;Î", bÎ", V Î", >ÏÎ"¢ J~ >~> m Î~ ^:²Ëj êÖ > ®ê JêB ê Î . Îf jBÖ, j{ » ç' 7ã&V¢ &;~, &V ç& î >ï y» *öB >ï² xf ç² zö ~~º æ> j êÖ . Ò æNêº Î '~ Î æöB ÿ¢~² &;> 6Nj Ï . ÎöBº :²Ë êÖj * Bussinesq "Òö ~ ÚÿO;j ÒÏ~, V O;f r" ? . ∂V ρ0 ------ + ρ0( V ⋅ ∇ )V + ∇ ⋅ J = – ∇p – ( ρ0 + ρ' ) + ∇Φ –2ρ0 ω × V ∂t (1) VB ρ0º V&ê~ ïWª, ρ'f ÞN, J º .¦® vB(Reynolds tensor), pº V{, Φº æJ v, ω º æ~ ¶* '³ê . * O;j Ï~ jBÖ j ò~º : ²Ëj êÖ r, O;j ¦V *B ²ê¢.
(5) . JæöÁ"ã{. æ;B V{Wª p¢ B~ O;j * ' ª~º FF> O»j ÒÏ . FF> 8 Ψ1, Ψ2¦V u, v, wº j¾f ? (Sievers, 1995). ∂Ψ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ u = ---------2 , v = – ---------1 , w = ---------1 – ---------2 ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂x. (2). VB FF>º z. Ψ1 = –∫ v ( x, y, z' )dz' 0 z. Ψ2 = –∫ u( x, y, z' )dz'. (3). 0. . Þ, (1)öB ¢ ~V * .¦® vB J ~ BÖf ∇ ⋅ J = –ρ 0 ∇ × ( KM ∇ × V ) = – ρ0 ∇ × KM ζ. (4). b Î>zB . VB KMf Â~ v~ê>, 7ã&VöB b^ ö ~ b^f ç :²Úö jf~º ·b ;ÒB . r b ^ lf rb êÖB (Blackadar, 1962). 1 1 1 --- = --- + ---l l0 l∞. " n7 (2003)º ªf~ (1996)& Vç² ~ k-ε Î þ®~ ©" FÒ þj MUKLIMO¢ Ï~ >¯~ MUKLIMO~ ¢ b Î"ö ~ :²Ë ¾ Î~> ®rj ¦Ã~& . ö ~ :²Ë æz~ º ¦ãN (2000)& ~ê æ~ >Ïö W *" ê~ : ²Ë æz¢ >~ þ : ® . öBº Ç Ökæ;~ >Ï Ò~º þ&çæ~. B Î >¯ö B >Ïòj J :²Ë~ æ zf æ;" >Ïj ÿö J :²Ë~ æzö & Î~ "6ê þj ~& . V¢B Î ~ "6ê þf ² v &æ ¾*Ú þ~& b ~¾º >Ïò~ 'Ëj ~, ~¾º ·f Ö~ ;¢ &æº æ;" *~ >Ïj ÿ ö J ãÖ~ :²Ë æz¢ þ~& .. (5). VB l0f Î '[~ ê, l∞ º Î ç ¦ êöB~ b^ 8b, Wu(1965)ö ~ 7ã&VöB 30 m~ 8j &ê . ~¦ ãêb º æöB Ψ1 = 0, Ψ2 = 0 ãêj 'Ï~, ç¦ ãêº ç¦ ãêöB .V~f~ N¢ ² ~º b ç¦ ãêj 'Ï . >Ï ®º ãÖöº (1)~ Öæö 6³(−cdbρ V | V |) z^ ³³ 6³>ê W>Ú ® . VB cdº Kê>B 0.2 "Úæ bº ´ 2 −3 ' &ê(m m ), ρº V &ê (Sievers and Zdunkowski, 1986). >Ï ®º ãÖöº b^ê ¢ææ v~ê>ö 'Ëj "Ú :²Ë 6³B . >ÏÎ~ "6ê >~ þ Î~ :²Ëf b" ö ~ 'Ëj A j æzB . bö ~ :²Ë æzf b "æ ~ :²Ë Î~ö & þf Vç²(1994, 1995)ö ~ >¯B : ® . Ò n7(2002). ïæ *~ >ÏÎ: ïæ *ö >Ïò ®j r :²~ æz¢ V~V *~ Î~ ϶ Wf V& 0.0 m¢ r >Ïö ~ :²Ë æz Ò ¢ J~ 4 m *Ïb 280Ü30϶(1120 mÜ 120 m) W~&, ç OËbº 2 m *Ï, 25 [(50 m)b W~& . Î *Ú '~ xOË 1120 möB >Ï ~ ^º 12 m 1.1%¢ Næ~ , yOË 120 möB >Ï ~ f 16 m 13.3% ¢ Næ~ zOËb >Ï ~ ¸º 15 m 30%¢ Næ . Î~ þf ´' &ê~ æz, .V:²~ æz, æ V ^, Ò >Ï~ FZö V¢ Table 1" ? W~ ~& . Ò Î~ þj * Î~ .V b : o ²f 10 m V&êöB ' Î~ þ ³³ö 270 ³Ëj .V «K8b F~&b, .V «K¶ ò¢ &æ :²Ëj êÖ r 'ª *Ïf 1.ö 60ª* 'ª~&b Table 2ö ¾æÚî . >Ïj j f ¶¢º ~ã" ê.ö V¢ Ëö ôf N& ®b ?f «~~ ¢ ~z¢ê "æ~ãö V¢ Ë~ N& ô  . V¢B ´~ U> 5 Vê ¢æ² >Ú ´ ' &ê(leaf area density)ê $ ¢æ² >æ :²~ æzöê 'Ëj ¢~² B . VB ´' &êº ~ * ¶b ¦b ï ´' 2 (Eagleson, 1978)b *º m m−3 . ¯, [ ~ ¦b¢ ~ n~ ´'j º;~ *.
(6) æ;æR΢JR¾Ö">8~]æÎ:²Ë>~Î~. . Table 1. Conditions for Experiments which have trees on the plane. Experiment A and B are conducted under various conditions Experiment. Leaf area density, 2 −3 Unit: m m. Initial wind, −1 Unit: ms. Surface roughness-length Unit: m. Trees. A. 1 2 3. 0.1 0.3. 5 5 5. 0.0 0.0 0.0. NO YES YES. B. 1. 0.3. 5. 0.02. YES. Table 2. Initial conditions for Experiment A and B Remarks. Experiment conditions. Domain. 1120 mÜ120 m (280Ü30 grid), resolution 4 m 25 Layer (Total height: 50 m), resolution 2 m. Initial wind condition. Height: 10 m o Wind direction: 270 −1 Wind speed: 5ms. Intergration condition. Time interval: 1.0 sec Total integration time: 60 min Iteration max: 500 Stationary define: 0.01. ¦b ´'j êÖ~ B . Exp.AöBº >Ï~ ´' &êòj J :² Ë æz¢ V * V¢ 0.0 m "îj r ´' &êö V :²Ë~ "6ê þj ~& . >Ï ìj r¢ Exp.A1, Ò ´' &ê& 2 −3 2 −3 0.1 m m , 0.3 m m ¢ r¢ '' A2, A3 ~ > Ï Ò~º ãÖöº ´' &ê& 3V& >ê þ~& . Ò >Ï~ ´' &êòö ~ ³³~ ç ªæz¢ ÚÚV *B >Ï 2 2 1/2 Ò~º ϶6 ~ ³³8 (u + y ) ¢ ï~ ê Ö~& ¢ ç[ê Fig. 1ö B~& . >Ï Ò~º Î~ ~[¦ªöB ³³~ 6³ *ç ¾æÒb >Ï~ ç¦~ =¦ªöBº ³ ³ /Ï® Ã&~&b, ç¦öB v ® [ çöBº .V³³ö j æz& ~ ìî . >Ïö ~ ³³~ 6³;ê¢ ¦z { ® V * >Ï Ò~æ pj r~ ³³8öB >Ï Ò r~ ³³8~ N¢ Ò~& . Exp.'A22 −3 A1'º ´' &ê8 0.1 m m ¢ r ³³~ 6³ 2 −3 ïj ¾æÚî, Exp.'A3-A1'º 0.3 m m ¢ r~ ³³~ 6³ïj ¾æÚî . >Ï Ò~º ê~ [ræ Exp.'A2-A1'öBº −1 ï 0.53 ms ;ê 6³~&, Exp.'A3-A1'~ ãÖ öº ï 1.26 ms−1 ³³ 6²~& . º >Ï J>º ãÖöº MUKLIMOöBº Î O;. −1 Fig. 1. Vertical distributions of wind speed (ms ) for Exp.A.. (1)~ Öæö 6³ Î&>Ú :²Ëj 6³ Ê $ ´' &êö ~B 6²B b^& Â~v~ê>¢ 6²Ê² >Ú "Úê :²Ëj 6 ³Ê² B . ¯, >Ïf ´' &ê~ Vö V ¢ :²Ë~ 6³ïf ¢æ ´' &ê& > 8f ê . Exp.Af Exp.B~ Ö"¢ ´' &êö V ³ −1 ³~ çê¢ 0.5 ms ~ *Ïb ³³Fb ¾æÚ Fig. 2f ? . Fig. 2(a)º Exp.A1b >Ï Ò~æ pj r, (b), (c)º '' A2, A3 2 −3 2 −3 ´' &ê& 0.1 m m , 0.3 m m ¢ r~ â . Fig. 2(a)f jv~&j r (b), (c)öBº >Ïö ~ 'Ë ¾ ¾æ¾ ®b 'Ëj Aº :²Ë æz~ º*º ³~Gb '' 1000 m, 928 m ¾ æÒ . V¢B >Ïö ~ :²Ë æz~ 'Ëj Aº Òº ´' &ê& > Òº j.
(7) . JæöÁ"ã{. 8j ç[ê Ò~ âf Û~ Ö" ò B~& . Ö" .V ³³ ;> >Ï [ ÚöB ³³~ ª& ;~² ¾æÒ . $, > Ïö ~ ³³ 6³;ê¢ ÚÚV * ÿ¢ .V ³³öB '' >Ï Ò~º ãÖöB Ò ~æ pº ãÖ~ 8j ¦ 8~ V¢ Ò~& . Ö" *Ú >Ï Ò~º [ ÚöB~ ï ³ ³~ 6³ïf ³³ 2.5 ms−1¢ ãÖ £ 0.26 ms−1, −1 −1 −1 5 ms ¢ ãÖº £ 0.52 ms , 10 ms ¢ ãÖº £ −1 1.04 ms ¾æÒb º .V ³³ö Vö j fj r > ® . Ò >Ï Ò~º [öB & ³³~ 6³j [f þ Îv J ® [, ¯ >Ï ¸~ 7*¦ªöB ¾æÒb, ³ ³~ 6³ïf >Ï~ ~[" ç[~ ³³ 6³ ï~ £ 8~9% z ² ¾æÒ .. −1 Fig. 2. Simulated vertical wind speed (ms ). (a) Exp.A1, (b) Exp.A2, (c) Exp.A3 and (d) Exp.B1, respectively.. ê . B :²ïX~ ãÖ Î"º :²ïX ~ «~ö V¢ ¾ ¢>'b ³çGöBº ¾ Z¸~ 5~6V, ³~GöBº 20~30V Òræ ' Ëj . V¢B B :²ïX" jÝ j ò Ú" V * V¢ sæ pf º:ö ~º 0.02 m ¢ " þ Ö"¢ (d)ö ¾æÚî . Ö" >Ï~ ³çGöBº :²Ë æz~ º*& ¾Z ¸ 15 m~ £ 28V, ³~GöBº £ 5V ¾æ¾ >Ïö ~ :²Ë æz& ¾ Î~Nj r > ® . 2 −3 Exp.A1, A2~ Ö" ´' &ê¢ 0.1 m m ~ .V ³³j Ò~ ö V ³³8j 2 2 1/2 >Ï Ò~º ϶6öB(u + y ) ¢ ï~ . æ; *~ >ÏÎ: ·f Ö" ?f ;¢ &æ º æ; *ö >Ï ®º ãÖ ÎöB :²Ë~ >Ïö ~ "6ê¢ þ~& . þöB >ï OË Ï¶~ Vº þ (&)f ÿ¢~² ~&, 4 m *Ïb 70Ü30 ϶(280 mÜ120 m) W~ &, ç OËê ïæ *~ >Ï Î" þ" ? 2 m *Ïb W~& . Î *Ú ' xOË 280 möB æ;~ æöB~ ^º 40 m 14%¢ Næ~, yOË 120 möB æ;~ f 32 m 37%¢ Næ~, zOËb æ;~ ¸º 20 m 50 möB 20%¢ Næ . Î~ þf æ V¢ Îv .æö ~º 0.1 m¢ .V « K~, Table 3" ? W~ ~&º æ; ~ ¸ö V¢ >Ï Ò~æ pº ãÖf ´ 2 −3 2 −3 ' &ê¢ '' 0.1 m m , 0.6 m m ~ þ~ & . Ò Î~ þj * Î~ .V b o :²f 10 m V&êöB 5 ms−1 ³³ö 270 ³ Ëj .V «K8b F~& >Ï~ ¸º 10 m, .V «K¶ò¢ &æ :²Ëj êÖ r 'ª *Ïf 1.ö 60ª* 'ª~&b Table 4 ö ¾æÚî . Exp.C1~ Ö"º Fig. 3(a), Exp.C2º (b), Exp.C3 º (c)ö Ö"¢ ¾æÚîb, '' >Ï ìº 2 2 ãÖ, 0.1 m m−3, 0.6 m m−3~ ´' &ê¢ &æº ãÖ~ ç :²Ëj ¾æÚº â . Ö" æ; *öBº >Ï~ FZö ç&ì ç :²Ë f Ö FÒ~² ¾æÒ . æ;" >Ïö.
(8) æ;æR΢JR¾Ö">8~]æÎ:²Ë>~Î~. . Table 3. Summary of various condition for Experiment which have trees on the terrain. Experiment C, D and E are conducted under various conditions Leaf area density, −1 Initial wind,Unit: ms 2 −3 Unit: m m. Experiment. Terrain. Height of Terrain, Unit: m. Trees. C. 1 2 3. 0.1 0.6. 5 5 5. YES YES YES. 10 10 10. NO YES YES. D. 1 2 3. 0.1 0.6. 5 5 5. YES YES YES. 20 20 20. NO YES YES. E. 1 2 3. 0.1 0.6. 5 5 5. NO NO NO. -. NO YES YES. Table 4. Summary of initial conditions for Experiment C, D and E Remarks Domain Roughness length Trees Initial wind condition. Exeriment condition 280 mÜ120 m (70Ü30 grid) 25 Layer (Total height: 50 m) 0.1 m Height: 10 m Height: 10 m o Wind direction: 270 −1 Wind speed: 5 ms. ~ 'Ëj Aº ç :²Ëj ;ï'b ÚÚ V * Exp.Cö & ç :²Ëj 0.5 ms−1 *Ï ~ ³³Fb 8j Fig. 4ö ¾æÚî . Fig. 4(a)f (b)º Ö FÒ~, ´' &ê8 0.6 2 −3 m m b ç ® ¸f (c)~ ãÖöº (a)f (b)f jv~&j r ³~GöB :²Ë~ æz& ¾æÒ . ¯, :² ³~GöBº æ;ö ~ Î"& >Ï Î" z ² ¾æÒ Ö5&VöBº ïææ >Ï Î"& ³~GöB º 'Ë . z ² ¾æÒ . >Ï~ 'Ëj ¶^® Ú ÚV *B >ï :²Ëj ¾æÚî . Exp.C1, C2, C3~ Ö" ê 4 m ¸öB~ >ï :²Ëj Ò~, ê 12 m ¸öB~ >ï :²Ëj Fig. 5ö ¾æÚî . 4 m êöB~ >ï :²Ëf >Ï~ FZfº ç&ì Îv Ö FÒ ~² ¾æÒ . º >Ï Ò~æ pº ãÖf jv~&j r æ;ö ~ 'Ë z ² ¾æÒ V r^ . Ö5&V~ : =[ 12 m êöB ~ >ï :²Ëf æ;~ 5&V ¦ªöB £*~ N& ¾æÒº 3.5 ms−1 ~~ ³³ ¾æ¾º ¦ª Fig. 5(b)~ ãÖ Fig. 5(a)ö j £* 9Ú. Fig. 3. Simulated vertical wind vector. (a) Exp.C1, (b) Exp.C2 and (c) Exp.C3, respectively.. rrj r > ® ´' &ê& ¸j> º* & z 9Úr . ;ï'b ¾æÚ Ö5&VöB ~ >ï :²Ë~ ïf Fig. 5(a)~ ãÖöº £ −1 −1 3.7 ms , (b)~ ãÖöº £ 3.6 ms , (c)~ ãÖöº.
(9) . JæöÁ"ã{. Fig. 4. Same as Fig. 3 except for contour of wind speed.. £ 3.3 ms−1 ¾æÒ . æ; Ò~æ pj r ? −1 f êöB~ ï ³³f £ 5.2 ms ¾æÒb æ æ;ö ~ ³³~ 6³ïf (a)~ ãÖ 1.5 −1 ms . V¢B >Ïò~ 'Ëb ³³~ 6 −1 ³ïf (b)~ ãÖöº 0.1 ms , (c)~ ãÖöº 0.4 −1 ms ¾æÒ . V¢B Ö" ? VÞV& ®º ;~ æ;¢ ãÖö æ;ö ~ ³³~ 6³ï >Ïö ~ ³³ 6³ï R ¢j r > ® . Exp.Dº Exp.Cf Î f ÿ¢~ Ö~ ¸ ò 2V ¸&j r~ þ . Ö5&V~ 2 m * öB¦V 2 m *Ïb 5B~ ç[ê ³³j ~ >Ï ®j rf ìj r~ ³³~ jNj Ò~& . Ö~ ¸& 10 m ´' &ê& 2 −3 0.1 m m ¢ r >Ïö ~ ³³ 6³>º jNf Exp.'C2/C1', Ö~ ¸& 10 m ´' &ê& 2 −3 0.6 m m ¢ r Exp.'C3/C1', Ö~ ¸& 20 m 2 ´' &ê& 0.1 m m−3¢ r Exp'D2/D1', Ö~ ¸. Fig. 5. Horizontal wind field at 12m level (a) Exp.C1, (b) Exp.C2 and (c) Exp.C3 respectively.. & 20 m ´' &ê& 0.6 m m−3¢ r Exp.'D3/D1'¢ . Ö~ ¸& 10 m~ ãÖ Exp.'C2/C1'öBº jN Ö5&VöB 2 mO Ã& rî 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 0.99, 1.00b Nº Ö ·~b¾ Exp.'C3/C1'öBº 0.85, 0.91, 0.94, 0.96, 0.98 ´ 2 ' &ê& 0.1 m m−3¢ r jBº 6³ï ² ¾æÒ . Ö~ ¸& 20 m ãÖ 'D2/D1'" 'D3/D1'f ´' &êö ç&ì Ö5&VöBº ³³~ 6³jN ~ 1ö &² ¾æÒ . V¢ B æ;~ ;ç ¦ª ¸jî> >Ïö ~ ³ 2.
(10) æ;æR΢JR¾Ö">8~]æÎ:²Ë>~Î~. . ç" ? MUKLIMO~ >Ïö & .V "6 ê þj >¯~& . ¾ Ö"bVº æ; Ö Ç~ R~ &¦ª >Ï Ò~º æb æöBº 7Πκ ç^® ªC~V º Ú[ . V¢B 'Ëj ªC~V * Î Îj ÒÏ~&º B ¾ Ö"bV {Ë ~ >~Î~~V *ö Ö" ?f VÞVf ê& ®º æ;öB >Ïf ÚÆ 'Ë ®ºæö & Î~ "6ê þj ~& . Ö" MUKLIMO öBº ïæ¢ ãÖöº >Ïö ~ :²Ë~ æz & ¾ ¾æ¾¾, Ö" ?f ;~ æ; *ö >Ï Ò~º ãÖöº ïæ~ ãÖ >Ïö ~ : ²Ë æz& ·² ¾æ¾º, º æ;ö ~ ³ ³~ 6³ï >Ïö ~ ³³ 6³ï R V r^ . −6 þöB ÒÏB :²ö & Froud >º 10 −7 ~10 8b £ fê¾ BÖö >º 8, ¾ Ö"bV :²öB :²~ ª¢ 7b ~ æ;ö V :²~ æzº V~æ á~& .. Fig. 6. Contour of vertical wind speed. (a) Exp.E1, (b) Exp.E2 and (c) Exp.E3, respectively.. ³~ 6³*çf ¾ ¾æ¾æ pbæ ÎöB º :²Ë >Ïö ~ 'Ë æ;ö ~ ' Ëj z ô Aº º ©j r > ® . Exp.E~ Ö" Exp.Cf ?f 'ö ?f ~ >Ïò Ò r ïæöB þ ç :² Ë~ Ö"¢ Fig. 6ö ¾æÚî . Exp.Cö j ï æöBº >Ïö ~ ³³~ 6³*ç ¾ ¾æ¾ ®º ©f ¦ãN (2002)º ~ê æ~ :²Ë >~ þöB~ Ö"öBê ¾ ¾æÒ . Fig. 6öB >Ï Ò~º ¦ª~ ç :²Ë~ −1 ïf (a)~ ãÖ 4.2 ms ¾æÒº ©" j v~&j r (b)~ ãÖöº ³³~ 6³ïf ï −1 −1 0.9 ms , (c)~ ãÖ ï 2.5 ms ¾æÒ . Exp.E öBº >Ïö ~ ³³~ 6³f ïæ¢ ãÖö z ¾ ¾æ¾ ®b >Ï~ ´' &ê& > :²Ë~ æzê z ² ¾æÒ .. ¾R Ö>8~ :²Ë >~ Î~. þ çæ : MUKLIMO~ .V ¶ò «Kj *Bº çê~ æ;¶òf æ V ¶ò, >Ï ¶ò jº~ . V¢B öBº Ç Ökæ;b ¶ò¢ ~V& Ï Ö"bV Òë¦æ Ö;B ¾ê æj F;~ çê >~ þj >¯~& . ¾ Ö"b V~ :²Ë >~Î~º "ã{ (2003)ö ~ > ¯B : ®b¾ öBº æ;" æÎ"¢ z× ;&® þ ê Î~~& . ¾êº ÖÒ¾¢ *¢Îê ö ³ Î n~ Ræb Bêº £ 380 m C¶;~ ªæ;¢ æî ® . Î~ ' ÚöB ¾ ê~ æ;º Fig. 7ö B~& Jã :º m *~ Bê¢ ¾æÞ .. þ&çæöB ý æf Ö"bV BÒËb 107 m ê æ;j .B ¦ª R~ n¦ "ö Ö"bV b ² ÚB¾ R~ f &¦ª B . V¢B .V"6ê þöBº > Ï æ;ö ~ 'Ë &¦ª ² ¾æÒb¾ ;{ >~êÖj * R~ ªêf Æ æÏê¢ ^~ >Ï 5 V¢ .V «K~ & . R~ f ²Ò¾Z& 60.16% &¦ªj.
(11) . JæöÁ"ã{. Fig. 7. Topography of the Naro Space Center. The area ( ) represents the launching site and the lines W-E and S-N are used the vertical wind fields.. Næ~ ®b ÉJ¾Z, ç>Ò ¾Z £ '' £ 12.05%, 10.05% Ú^ ® º¾Z £f 4.66%¢ Næ~ ®b, ~ >Ï~ ¸ º &¦ª 15~20 m . :²Ë Î~ .8 `: Î~ 'f 3.2 kmÜ 4.4 km~ 'b W~&b, ' ϶ *Ïf 10 m~ >ï϶ 320Ü440 ϶ . Î~ ç [f 600 m~ 32[b öB 420 mræº 15 m *Ï~ [b, 420 möB 500 mræº 40 m *Ïb , 500 möB 600 mræº 50 m *Ïb ~ Ö kæ;ö ~ :²Ë~ æz¢ ¶^® " > ®ê ~& . Îf çê Î çêö j R~ Î& b ~ Îf >& Ö ·bæ b f V .V «K~& . Stull(1988)ö ~ uncut grass æf 0.02 m, &Wæº 0.2 m ~ V¢ ", êæf 0.05 m 8j "îb : º 0.0005 m¢ "îº, ¦ãN (2000)~. þöB 1 cmf 5 cm~ Vº êÖ Ö" N&. Ö "²~² ¾æÒ .. >Ïf ´' &ê .V «K>º Îö . V «KF ´' &êº 2002j 8ú B *ËÒ ¢ Û &G8" ª«~ (2003)~ öB 2001 j 7ú 7¯>Ïö~ #>~ & ´' æ>& 2 −2 4 m m ©j ^~ öBº #>âf 2 2 ´' æ>¢ 4 m m−2, #>âf 5 m m−2 v îb >Ï~ ¸º 15m «K~& . V¢B Î ö .V «KF ´' &êº #>âf 2 −2 2 −2 2.27 m m , #>âf 3.33 m m j «K~& . ¦ãN (2000)º þ&çæÚö ¶ÿVç&G Ëj(AWS)¢ J~~ æ &³~ 8j ~ Îö .V:²j «K~&, n7(2002)f & Vç&~ :²¶ò¢ Ï~ .V:²j ~& . öBº R~ Îö *~ AWS~ :²¶ò ¢ Ï~ ê.ê &³Ë" ³³8j ~ 8j ^~ Îö .V «KF :²8j F;~ & . Bê 128 mö *~ ¾ê~ ¶ÿ Vç &GËj~ 2j(2001~2002j)*~ &G¶ò¢ ªC ~ ê.ê & ³Ë" ³³~ 8j ~& . ¾ê~ ³Ë nê>º *Æ, &jÆ, ÎÞÆöº o o " 22.5 ~ ³Ë ¾æÒb, ªÆf 90 ~ ³ Ë Ö^~² ¾æÒ . & ³Ë~ ï o o ³³f *Æf 22.5 ³Ëö 5.2 ms−1, ªÆf 90 o −1 −1 ³Ëö 4.5 ms , &jÆöº 22.5 ³Ëö 3.6 ms , o ÎÞÆf 22.5 ³Ëö 3.9 ms−1 ³³~ N −1 º 0.3~1.6 ms ¾æÒ . ¾êº R jv' ·bæ &G8öB :²~ ¢æz, ¯ ³~ ' Ëj ê > ìÚ ³~ 'Ëf Z~& . þöBº ¾êf ? Î& Ökæ; öB~ çê~ :²j þ~ æöB Î >w~º :²Ë ßW" ãËW æz¢ ¶ o o o o ~æ &G8j " 0 , 90 , 180 , 270 4O* −1 5 ms ~ :²j Î~ .V¶ò «K~& . :²Ë >~ Î~: Îö ~ Î~ Ö"º æ; j J Terrain followingb ¾æÚV *~ u, v, w¢ 1 m *Ïb ç Úã~ æ; *öB 10 m ç~ >ï:²Ë" ³³Fj '' O*ê Fig. 8ö ¾æÚîb, 50 m ç~ >ï:²Ë " ³³F~ âf Û~ J«ò ~& . ' O*ê *Ú'b Jj r Vº æ ³³j £zʺ ·Ïj ~æ : öBº Ëb.
(12) æ;æR΢JR¾Ö">8~]æÎ:²Ë>~Î~. . Fig. 8. Simulated wind fields over 10m at the Naro space center by terrain following method. Left panels represent the wind vector and right panels the wind speed contour. for (a) Easterly, (b) Westerly, (c) Northerly, (d) Southerly winds, respectively.. ì V& Ö ·bæ æ;öB b æ6 ¢> æ;~ 'Ëj '² AjB ç&'b ³³ ;~² ¾æÒ . $ :² æ;ö ~ òj. Ú&º ¦ª, ¯, fÿ Vº ¦ªöBº ³³ ;~² ¾æÒ . Ò Ökæ;f :²j æz ʺ &Ë 7º º²B Öj æ çß : ²f Ö;çj V¢B ³³ ;zB ©j " > ® b, ³~GöBº ÖW¢ V¢B ³³~ ;~ ² ¾æÒb¾ &¦ªf ³~GöBº ³³ Ö £zB . ©f ª'² (2000)~ BÞæ~ æ ; 5 Ææ Ïêö V 3Nö :²Ë ÖÂö & Ö"f ÿ¢~¾ öBº Ökæ; z ^~² Î~>Ú " Ëj V¢ vº ^. :²~ ;ê ¾æÒ . æ[ &röBº æ wK(surface stress) ¢;~V r^ö ³Ëf æ wKö ï¯~ ç'b ³Ë~ æzº ì æö &ròî> ³³ò 6³B . ê& ¸j î> ³Ëf Π϶6öB .V«K ³Ëö & ròæ ³³f ;~² ¾æÒ . ÿ³¢ r 10 m êöB~ >ï:²Ë" ³³ Ff '' Fig. 8(a)ö ¾æÚî . :²ÇV¢ Ö~ ªæ ¦ªöBº Ö~ ãÒ& Ôj ÿ³ & >Z~ & ¢¦º ªæ Îã~ j V¢ R ¢&Vê ~ §ã~ Ëj òj Vê ~ ¢¦º & Ö;çb ¦º :² ¾ ¾æ¾ ® . ß®, ÿ³¢ ãÖöº C¶; ªæÚ¦ >Z>º.
(13) . JæöÁ"ã{. Fig. 8. Continued.. >ï' :² ¾æ¾V r^ö B ©f :. ¦V N ÛJ V& ªæ Ú >Z>Ú æ ;ö ~ çß .¾F ãÖ kVçj FB > ê ® . BÒËf ê 107 m .BB ¦ªæ : öB BÒËb R¢Jº :²~ ãÖ BÒË Ôf ê "*öBº æ;ö ~ §ÿ³, Î ÿ³b ³Ë :2 & j V¢ BÒË * ®ÚJº :²ê ¾æ¾ BÒË *öBº æ;ö ~ ³Ë~ æz ì & ÿ³ ¾æ¾ ®. . ³³F~ âj R~ æ; C¶; Ö C¶;ö ²Ö ·f ÖW Ö> Ú ®Ú ³~GöBº ÖW¢ V¢ ³³ ;~ ² ¾æÒb ¦ªöBº ³³ &¦ª £ ~² ¾æÒ . *Ú Ökæ;öB ³³ &Ë £. ¦ªö j Ö;çf & £ 20V, ïæ BÒË " ªææöBº & £ 10V ;ê ;~² ¾æ Ò . ê 50 möBº Ö;çö &rÞ> Ö~ ã Ò& ¸j >ï϶ 10 m *Ï Úö Ö~ êö æ z& ¦ª Ò~æ ö ~ ³Ë~ æz & ¾æÒb, Ö;ç, BÒË" ªæöBº 10 m êöB £ 3~4 ms−1 ;~² ¾æÒ . B³¢ ãÖ 10 m êöB~ >ï:²Ë" ³ ³Ff Fig. 8(b)ö ¾æÚî :²ÇV¢ R ~ ÎöBº j V¢ : ãb ®Ú¾N :² " R~ ÎöB &Ë Bã ö ®º æ;öB ò jº :²"~ >Z ¾ ¾æ¾ ®, R Î ~ Rj òjº :²f BÒËræ 'Ëj ~ ® . ³³Fj .BB BÒË~ Bã¦.
(14) æ;æR΢JR¾Ö">8~]æÎ:²Ë>~Î~. ªö Bê& &Ë ¸f Ö Ò~ Öj > ÚJº :² BÒË~ ÿã ¦ªö ôf 'Ë j ~ ® ç&'b BÒË~ BãöB £~ ² ¾æ¾ ® . ©f Ëbj >f :²~ ' Ë ~º Òf Ëb êö Vº ÿ " &ê& ®º ©b BÒË~ Bã ¦ª~ ³ −1 ³ BÒË *öB & ³³" £ 6.25 ms N & Ò . ÿöBº ï ³³ £~,  ~& ;~, J" bî J¾ ^b, ç&'b Ôf {K ~ ¢;~² Fæ>º æb B³~ ãÖö BÒËöB ÿ' ¾æÒ. . 50 m ê~ >ï :²Ë~ ãÖ R ÎöB o o æ;j òjº vªöB £ 230 ~250 ³Ë~ æz& ¾æÒb¾ &¦ª .V «K³³" jÝ~ ² ¾æÒb, ³³ 10 m êö j ;~² ¾ æÒ . §³¢ ãÖ 10 m êöB~ >ï:²Ë" ³ ³Fj '' Fig. 8(c)ö ¾æÚî . :²ÇV¢ BÒË~ æ;f òÂB ¦ªbB fÿ ¾ ;W>Ú vª" R Î~ öB BÖ :² "~ >Z ¾æÒ . $ §³¢ r B¢ ¾r : ²" ò¾º òÂB æ;¦ªöBº B~ ¾æÒ. . ³³Fê C¶; Ö öB ³çGj >ÚN :² Ö;çöB ;æ Ú ªæ& ¾æ¾æ ªæ~ æ &röBº ³³~ 6³ ÿ³ ¾ B³ö j ² ¾æÒ Ö j >b B ³³ ;z>º Ö"& ¾æÒ . ªæöB~ −1 ³³f ² 0.25~0.5 ms ræ ¾æÒb ªæ¢ æ¾ Ö Ëj òjº vªö ~ ³³f & 3.5~3.75 ms−1 ;z>Ú ¾æÒ . BÒË −1 öBº ² ³³ 3.25~3.5 ms , & ³³ 3.5~ −1 3.75 ms BÒËöBº ^:²~ ³³ ² N & ¾æ p~b, 50 m êöB~ ³Ëj ªæöB~ :²" BÒËj òjº :², R Î ~ öB ®Ú¾Jº :²~ ãÖöº 10 m êö B~ >ï :²Ë~ ãË" jÝ~² ¾æÒ . 50 m êöBº ªæöBº ² 1.5~1.75 ms−1 ¾æ¾ −1 10 m êö j ªæº £ 1.25 ms ;ê ³³ ;rb¾, BÒËöB 50 m êöB~ ² ³³ f 8.75~9.0 ms−1 ¾æÒb, & ³³f 9.25~ −1 9.5 ms ¾æÒ. γ~ ãÖ 10 m êöB~ >ï:²Ë" ³ ³Ff '' Fig. 8(d)ö ¾æÚî . :²ÇV¢ . . Fig. 9. Contour of wind speed along E-W cross section. (a) Easterly and (b) westerly wind, respectively.. R~ §~ òÂB æ;¦ªöB ³Ë £ 90 ¾æ¾ ® . §³" îR&æ γöBê B ÒË ¦"ö æ;~ 'Ëb fÿ ;W>îb " Ëj V¢ ³Ë~ æz& ¾ ¾æ¾ ® . ª −1 æöB~ ³³f 0.25~0.5 ms Ö £~² ¾æ Òb Ö;çöB~ ³³f ;~² ¾æ¾ ® . 50 m êöB~ >ï :²Ë" ³³Ff §³" jÝ ·çb ¾æÒ . BÒËj 7b ÿ³" B³ö & E-W ç ~ ³³f Fig. 9(a)f (b)ö ¾æÚîb, §³ " γö & S-N ç~ ³³f Fig. 10(a)f (b)ö ¾æÚî . E-W ç~ ³³öBº BÒ Ë~ B㦪ö Bê& 380 m &Ë ¸f Ö Ò~æ BÒËö ç7' 'Ëj . ÿ ³~ ãÖöº BÒË ÿã ¦ª~ æç 10 m ¦ "öB ³³ £ 2.54 ms−1 ¾æÒ B³~ ãÖ öº BÒË~ ÿã ¦ªö æç 10 m ¦"öB −1 º £ 5.28 ms ¾æ¾ B³~ ãÖ Bã~ ¸f Ö~ 'Ëb BÒË ÿã ¦ª~ ³³ :. öB ®ÚR¢Jº :² £ 2V ç 2.74 ms−1 ;~² ¾æÒ . æç 50 m ¦"öBº B³f £ −1 −1 −1 8.29 ms , ÿ³f 7.78 ms Nº 0.51 ms çb .> ³³~ Nº ·² ¾æÒ . BÒ o.
(15) . JæöÁ"ã{. Fig. 10. Contour of wind speed along S-N cross section. (a) Northerly and (b) southerly wind, respectively.. Ë 7öB ÿ³¢ ãÖ 10 m çöBº £ 3.57 −1 −1 ms , B³¢ ãÖöº £ 4.14 ms , 50 m çöB º ÿ³¢ ãÖöº £ 6.93 ms−1, B³¢ ãÖöº £ 7.03 ms−1 ¾æÒ, S-N öBº §³¢ ã −1 Ö 10 m çöBº 3.20 ms , γ¢ ãÖöº 2.55 −1 −1 ms , 50 m çöBº §³¢ ãÖöº 8.77 ms Î −1 ³¢ ãÖöº 7.95 ms ¾æ¾ æçöBº :. öB : ®Ú ÚJº :² Öj æ Jº :² z ;~² ¾æÒb ß® B³~ ãÖ & Ë ¸f Öb¦V ®Ú ÚJV r^ö BÒË~ ï ³³f &Ë ² ¾æÒ . BÒË ¦ªf 150 m ê¢ £ 107 m ê . B~ ò ¦ªæ .B *" ê~ æ;~ æ zö V :²Ëf æz . V¢B Terrain followingb 10 m ê *~ :²Ëj æ;j .B ~V *" ê¢ Î~~&b, âf Û~ J« ò ~& . ÿ³¢ ãÖ BÒË ¦ªj .B *" êö Î ~ Ö"º .B*" ê& *>'b ³Ëöº æz& ì ³³~ ãÖöº Ö;ç" BÒËöB~ ³³f .B*" ê Îv & ³³ £ 4~4.25 −1 ms jÝ~² ¾æÒ . .B êöº ?f BÒ Ë ïæ *öBê ^Î :²Ëj Î~~&j. rº ³³ ² ¾æÒb ² ³³f £ 1.5~ −1 1.75 ms £~² ¾æÒ . B³¢ ãÖê .B *öº BÒË ¦æ~ Îãö º ;W>Ú ®Ú öB Öj >ÚJ~ B ³ §B³b :2B & : ^¾& :²f æ;ö ~ ÎB³ê ¦º :²" >Z . .B * BÒË ¦æ~ Ö;çöBº B³ & ¾æÒ . .Bê~ BÒË ¦æöB &Ë Bã, ¯ Bã~ ãÒ" %f ¦ª~ §ã ¦ª " Î㦪öBº '' §³" γ ® 7ö Bº ÿ³b ³ ¾æÒ . ©f Ëb~ · ã ÎgöB fÿ ;W>Ú Ëb êöBº ²*~B öJº çËfÿ(elevated vortex)~ ¢ «b çËfÿf Ëb ÊÞ 5&Vö Z Ôf ;Ú{ö ~ çß~f Ëb~ · ,b òjN vª b êOb öJ B <² >º ²*Wª~ ç^·Ï . .B*ê~ ³³j jv & ³³ £ −1 6.25~6.75 ms ¦ª .B *öº x϶ 40, yÏ ¶ 50 "¾ö *~~&b¾ .B êöº x϶ 45, y϶ 50 "¾ö ¾æ¾ .B êö ³³~ ; ¦ª z fÒræ ¾æÒ . $ .B *öº ¾æ¾æ p~æò .B ê BÒË~ &Ë B㦪 öB £ 0.25~0.5 ms−1~ ³³ Ö £ ¦ª ¾æÒ . ©f .B ¦"b :² N>V r^ . §³~ ãÖ BÒË~ ³çGöB~ ³Ë æz ã Ëf .B * BÒË~ ³~GöB Ö~ B㦪~ j V¢ ÚJJº vª ¾æ¾ ® vª " Ö;ç "*¢ òjº vª ³~GöB ò¾ ® . BÒË æ;ö ~ fÿb ³Ë γ b æ :²f .B *öº 80 m êræ ¾æ ¾ ®b¾ .B êöº 60 m êræ ¾æ¾ ® . Ò BÒË "*~ fÿö ~ ³³f æ −1 ;j .B~V*~ & ³³f £ 6.75~7 ms ¾ æÒ .B ê~ ?f ¦ª~ &³³ê £ 6.75~ −1 7 ms ?² ¾æÒb¾ &³³ö ~º ¦ª .B ê& £ 5V;ê 9² ¾æÒ . ©f Ëb~ ¸& ¸j> Ëbj >bJº :². Ëbj òj.Jº vª ;~V r^ . Ò .B ê .B * ³~GöB~ ³³ −1 0.25~0.5 ms Ö £ ¦ª ô Ò~º ©ê æ;~ ßW r^ö ¾æ¾º © ..
(16) æ;æR΢JR¾Ö">8~]æÎ:²Ë>~Î~. γ~ ãÖ :² æz~ ãËj .B *" ê& jÝ~² ¾æÒ . ³~GöBº .B *~ ãÖ £ ~æò Ëj V¢ òjº vª" j V¢ R¢ &º vª ÿ³öB §ÿ³ræ Ò~º ©f Ö;ç~ ; γ" £ 120 m êöB ò . .B êöº vª £~² ¾æ¾ &¦ª ËFj V¢ Îÿ³b ³Ë :2Ú ¾æ . ³ ³~ ãÖ .B *~ ãÖ BÒË ¦æ;çöBº &³³ £ 5.0~5.25 ms−1, ²³³ 3.75~4 ms−1& ¾æÒ, .B êöº .BB ³çG WöB −1 4.25~4.5 ms & ¾æÒb BÒË 7b .> ³³ £^ 7öBº 2.75~3.0 ms−1 ³³~ ²& ¾æÒ . îR&æ fÿö ~ ³³f . B * .B ê & ³³ £ 0.25 ms−1 z ;~² ¾æÒ . *>'b ' O*ê .B *" ê¢ jv®j r ³çG ³~G~ :²~ æz& z ² ¾ æÒb fÿö ~ ³³ê æz~& . Ò . B *~ ¦æ;çöB~ & ³³ .B ê~ B ÒËöB~ & ³³ ;~æò .B ê~ BÒ ËöBº Ö;ç 9f º*ö ö ² ; ³³ ¾æÒ . º Ö"bV& *~ ¾ê BÒËöB ª~ :²j «K~ Î~ Ö"æ B :² 8"~ jvº > ìî . ¾ öB æ;" æ Î"ö & þ Ö"f n7(2002) 5 n7 (2003)öB Ϫ ¦Ã þj >¯~& Ö"ö V¢ Î~ ¢ >¯ ©æ ³Ë" ³³~ æzö & ãËj > ®î . b Ö"bV& Jã> :²~ &G >¯> ® jv ¦Ã~ & jº ©, Ö"º æöB~ :²Ë Î~ ö FÏ~ ² ÒÏF > ®bÒ¢ ÒJB .. º£ 5 ÖV º Î Vê Î MUKLIMO(Microscale Urban Climate Model)¢ Ï~ Ç Ökæ; öB~ 10 m ç~ ^Î :²Ë~ >~ Î~¢ ê~ ¢ ¦Ã © . Î~¢ * &ç æ f ¾ Ö"bV Òë¦æ¢ F;~& . :²Ë f >Ï" æ;~ 'Ëj ô Abæ B þ &ç 'öB~ Î~ >Ï Î"~ .V "6ê. . þj ~& . "6ê þ~ Ö" ´' &ê& ¸ j> :²~ 'Ëj ~º Òº ² ¾æÒb , B :²ï X" jÝ j "îj r : ²Ëf ¾ Î~>î . Ò VÞV& ®º æ;, ¯ ·f Þ{¾ Ö" jÝ æ; *ö >Ï Ò~º ãÖöº æ;ö ~ :²~ æz& z. >Ïö ~ 'Ëf ç&'b ·² ¾æÒ . Ò ´' &ê& ¸j> :²Ë~ æzº æ¾ æ;ö ~ 'Ëö j Ö ·² ¾æÒ . ¯ Îf Ökæ;öBº >Ïö ~ 'Ë æ;ö ~ 'Ë Ö ¢j r~ . V¢B "6 ê þj V. B Ç Ökæ; þ&ç æöB :²Ëj Î~~& . æ;" >Ï, V¢ J~ ¾ Ö"bV~ J ê¢ J~ BÒË~ æ;j .B~ >~ Î~¢ ~& . Ö" æç "¾öB~ ¾ Ö"bV BÒËöB~ :²f B³~ ãÖ &Ë ; ~² ¾æÒ . ©f BÒË~ B㦪ö B ê 380 m~ ¾êöB ¸~ Ö;ç Ò ~V r^b CB . V¢B BÒË ÿã ¦ª f 5 ms−1 «K~&j r ³³ £ 6.5~6.75 ms−1 ;~² ¾æ¾æ öBº BÒË~ B> Jj b~º © ±j ©b ÒJB . Ò : öB ®ÚJº :² æ;ö ~ ¦º :², ¯, B³" §³ ÿ³" γö j ³³ z ; ~² ¾æÎj " > ® . Ò æ;ö æz¢ " îj r, ¯ BÒË ¦æ¢ .B~V *" BÒË ¦ æ Jj * .B ê~ :²Ëj {&~ Î ~ Ö" .B*~ ãÖ æ;j V¢ :²Ë ¾ Î~>îb .Bê~ BÒËf ïæ¢æ¢ê ^ Î :²Ëj Î~~&j rº BÒË~ î. ³³ ² ¾æÎj " > ®î . º MUKLIMO¢ Ï~ ¾ Ö"bV æ~ 10 m ç~ ^Î :²Ëj Î~ ©b Ç Ökæ;öBê ^Î :²Ë~ Î~ê &Ëj " ® . Ò ¾ Ö"b Vf ? :²~ 'Ë Ö 7º~ &G Ú JÚ æ¢æ¢ê Î~¢ Û~ z×z ;{ ^Î :²Ë Ö &Ë~² >î . b B MM5f~ ÿ~(n7 , 2003) 9 BÒ*ê ~ * Vçj . > ®º ¯, Rocketcasting (Kingwell et al., 1991) &Ë ©b ÒJB ..
(17) . JæöÁ"ã{. Ò Ò º 2002jê Ö"ö~ÕÖ"bV Òë¦æÚ VçË >~Î~Ö~ ¢~b Ú rb ¢ * ôf 7¢ n7þ, / Òþ Ò ã§&v &V" ~ &ö. ö² 6ÒÖ .. ^ ^ò Vç², 1994, :² G; Ëb~ 'Ëö & (I), Vç², MR94I-007. 116 p. Vç², 1995, :² G; Ëb~ 'Ëö & (II), Vç², MR 95H0-07. 65 p. f÷ , 1993, æç &G¶ò¢ Ï 3Nö :²Ë~ º ;, BÞ&v &ö CÒ*¢^. 64 p. fçJ, "ã{, 2001, æ;" æRßW ªÆ &æ ~ æB~" VNæzö ~º 'Ë. Vç² æ, 37 (5), 487-512. "ã{, f;Ö, ;Bë, ÿ, \, 2002, &V"~ ÿË" *. FÚ², 316-448. "ã{, fçJ, Jæö, Ëç., 2003, Ö"bV Òë¦æ Ú VçË >~Î~. "VF¦ B, 136 p. ;', ', 1990, BÞöB~ ÎÞÆ :²Ëö & >~' . Vç²æ, 26 (4), 247-262. ¦ãN, *', JWÎ, 2000, ~ê æ~ :²Ë >~. þ. Vç²æ, 36 (3), 327-336. n7, 2002, ^Î VêÎj Ï & «Úÿ Ë "æ~ æB~ Î~. ã§&v &ö CÒ* ¢^, 63 p. n7, Ï\, Â^, "ã{, 2003, ^Î VêÎ j Ï 2002 ú ãVË "æ~ æB~ Î~. Vç²æ, 39 (5), 587-605. ßÖ, ÿ, 1998, >ê² æöB æR 5 æ; Î" ö V æÎ &V B~~ >~ þ. Vç² æ, 34 (1), 1-19. ª'², JWÎ, Jö, *', 2000, BÞæ~ æ; 5 Ææ Ïêö V 3Nö :²Ë ÖÂö & . Vç²æ, 36 (2), 229-244. ªf~, «¢, êö", 1996, F«~~ Úf &j& rO "* :²Ëö ~º 'Ëö & 3Nö >~. þ. Vç²æ, 32 (2), 303-313. ª«~, &~, f7, Â;z, J;>, 2003, 7¯#>. Ââ~ Öâ, «¶~ã 5 ê²&Ëï. ³âVç²æ, 5 (2), 101-109. Baik, J.-J. and J.-J., Kim, 1999, A Numerical Study of Flow and Pollutant Dispersion Characteristics in Urban Street Canyons. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38 (11), 1576-1589. Baik, J.-J., Park, R.-S., Chun, H.-Y., and Kim, J.-J., 2000, A Laboratory Model of Urban Street-Canyon Flows. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 39 (9), 1592-1600. Blackadar, A. K., 1962, The veritcal distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research., 67, 3095-3102. Eagleson, P. S., 1978, Climate, soil and vegetation: introduction to water balance dynamics. Water Resources Research, 14, 705-712. Hjelmfelt R., 1982, Numerical simulation of the effects of St. Louis on mesoscale boundary-Layer airflow and vertical air motion: Simulations of urban vs non-urban effects. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 21 (9), 12391257. Kingwell, J., J. Shimitzu, K. Narita, H. Kawabata, and I. Shimidzu, 1991, Weather Factors Affecting Rocket Operations: A review and Case History. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 72 (6), 778-793. Ross, D. G., I. N. Smith, P. C. Manins and D. G. Fox, 1988, Diagnostic wind field modeling for complex terrain: model development and testing. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 27, 785-796. Segal, M., R. Avissar, M. C. McCumber, R. A. Pielke, 1988, Evaluation of vegetation effects on the generation and modification of mesoscale circulations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 45, 2268-2292. Sherman, C. A., 1978, A mass-consistent model for wind fields over complex terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 17, 312-319. Sievers, U., and W. G. Zdunkowski, 1986, A microscale urban climate model. Beitr ge zur Physik der Atmosph re, 69 (1), 13-40. Sievers, U., 1995, Verallgemeinerung der Stromfunktionsmerhode. Meteorologische Zeitscbrift NF 4, 3-15. Stull, R. B., 1988, An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 666 p. Wu, S. S., 1965, A study of heat transfer coefficient in the lowest 400 meters of the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 70, 1801-1807.. 2004j 8ú 9¢ ö 7> 2004j 11ú 13¢ >;ö 7> 2004j 11ú 13¢ ö j.
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