Female 0.022 ** 0.004 0.002 0.017 ** 0.005 0.001 0.018 ** 0.005 0.002
Age group (omitted: 65 years and older)
Younger than 25 years 0.011 0.013 0.001 0.040 ** 0.013 0.003 0.041 ** 0.014 0.003 25 to 29 years -0.054 ** 0.012 -0.004 -0.035 ** 0.012 -0.003 -0.032 * 0.013 -0.002 30 to 34 years -0.065 ** 0.012 -0.005 -0.053 ** 0.012 -0.004 -0.041 ** 0.013 -0.003 35 to 39 years -0.065 ** 0.012 -0.005 -0.053 ** 0.012 -0.004 -0.040 ** 0.013 -0.003 40 to 44 years -0.056 ** 0.012 -0.004 -0.044 ** 0.012 -0.003 -0.031 * 0.013 -0.002
45 to 49 years 0.009 0.012 0.001 0.012 0.012 0.001 0.024 0.013 0.002
50 to 54 years 0.155 ** 0.013 0.013 0.162 ** 0.013 0.014 0.176 ** 0.013 0.015
55 to 59 years 0.328 ** 0.014 0.030 0.338 ** 0.014 0.030 0.347 ** 0.014 0.031
60 to 64 years 0.523 ** 0.013 0.052 0.539 ** 0.014 0.053 0.550 ** 0.014 0.053
Geographic region (omitted:
Ontario)
Atlantic 0.009 0.011 0.001 0.023 * 0.011 0.002 0.027 * 0.011 0.002
Quebec 0.040 ** 0.006 0.003 0.043 ** 0.006 0.003 0.041 ** 0.007 0.003
Prairies 0.128 ** 0.006 0.011 0.151 ** 0.006 0.012 0.162 ** 0.006 0.013
British Columbia 0.068 ** 0.006 0.005 0.075 ** 0.007 0.006 0.084 ** 0.007 0.007
Other 0.905 ** 0.022 0.100 0.860 ** 0.023 0.093 0.852 ** 0.024 0.091
Time since entry
2 years -0.101 ** 0.006 -0.008 -0.101 ** 0.006 -0.009 -0.101 ** 0.006 -0.009
3 years -0.269 ** 0.007 -0.023 -0.269 ** 0.007 -0.024 -0.269 ** 0.007 -0.024
4 years -0.434 ** 0.008 -0.035 -0.434 ** 0.008 -0.036 -0.434 ** 0.008 -0.036
5 years -0.571 ** 0.010 -0.045 -0.570 ** 0.010 -0.045 -0.571 ** 0.010 -0.045
6 years -0.791 ** 0.012 -0.058 -0.791 ** 0.012 -0.058 -0.791 ** 0.012 -0.057
7 years -1.108 ** 0.018 -0.072 -1.108 ** 0.018 -0.071 -1.108 ** 0.018 -0.071
Immigrant 0.165 ** 0.011 0.021 0.081 ** 0.013 0.006 -0.039 0.020 -0.002
Immigrant × 2 years since entry 0.168 ** 0.017 … 0.058 ** 0.020 … 0.059 0.032 …
Immigrant × 3 years since entry 0.138 ** 0.019 … -0.007 0.023 … -0.012 0.038 …
Immigrant × 4 years since entry 0.090 ** 0.024 … -0.045 0.027 … 0.021 0.046 …
Immigrant × 5 years since entry -0.015 0.030 … -0.120 ** 0.034 … -0.058 0.059 … Immigrant × 6 years since entry -0.051 0.041 … -0.119 ** 0.046 … -0.041 0.079 …
Immigrant × 7 years since entry -0.061 0.062 … -0.054 0.066 … 0.066 0.114 …
Constant -2.189 ** 0.011 … -2.208 ** 0.012 … -2.223 ** 0.012 …
Table 1
Results from discrete time exit model defined by Equation (4), Canadian-born and immigrant business owners
** significantly different from reference category (p < 0.01)
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database, 2001 to 2011.
* significantly different from reference category (p < 0.05)
Note: The number of observations is 2,644,232 for the Canadian-born and recent immigrants (immigrants who have lived in Canada for less than 10 years), 2,596,831 for the Canadian-born and mid-term immigrants (immigrants who have lived in Canada for 10 to 19 years) and 2,451,650 for the Canadian-born and longer-term immigrants (immigrants who have lived in Canada for 20 to 28 years).
coefficients standard
Female 0.050 ** 0.014 0.005 0.006 0.014 0.000
Age group (omitted: 65 years and older)
Younger than 25 years -0.144 ** 0.036 -0.015 0.015 0.043 0.001
25 to 29 years -0.211 ** 0.034 -0.021 -0.139 ** 0.041 -0.012
30 to 34 years -0.253 ** 0.033 -0.025 -0.210 ** 0.040 -0.018
35 to 39 years -0.256 ** 0.034 -0.025 -0.214 ** 0.040 -0.018
40 to 44 years -0.247 ** 0.035 -0.025 -0.175 ** 0.040 -0.015
45 to 49 years -0.153 ** 0.038 -0.016 -0.162 ** 0.041 -0.014
50 to 54 years -0.074 0.046 -0.008 -0.017 0.044 -0.002
55 to 59 years 0.049 0.062 0.005 0.057 0.051 0.005
60 to 64 years 0.066 0.070 0.007 0.257 ** 0.057 0.026
Geographic region (omitted: Ontario)
Atlantic -0.107 0.061 -0.010 0.036 0.065 0.003
Quebec 0.134 ** 0.022 0.013 0.085 ** 0.021 0.007
Prairies -0.107 ** 0.019 -0.010 0.056 ** 0.018 0.004
British Columbia -0.021 0.017 -0.002 0.028 0.017 0.002
Other 1.316 ** 0.060 0.190 1.024 ** 0.073 0.120
Industry1 (omitted: manufacturing)
Unknown 0.108 * 0.044 0.010 0.077 * 0.035 0.006
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting -0.241 ** 0.092 -0.019 -0.387 ** 0.071 -0.026 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 0.299 0.153 0.029 0.303 * 0.141 0.027
Utilities 0.123 0.354 0.011 -0.248 0.348 -0.018
Construction 0.068 0.049 0.006 0.092 * 0.038 0.008
Wholesale trade 0.218 ** 0.047 0.021 0.172 ** 0.041 0.014
Retail trade 0.073 0.045 0.007 0.104 ** 0.036 0.008
Transportation and warehousing -0.170 ** 0.049 -0.014 -0.014 0.040 -0.001
Information and cultural industries 0.313 ** 0.073 0.031 0.468 ** 0.069 0.044
Finance and insurance 0.134 0.074 0.012 0.112 0.058 0.009
Real estate and rental and leasing 0.046 0.062 0.004 0.290 ** 0.045 0.026
Professional, scientific and technical services 0.279 ** 0.044 0.027 0.167 ** 0.035 0.014 Management of companies and enterprises -0.084 0.122 -0.007 0.245 ** 0.083 0.021 Administration and support, waste management
and remediation services 0.145 ** 0.054 0.013 0.132 ** 0.044 0.011
Educational services 0.266 ** 0.070 0.026 0.150 * 0.068 0.012
Health care and social assistance -0.951 ** 0.063 -0.058 -1.083 ** 0.051 -0.055
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.387 ** 0.095 0.039 0.375 ** 0.083 0.034
Accommodation and food services 0.093 * 0.045 0.008 0.136 ** 0.036 0.011
Other services (except public administration) 0.009 0.054 0.001 -0.044 0.042 -0.003 Education at landing (omitted: high school
or less)
Some postsecondary 0.008 0.019 0.001 -0.035 * 0.017 -0.003
Bachelor's degree -0.028 0.019 -0.003 -0.145 ** 0.021 -0.011
Postgraduate degree -0.017 0.024 -0.002 -0.191 ** 0.032 -0.015
Language at landing (French or English) 0.047 ** 0.016 0.004 0.112 ** 0.016 0.009
** significantly different from reference category (p < 0.01)
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database, 2001 to 2011.
Recent immigrants Longer-term immigrants
* significantly different from reference category (p < 0.05)
1. Industry is defined by the two-digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007 code.
Note: The number of observations is 273,702 for recent immigrants (immigrants who have lived in Canada for less than 10 years) and 307,467 for longer-term immigrants (immigrants who have lived in Canada for 10 to 28 years).
Table 2-1
Results from discrete time exit model defined by Equation (5), immigrant business owners — Part 1
coefficients standard Source country (omitted: English-speaking1)
Western Europe 0.002 0.042 0.000 0.041 0.036 …
Eastern Europe 0.061 0.034 0.005 0.023 0.031 0.002
North Africa and the Middle East 0.304 ** 0.032 0.028 0.157 ** 0.029 0.013
Africa, except North Africa 0.363 ** 0.051 0.035 0.220 ** 0.045 0.018
India and nearby countries 0.061 0.032 0.005 0.061 * 0.030 0.005
China and nearby countries 0.281 ** 0.032 0.026 0.167 ** 0.029 0.013
Latin America 0.323 ** 0.042 0.030 0.275 ** 0.035 0.023
Southeast Asia -0.069 0.036 -0.006 0.053 0.031 0.004
Unknown 0.545 0.550 0.056 -0.029 0.531 -0.002
Immigrant category (omitted: family)
Skilled workers and PNs -0.018 0.028 0.002 -0.106 ** 0.027 -0.006
Business immigrants -0.033 0.038 0.028 -0.068 0.037 -0.002
Refugees 0.252 ** 0.042 0.020 0.081 * 0.033 0.006
Other 0.056 0.064 0.008 -0.046 0.044 0.002
Time since entry
2 years -0.042 0.034 0.008 -0.046 0.028 -0.003
3 years -0.213 ** 0.039 -0.011 -0.302 ** 0.033 -0.023
4 years -0.434 ** 0.049 -0.029 -0.492 ** 0.040 -0.036
5 years -0.672 ** 0.065 -0.047 -0.720 ** 0.052 -0.049
6 years -0.905 ** 0.088 -0.062 -0.951 ** 0.070 -0.060
7 years -1.051 ** 0.124 -0.077 -1.158 ** 0.100 -0.070
Immigrant category × time since entry
Skilled workers and PNs × 2 years since entry 0.101 * 0.040 … 0.011 0.040 …
Skilled workers and PNs × 3 years since entry 0.039 0.047 … 0.085 0.047 …
Skilled workers and PNs × 4 years since entry 0.088 0.058 … 0.131 * 0.056 …
Skilled workers and PNs × 5 years since entry 0.046 0.076 … -0.058 0.075 …
Skilled workers and PNs × 6 years since entry -0.008 0.105 … 0.078 0.098 …
Skilled workers and PNs × 7 years since entry -0.181 0.151 … 0.050 0.142 …
Business immigrants × 2 years since entry 0.446 ** 0.053 … 0.032 0.054 …
Business immigrants × 3 years since entry 0.505 ** 0.060 … 0.115 0.062 …
Business immigrants × 4 years since entry 0.506 ** 0.072 … 0.028 0.076 …
Business immigrants × 5 years since entry 0.539 ** 0.093 … 0.246 ** 0.090 …
Business immigrants × 6 years since entry 0.499 ** 0.124 … 0.147 0.123 …
Business immigrants × 7 years since entry 0.205 0.181 … -0.024 0.181 …
Refugees × 2 years since entry -0.050 0.065 … -0.027 0.049 …
Refugees × 3 years since entry -0.044 0.076 … -0.069 0.058 …
Refugees × 4 years since entry -0.155 0.098 … -0.050 0.070 …
Refugees × 5 years since entry -0.087 0.128 … 0.087 0.087 …
Refugees × 6 years since entry 0.032 0.171 … 0.155 0.115 …
Refugees × 7 years since entry -0.656 * 0.310 … 0.103 0.165 …
Other × 2 years since entry 0.079 0.099 … 0.089 0.066 …
Other × 3 years since entry 0.083 0.117 … 0.084 0.077 …
Other × 4 years since entry -0.065 0.154 … 0.103 0.091 …
Other × 5 years since entry 0.067 0.197 … 0.323 ** 0.108 …
Other × 6 years since entry -0.102 0.278 … -0.004 0.158 …
Other × 7 years since entry -0.041 0.369 … 0.059 0.215 …
Constant -2.087 ** 0.062 … -2.137 ** 0.057 …
Table 2-2
Results from discrete time exit model defined by Equation (5), immigrant business owners — Part 2
Recent immigrants Longer-term immigrants
* significantly different from reference category (p < 0.05)
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database, 2001 to 2011.
… not applicable
** significantly different from reference category (p < 0.01)
Notes: The number of observations is 273,702 for recent immigrants (immigrants who have lived in Canada for less than 10 years) and 307,467 for longer-term immigrants (immigrants who have lived in Canada for 10 to 28 years). PNs: Provincial nominees.
1. English-speaking countries include the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
rate
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 1
Hazard rate of exit from business ownership, immigrant and Canadian-born business owners
Canadian-born business owners Immigrant business owners Note: The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
proportion
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 2
Survival rate of business ownership, immigrant and Canadian-born business owners
Canadian-born business owners Immigrant business owners Note: The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
proportion
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 3
Survival rate of business ownership, recent-immigrant and Canadian-born business owners
Canadian-born business owners Recent-immigrant business owners Notes: Recent immigrants have lived in Canada for less than 10 years. The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
proportion
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 4
Survival rate of business ownership, mid-term-immigrant and Canadian-born business owners
Canadian-born business owners Mid-term-immigrant business owners Note: Mid-term immigrants have lived in Canada for 10 to 19 years. The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
proportion
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 5
Survival rate of business ownership, longer-term-immigrant and Canadian-born business owners
Canadian-born business owners Longer-term-immigrant busines owners Note: Longer-term immigrants have lived in Canada for 20 to 28 years. The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
proportion
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 6
Estimated adjusted survival rate of business ownership of recent immigrants, by educational attainment
High school or less Some postsecondary
Bachelor's degree Postgraduate degree
Note: Recent immigrants have lived in Canada from less than 10 years. The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
proportion
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 7
Estimated adjusted survival rate of business ownership of longer-term immigrants, by educational attainment
High school or less Some postsecondary
Bachelor's degree Postgraduate degree
Note: Longer-term immigrants have lived in Canada for 10 to 28 years. The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
proportion
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 8
Estimated unadjusted survival rate of business ownership of recent immigrants, by immigrant classs
Family class Skilled workers and provincial nominees
Business immigrants Refugees
Other
Note: Recent immigrants have lived in Canada for less than 10 years. The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.50
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 9
Estimated unadjusted survival rate of business ownership of longer-term immigrants, by immigrant class
Family class Skilled workers and provincial nominees
Business immigrants Refugees
Other
Note: Longer-term immigrants have lived in Canada for 10 to 28 years. The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.50
Number of years in private incorporated business Chart 10
Estimated unadjusted survival rate of business ownership of longer-term immigrants, by source region
English-speaking Western Europe Eastern and Central Europe
North Africa and the Middle East Africa except North Africa India and the region
China and the region Latin America Southeast Asia
Unknown
Notes: English-speaking source regions include the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Longer-term immigrants have lived in Canada for 10 to 28 years or more. The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
proportion
Number of years in private incorporated business
Chart 11
Estimated unadjusted survival rate of business ownership of longer-term immigrants, by industry
Construction Manufacturing
Wholesale trade Retail trade
Transportation and warehousing Real estate and rental and leasing Professional, scientific and technical services Administration and support Health care and social assistance Accommodation and food services Notes: The full name for "Administration and support" is "Administration and support, waste management and remediation services." Industry is defined by the two-digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007 code. Longer-term immigrants have lived in Canada for 10 to 28 years. The analysis includes all new ownership spells starting between 2003 and 2009.
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database.
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