Chapter 13 OCEANIC NAVIGATION
13.18. Information Collection, Records, and Forms:
13.18.1. Information collections. No information collections are accomplished by this publication.
13.18.2. Records. The program records created as a result of the processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance with AFMAN 33-363 and disposed of IAW the AFRIMS RDS located at https://www.my.af.mil/gcss-af61a/afrims/afrims/.
13.18.3. Forms (Adopted and Prescribed).
13.18.3.1 Adopted Forms. AF Form 673, Air Force Publication/Form Action Request, and AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication.
13.18.3.2. Prescribed Forms. No forms are prescribed by this publication.
DANIEL J. DARNELL, Lt Gen, USAF
DCS, Operations, Plans & Requirements
Attachment 1
GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION References
AIM, Aeronautical Information Manual, 2008
AC 20-129, Airworthiness Approval of Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Systems for use in the U.S.
National Airspace System (NAS) and Alaska, 12 September 1998
AC 20-130A, Airworthiness Approval of Navigation or Flight Management Systems Integrating Multiple Navigation Sensors, 14 June 1995
AC 20-131A, Airworthiness Approval of TCAS and Mode-S Transponders, 29 March 1993 AC 20-138A, Airworthiness Approval of GNSS Equipment, 22 Dec 2002
AC 20-151, Airworthiness Approval of TCAS II Version 7.0 and Mode-S, 7 February 2007 AC 90-23F, Aircraft Wake Turbulence, 20 February 2002
AC 90-91H, North American Route Program (NRP), 30 July 2004
AC 90-96A, Approval of U.S. Operators and Aircraft to Operate Under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) in European Airspace Designated for Basic Area Navigation (B-RNAV) and Precision Area Navigation (P-RNAV), 13 January 2005
AC 90-97, Use of Barometric Vertical Navigation (VNAV) for Instrument Approach Operations Using Decision Altitude, 19 October 2000
AC 90-100A, U.S. Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations, 1 March 2007 AC 90-101, Approval Guidance For RNP Procedures with SAAAR, 15 December 2005
AC 90-RVSM, Approval of Aircraft and Operators for flight in Airspace Above Flight Level (FL) 290 where a 1,000 Foot Vertical Separation Minimum is Applied, 14 March 1994
AFI 11-202 Volume 3, General Flight Rules, 5 April 06
AFI 11-208, Department of Defense Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) System, 1 August 2004 AFI 11-218, Aircraft Operations and Movement on the Ground, 1 August 2002
AFI 11-230, Instrument Procedures, 12 August 2004
AFI 33-360, Publications and Forms Management, 18 May 2006 AFPD 11-2, Aircraft Rules and Procedures, 1 April 1997
AFMAN 33-363, Management of Records, 1 March 2008 AFPAM 11-216, Air Navigation, 1 March 2001
AFRIM RDS, https://www.my.af.mil/gcss-af61a/afrims/afrims/
FAAO 8260.3B, United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS), 7 December 2007
FAAO 8260.54A, United States Standard for Area Navigation (RNAV), 7 December 2007 FAR Part 1, Definitions and Abbreviations, 2008
FAR Part 91, General Operations and Flight Rules, 2008 FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook, 2001 FAA-H-8261-1A, Instrument Procedures Handbook, 2007 ICAO, North Atlantic MNPS Airspace Operations Manual, 2005 ICAO, Manual on Required Navigational Performance, 1999 ICAO, Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS), 2001 ORDER JO 7110.65S, Air Traffic Control, 14 February 2008 ORDER JO 7610.4M, Special Operations, 18 January 2007 TI 8200.52, Flight Inspection Handbook, November 2007
TSO-C129A, Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System (GPS), 20 February 1996
TSO-C145C, Airborne Navigation Sensors Using the Global Positioning System Augmented by the Satellite Based, 2 May 2008
TSO-C146C, Stand-Alone Airborne Navigation Equipment Using The Global Positioning System Augmented By The Satellite Based Augmentation System, 9 May 2008
Abbreviations and Acronyms.
AC—Advisory Circular
ADF—Automatic Direction Finding ADI—Attitude Director Indicator
AFFSA—Air Force Flight Standards Agency AGL—Above Ground Level
AIM—Aeronautical Information Manual AIP—Aeronautical Information Publication AMI—Airspeed Mach Indicator
AMU—Areas of Magnetic Unreliability ANG—Air National Guard
ANP—Actual Navigation Performance AP—Area Planning
AQP—Airport Qualification Program ARTCC—Air Route Traffic Control Center
ASR—Airport Surveillance Radar ATC—Air Traffic Control
ATIS—Automatic Terminal Information Service BC—Back Course
CAS—Calibrated Airspeed CDI—Course Deviation Indicator CFIT—Controlled Flight Into Terrain
CNS/ATM—Communication Navigation System / Air Traffic Management CONUS—Continental United States
CSW—Course Selector Window DA—Decision Altitude
DER—Departure End of Runway DG—Directional Gyro
DH—Decision Height
DINS—DoD Internet NOTAM System DME—Distance Measuring Equipment DoD—Department of Defense
DP—Departure Procedure DVA—Diverse Vector Area EAS—Equivalent Airspeed ETA—Estimated Time of Arrival ETD—Estimated Time of Departure ETE—Estimated Time Enroute
FAA—Federal Aviation Administration FAF—Final Approach Fix
FAR—Federal Aviation Regulation FCG—Foreign Clearance Guide FCIF—Flight Crew Information File FIH—Flight Information Handbook FIR—Flight Information Region FLIP—Flight Information Publication FMS—Flight Management System FL—Flight Level
FOV—Field of View fpm—Feet Per Minute
ft/nm—Feet Per Nautical Mile FSS—Flight Service Station
GLONASS—Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System GNSS—Global Navigation Satellite System
GP—General Planning
GPS—Global Positioning System GS—Ground Speed
GS—Glideslope
GSI—Glide Slope Indicator HAA—Height Above Aerodrome HAT—Height Above Touchdown Hg—Mercury
HILO—Holding In Lieu of Procedure Turn HIRL—High Intensity Runway Lighting HSI—Horizontal Situation Indicator HUD—Head-Up-Display
Hz—Hertz (cycles per second) IAF—Initial Approach Fix
IAP—Instrument Approach Procedure IAS—Indicated Airspeed
IAW—In Accordance With
ICAO—International Civil Aviation Organization IFIS—Integrated Flight Instrument System IFR—Instrument Flight Rules
ILS—Instrument Landing System IM—Inner Marker
IMC—Instrument Meteorological Conditions IMN—Indicated Mach Number
INS—Inertial Navigation System
ISA—International Standard Atmospheric kHz—Kilohertz
KIAS—Knots Indicated Airspeed KTAS—Knots True Airspeed
LAAS—Local Area Augmentation System LDA—Localizer Type Directional Aid LLZ—Localizer (ICAO)
LNAV—Lateral Navigation LOC—Localizer
LOM—Locator Outer Marker MAJCOM—Major Command MAP—Missed Approach Point MCA—Minimum Crossing Altitude MDA—Minimum Descent Altitude MDS—Mission Design Series MEA—Minimum Enroute Altitude MHz—Megahertz
MIRL—Medium Intensity Runway Lighting MLS—Microwave Landing System
MM—Middle Marker
MOCA—Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude MVA—Minimum Vectoring Altitude
NACO—National Aeronautical Charting Office NAS—National Airspace System
NATS—North Atlantic Track System NAVAID—Navigation Aid
NDB—Nondirectional Beacon
NGA—National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency NM—Nautical Miles
NOTAM—Notices to Airman NRP—National Route Plan NVD—Night Vision Devices NVG—Night Vision Goggles
ODP—Obstacle Departure Procedure OBS—Omni Bearing Selector
OIS—Obstacle Identification Surface OM—Outer Marker
PANS-OPS—Procedures for Air Navigation Services-Aircraft Operations (ICAO) PT—Procedure Turn
RA—Resolution Advisory
RAIM—Random Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RMI—Radio Magnetic Indicator
RNAV—Area Navigation
RNP—Required Navigational Performance ROC—Required Obstacle Clearance RVR—Runway Visual Range
RVSM—Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums SARPS—Standards and Recommended Practices SD—Spatial Disorientation
SDF—Simplified Directional Facility SDP—Special Departure Procedure SID—Standard Instrument Departure SM—Statue Miles
STAR—Standard Terminal Arrival TACAN—Tactical Air Navigation TAS—True Airspeed
TCAS—Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TCH—Threshold Crossing Height
TDZE—Touchdown Zone Elevation TERPS—Terminal Instrument Procedures TMN—True Mach Number
TO—Technical Order
TSO—Technical Standard Order UHF—Ultra High Frequency USA—United States Army USAF—United States Air Force USN—United States Navy
VASI—Visual Approach Slope Indicator
VDP—Visual Descent Point VFR—Visual Flight Rules VHF—Very High Frequency
VMC—Visual Meteorological Conditions VOR—VHF Omni-directional Range
VORTAC-- VHF Omni-directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation VOT—VOR Test Facility
VVI—Vertical Velocity Indicator
WAAS—Wide Area Augmentation System
Terms
Some terms printed here are reserved for future use or are intended to define a common vocabulary for HQ AFFSA, MAJCOM, USAF aircrew and industry users of this AFMAN.
1090 ES – 1090mHz Extended Squitter: The most mature of the 3 ADS-B link options. A
“Squitter” provides a spontaneous transmission containing information about the aircraft’s identification, position, altitude, velocity, and route of flight information. It uses the Mode S transponders as a basis for operation.
8.33 KHz spacing – Due to frequency congestion in the 118-137 MHz range (voice communications) in Europe, the normal spacing between frequencies (25 kHz) was further divided into three 8.33 kHz bands.
ADS-B - Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast: Aircraft equipment that
automatically broadcasts routine messages which include its position (such as lat, long), velocity, and altitude. Other information may also be included.
ADF – Automatic Direction Finder – An aircraft radio navigation system which senses and indicates the direction to a L/MF nondirectional radio beacon (NDB) ground transmitter.
Direction is indicated to the pilot as a magnetic bearing or as a relative bearing to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft depending on the type of indicator installed. In certain
applications, such as military, ADF operations may be based on airborne and ground transmitters in the VHF/UHF frequency spectrum.
AFFSA - Air Force Flight Standards Agency: HQ USAF Field Operating Agency (FOA) charged with the development, standardization, evaluation and certification of procedures, equipment and standards to support global flight operations. Centrally manages ATCALS, the AQP/SDP program, performs combat flight inspection, and instructs the Air Force Advanced Instrument School for USAF pilots. Central agency responsible for global USAF Terminal Instrument Procedures.
Airfield Qualification and Familiarization Program. A contractor-managed program that supplements other USAF and MAJCOM methods to familiarize pilots with unique airports in accordance with ICAO requirements. The published booklet or online version provides pictorial, textual and graphical information on selected airfields (worldwide) that have been deemed to be unique due to surrounding terrain, obstructions or complex approach and departure procedures.
Along Track Distance (LTD) - The distance measured from a point-in-space by systems using area navigation reference capabilities that are not subject to slant range errors.
Altimeter Setting - The barometric pressure reading used to adjust a pressure altimeter for variations in existing atmospheric pressure or to the standard altimeter setting (29.92).
Altitude - The height of a level, point, or object measured in feet Above Ground Level (AGL) or from Mean Sea Level (MSL).
ANP – Actual Navigational Performance. A measure of the current estimated navigational performance. Also referred to as Estimated Position Error (EPE).
ARC - The track over the ground of an aircraft flying at a constant distance from a navigational aid by reference to distance measuring equipment (DME).
Area Navigation - Area Navigation (RNAV) provides enhanced navigational capability to the pilot. RNAV equipment can compute the airplane position, actual track and ground speed and then provide meaningful information relative to a route of flight selected by the pilot. Typical equipment will provide the pilot with distance, time, bearing and crosstrack error relative to the selected "TO" or "active" waypoint and the selected route. Several distinctly different navigational systems with different navigational performance characteristics are capable of providing area navigational functions.
ATC - Air Traffic Control - A service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic.
Aircraft Approach Category - A grouping of aircraft based on a speed of 1.3 times the stall speed in the landing configuration at maximum gross landing weight. An aircraft must fit in only one category. If it is necessary to maneuver at speeds in excess of the upper limit of a speed range for a category, the minimums for the category for that speed must be used.
Aircraft Classes - For the purposes of Wake Turbulence Separation Minima, ATC classifies aircraft as Heavy, Large, and Small as follows:
a. Heavy- Aircraft capable of takeoff weights of more than 255,000 pounds whether or not they are operating at this weight during a particular phase of flight.
b. Large- Aircraft of more than 41,000 pounds, maximum certificated takeoff weight, up to 255,000 pounds.
c. Small- Aircraft of 41,000 pounds or less maximum certificated takeoff weight.
Alternate Airport - An airport at which an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airport becomes inadvisable.
Bearing - The horizontal direction to or from any point, usually measured clockwise from true north, magnetic north, or some other reference point through 360 degrees.
Civil Twilight. The period that begins at sunset and ends in the evening when the center of the sun’s disk is 6 degrees below the horizon and begins in the morning when the center of the sun’s disk is 6 degrees below the horizon, and ends at sunrise. Use an authorized weather source, the latest version of the Air Almanac, MAJCOM-approved computer program or US Naval Observatory data to determine and calculate light and moon data.
Coastal Fix - A navigation aid or intersection where an aircraft transitions between the domestic route structure and the oceanic route structure.
Communication, Navigation, Surveillance, and Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM)—An umbrella term used to describe the emerging avionics technologies and architecture of space and ground-based systems designed to bring about the concept of “Free Flight.” Examples include:
RNAV/RNP, RVSM, CPDLC, ADS-B, elementary and enhanced Mode S, 8.33 kHz radios, FM Immunity, TCAS, and TAWS. Previously termed Global Air Traffic Management (GATM) by the DoD.
CPDLC - Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications: An “email-like” data link between pilots and ATC that will augment and may replace voice communications. The two
environments for CPDLC are currently Future Aeronautical Navigation System 1/A (FANS-1/A) and the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN).
DAP- Down link Aircraft Parameters: This is data down-linked to the ground, via the Mode S transponder, that provides information about the aircraft operations and planned route. The three types of DAP are “basic functionality” (flight ID, transponder capability, and flight status),
“enhanced” [EHS] and “elementary” [ELS] surveillance features also provide flight intent information.
DA/DH -- Decision Altitude/Decision Height: As part of a precision approach (ILS, MLS or PAR), it is the specified altitude at which a decision must be made to either continue the approach if the pilot acquires the required visual references or execute a missed approach.
Outside the NAS, decision altitude (DA) is referenced to mean sea level and decision height (DH) is referenced to the threshold elevation.
Diverse Departure. If the airport has at least one published approach, the absence of any non-standard takeoff minimums and/or IFR departure procedures for a specific runway normally indicates that runway meets diverse departure criteria. Pilots departing a diverse runway may climb runway heading to 400 ft. above the departure end of the runway (DER) elevation and then turn in any direction provided the aircraft maintains a minimum climb gradient of 200 ft/NM until reaching the appropriate IFR altitude.
Diverse Vector Area - In a radar environment, it is that area in which a prescribed departure route is not required as the only suitable route to avoid obstacles. It is the area in which random radar vectors below the MVA/MIA, established in accordance with the TERPS criteria for diverse departures, obstacles and terrain avoidance, may be issued to departing aircraft.
DoD FLIP - Department of Defense Flight Information Publications used for flight planning, en route, and terminal operations. FLIP is produced by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) for world-wide use. United States Government Flight Information Publications (en route charts and instrument approach procedure charts) are incorporated in DoD FLIP for use in the National Airspace System (NAS).
DP – see Instrument Departure Procedure.
EGI – Embedded GPS/INS: A military, self-contained navigation system that provides positioning, velocity, and acceleration data for the aircraft. The EGI receives signals from the GPS.
EHS – Enhanced Surveillance: Support of EHS consists of populating and maintaining three Mode S transponder registers beyond those required for ELS: Selected Vertical Intention, Track and Turn Report, and Heading and Speed Report.
ELS – Elementary Surveillance: Support of ELS consists primarily of populating and maintaining four Mode S transponder registers: Data Link Capability Report, Common-Usage Ground Initiated Comm B (GICB) Capability Report, Aircraft Identification (Flight ID), and Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) resolution advisory.
Final Approach Course - A bearing/radial/track of an instrument approach leading to a runway or an extended runway centerline all without regard to distance.
FAF - Final Approach Fix – On a IAP, it is the fix from which the final approach to an airport is executed and which identifies the beginning of the final approach segment. It is designated on Government charts by the Maltese Cross symbol for nonprecision approaches and the lightning bolt symbol for precision approaches; or when ATC directs a lower-than-published glideslope/path intercept altitude, it is the resultant actual point of the glideslope/path intercept.
FDE- Fault Detection/Exclusion: A GPS receiver capable of autonomously determining which GPS satellite(s) is (are) causing the RAIM alert and then excluding the faulty satellite(s) from the navigation solution. Flight in some civil airspace requires both RAIM and FDE.
Final Approach Point - The point, applicable only to a nonprecision approach with no depicted FAF (such as an on airport VOR), where the aircraft is established inbound on the final approach course from the procedure turn and where the final approach descent may be commenced. The FAP serves as the FAF and identifies the beginning of the final approach segment.
Fix - A geographical position determined by visual reference to the surface, by reference to one or more radio NAVAIDs, by celestial plotting, or by another navigational device.