참고 참고 참고 문헌 문헌 문헌 문헌
[1]Ishijima M,"Monitoring of Electrocardiograms in Bed WithoutUtilizing SurfaceElectrodes",IEEE Trans.Biome.Eng.,Vol40,pp593-594,1993 [2] Ishijima M, "Long-term Cardiopulmonary Monitoring in Bed Without
SubjectAwareness",IEEE EMB.18thAnnualInt.Conf.,pp65-66,1996 [3] Ishijima M,"Cardiopulmonary Monitoring by textile electrodes without
subject-awarenessofbeing monitored",Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.,Vol35,pp 685-690,Nov1997
[4]Ogawa M,Togawa T,"Attempts atMonitoring Health Status in Home", IEEE EMBS.1stAnnualInt.Conf,pp552-556,2000
[5]YiWJ,Park KS,"Derivation ofRespiration from ECG MeasuredWithout Subject's AwarenessUsing WaveletTransform",IEEE EMBS/BMES.Conf, pp130-131,2002
[6]Dobrev D," Two-electrode low supply voltage electrocardiogram signal amplifier",Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.,Vol42,pp272-276,2004
[7]Moody G.B,Mark R.G,Zoccola A,Mantero S,"Derivation ofrespiration signalsfrom multi-leadECGs",ComputersinCardiology,Vol12,pp113-116, 1985
[8]DobrevD,DaskalovI,"Two-electrodetelemetricinstrumentforinfantheart rateandapneamonitoring",Medical.Eng.Physi.,Vol20,pp729-734,1998 [9]Moody G.B,Mark R.G,Bump M.A,Weinstein J.S,"Clinicalvalidation of
ECG-derived respiration technique",Computers in Cardiology,Vol13,pp 507-510,1986
[10]Zhao L,Reisman S,Findley T,"Respiration from the electrocardiogram during heartrate variability studies",IEEE Comp.in Cardiol.,Vol21,pp 53-56,1994
[11]TravagliniA,LambertiC,DeBieJ,"Respiratory ofsignalderived from eight-leadecg",IEEE Comp.inCardiol.,Vol25-2,pp65-68,1998
[12]Caggiano D,Reisman S,"Respiration derived from electrocardiogram:a quantitativecomparison ofthreedifferentmethods",Proceeding oftheIEEE twenty-secondannual,pp103-104,1996
[13]EckbergDL, "Human sinus arrhythmia as an index of vagal cardiacoutflow",JApplPhysiol,Vol54(4),pp961-966,1983
[14]LaudeD,Goldman M,Escourrou P,etal,"Effectofbreathing pattern on blood pressure and heartrate oscillations in humans",Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol,Vol20,pp619-626,1993
[15]Eckberg DL,Nerhed C,Wallin BG,"Respiratory modulation ofmuscle sympathetic and vagalcardiac outflow in man",J Physiol,Vol365,pp 961-966,1985
[16]Hayano J,Yasuma F,Okada A,etal,"Respiratory sinusarrhythmia :a phenomenon improving pulmonary gas exchange and circulatory efficiency", Circulation,Vol94,pp842-847,1996
[17]GiardinoND,Glenny R,Borson S,Chan L,"Respiratory sinusarrhythmia isassociatedwithefficiencyofpulmonary gasexchangeinhealthy humans", AJP-heart,Vol284,pp1585-1591,2003
[18]Chou T.C,"Electrocardiography in clinicalpractice-adultand pediatric", Saunders,pp3-22,1996
[19] Park SB, Yi KH, Kim KH, Yoon HR, "An improve algorithm for respiration signal extraction from electrocardiogram using instantaneous frequency estimation based on hilberttransform",TransKIEE,Vol53D,No 10,pp733-740,2004
[20]SleightP,CasadeiB,"HeartRateVariability,Ch.24RelationshipsBetween HeartRate,Respiration and Blood Pressure Variabilities,Futura Publishing, pp311-327,1995
[21]Taha BH,Simson PM,Dempsey JA,Skatrud JB,Iber C,"Respiratory sinusarrhythmiain human :an obligatory roleforvagalfeedback from the lung",JApplPhysiol,Vol78(2),pp638-645
[22]Hrushesky WJM,Fader D,SchmittO,Gilbertsen,V,"The respiratory sinus arrhythmia : a measure of cardiac age", Science, Vol 224, pp 1001-1004,1984
[23] Emmanuel C.Ifeachor,Barrie W.Jervis,“digital signal processing a practicalapproach”,Addison-Wesley,1993p.494~540
[24]Oppenheim A.V,SchaferR.W,“DiscreteTimeSignalProcessing”,Prentice Hall,1989p.207~220
[25] Pan J,Tompkins W.J,"A real-time QRS detection algorithm",IEEE Trans.Biomed.Eng.,VolBME-32,No3,pp230-236,1985
[26]박성빈,“흉곽 임피던스와 심박동율에 의한 무호흡검출 시스템 설계”,연세대 학교 대학원 학위논문,1998
[27]Herrmann O,Rabiner L.R,and Chan D.S,K,"Practicaldesign rules for optimum finiteimpulseresponselowpassdigitalfilters”,BellSyst.Tech.J., Vol52,pp769-799,July-Aug.1973.
[28] Hayano J,Yasuma F,"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia :Why dose the Heartbear Syncronize withe Reipratory Rhythm?", Chest, Vol 125, pp 683-690,2004
[29]ShykoffBE,NaqviSSJ,Menon AS,etal.“Respiratory sinusarrhythmia indogs:effectsofphasicafferentsandchemostimulation.”,JClinInvest,Vol 87,pp1621-1627,1991
[30]SaulJ.P,BergerR.D,AlberchtP,Stein S.P,Chen M.H,and Cohen R.J,
"Transfer function analysis of the circulation: unique insights into cardiovascularregulation",Am.J.Physiol,261(30),ppH1231-H1245,1991 [31]박성빈,“선형 모델링에 의한 수면 무호흡 환자의 자율신경 제어 평가에 관한
연구”,연세대학교 대학원 학위논문,2004
[32]Mullen T.J,AppelM.L,MukkamalaR.,MathiasJ.M,Cohen R.J,"System identification of closed-loop cardiovascular control:effects of posture and autonomicblockade",Am.J.Physiol.272:H448-H461,1997
A
The purpose of this study were to estimate each ECG-Derived Respiration(EDR)based on theeffectofAmplitudeand Frequency Modulation bytherespirationonthesingle-leadECG withtherespirationsignalmeasured both directand indirectmethod.Another purpose was design two electrode ECG amplifier for two conductive textile electrodes to measure ECG from pillow and leg.Final purpose was to make a system for extraction the real-time EDR using interpolation process of Multirate signal processing's upsampling method instead of the cubic spline interpolation on the micro-controller.
In themethod ofthesingle-lead EDR,R waveorQRS intervalareacould beusedforthetraditionalmethod.itistheamplitudemodulation(AM)method forEDR.R-R intervalcould be used forfrequency modulation(FM)method based Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia(RSA).For evaluation ofAM EDR and FM EDR from 14subject,ECG leadⅢ wasmeasuredandextractedAM EDR by R wave,AM EDR by QRS intervalarea,FM EDR applied cubic spline interpolation from R-R interval,FM EDR appliedMultiratesignalprocessing's
upsampling interpolation from R-R interval.Each EDR was compared with both temperature around nose(direct measurement of respiration) and respiration signalfrom thoracic belt(indirect measurement of respiration) on mean squared error(
),cross correlation(
),and Coherence.Because EDR was not good representatives of real tidal volume,
could not evaluated.FM EDR was betterrelated
and coherence than AM EDR respectively. It was that each person way of respiration and physical characteristic effectwas differently and individually modulated in each lead ECG atAM EDR.Butthelead dependancy mentioned abovewasnotexisted inFM EDR.AlsoR-R intervalFM EDR appliedcubicsplineinterpolationand R-R interval FM EDR applied Multirate signal processing's upsampling interpolationweresimilarrelation.Two electrode ECG amplifier couldn't get a appropirate CMRR in conventionalmethod.However,on the assumption thatrelation between RL electrode and potentialmeasurementelectrode is coupled with RC connected model,wedesignedRL driveoutputtofeedback twoelectrodeforrejection of common modesignal.Thecommon modesignal wasnotrejectedcompletely.
Butthis signalwas removed by digitalfilter on the micro-controller.The conductive textile which was used fortwo ECG electrode was offered more comfortduringnightsleepinbedthananyothermethod.
It is almost impossible to extract real-time EDR extraction using cubic splineinterpolationwhichshouldbeappliedtoextractionEDR.Theupsampling interpolation techniqueofMultiratesignalprocessing isappliedtointerpolating datainsteadofcubicsplineinterpolation.Asaresult,weshowedthereal-time EDR extractionprocessingtobeimplementedatmicro-controller.
The proposed system of this study is controlled by a button for user identification,howeverifsystem ofpersonalpositiondetectionandidentification
isdeveloped,itcan bepossibletomeasureundertheunconsciousunrestricted status.
빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲빲 Key words : ECG-derived respiration(EDR), Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia(RSA),AM EDR,FM EDR,real-timeEDR extration,twoelectrode ECG amplifier,conductivetextile,multiratesignalprocessing