LOU Yongqi는 퉁지 대학교의 CAUP 미술 디자인 학과의 부교수이자 전임교원이다. 그의 관심분야는 둘 이상의 학문이 제휴하는 지속 가능한 디자인 교육, 연구와 실습이다. 그는 현재 중국의 6개 최고 대학을 포함한 국제적인 사회적 혁신과 지속 가능성의 장인 DESIS- 중국 네트워크의 코디네이터이다. 그는 이태리의 Alta Scuola Politecnica (ASP)의 고문 위원회 위원이며, 토리노의 국제적 디자인 연구 회의인 “Changing the Change(변화를 변화시키기)”의 기조 연설자였다. 그는 전문적인 연구팀이 함께 일하는 그 자신의 도시 디자인 실습인, 도시 디자인 씽크와 실제적인 연구를 위한 액션탱크인 Studio TAO를 운영하고 있다. LOU Yongqi 는 두 권의 책을 출판하였다. 퉁지 대학교 출판부에 의해 출간된 “Tektao Files”과 중국 고등 교육 출판사에 의해 출판된 “Environmental Design”이 그것이다. 또한 그는 다양한 중국 디자인 학술 저널에 많은 논문을 게재하였다.
Clarisa Diaz는 도시 디자인 씽크와 실제적인 연구를 위한 액션탱크인 Studio TAO의 선임연구원이다.
그녀는 LOU Yongqi 와 DESIS-중국 네트워크를 위해 일하는 충밍(崇明)의 지속 가능한 지역사회 프로젝트 매니저이다. 그녀의 학문적 배경은 건축, 도시 디자인과 연구를 포함하며, 과거 미국 풀브라이트 장학금 프로그램(US Fulbright Scholar Program)과 유엔 팔레스타인 난민 구호 활동 기구 (the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees)에 의해 연구 지원을 받았다. 그녀의 프로젝트는 칠레와 북아메리카 문화 전시관과 상하이 비엔날레에 전시되었다. 뉴욕과 파리의 건축 회사들에서 전문적으로 일해왔고 지역사회와 활성화 프로젝트, 대중 인식에 관심을 두고 있다. 그녀는 최근 항저우와 개혁으로부터의 교훈 (Learning from Hangzhou and Resolution): 사람과 자연 사이의 관계 재 포지셔닝하기 (Repositioning the Relation Between Man and Nature)라는 책들에서 Robert Venturi, Joan Ockman과 나란히 사회적 디자인과 재배치에 관한 에세이를 출간하였다.
LOU Yongqi is an Associate Professor and Deputy Head of the CAUP Art & Design Department of Tongji University. His focus is in interdisciplinary sustainable design education, research and practice. He is currently Coordinator of the DESIS-China Network, an international social innovation and sustainability platform including six top universities in China. He is a member of the Scientific Committee of The Alta Scuola Politecnica (ASP) Italy, and was a keynote speaker at the “Changing the Change” international design research conference in Torino. He runs his own urban design practice in which his professional research team is Studio TAO, a think and action tank for research in practice. LOU Yongqi has written two books, Tektao Files published by the Tongji University Press and Environmental Design published by the China Higher education Press. He has also published a large number of papers in various academic design journals in China.
Clarisa Diaz is currently Senior Researcher of Studio TAO, an urban design think and action tank for research in practice. She is the project manager of the Chongming Sustainable Community project for LOU Yongqi and the DESIS-China Network. Her background includes architecture, urban design and research, with past works supported by the US Fulbright Scholar Program and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees. Her projects have been exhibited at the Chilean and North American Cultural Institute and the Shanghai Biennale. She has worked professionally for architecture offices in New York City and Paris, and is focused on community revitalization projects and public awareness. She has recently published essays on social design and displacement alongside Robert Venturi and Joan Ockman for the books, Learning from Hangzhou and Resolution: Repositioning the Relation Between Man and Nature.
루 영기
퉁지 대학교 부교수, Studio TAO 소장
클라리사 디아즈 Studio TAO 선임연구원
LOU Yongqi
Associate Professor of Tongji University Executive Director of Studio TAO
Clarisa Diaz
Senior Researcher, Studio TAO
She Ji ( 設計 , 설계 ) 를 향하여 : 지속 가능성을 위한 접근
Towards She Ji:
An Approach for Sustainability
루 영기 클라리사 디아즈
LOU Yongqi
Clarisa DiAz
Using She Ji, an ancient
Chinese military term meaning to establish a strategy, a tool for a framework is introduced resulting in the ability of the designer to operate the urban-rural, government- community and local- global in one system of counterbalanced exchange.
Rapid development in China has caused the need for sustainable solutions more than ever before. The future situation of Chinese society depends on taking advantage of the opportunity for change. Approaching solutions that are sustainable through society itself will create a way of being that is applicable to daily life. The design strategy of the Chongming Sustainable Community Project is presented as such a case for a new design process in China. By thinking local and acting international, a Chinese way of working is established that is rarely studied in its relevance to global society. Using She Ji, an ancient Chinese military term meaning to establish a strategy, a tool for a frame- work is introduced resulting in the ability of the designer to operate the urban-rural, government-community and local-global in one system of counterbalanced exchange.
Designing Change
In the present time it is clear that the way things have been done is not the way things should always be done. The designer’s way of doing has traditionally involved mas- terminding plans for how the world should function and how its people should co- exist (Manzini 2006). From this notion the designer was given a social purpose, and an obligation to solve society’s problems. The designer therefore took the full burden of responsibility for creating solutions that were dependent on his capabilities. It is known today however that time and change made these solutions unsuitable for what the fu- 중국의급진적인발전으로인해서지속가능한해답에대한욕구가어느때보다도높다. 중국 사회의미래는변화의기회를활용하는데달려있다. 사회그자체를통해서지속가능한해 답에접근하는것은일상생활에적용가능한사회가되는방법을창조할것이다. 충밍(崇明) 의지속가능한지역사회프로젝트의디자인전략은중국의새로운디자인공정의예로제시 된다. 지역특정적으로생각하고국제적으로행동함으로써, 국제사회와의관련성이거의연 구되지않은중국적인작업방식이설립되었다. 전략을세운다는의미를지닌고대중국의군
사용어 She Ji (設計, 설계)를이용함으로써, 균형을맞춘교환의한체계내에서도시-지방,
정부-지역사회그리고지역-세계를다룰수있는디자이너의능력을이끌어낸기초구조에 대한방법이도입되었다.
변화를 디자인하기
현대에서어떤일이행해져온방식은항상그것이행해져야 하는올바른방식은아니다. 디 자이너의행동방식은전통적으로세계가어떻게기능할것인지, 그세계의사람들이어떻게 공존할것인지에대한계획을헤아리는것을포함해왔다 (Manzini 2006). 이런점에서디자 이너는사회적임무와사회의문제를해결해야할의무를부여받았다. 그러므로디자이너는 그의능력을발휘하여해답을찾는것에책임을져야한다는부담을안게되었다. 그러나시 간의흐름과변화로인해서현재의해답이미래의일에는적절하지않을수있다는것은 잘
1. 충밍(崇明)의사회적계획안 1. Societal Scenario of Chongming 142
루 영기 클라리사 디아즈
LOU Yongqi Clarisa DiAz
Towards She Ji:
An Approach for Sustainability
She Ji (設計, 설계)를 향하여:
지속 가능성을 위한 접근
ture would bring (Fry 2000). The lesson the designer has learned is that the solution extends into the capabilities of society itself and in fact cannot be dependent on him.
The only thing that does not change, is the reality that everything keeps changing (Leong 2006).1 From this basis, it can be concluded that the only solutions that should work, should be those that are sustainable or are flexible with change. If the solution is derived and practiced by those who it is intended for, an understanding can be devel- oped for how to continually adapt to change. Creating this opportunity for society to sustain itself is where the designer can create the most lasting effect.
A Chance For and In China
Development in China demands sustainability currently and historically.2 One-way migration to urban centers for education, income and modernization created an im- balance in society that has existed for centuries and is now reaching its climax.3 The problem is magnified by the reality that the population of China is one of the largest in the world and will only continue to grow at unprecedented levels.4 Ever more press- ing is the need for innovative design that reduces the amount of energy consumed by China in the coming years. But while China poses a threat to the future, it is where the most opportunity for change lies. New policy can sweep across the country rapidly in
알려져있다 (Fry 2000). 디자이너가깨닫게된교훈은해답은사회자체의능력으로확장되
며, 사실디자이너자신에게는책임이부과될수없다는것이다.
변하지않는유일한것은모든것이계속해서변한다는사실이다 (Leong 2006).1이런논점
에서효과있는유일한해결책은변화에유연하거나변화상황에서도지속가능한해답이라 는결론을내릴수있다. 만약해답이의도했던사람에의해서시작되거나실행된다면, 변화 에어떻게계속적으로적응할수있을지에대한이해를발달시킬수있을것이다. 그자체를 유지할수있는기회를만드는사회는디자이너가가장지속가능한효과를만들수있는곳 이다.
중국을 위한 그리고 중국에서의 기회
중국의발전은현재에도그리고역사적으로도지속가능성을요구한다.2교육, 수입, 현대화를 위해서도심으로몰리는일방적인방향의이주는수세기동안지속되어현재정점에도달하 고있는사회의불균형을야기했다.3문제는중국인구가세계에서가장많으며, 전례가없는 속도로계속해증가하고있다는사실에의해서확대된다.4중국의에너지소비량을감소시킬 수있는혁신적인디자인에대한욕구가어느때보다도크다. 그러나중국은미래에위협을제 기하는동시에변화에대한기회도가장많이잠재되어있는곳이다. 새로운정책은관료주의
a sustainable direction with few bureaucratic hindrances. As an example, the effects of the global financial crisis have caused a shift in policy towards domestic sustainable de- velopment, reflecting a change in direction and opportunity for improvement created through new jobs in the rural sector.
For design education, research and practice, China is the very place where innovative ideas and solutions can have a great effect and where the designer can make an influen- tial impact. The chance for sustainability to reach its potential can be implemented in China for the betterment of global society.
Chongming Initiatives
One of the first attempts at approaching sustainable solutions in China is on Chong- ming Island, a district of Shanghai. As a rural and agricultural nature haven, the vision for the island is to be the Chinese example of how to practice ecological sustainability associated with improvement of daily life and socioeconomic opportunities. Its unique positioning near the city makes it a realistic option for improving the suburban condi- tion and contributing to rural development. The long-term results of successful projects in Chongming will influence the design process in the rest of China, and by extension 적장벽을거의겪지않은채지속가능한방향으로중국전역에빠르게퍼질수있을것이다. 예를들어, 세계경제위기의영향은지방지역의새로운일자리창출을통해서얻어질수있 는개선의기회와방향의 변화를반영하는중국의지속가능한발전을향한정책의변화를 야기해왔다.
디자인교육, 연구와실행에있어서중국은혁신적인생각과해결책이굉장한영향을미치는 곳이고디자이너가영향력을발휘할수있는곳이다. 국제사회의개선을위해중국에서는지 속가능성이잠재력에도달할수있는기회가충족될수있다.
충밍(崇明)의주요활동들
중국에서지속가능한해결책에다가가려는첫번째시도중하나가상하이의행정구역인충 밍(崇明) 섬에서진행중이다. 지방의농업적특색을가진항구로써, 이섬의비전은일상적 삶의개선과사회경제적기회와관련된생태학적지속가능성을실현하는방식에 있어서중 국의 모범사례가된다. 도시근처에있는독특한 위치적특성으로 인해, 충밍(崇明)은교외 환경을향상시키고, 지방개발에기여할수있는현실적인선택안이될수있었다. 장기적으 로충밍(崇明)의성공적인 프로젝트의결과는중국의나머지디자인작업에도영향을 미칠 것이며, 확대해서말하자면잠재적으로전세계인류의삶을향상시킬것이다. 이러한야망을
144 145
4. 교육교류스토리보드 4. Education Exchange Storyboard
5. She Ji (설계, 設計) 디자인전략 5. She Ji Design Strategy 2. 충밍(崇明) 생태-관광스토리보드
2. Chongming Eco-Tourism Storyboard
3. 충밍(崇明) 유기농식품스토리보드 3. Chongming Organic Food Storyboard
루 영기 클라리사 디아즈
LOU Yongqi Clarisa DiAz
Towards She Ji:
An Approach for Sustainability
She Ji (設計, 설계)를 향하여:
지속 가능성을 위한 접근
is essentially the same process for realizing sustainable initiatives.
Approaching design problems through projects like the Chongming Sustainable Com- munity project is based on the grounds that elements of society cannot exist without one another. The urban cannot exist without rural sustenance and the rural cannot exist without being connected to urban resources and to global society by extension.
Neither can decisions be made without the social approval of people nor can people accomplish what they wish without permission from the governing body that keeps or- der. Cultures need to be linked but cannot be dominated by one or become the same.
In other words, Change cannot occur through a sole sweep of dogmatic ideals, nor can it be efficient in small increments of improvement. An approach for combining the strengths of entities is necessary to improve society and create real change.
The designer can create a framework in which to work that embodies the urban-rural, government-community and local-global in one system of exchange. The process in- volves the participation of both top-down authority and grassroots initiatives. Both of these entities involve the use of the business market on the urban-rural and local-global levels. The key players or stakeholders in the design process are then the community, government, business and consumer. The ability of the designer to extend the respon- sibility of improving society becomes one of coordinating, presenting and receiving feedback from all these stakeholders. The result is the creation of a foundation for sus- 화할때근본적으로동일한국제적인행동화양상을중국적인방식으로전략화하는체계에 서기술의균형을맞추면서이루어질수있다.
충밍(崇明)의지속가능한커뮤니티프로젝트와같이프로젝트를통해서디자인문제에접근 하는것은사회의요소들이서로유기적으로관련되어있다는생각에기반하고있다. 도시는 지방의존속없이는존재할수없고, 시골은도시의자원없이는, 나아가세계와연결되지않 고는존재할수없다. 어떤결정도사람들의사회적승인없이는만들어질수없고, 어떤사람 도질서를유지하는정부기관의승인없이는자신들이원하는것을이룰수없다. 문화는서 로유기적으로연결될필요가있지만, 한문화는다른한문화에의해서지배되어서는안되 며다른문화와동일해질수도없다. 다시말해서 ‘변화’는이상가의독단을통해서이루어질 수없으며작은개선에서는효율적일수도없다. 실체의강점을결합하는전략은사회를발전 시키고진정한변화를창조하는데있어서필수적이다.
디자이너는도시-시골, 정부-지역사회, 지방-세계를 변화의한교류 체계안에서통합할수 있는기초구조를창조할수있다. 이과정은상향식의권력과일반대중활동모두의참가를 포함한다. 이러한통일된전체는도시-지방, 지역-세계 수준에서의비즈니스 시장을포함한 다. 그러므로디자인과정에서주요참가자혹은 이해관계자는지역사회, 정부, 비즈니스와 소비자이다. 사회를발전시키는책임을확장하기위한디자이너의능력은모든이해관계자로 부터피드백을받고, 조정하고, 제시하는것과관련이있다. 디자인과정은사회의모든관여 반영하는한가지예는충밍(崇明)의지속가능한지역사회프로젝트이다.5이프로젝트는지
역사회의선택에의해행해지는개발에기반을둔비지니스와커뮤니케이션을통해섬의마 을과상하이를연결시킨다. 보존과개발에대한선택의여지를제공함으로써사회가스스로 유지할수있도록한다. 지역거주민들은자신들의지역에대한감정을희생하지않은채다 양한영역에관여함으로써그들이살고싶은삶을살아간다. 본질적으로, 이프로젝트는사 람들로하여금그들고장에이점을주는체계를재창조하게함으로써, 지속가능성을촉진하 기위한사회의요소들을서로연결시켜준다. 큰비전을가지고세부적인수준에서디자인하 는것은성공적인전형의개발과실험의근간이된다.
디자인디자인하기
중국에서이러한프로젝트에 접근하는전략을디자인하는것은본래 ‘전략을세우다’란의
미를지닌고대중국의군사용어에서기원한 She Ji (設計, 설계) 혹은 ‘디자인’과관련이있
다 (Yang, 1997). 이것은 Tao (도, 道)와 Qi (기, 器)의수준에서지식계층과기술공들에의
해사용되었다 (Li, 2003).6 Tao (도, 道)는메타디자인전략과유사한체계의기초구조이다.
Qi (기, 器)는과정의조작상의실용적혹은실체적인결과이다. Tao (도, 道)와 Qi (기, 器)사
이의관계에구체적으로초점을둔연구는거의없었다. 그러나수단으로써의 She Ji (設計, 설 계)의부활은오늘날의도전들에해답을가져올수있으며, 이는지속가능한활동들을실현
potentially improve human life on a global scale. One such case reflecting this ambi- tion is the Chongming Sustainable Community project.5 The project networks villages on the island to link with Shanghai through business and communication exchanges based on development driven by community choice. Preserving and promoting choices allows society to sustain itself. Residents live as they like by engaging in diversity with- out sacrificing their sense of place. In essence, the project interconnects elements of so- ciety to foster sustainability by allowing people to regenerate a system benefiting their own localities. The act of designing on a micro level with a macro level vision is the basis for experimentation and development of successful prototypes.
Designing Design
For China, the idea of designing a strategy to approach such projects is likened to She Ji or design, originating from the military in ancient China with the meaning to estab- lish a strategy (Yang, 1997). It was used by the literati and the artisans on the levels of Tao and Qi (Li, 2003).6 Tao is the framework for the system, much like meta-design strategies. Qi is the operational application or tangible result of the process. Studies specifically focused on the relationship between Tao and Qi are rarely addressed. How- ever a renaissance of She Ji as a tool can bring solutions to today’s challenges, by bal- ancing technique in a system that strategize a Chinese way of acting international that
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LOU Yongqi Clarisa DiAz
Towards She Ji:
An Approach for Sustainability
She Ji (設計, 설계)를 향하여:
지속 가능성을 위한 접근
된구성요소에의해정보를제공받고디자인되기때문에지속가능한해결을위한근간의창 조라는결과를낳을수있다.
충밍(崇明)의지속가능한커뮤니티 프로젝트에서 She Ji(設計, 설계)의 Tao(도, 道), Qi(기, 器)는정부와지역사회수준과학문적인수준에서함께작업하는파트너십을기반으로한 지역사회와국제적인자원들의결합을통해실행된다. 일을할때상향식과하향식과정을동 시에사용함으로써디자인과정에서균형잡힌참가가이루어질수있다. 비즈니스파트너들 을동등하게찾고고용하는것은소비자를통해기금을조성하고성공적으로현실화할수있 는최고의능력을가져온다.
첫번째단계에서, 이프로젝트의전반적인비전은공통적인방향을설정하기위해브레인스 토밍하고모든이해관계자들의정보를받음으로써프로젝트그자체로간주된다. 비전이확립 된후에, 프로젝트는과정을반복하고공유된비전을지탱해주는하위프로젝트들의네트워크 형태를취하게된다. 이프로젝트의표적은끊임없이유동적이며마을의하부조직부터유기농 식품브랜드화, 커뮤니케이션기술과서비스디자인까지여러범위를넘나든다. 시작단계에서 이프로젝트는디자인과정을가능하게하는순환하는하나의전체로바라봄으로써, 도시와 시골의관계를재형성할수있는잠재적힘을가지고있다. 무엇보다중요한점은, 디자인공정 이사회가계속해서스스로관여하고향상시킬수있는지속가능성을강조한다는것이다.
tainable solutions because the process has been informed and designed by all involved components of society.
In the Chongming Sustainable Community project, Tao Qi of She Ji is practiced by combining local and international resources at the academic level with a working part- nership at both government and community levels. Working top-down and bottom-up simultaneously permits a balanced participation in the design process. Of equal impor- tance, seeking and engaging business partners bring the greatest capacity for funding and successful realization through consumers.
For the first stage, the overall vision of the project is considered a project in itself by brainstorming and receiving input from all stakeholders to establish a common direc- tion. After the vision is established, the project takes the form of a network of sub- projects that repeat the process and support the shared vision. The target of the project is constantly in motion, providing many applications on different scales ranging from village infrastructure to organic food branding, to communication technology and service design. In its beginning stages, the project has the potential to reshape the ur- ban and rural relationship by viewing it as one cycling entity enabling a design process that moves with it. Most importantly, the design process emphasizes sustainability in which society can continue to engage and improve itself.
6. 비즈니스시스템의총체
6. Business Systemic Totality
7. 프로젝트단계들
7. Project Phases
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결론
본논문에서논의된것은중국에서의지속가능성에대한접근이다. 이접근의목표는사회 의적극적인참여에의존하여디자인과정을사회로확장시키는것이다. 이런접근의결과는 선택을통해서이루어지는디자인문제들에대한해결이다. 게다가이선택은사회를하나의 전체로연결하는지속가능한방향에따라서 이끌어진다. 하나의체계로의발전은시골대
(對) 도시, 정부대(對) 지역사회, 지역대(對) 세계의대립을중지시킬수있다. 전체성은변화
와지속가능성을위한필수적인동력이다. 디자인과디자이너의재정의에대한도전은변화 하는환경에서사회의균형을통한해결책이창조될수있는지의여부가될것이다.
References 1 “As it is well known, the only thing that doesn’t change in the world is the reality that everything keeps changing. And in this moment, the world is changing, rapidly and profoundly. The only certain thing that we know about the future is that the current change must change direction; it must find the way to sustainability. In this process, China has the concrete possibility to surprise us, more than it did in recent times, and to leapfrog.” (Manzini 2006)
1”잘알려져있듯이세계에서변화하지않는유일한것은모든것이계속해서
변화한다는사실이다.현시점에서세계는급격하고근원적으로변화하고있다. 미래에대해서확실하게알고있는유일한점은현재의변화가방향을변화시킬 것이라는것이다; 이방향은지속가능성으로가는길을찾아야만한다. 이러한 과정에서중국은최근몇년간그랬던것보다우리를놀라게하고우리를앞지를 실제적인가능성을가지고있다.“(Manzini 2006).
2 Urban and rural inequality traces back to the origins of Chinese history. Since the Qin dynasty in 221 B.C., the landscape of China developed toward the territorialization of empire and urbanity. The eras of Dynasty centralized power and created a bureaucratic state with trade centers that were the first capital cities of ancient China (Morton, Lewis, 2005). These trade centers, like Xi’an along the Silk Road, were cultural hubs filled with increasing wealth and resources.
The dispersion of villages and long transportation routes left rural areas in equilibrium serving the empire while capital centers flourished. Control of the masses, the majority of which lived in rural areas, further maintained a stagnant level of improvement applicable to the present era. During the last century, since the economic reform policy of 1978 in particular, focus on progress defined by modernization caused the highest level of migration to urban centers in the history of mankind (Taylor, 2001). Urban prosperity, while necessary in its own right, left the rural to become merely self-sufficient as a result of neglect leading to impoverishment and social stigmatizations of an inferior class.
2도시와시골의불균형은중국역사의기원으로거슬러올라간다. 기원전 221년의진
왕조때부터중국의전망은제국의영토화와도시생활을지향하며발전하였다. 왕조 시대는권력을중앙으로집중하고고대중국의첫번째수도였던무역센터를지닌 관료국가를창조하였다 (Morton, Lewis, 2005). 실크로드에있는시안 (서안, 西安)과 같은이런무역센터들은부와자원이가득찬문화적중심지였다. 마을들이분산되어 있고수송경로가길었기때문에중심센터들은번성한반면지방지역은제국의 요구를채워주는상태로남겨졌다. 지방지역에서살았던대부분의일반대중에대한
통제는현재에도적용되는발전의정체를낳았다. 마지막세기동안, 특히 1978년의
경제개혁정책이후로, 현대화로정의되는발전에대한초점을두면서인류역사상 가장높은수준의도시지역으로의이주가야기되었다 (Taylor, 2001). 도시의번성은 필수적이기는하지만, 이로인해지방지역을무시함으로써지방은빈곤과열등한 계층이라는사회적낙인을야기했고, 자급자족하는상태가되었다.
Conclusion
What is presented here is an approach to sustainability in China. The objective of the approach is to extend the design process into society by depending on its own active participation. The result is the solution to design problems created through choice.
Moreover, preference is led in a sustainable direction to interconnect society into one totality. It may be that development as one system can cease the opposition of urban vs.
rural, government vs. community and local vs. global. These entities are all equal forces necessary for change and sustainability. The challenge of design and for the designer’s redefinition will be whether solutions in a changing environment can be created from the balance of society.
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3 The cities of Asia account for 40 percent of the world’s urban population with the highest growth rate currently in China. This growth is concentrated in the Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas with the country’s largest metropolis, Shanghai, boasting a population of over 20 million (UN-HABITAT, 2004).
3아시아도시들은세계도시인구의 40퍼센트를차지하며, 이중에서도중국의
도시성장비율은가장높다. 이러한성장은중국의가장큰도시인상하이의양쯔강 삼각주(Yangtze River Delta)와남부주장삼각주(Pearl River Delta)에집중되어있으며, 인구가 2천만명을넘어서고있다 (UN-HABITAT, 2004).
4 350 million people will be added to China’s urban population by 2025, more than the current population of the entire United States. This will be a total of one billion people living in China’s cities by 2030. This kind of growth includes the potential of 270 mass transit systems to be built, 40 billion square meters of floor space in five million new buildings, 50,000 of which could be skyscrapers or the equivalent of building 10 New York cities. By 2025 China’s GDP will multiply by five (McKinsey 2009).
4 3억5천만의사람들이 2025년까지중국의도시의인구에추가될것이며, 이수치는
현재의미국인구보다많다. 2030년즈음이면총10억명이상의사람이중국의
도시에서살게될것이다. 이런종류의성장은 270개의대중교통체계가세워지고, 400억평방미터에건물 500만개가설립되고, 그중 5만개는초고층건물혹은뉴욕의
10개도시와동등한정도가되는것을포함한다. 2025년까지중국의 GDP는다섯
배까지증가할것이다. (McKinsey 2009).
5 The Chongming Sustainable Community Project is a current project of Studio TAO, an urban design think and action tank for research in practice. Studio TAO coordinates all players in the project including the local government of Chongming Island, village communities, business partners and university resources. Presently, the project has received academic collaboration from Tongji University, Politecnico di Milano, Willem de Kooning Academy, Konstfack and universities under the China- US Center for Sustainable Development including Stanford, CALPOLY, MIT and Yale.
Workshops have been held for the project with the Systemic Excellence Group of Berlin and Willem de Kooning Academy. Internationally recognized branding strategist, Jan Stael von Holstein is also a member of the project’s team. The project is planned to fall under the platform of the DESIS-China Network, headed by Ezio Manzini at Politecnico di Milano, for social innovation and sustainability in China, India and Brazil.
5충밍(崇明)의지속가능한지역사회프로젝트는도시디자인씽크와실제적인 연구를위한액션탱크인 Studio TAO의현재프로젝트이다. Studio TAO는충밍(崇明) 섬의지역정부, 마을지역사회, 비즈니스파트너와대학자원들과같은프로젝트의 모든참가자와협력한다. 현재프로젝트는둥치대학교, 이태리폴리테크노공과대학, 윌렘드쿠닝아카데미, 콘스트파크디자인공예미술대학과스탠포드, 캘리포니아
과학기술주립대학건축학과, MIT와예일대학등을포함한지속가능한발달을위한
중국-미국센터하에있는대학들로부터학술적인협력을받고있다. 국제적으로 인정받는브랜드전략가인 Jan Stael von Holstein이이프로젝트의멤버이다. 프로젝트는중국, 인도, 브라질의사회혁신과지속가능성을위해서이태리 폴리테크노공과대학의 Ezio Manzini가이끌고있는 DESIS-중국네트워크의기반 하에놓일계획이다.
6 The literati applied the Tao philosophy examining politics, society and culture while artisans used Qi on the level of materiality or operational technique. Though the literati focused on Tao(도, 道) , the act of urban concentration was that of Qi.
What lacked was artisan engagement on the level of Tao(도, 道) and a supporting framework that complemented and counterbalanced migration to the city. The connection between Tao(도, 道) and Qi, and therefore She Ji, was somewhat forgotten by the Chinese during the Opium Wars and more recently became overrun by the influence of Western models on design education and the economic forces of globalization (Lou, 2008).
6지식계층이정치, 사회문화를검토하는데있어 Tao(도, 道)를적용하는반면 기술공들은물질이나작동가능한기술의수준에서 Qi(기, 器)를이용했다. 지식계층이 Tao(도, 道)에집중했을지라도도시집중화는 Qi(기, 器)의적용이었다. Tao(도, 道) 수준에서의기술공의개입과도시로의이주를완수하고균형화시키는 지지체계가부족했다. Tao(도, 道)와 Qi(기, 器)의연결, 즉 She Ji(設計, 설계)는아편 전쟁동안에중국에의해다소잊혀졌던것이며최근디자인교육과세계화의경제적 세력에영향으로다시널리퍼지고있는것이다 (Lou, 2008).