The Funga of Higher Fungi of the Mongolian Oak Forest in Mt. Jeombong, Korea

DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.22761/DJ2021.3.2.001

[Ecology] Article

The Funga of Higher Fungi of the Mongolian Oak Forest in Mt. Jeombong, Korea

Ju-Kyeong Eo

¹

* · Eunsu Park

¹

· Ho-Yeon Won

¹

· Young Sang Lee

¹

· Dongsu Yu

²

· Areum Han

¹

· Hwa-Yong Lee

³

· Hee-Su Lee

³

Division of Climate and Ecology, Bureau of Conservation & Assessment Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea

¹

National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea

²

Department of Forest Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea

³

Received: 9 April 2021 revised: 8 June 2021, accepted: 28 May 2021

Abstract This study was conducted to find the biodiversity of higher fungi at the supersite of Mt. Jeombong from July to October 2016 during the Second Long Term Ecology Research project. A total of 31 families, 52 genera, and 120 species of higher fungi were found within the permanent 1 ha qaudrat and in a 10 m radius of the ecological flux tower. From a taxonomical and ecological perspcetive, Russulaceae (22 species, 18.0%), Boletaceae (17 species, 13.9%), and Amanitaceae (10 species, 8.2%) were the top 3 taxa with the most species found in mycorrhizal mushrooms. Marasmiaceae (10 species, 9.8%), Mycenaceae (8 species, 6.6%), and Polyporaceae (6 species, 4.9%) were also the top 3 taxa with the most species found in saprophytic mushrooms.

Keywords: Funga, Higher fungi, Mongolian oak, Mt. Jeombong, Korea

1. Introduction

The Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea conducted the First Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project from 2004 to 2013 to monitor ecosystem change, maintenance, and conservation. Beginning in 2014, the second LTER project was launched by the National Institute of Ecology. The purpose of the LTER project was to lay the foundation for monitoring of biodiversity and researching the interactions between organisms from a supersite on Mt. Jeombong in Gangwon-do. For this, a roadmap of the 2^nd LTER project established in 2014, and the supersite was established in the experimental forest of Mt. Jeombong in 2015. In 2016, research on the interactions between organisms was conducted at the supersite. All synthetic studies conducted at this supersite divided into one of eight topics:

(1) population dynamics and wetland, (2) plant community and nutrient cycling, (3) insect–plant correlation, (4) soil microbial biodiversity and its environment, (5) forest bird community and feeding guild structure, (6) forest bat community, (7) forest food network structure, and (8) ecology and environment space database construction. As part of this effort, we collected diversity data on higher fungi in the Mongolian oak (

Quercus mongolica

Fisch. ex Ledeb.) forest of Mt. Jeombong in 2016 (National Institute of Ecology, 2016).

2. Project description

Title: Soil microbial biodiversity and its environment

In 2016, we conducted a study on soil microbial biodiversity and its environment at the supersite of Mt. Jeombong.

The aim of the research was to investigate the community of soil microorganisms in a forest ecosystem and to understand the interactions between microorganisms. However, unlike other microorganisms, higher fungi form fruiting bodies that can be observed directly with the naked eye. Therefore, we focused our investigation on higher fungi through the collection and analysis of diversity data.

3. Methods

Our research was conducted within the permanent quadrat measuring 100 × 100 m (1 ㏊) and in a 10 m radius of the ecological flux tower on Mt. Jeombong. We checked the host plants and surrounding environment and observed characteristics, like the color and shape of the fruiting bodies. The identification of higher fungi was performed by combining macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, such as the cap, stem, and spores. In addition, the “Wild Fungi of Korea” (Park and Lee, 2010) and “Nihon no kinoko” (Imazeki, 2011) were referenced for the identification and classification of higher fungi. These data were produced in accordance with the data standards and quality control procedures of the EcoBank ecological database of the National Institute of Ecology.

4. Temporal coverage

The biodiversity data on higher fungi in this study were produced during the 2^nd LTER from July to October 2016.

5. Spatial coverage

This research was conducted within the permanent 1 ha quadrat defined by the following geographic coordinates:

upper left: N 38° 02′18.90″ E 128° 28′00.96″, upper right: N 38° 02′18.65″ E 128° 28′04.46″, lower left: N 38° 02′16.25″

E 128° 28′00.89″, and lower right: N 38° 02′15.65″ E 128° 28′04.99″ and in a 10 m radius of the ecological flux tower (center: N 38° 02′16.87″ E 128° 28′05.94″) on Mt. Jeombong in Inje-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Map of the research site at Mt. Jeombong in Gangwon-do (shown as a red circle in the inset). Biodiversity of higher fungi conducted within (A) the permanent 1 ha quadrat (100 × 100 m) indicated by black lines and (B) in a 10 m radius (red dotted circle) of the ecological flux tower.

6. Results

A total of 31 families, 52 genera, and 120 species were identified (Table 1). Among them, mycorrhizal mushrooms were found in 13 families, 23 genera, and 76 species. There were 2 genera and 22 species in Russulaceae, 6 genera and 17 species in Boletaceae, 1 genus and 10 species in Amanitaceae, 3 genera and 6 species in Tricholomataceae, and 3 genera and 5 species in Agaricaceae. One genus and three species were identified in Bankeraceae,

Gomphaceae, and Thelephoraceae, whereas one genus and two species were found in Cortinariceae and Entolomataceae. One genus and one species were identified in Cantharellaceae, Gomphidiaceae, and Suillaceae.

Saprophytic mushrooms were found in 18 families, 29 genera, and 44 species. There were 5 genera and 10 species in Marasmiaceae, 2 genera and 8 species in Mycenaceae, 3 genera and 6 species in Polyporaceae, and 2 genera and 3 species in Strophariaceae. Two genera and two species were identified in Physalacriaceae, Stereumceae, and Xylariaceae. Futher, one genus and one species were identified in Clavariaceae, Corticiaceae, Helotiaceae, Meruliaceae, Nidulariaceae, Pezizaceae, Pluteaceae, Psathyrellaceae, Schizophyllaceae, Scutigeraceae, and Tubiferaceae (Fig. 2). The results of this research were published as part of the 2^nd LTER Report (National Institue of Ecology, 2016).

Table 1. List of higher fungal species collected from the Mongolian oak forest of Mt. Jeombong.

Family name Genus name Scientific name Korean name*

Agaricaceae

Agaricus Agaricus silvaticus

숲주름버섯^a

Agaricus

sp. 주름버섯속^a

Lycoperdon Lycoperdon perlatum

말불버섯^b

Lycoperdon pyriforme

좀말불버섯^a

Nidula Nidula niveotomentosa

새둥지버섯^a

Amanitaceae

Amanita Amanita fulva

고동색우산버섯^{a, b}

Amanita hemibapha

달걀버섯^a,b

Amanita onusta

회색귀신광대버섯^a

Amanita pantherina

마귀광대버섯^a

Amanita pseudoporphyria

암회색광대버섯아재비^{a, b}

Amanita rubrovolvata

붉은주머니광대버섯^{a, b}

Amanita sychnopyramis

구슬광대버섯^a

Amanita virosa

독우산광대버섯^a

Amanita volvata

큰주머니광대버섯^a

Amanita

sp. 광대버섯속^b

Bankeraceae

Hydnellum Hydnellum

sp. 갈색깔때기버섯속^b

Hydnellum concrescens

고리갈색깔때기버섯^a

Hydnellum ferrugineum

향기갈색깔때기버섯^a

Boletaceae

Boletus Boletus auripes

수원그물버섯^a

Boletus erythropus

붉은대그물버섯^a

Boletus ornatipes

밤색갓그물버섯^a

Boletus sensibilis

붉은줄기그물버섯^a

Boletus

sp. 그물버섯속^{a, b}

Boletus subtomentosus

산그물버섯^a

Leccinum Leccinum aurantiacum

껄껄이그물버섯^{a, b}

Leccinum extremiorientale

접시껄껄이그물버섯^a

Leccinum scabrum

거친껄껄이그물버섯^b

Leccinum

sp. 껄껄이그물버섯속^b

Phylloporus Phylloporus

sp. 민그물버섯속^a

Pulveroboletus Pulveroboletus ravenelii

노랑분말그물버섯^{a, b}

Tylopilus Tylopilus alkalixanthus

녹슨쓴맛그물버섯^{a, b}

Tylopilus neofelleus

제주쓴맛그물버섯^{a, b}

Tylopilus

sp. 쓴맛그물버섯속^b

Xerocomus Xerocomus chrysenteron

마른산그물버섯^a

Xerocomus subtomentosus

산그물버섯^a Cantharellaceae

Cantharellus Cantharellus minor

애기꾀꼬리버섯^a Clavariaceae

Ramariopsis Ramariopsis kunzei

쇠뜨기버섯^a Corticiaceae

Corticium Corticium chrysocreas

황금고약버섯^a Cortinariceae

Cortinarius Cortinarius purpurascens

풍선끈적버섯^a

Cortinarius traganus

연자색끈적버섯^{a, b}

Entolomataceae

Entoloma Entoloma rhodopolium

삿갓외대버섯^{a, b}

Entoloma

sp. 외대버섯속^a

Gomphaceae

Ramaria Ramaria botrytis

싸리버섯^{a, b}

Ramaria flava

노랑싸리버섯^b

Ramaria formosa

붉은싸리버섯^a

Gomphidiaceae

Chroogomphus Chroogomphus vinicolor

비단못버섯^a Helotiaceae

Chlorociboria Chlorociboria aeruginosa

녹청균^b

Marasmiaceae

Gymnopus Gymnopus confluens

밀꽃애기버섯^{a, b}

Gymnopus dryophilus

굽은꽃애기버섯^{a, b}

Gymnopus peronata

하얀색 가랑잎애기버섯^{a, b}

Gymnopus peronatus

가랑잎꽃애기버섯^a

Gymnopus

sp. 꽃애기버섯속^{a, b}

Marasmius Marasmius maximus

큰낙엽버섯^b

Marasmius siccus

애기낙엽버섯^b

Marasmiellus Marasmiellus

sp. 선녀버섯속^b

Rhodocollybia Rhodocollybia butyracea

버터철쭉버섯^a

Xeromphalina Xeromphalina campanella

이끼살이버섯^b

Meruliaceae

Radulodon Radulodon copelandii

긴송곳버섯^b

Mycenaceae

Mycena Mycena amygdalina

가마애주름버섯^{a, b}

Mycena crocata

노란애주름버섯^a

Mycena galericulata

콩나물애주름버섯^a

Mycena haematopus

적갈색애주름버섯^a

Mycena rorida

점질애주름버섯^a

Mycena pura

맑은애주름버섯^a

Mycena

sp. 애주름버섯속^b

Panellus Panellus stipticus

부채버섯^{a, b}

Nidulariaceae

Crucibulum Crucibulum laeve

찻잔버섯^a

Pezizaceae

Peziza Peziza

sp. 주발버섯속^a

Physalacriaceae

Cylindrobasidium Cylindrobasidium evolvens

담자고약버섯^b

Armillaria Armillaria mellea

뽕나무버섯^{a, b}

Pluteaceae

Pluteus Pluteus atricapillus

난버섯^{a, b}

Polyporaceae

Polyporus Polyporus badius

검정대구멍장이버섯^a

Polyporus varius

노란대구멍장이버섯^a

Microporus Microporus vernicipes

메꽃버섯부치^a

Trametes Trametes hirsuta

흰구름송편버섯^a

Trametes versicolor

구름송편버섯^b

Trametes

sp. 송편버섯속^a

Psathyrellaceae

Psathyrella Psathyrella candolleana

족제비눈물버섯^a Russulaceae

Lactarius Lactarius chrysorrheus

노란젖버섯^a,b

Lactarius flavidulus

누룩젖버섯^a

Lactarius hygrophoroides

흰주름젖버섯^b

Lactarius piperatus

굴털이^a,b

Lactarius scrobiculatus

민들레젖버섯^{a, b}

Lactarius subplinthogalus

얇은갓젖버섯^a

Lactarius subzonarius

당귀젖버섯^a

Lactarius volemus

배젖버섯^{a, b}

Lactarius

sp. 젖버섯속^a

Russula Russula alboaxeolata

흰꽃무당버섯^a

Russula amoena

가지무당버섯^a

Russula cyanoxantha

청머루무당버섯^{a, b}

Russula emetica

무당버섯^{a, b}

Russula japonica

갈변흰무당버섯^a

Russula mariae

수원무당버섯^{a, b}

Russula nigricans

절구무당버섯^{a, b}

Russula omiensis

보라무당버섯^a

Russula rosea

졸각무당버섯^a

Russula sanguinea

혈색무당버섯^{a, b}

Russula senecis

흙무당버섯^{a, b}

Russula virescens

기와버섯^a

Russula

sp. 무당버섯속^a

Schizophyllaceae

Schizophyllum Schizophyllum commune

치마버섯^a Scutigeraceae

Albatrellus Albatrellus confluens

다발방패버섯^a

Stereumceae

Stereum Stereum ostrea

갈색꽃구름버섯^{a, b}

Xylobolus Xylobolus spectabilis

너털거북꽃구름버섯^{a, b}

Strophariaceae

Hypholoma Hypholoma fasciculare

노란개암버섯^a

Hypholoma sublateritium

개암버섯^{a, b}

Gymnopilus Gymnopilus liquiritiae

미치광이버섯^a

Suillaceae

Suillus Suillus luteus

비단그물버섯^a

Thelephoraceae

Thelephora Thelephora palmata

단풍사마귀버섯^b

Thelephora penicillata

붓털사마귀버섯^a

Thelephora

sp. 사마귀버섯속^b

Tricholomataceae

Lepista Lepista sordida

자주방망이버섯아재비^a

Lepista nuda

민자주방망이버섯^a

Lepista

sp. 자주방망이버섯속^a

Oudemansiella Oudemansiella radicata

민긴뿌리버섯^a

Clitocybe Clitocybe truncicola

황색깔때기버섯^a

Clitocybe

sp. 깔때기버섯속^a

Tubiferaceae

Lycogala Lycogala epidendrum

분홍콩점균^b

Xylariaceae

Hypoxylon Hypoxylon truncatum

검은팥버섯^a

Daldinia Daldinia concentrica

콩버섯^a

a, permanent quadrat; ^b, ecological flux tower

*, Korean name of mushroom is referred to “National Species List of Korea”, “Wild Fungi of Korea”.

Figure 2. Taxonomical structure of families of higher fungi of Mt. Jeombong, Korea. Russulaceae (22 species, 18.0%), Boletaceae (17 species, 13.9%), and Amanitaceae (10 species, 8.2%) are the top 3 taxa with the most species found in mycorrhizal mushrooms. Marasmiaceae (10 species, 9.8%), Mycenaceae (8 species, 6.6%), and Polyporaceae (6 species, 4.9%) are also the top 3 taxa with the most species found in saprophytic mushrooms.

7. Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Ecology (NIE), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIE-B-2016-02).

8. Usage rights

Use license: Other

IP rights notes: Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0

9. Data resources

Number of dataset: 1

Data set name: higherfungi1.zip Data format: *.shp, *.xlsx

*.shp files: Map of research site of higher fungi of Mt. Jeombong Higherfungi.xlsx: Raw data of higher fungi of Mt. Jeombong.

http://doi.or.kr/10.22756/GEO.20210000000757

10. References

Imazeki R (2011) Nihon no kinoko. Yamatokeikokusha, Tokyo

National Institute of Biological Resources (2019) National Species List of Korea Ⅰ Plants, Fungi, Algae, Prokaryotes.

National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon

National Institute of Ecology (2016) Project of Long Term Ecological Research. National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon

Park WH, Lee HD (2010) Wild Fungi of Korea. Kyo-Hak Publishing, Seoul

11. Metadata

Sort Field Subcategory#1 Subcategory#2 Description Note

Essential

Title The funga of higher fungi of Mt.

Jeombong Dataset1 LTER

(2016):

The funga of higher fungi of Mt.

Jeombong

*DOI name 10.22756/GEO.20210000000757 - -

*Category biota macrofungi

Abstract

*Temporal

Coverage July to October 2016 Acquisition period

*Spatial Coverage

• Permanent quadrat

- Upper left: N 38° 02′18.90″ E 128° 28′00.96″

- Upper right: N 38° 02′18.65″ E 128° 28′04.46″

- Lower left: N 38° 02′16.25″ E 128° 28′00.89″

Point World Geodetic System (WGS84)

- Lower right: N 38° 02′15.65″ E 128° 28′04.99″

• Ecological flux tower

- Center: N 38° 02′16.87″ E 128°

28′05.94″

*Personnel

Registrant (Ju-Kyeong Eo)/

Owner (National Institute of Ecology)

Name Ju-Kyeong Eo

Affiliate National Institute of Ecology

e-mail abiesendo@gmail.com

*License Open data Open data Open data

Optional

*Project Soil microbial biodiversity and

its environment LTER (2016)

Instrument