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산책로 조성 계획의 재고를 요청 To whom it may concern: I was born and [rised / raised]

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다음 어법상 혹은 문맥상 적절한 단어를 고르시오.

18. 산책로 조성 계획의 재고를 요청 To whom it may concern:

I was born and [rised / raised]1) in the city of Boulder and have enjoyed our scenic natural spaces for my whole life. The land [which / through which]2) the proposed Pine Hill walking trail would cut [been / is]3) home to a variety of species. Wildlife faces pressure from development, and these animals need space [which / where]4) they can hide from human activity.

Although trails serve as a wonderful source [for / to] 5) us to access the natural world and appreciate the wildlife within it, if we continue to destroy habitats with excess trails, the wildlife will stop [to use / using]6) these areas. Please reconsider [that / whether]7) the proposed trail is absolutely necessary. Sincerely, Tyler Stuart

19

On my seventh birthday, my mom surprised me with a puppy [watied / waiting]8) on a leash. It had beautiful golden fur and an [admirable / adorable]9) tail. It was exactly [that / what]10) I had always dreamed of. I took the dog everywhere and slept with it every night. A few months later, the dog got out of the backyard and was lost. I sat on my bed and cried for hours while my mother watched me silently from the doorway of my room. I finally fell asleep, [exhausted / exhausting]11) from my grief. My mother never said a word to me about my loss, but I knew she felt the same as I [was / did.]12)

20 . 집중을 방해하는 요인에 대처할 줄 알아야 한다.

When I was in high school, we had students who could study in the coffee shop and not get [distracting / distracted]13) by the noise or [everything happenes/ happening]14) around them. We also had students who could not study if the library was not super quiet. The latter students suffered because even in the library, [it / that]15) was impossible to get the type of complete silence they sought. These students were victims of distractions who found [it / that]16) very [difficult / difficultly]17) to study anywhere except in their private bedrooms. In today’s world, it is impossible to run away from distractions. Distractions are everywhere, but if you want to achieve your goals, you must learn how to tackle distractions. You cannot eliminate distractions, but you can learn to live

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21. 인터넷으로 인한 변화된 소비자의 정보와 권리 증대

With the Internet, everything changed. Product problems, overpromises, the lack of customer support, differential pricing ― all of the issues [what / that]19) customers actually experienced from a marketing organization suddenly [popping / popped]20) out of the box. No longer [were / was]21) there any controlled communications or even business systems.

Consumers could generally learn through the Web whatever they wanted to know about a company, its products, its competitors, its distribution systems, and, most of all, its truthfulness when [talk / talking]22) about its products and services. Just as important, the Internet opened up a forum for customers to compare products, experiences, and values with other customers easily and quickly. Now the customer had a way to talk back to the marketer and [did / to do]23) so through public forums instantly.

*differential pricing: 가격 차등

22 더 나은 선택을 위해 결정을 미루는 것은 결국 해가 된다.

♥ Putting off making decisions for better results would be harmful to your life

FOBO, or Fear of a Better Option, is the anxiety [what / that]24) something better will come along, [it / which]25) makes [it / that]26) undesirable to commit to [existing / existed]27) choices when [makes / making]28) a decision. It’s an affliction of [deficiency / abundance]29) that drives you [keeping / to keep]30) all of your options open and to avoid risks. Rather than assessing your options, choosing one, and moving on with your day, you delay the [avoidable / inevitable.]31) It’s not unlike hitting the snooze button on your alarm clock only to pull the covers over your head and fall back asleep. As you probably found out the hard way, if you hit snooze enough times, you’ll end up to [be / being]32) late and racing for the office, your day and mood ruined. While [pressed / pressing]33) snooze feels so good at the moment, it ultimately demands a price. *affliction: 고통

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23. 재생 가능 에너지 사용이 환경에 미치는 부정적인 영향

The use of renewable sources of energy to produce electricity has increasingly been [encouraging / encouraged]34) as a way to harmonize the need to secure electricity supply with environmental protection objectives.

But the use of renewable sources also comes with its own consequences, [that / which]35) require consideration. Renewable sources of energy include a variety of sources such as hydropower and ocean-based technologies. Additionally, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass renewable sources also have their own impact on the environment. Hydropower dams, [however / for example,]36) have an impact on aquatic ecosystems and, more recently, have been [identifying / identified]37) as significant sources of greenhouse emissions. Wind, solar, and biomass also cause [positive / negative]38) environmental impacts, such as visual pollution, intensive land occupation and negative effects on bird populations.

**geothermal: 지열의 **biomass: 에너지로 사용 가능한 생물체

24. 포유류의 생존에 도움을 주는 음식물 씹기

Chewing leads to smaller particles for swallowing, and more [exposing / exposed]39) surface area for digestive enzymes to act on. In other words, it means the extraction of more fuel and raw materials from a mouthful of food. This is especially important for mammals because they heat their bodies from within. Chewing gives mammals the energy [needing / neede d]40) to be active not only during the day but also the cool night, and to live in colder climates or places with changing temperatures. It allows them [sustaing / to sustain]41) higher levels of activity and travel speeds to cover larger distances, avoid predators, capture prey, and [make / make s]42) and care for their young. Mammals are able to live in an incredible variety of habitats, from Arctic tundra to Antarctic pack ice, deep open waters to high-altitude mountaintops, and rainforests to deserts, in no small measure because of their teeth. *enzyme: 효소

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29. 특정 냄새를 맡을 수 있는 능력이나 그 냄새에 대한 느낌은 개체별로 다르다 Each species of animals can detect a different range odours. No species can detect all the molecules that are present in the environment [where / which]43) it lives ― there are some things that we cannot smell but [where / which]44) some other animals can, vice versa. There are also differences between individuals, relating to the ability to smell an odour, or how [delightful / delightfully]45) it seems. [Moreover / For example,]46) some people like the taste of coriander known as cilantro in the USA ― [because / while]47) others find [it / that]48) soapy and unpleasant. This effect has an underlying genetic component due to differences in the genes [controlled / controlling]49) sense of smell. Ultimately, the selection of scents detected by given species, and how [what / that]50) odour is perceived, will depend upon the animal’s ecology. The response profile of each species will enable it [locating / to locate]51) sources of smell where / that are relevant to and [reponding / to respond]52) accordingly.

*coriander: 고수 F 43) 원문은 in which

F 45) delightful : 원문은 pleasant

30. 생존을 위한 많은 기능이 필요하지 않은 사육된 동물들은 두뇌의 크기가 작아졌다

Recent research suggests that evolving humans’ relationship with dogs changed the structure of both species’ brains. One of the various physical [change / changes]53) caused by domestication [are / is]54) a reduction in the size of the brain: 16 percent for horses, 34 percent for pigs, and 10 to 30 percent for dogs. This is [why / because]55) once humans started to take care of these animals, they no longer needed various brain functions in order to survive. Animals who were fed and protected by humans did not need many of the skills required by their wild ancestors and [to lose / lost]56) the parts of the brain related to those capacities. A similar process [occurred / was occured]57) for humans, who seem [to domesticate / to have been domesticated]58) by wolves. About 10,000 years ago, when the role of dogs was firmly established in most human societies, the human brain also [dwindled / increased]59) by about 10 percent.

F 53) dwindled : 원문은 shrank

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31. 인간의 이동하려는 근본적인 욕구를 채워주는 수단으로서의 대중교통의 역 할.

There is nothing more fundamental to the human spirit than the need to be mobile. It is the intuitive force [which / that]60) sparks our imaginations and opens pathways to life-changing opportunities. It is the catalyst for progress and personal freedom. Public transportation has been vital to [that / what]61) progress and freedom for more than two centuries.

The transportation industry has always done more than carry travelers from one destination to another. It connects people, places, and possibilities. It provides access to what people need, what they love, and what they aspire to become. In so doing, it [grows / is grown]62) communities, creates jobs, strengthens the economy, expands social and commercial networks, saves time and energy, and helps millions of people [achieved / achieve]63) a better life. *catalyst: 촉매, 기폭제

32. 자신의 재능과 기술을 다양화할 수 없다면 주위에 보완할 다른 사람들을 두는 것이 효과적이다

Business consultant Frans Johansson describes the Medici effect as the [emergency / emergence]64) of new ideas and creative solutions when different backgrounds and disciplines come together. The term is derived from the 15th-century Medici family, [they / who]65) helped usher in the Renaissance by bringing together artists, writers, and other creatives from all over the world. Arguably, the Renaissance was a result of the exchange of ideas between these different groups in close contact with each other.

Sound familiar? If you are unable to diversify your own talent and skill, then [having / have]66) others around you to compensate might very well just do the trick. [Believing / Believe]67) that all new ideas come from combining existing notions in creative ways, Johansson recommends utilizing a mix of backgrounds, experiences, and expertise in staffing to bring about the best possible solutions, perspectives, and innovations in business. *usher in: ~이 시작되게 하다

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33. 화석이 그 당시의 완전한 정보를 전해 주지는 않는다.

As much as we can learn by examining fossils, [that / it]68) is important to remember that they seldom tell the entire story. Things only fossilize under certain sets of conditions. Modern insect communities are highly diverse in tropical forests, but the recent fossil record captures [few / little]69) of that diversity. Many creatures are consumed entirely or decompose rapidly when they die, so there may be no fossil record at all for important groups. It’s a bit similar to a family photo album. Maybe when you were born your parents took lots of pictures, but over the years they took photographs occasionally, and sometimes they got busy and forgot [to take / taking]70) pictures at all. Very [many / few]71) of us have a complete photo record of our life. Fossils are just like that. Sometimes you get very clear pictures of the past, while at other times there are big gaps, and you need to notice what they are.

*decompose: 부패하다

34. 소재 : 지속적인 성장을 위해 단기적 성장의 상한치를 설정했던 항공회사 Back in 1996, an American airline was faced with an [interested / interesting]72) problem. At a time when most other airlines were losing money or going under, over 100 cities were begging the company to service their locations. However, that’s not the [interested / interesting]73) part. What’s interesting is that the company turned down over 95 percent of those offers and began serving only four new locations. It turned down [tinyy / tremendous]74) growth because company leadership had set an upper limit for growth. Sure, its executives wanted to grow each year, but they didn’t want to grow too much. Unlike other famous companies, they wanted to set their own pace, one that could [be sustained / sustain]75) in the long term. By doing this, they established a safety margin for growth that helped them [continued / continue]76) to thrive at a time when the other airlines were flailing.

*flail: 마구 흔들리다

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35. 누군가가 매우 일반적인 것을 읽거나 듣지만 그것이 자신에게 적용된다고 믿는 바넘 효과

The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon [where / which]77) someone reads or hears something very general but believes that it applies [for / to]78) them. These statements appear to be very personal on the surface but in fact, they are true for many. Human psychology allows us [wanting / to want]79) to believe things that we can identify with on a personal level and even seek information [which / where]80) it doesn’t necessarily exist, [filling / fills]81) in the blanks with our imagination for the rest. This is the principle that horoscopes rely on, [offering / offered]82) data that [appears / is appeared]83) to be personal but probably makes sense to countless people. Since the people [reading / read]84) them want to believe the information so badly, they will search for meaning in their lives that make it true. *horoscope: 별자리 운세

36. red-eye effect (적목현상)

Imagine yourself at a party. It is dark and a group of friends ask you [taking / to take]85) a picture of them. You grab your camera, point, and shoot your friends. The camera automatically turns on the flash as there is not enough light available to produce a correct exposure. The result is half of your friends [are appeared / appear]86) in the picture with two bright red circles instead of their eyes. This is a common problem [called / calling]87) the red-eye effect. It is caused because the light from the flash penetrates the eyes through the pupils, and then gets [reflected / reflecting]88) to the camera from the back of the eyes [which / where]89) a large amount of blood is present. This blood is the reason why the eyes look red in the photograph. This effect is more noticeable when there is not much light in the environment. This is [because / why]90) pupils dilate when it is dark, [allow / allowing]91) more light [to get / getting]92) inside the eye and producing a larger red-eye effect. *penetrate: 통과하다

**pupil: 동공 ***dilate: 확장(팽창)하다

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37. 두 변인이 사실은 인과관계가 없지만 제3의 변인이 서로 관련된 것처럼 보 이게 하는 허위관계

Even though two variables seem to be related, there may not be a [casual / causal]93) relationship. In fact, the two variables may merely seem to be associated with each other due to the effect of some third variable. Sociologists call such misleading relationships spurious. A classic example is the apparent association between children’s shoe size and reading ability. It seems that as shoe size increases, reading ability improves. Does this mean that the size of one’s feet (independent variable) [cause / causes]94) an improvement in reading skills (dependent variable)?

Certainly not. This false relationship is caused by a third factor, age, [what / which]95) is related to shoe size as well as reading ability. Hence, when researchers attempt to make causal claims about the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable, they must control for

― or rule out ― other variables that may be creating a spurious relationship. *variable: 변인 **spurious: 허위의, 가짜의

F 95) which : 원문은 that

38. 빛의 신호 외에도 생체 주기 리듬을 유지시켜주는 요소들이 있다.

Daylight isn’t the only signal [in which / that]96) the brain can use for the purpose of biological clock resetting, though it is the principal and preferential signal, [when / during]97) present. So long as they are reliably repeating, the brain can also use other external cues, such as food, exercise, and even regularly timed social interaction. All of these events have the ability to reset the biological clock, [allow / allowing]98) it to strike a precise twenty-four-hour note. It is the reason [that / which]99) individuals with certain forms of blindness [do / does]100) not entirely lose their circadian rhythm. Despite not receiving light cues due to their blindness, other phenomena act as their resetting triggers. Any signal that the brain uses for the purpose of clock resetting is termed a zeitgeber, from the German “time giver” or “synchronizer.” [However / Thus,]101) while light is the most reliable and thus the primary zeitgeber, there are many factors [it / that]102) can be used in addition to, or in the absence of, daylight. *circadian rhythm: 24시간 주기 리듬

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39. 사회 시스템과 통합되어 온 농업

Earlier agricultural systems were [integrated / integrating]103) with and co-evolved with technologies, beliefs, myths and traditions as part of an integrated social system. Generally, people planted a variety of crops in different areas, in the hope of obtaining a reasonably stable food supply.

These systems could only be maintained at low population levels, and were relatively non-destructive (but not always). More recently, agriculture has in many places lost its local character, and has become [incorporating / incorporated]104) into the global economy. This has led to [increased / decreased]105) pressure on agricultural land for exchange commodities and export goods. More land is [diverting / being diverted]106) from local food production to “cash crops” for export and exchange; fewer types of crops are raised, and each crop is raised in much greater quantities than before. Thus, ever more land is [converted / converting]107) from forest (and other natural systems) for agriculture for export, rather than using land for subsistence crops. *subsistence crop: 자급자족용 작물

40. 내(內)집단과 동일시하려는 우리의 경향이 상당 부분 유아기에 시작되고 선 천적일 수 있다

In their study in 2007 Katherine Kinzler and her colleagues at Harvard showed that our tendency to identify with an in-group to a large degree [begin / begins]108) in infancy and may be innate. Kinzler and her team took a bunch of five-month-olds [who / whose]109) families only spoke English and showed the babies two videos. In one video, a woman was speaking English. In [another / the other,]110) a woman was speaking Spanish. Then they were shown a screen with both women side by side, not speaking. In infant psychology research, the standard measure for affinity or interest is attention ― babies will apparently stare longer at [that / what]111) they like more. In Kinzler’s study, the babies stared at the English speakers longer. In other studies, researchers have found that infants are more likely to take a toy offered by someone who speaks the same language as [themselves / them.]112) Psychologists routinely cite these and other experiments as evidence of our built-in evolutionary preference for “our own kind.” *affinity: 애착

F 111) what : 원문은 the things they like more

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41~42 . 인류의 언어 발전의 핵심적 요소는 대화 (의사전달) 이다.

Like all humans, the first Homo species [beign / to begin]113) the long difficult process of constructing a language from scratch almost certainly never said [entirely / entire]114) what was on their minds. At the same time, these primitive hominins would not have simply made random sounds or gestures. Instead, they would have used means to communicate [that / what]115) they believed others would understand. And they also thought their hearers could “fill in the gaps”, and connect their knowledge of their culture and the world to interpret what was uttered.

These are some of the reasons why the origins of human language cannot be effectively discussed [if / unless]116) conversation is placed at the top of the list of things to understand. Every aspect of human language has evolved, as [have / has]117) components of the human brain and body, to engage in conversation and social life. Language did not fully begin when the first hominid uttered the first word or sentence. It began in earnest only with the first conversation, [what / which]118) is both the source and the goal of language. Indeed, language changes lives. It builds society and expresses our highest aspirations, our basest thoughts, our emotions and our philosophies of life. But all language is ultimately at the service of human interaction. Other components of language ― things like grammar and stories ― are [primary / secondary]119) to conversation.

*hominin: 인간의 조상으로 분류되는 종족 **hominid: 사람과(科)의 동물

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1) raised

2) through which 3) is

4) where 5) for 6) using 7) whether 8) waiting 9) adorable 10) what 11) exhausted 12) did.

13) distracted 14) happening 15) it

16) it 17) difficult 18) that 19) that 20) popped 21) were 22) talking 23) to do 24) that 25) which 26) it 27) existing 28) making 29) abundance 30) to keep 31) inevitable.

32) being 33) pressing 34) encouraged 35) which

36) for example, 37) identified 38) negative 39) exposed 40) needed 41) to sustain 42) make

43) where : 원문은 in which 44) which

45) delightful : 원문은 pleasant 46) For example,

47) while 48) it

49) controlling 50) that 51) to locate 52) to respond 53) changes 54) is 55) because 56) lost 57) occurred

58) to have been domesticated 59) dwindled : 원문은 shrank 60) that

61) that 62) grows / 63)64) emergence 65) who 66) having

70) to take 71) few

72) interesting 73) interesting 74) tremendous 75) be sustained 76) continue 77) where 78) to 79) to want 80) where 81) filling 82) offering 83) appears / 84) reading 85) to take 86) appear 87) called 88) reflected 89) where 90) because 91) allowing 92) to get 93) causal 94) causes

95) which : 원문은 that 96) that

97) when 98) allowing 99) that 100) do 101) Thus, 102) that 103) integrated 104) incorporated 105) increased 106) being diverted 107) converted 108) begins 109) whose 110) the other,

111) what : 원문은 the things they like more

112) them.

113) to begin 114) entirely 115) that 116) unless 117) have 118) which 119) secondary

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