SPACE & ENVIRONMENT is primarily intended to help foreign experts and pro- fessionals in relevant fields understand overall present situations of spatial plan- ning and policy of Korea, and published bimonthly by KRIHS.
KRIHS is a government-sponsored research institute founded in 1978 to carry out research on territorial planning and poli- cies of Korea.
Conflict Management Using 1 Q Methodology in Territorial
Development
Smart Future City: Social Changes 5 in the Age of U-city
Baby Boomers’ Retirement and 10 Strategies on Boosting Rural Areas Smart Growth and Location Industry 13 in the Capital Region
International Collaboration 16 News & Announcements 19
T
here has been a rising prevalence of conflicts of interest over the public policies conducted by the government and public agencies. Amid this trend, conflicts over spatial policies, including national territory and regional development, play a major role in hindering society’s integration and stability. Against this backdrop, the government has devised various measures to prevent or resolve public project-related conflicts by enacting the Provision of Conflict Prevention and Resolution of Public Organization in May 2007.Although the government’s efforts have greatly contributed to the establishment of a public policy-related conflict management infrastructure, conflicts on state projects nevertheless continue to increase. Such a trend is attributable to the fact that the causes of conflicts have been explored primarily from an institutional standpoint; the government’s institutional improvement direction has not adequately reflected the stance of most policy users or stakeholders.
Q Methodology
The main cause of non-feasible management of conflicts is that measures to manage conflicts were bound by an institutional framework that focused on solving external and complicated circumstances while ignoring recognition (or subjectivity) an attribute that is not easily changed (such as opinions, values, beliefs, or convictions of an actor) regarding the conflict issue.
In this context and to enhance the effectiveness of conflict management, careful examination of society members’ recognition of the facilities in question is needed, based on the measures for conflict management. The examination of a conflict issue can start from the basic assumption that the framework of any given standpoint, through which people recognize objects or issues, can
Park Hyung-seo, professor at Daegu Haany University Chang Eun-gyo, associate research fellow
differ. The difference in various personal standpoints recognizing the same specific phenomenon has been confirmed by Wittgenstein’s duck rabbit picture. Some people recognize the picture as a duck whereas others recognize it as a rabbit. In other words, the same object or issue can be interpreted differently depending on the observer’s standpoint framework.
Stephenson created the Q Methodology in 1953 as a measure to solve the tension between objectivity and subjectivity in science. The Q Methodology, through which such different recognition can be scientifically judged, stems from the assumption that the study of essential human behavior and social phenomena is difficult if human recognition is excluded from the scientific research domain in society, where value evaluation and judgment are interrupted.
Recognition Types and Characteristics of Conflict Actors
The Q Methodology has been used to analyze the conflict actors’ recognition and their characteristics in conflicts over national territorial development cases. This was done first by selecting typical cases in the fields of SOC construction, city (re)development, and resources use. Cases included the Gwangju-Muan Airport attraction conflict; waste treatment facilities in the Guro-Gwangmyeong city development project district; and the Seosan-Taean Garolim tidal plant.
Regarding the conflict over the attraction of Gwangju-Muan Airport, 25 relevant stakeholders’
responses (P sample) were analyzed in relation to 23 items (Q sample). The stakeholders’ recognition types were divided into preferring decisions made by a large city market; prioritizing regional integration; and trusting national policies.
Preferring decisions by a large city market is a type that places importance on economic value as well as the international airport’s market functions, indicating that relevant functions such as airport location and domestic and international airline services can be solved in the market. Therefore, those who belong to this group are very critical of the Muan International Airport. They exhibit distrust of the government as well, since the central government is not considered to be active in solving the conflicts between Gwangju Airport and Muan International Airport.
Prioritizing regional integration places more emphasis on the regional integration value of mutual Figure 1: Wittgenstein’s Duck-Rabbit Picture
Items Standard Score
An international airport should be close to a large city.
An international airport is very important for regional development.
The attraction of international and domestic lines needs to be decided according to the market demand principle.
With the opening of Honam KTX, demand for domestic air transportation is considered to have diminished greatly.
1.63 1.60 1.55
1.18
A military airport is helpful in our region's development.
The central government is active in solving the conflicts between Gwangju Airport and Muan International Airport.
When the international and domestic lines are converged, air transportation demand in Muan International Airport will be sufficiently created.
The Muan International Airport has a competitive location as an international airport.
-1.38 -1.53
-1.54
-1.66
Table 2: Items Scored 1 or More Points in the Large City Market Decision Type
cooperation between Gwangju and Jeonnam. Those who fall into this category regard Gwangju and Jeonnam as one community.
Trusting national policies places importance on national project value and fosters the belief that a newly implemented project needs to continue.
Consequently, those who adhere to this type think that regions should actively cooperate for a national policy that has been already established unlike the supporters of Gwangju Airport. They think that a plan that was “wrong” from the start can be revised.
Concerning the conflict over constructing the waste treatment facilities in the Guro-Gwangmyeong city development project district, responses of 25 stakeholders on 23 items (Q sample) were analyzed.
It was found that the types of stakeholders’
recognition of such a project were divided into four:
giving priority on environmental value; believing in the rational plan implementation; pursuing causes;
and criticizing personal egoism.
First, those who prioritized environmental value think that the project should be canceled because environmental damages are anticipated due to the installation of waste treatment facilities. They are greatly concerned about environmental damages, including foul odor, and believe that such facilities should be located somewhere else than the current location through a re-review of project implementation.
Those who believe in rational plan implementation think that waste treatment facilities are not as dangerous as many people believe; thus they agree
with the project implementation as long as they are reasonable, e.g. building the facilities underground.
Meanwhile, those who pursue causes have a desire to provide a pleasant living space to the next generation rather than pursuing personal profit, thereby ignoring property value decline. Finally, those who criticize personal egoism condemn the opponents of building waste treatment facilities as ones who only worry about property value decline.
This group also worries about the political distortion of the conflict issue.
Lastly, regarding the conflicts over the construction of the Seosan-Taean Garolim tidal plant, responses of 29 stakeholders (P sample) to 31 items (Q sample) were analyzed and divided into six categories: having a distrustful and cynical attitude toward the government; worrying about livelihood and pursuing practical interest; harboring optimism;
putting more value on environment and ecosystem;
supporting a good cause; and being confident of the project implementation.
Respondents who expressed a distrustful and cynical attitude toward the government show strong distrust toward various public systems and government positions related to the Garolim tidal plant construction plan. They think that the plant results can be favorably manipulated, since a pre- environmental review or environmental management evaluation which should be performed for a large- scale territorial and regional development projects was carried out by the project builders. In addition, they believe that efforts to properly identify
Table 3: Items Scored 1 or More Points in the Giving Priority on Environmental Value Type
Items Standard score
A re-review is necessary when a project opposed by all the residents is implemented.
The relevant laws and systems are insufficient, although hearing the opinions of the surrounding region's residents is needed when facilities avoided by most citizens are installed.
Damages are inevitable because of foul odor in waste treatment facilities , as evident in other regions.
Considering the local residents' opinions is required.
1.55 1.19
1.19 1.07
Opposition arises on the ground of an environmental deal implemented in cooperation with the local governments.
Resources circulation facilities (recycling sorting center, etc.) will not damage the environment, unlike waste treatment facilities such as incineration and landfill.
Distorted public opinion is formed by the intervention of municipal and provincial council members.
The construction site should be monitored, since a project may be secretly carried out while it is suspended.
Despite opposition to the installation of resources circulation facilities, there will be no big problem once the facilities are built.
-1.37
-1.54
-1.66 -1.70
-1.79
regional opinions or situations were not made and that the government only listens to the builders when conflicts arise.
Included in the category of worrying about livelihood and pursuing practical interests are those who emphasize the fear that the mud coast, providing seafood and a foundation of their livelihoods, may disappear following the construction of the Garolim Tidal Plant. They believe that some measures are needed to alleviate such concerns.
Respondents who fall in to the category of harboring optimism express a
strong belief in the positive effects to be brought about by the construction plan of the Garolim Tidal Plant.
Respondents who put more emphasis on the environment and ecosystem value can be categorized them into environmentalist.
Those who belong to the type of supporting a good cause believe that tidal power can be generated as an effective means of solving a global problem namely, climate change rather than for national or regional profits.
Those who are confident of the project implementation believe that the project will neither
damage agricultural products nor cause farmland inundation within Garolim Bay.
The analysis of classifying recognition and characteristics of those involved in conflicts regarding national development can identify their internal perspectives. Thus appropriate communication methods or negotiation techniques may help solve conflicts according to type. There is also a possibility of forming a coalition for specific issues even if there are differences among its members. This can be effective in devising way to form a new agreement, breaking up the existing conflict structure of pros and cons.
Figure 5: Measures to Improve Information Sharing and Communication:
Discussion and Negotiation by Recognition Type
Items Standard Score
The environmental impacts according to tidal plant construction are not objectively and scientifically researched.
The government ignores local residents' opinions, and it does not try to understand the regional situation.
Positive regional impressions are all but non-existent.
Administrative procedures such as environmental review, presentation, and submission for public inspection are only formalities, hardly reflecting the overall consensus of actual residents.
The project will damage the marine environment and ecosystem and pollute the sea water.
1.64
1.53 1.49 1.46
1.34
The tidal plant should be viewed in the regional development dimension rather than the extreme black and white logic of pros and cons.
Some people engaging in the tourism industry will benefit when land is connected through the tidal plant.
People worry in advance although nobody knows the resulting damages and the Garolim sea does not disappear.
Residents' income will increase, thanks to the development of inland waters of Garolim Bay.
People oppose the tidal power generation although they receive compensation and jobs are created.
-1.37
-1.37 -1.44
-1.45 -1.51
Table 4: Items Scored 1 or More Points in the Distrustful & Cynical Attitude toward the Government Type
Smart Future City: Social Changes in the Age of U-city
Lee Jin-hui, associate research fellow
Progress of ICT Technology and the Rise of the U-city
In recent years, the term “smart” has been widely used in various fields of society, such as smart phone and smart work. The dictionary definition of smart is “clever,” “good-looking,” and “intelligent.”
However, when used in relation to software or hardware, this term refers to the capability of processing various types of information at an unprecedented high rate. This term has the same meaning as “intelligent,” and it is linked with the terms “information” and “ubiquitous.”
With computers, wireless communication, and the Internet becoming increasingly common since the mid 20th century, it has become possible to process, exchange, and distribute enormous amounts of data with no space restrictions. With regard to processing or exchanging information, the world has been unified and more directly connected. The progress of ICT technology is expected to change the physical space of cities and functions and the roles they play.
In other words, the reduction of the distance friction
effect in the delivery of information and communication is expected to change the existing environment of cities that have relied on distance and transportation means. Given the continuing progress of ICT technologies, the processing and exchange of information not only affect the physical environment of cities, but the technologies are also starting to be utilized in all parts of cities, thereby changing the aspects of cities.
As previously mentioned, “smart” means having the capability to process information; it is connected with the term “ubiquitous,” a Latin term meaning
“existing anytime, anywhere.” A ubiquitous environment allows users to access networks freely from anywhere, without being restricted to any specific computer or network. This is the same idea as “pervasive computing,” which means that computer-related technologies are adopted in every aspect of our lives. Ubiquitous is also a type of environment wherein each space of a city has the capability to process information; thus, any information can be processed anytime, anywhere.
The city in which all these possibilities are available Measures to Use the Q methodology in Policies
The measures to use the Q methodology in policies based on the results of the conflict actors’ recognition analysis are presented here. First, the need exists to enhance the effects of conflicts prevention by carrying out the recognition analysis process upon conflict impacts evaluation. The efforts to prevent conflicts can be effective when a conflict impact analysis, including the conflict actor’s subjective recognition of characteristics, is conducted.
Second, the negotiation technique design needs improvement. Conflicts can be preventable in advance when identifying the conflicts of interest structure in the process of the conflict impacts analysis: by grouping conflicts according to recognition type; developing
negotiation techniques; analyzing behavioral characteristics; and forecasting behaviors.
Finally, it is necessary to improve communication strategies and ways to participate in these strategies.
Since communication problems can create conflict, it is important to use various techniques in a timely manner, through which the recognition of differences can be understood and narrowed down. The results of analysing and classifying people’s recognition type can be useful in seeking the most suitable means of improving information sharing and communication between stakeholders.
Park Hyung-seo (liverpark@hanmail.net) Chang Eun-gyo (egchang@krihs.re.kr)
is called a U-city(ubiquitous city) in Korea. As a unique term used only in Korea to indicate a 21st- century IT convergence city, the U- city has the Act of the Construction, Etc., of Ubiquitous Cities (March 2008) and its Enforcement Ordinance (Sept. 2008).
From the Information Age Toward the U-city
The term “Informationization”
characterizes the socioeconomic activities or trends that create values by centering on information.
As the center of industry changes from the manufacturing industry to the information/brain industry, information is becoming the most
important resource in today’s society. In his 1982 book entitled The Third Wave, Alvin Toffler wrote that the initial revolution of mankind as the first wave was the agricultural revolution initiated with the invention of agricultural tools; the second wave was the industrial revolution expedited by the steam engine. Toffler predicted that the third wave would be the information revolution triggered by the invention of the computer in his 1982 book entitled The Third Wave. This third wave has not only changed our everyday lives, but also governs our way thinking. With the IT network extending to every corner of society, people can lead comfortable, efficient, and creative lives thanks to the medium of information. Thus, this is called the information age.
The information age can roughly be divided into three stages depending on the level of progress of terminals and network. Before the information age, in order to promote efficiency, information technology and computer systems were used to automate the work previously performed manually.
The progress of LAN and client-server-based information processing technology enabled computers to be connected; single works were interlinked through applications, thereby enabling one-way distribution, management, and the sharing of information. Restrictions on workspace were removed as well. In the early stage of the information age, the web service became
generalized on the Internet; all computers were connected to the network, and information was distributed actively through the network. Economic activities and communication in cyber space created the “cyber public space,” where time and space barriers were removed. The rapid spread of the Internet extended the information services to the general public and enabled various types of service to emerge. Various types of devices other than PCs were supplied as well. In the later stages of the information age, devices evolved so that a terminal can provide various types of information services. The mobile devices represented by mobile phones changed people’s behavioral pattern outside and extended personal space to the outside. The integrated device with portability enabled access to the network and created various types of mobile multimedia communication service.
Meanwhile, the U-city age is a more advanced concept than the information age. As the origin of the term suggests, a U-city refers to the environment wherein one can access the network freely without time and space barriers. Under the current law, a U-city is a city where U-city services are provided anytime, anywhere through the U- city’s infrastructure and constructed with U-city technology in order to enhance the competitiveness of the city and quality of life for citizens. A U-city is the place where ICT infrastructure management services are made intelligent and linked with each
Figure 1: IT Technology Progress
Source: National Information Society Agency (2009)
other. However, the law limits the infrastructure and services to those provided to the public.
Despite the inherent limits to the U-city concept as a result of the current law, the impending U-city age is not limited to the concept defined in the current law. Rather, it can be defined as the age wherein the U-city infrastructure based on U-city technology is generalized in the construction and management of the city, and the U-city service is extended and popularized across the city or nation.
As a result, the progress of ubiquitous technology significantly affects the lives of individuals, thereby causing a change in urban lifestyle. In this age, all objects will be equipped with micro- computer chips, thereby becoming intelligent.
Objects will also be able to process information and get interconnected with each other through the network.
Social Change in the U-city Age and the Need for New Urban Policy
Historically, the progress of technology is deeply connected with the spatial structure of cities.
With the advent of the U-city age, U-city technologies will progress and graft into cities, thereby changing citizens’ lifestyles and giving rise to spatial implications. To estimate such a change, a survey was performed to determine the change of lifestyle of citizens and the influence on urban space.
Business sector
A large part of traveling to meetings and commuting is expected to be replaced by remote activities. In general, telecommuting will shorten the time for the most fundamental travel (commuting) in people’s everyday lives, which will in turn lead to the reduction of travel to urban centers. As a result, the concentration of office facilities will be weakened; if this situation persists, it will bring about the dispersion of the urban center.
For example, Yuhan-Kimberly introduced the Smart Work system last year, extending its telecommuting, weekly workday system, and part-time work opportunities. The
company also opened smart work centers in three locations (i.e., a head office in downtown Seoul as well as offices in Jukjeon and Gunpo), thereby enabling employees to work in the centers if required. The boom of the smart work center will reduce concentration in the urban center and increase movement of offices to suburban areas, resulting in the dispersion of the city. Weekend concentration in the city center may cause the doughnut phenomenon, which requires a prevention policy.
Commerce & finance sector
In the commerce/finance sector, the number of offline visits was found to have been reduced substantially thanks to the e-commerce or e-banking already in place. Such decreased travel will continue; in the business sector, movement to large offices will decrease.
In terms of financial activities, the number of offline visits for relatively simple business is expected to be reduced, but the drop in travel could
Figure 2: Change of Lifestyle in the U-city Age &
its Implication vis-a-vis Space
*Note: RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification
be greater than expected as e-commerce and remote activities are in progress in other activities, such as personal consulting. The movement of center facilities into suburban areas is restricted due to competitiveness, symbolic value, and the accessibility of the urban center, but the decrease in demand will cause a reduction of scale.
For the finance sector, the center facilities will not be affected by dispersion because of their symbolic values and accessibility, and the scale will not be considerably reduced because the facilities are required for e-banking. Yet the number and scale of financial facilities in the neighborhood will be considerably reduced. Such change may bring about the reduction of neighborhood convenience areas, communities, and local commercial areas. Demand for commercial facilities and financial facilities in neighborhood convenience areas will be reduced in general, which will lead to a reduction of small-scale commercial zones. Since the reduction of commercial facilities where people in the area gather
and exchange with each other will cause a shrinkage of the community, measures for expanding the community facilities should be considered.
Education sector
The survey on education demonstrated that the use of educational facilities is expected to be reduced substantially, especially for public education, due to smart learning. Although smart learning will not eliminate the need for schools completely, a relatively greater part of the school education will be replaced by e-learning, and there will be substantial change in the size and location of schools. The reduction of demand for educational facilities will affect the size and location of individual facilities but will not have considerable influence on the dispersion of urban spatial structures because most schools are not located in the city center. In addition, a standard for facilities exists according to the number of students.
Figure 3: Direction of Urban Planning according to the Change of Urban Space
Likewise, as indicated in the survey results, the most critical factor in selecting a residential area is the environment for education. Thus, the change in education caused by smart learning will affect the location of residential facilities. According to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, textbooks for all subjects of all school years, from elementary school to high school, will be changed from paper to digital form by 2015, and students will take lessons on tablet PCs. Various kinds of video lessons and one-on-one online courses will narrow the gap in terms of the level of education among the urban center, suburban areas, and outside the cities. The equality of the educational environment will diversify the factors in deciding the location of residence and affect the dispersion of the population to suburban areas at a relatively low cost. The reduction in the use of educational facilities caused by smart learning is expected to reduce the size and number of private educational facilities. If this change continues, the number of private educational facilities which are operating autonomously, unlike public educational facilities will be gradually reduced. In particular, facilities located in the downtown area because of accessibility or the benefit of concentration will move to suburban areas. E-learning will create new exchanges and communities, but will translate into a reduction of the size and number of educational facilities. This is recognized as one of the typical community facilities; it may also give rise to problems such as reduction of one-to-one education and the weakening of communities.
Culture & recreation sector
As in the case of all other urban activities already discussed, travel for cultural and recreational activities will decrease substantially. Most cultural/recreational facilities are currently being restructured into multiplex facilities, and auditoriums (except small-scale theaters and stadiums) are not easy to relocate. Therefore, the reduction of the use of these facilities may not substantially affect the concentration or dispersion of cities. In the survey on cultural and recreational activities, many respondents indicated that they will watch movies from the outside, using personal or public devices. Therefore, there is a need to change the public space for this purpose. Aside from the
related infrastructure, a stable outdoor environment where people can gather and do these activities should be created. Radically preventing the reduction of direct exchanges caused by e-exchange requires making efforts to extend the community space and to develop various programs.
Direction of City Plans according to Changes in the Urban Space
Due to the change of various circumstances resulting from the advent of the U-city age, the use of land and demand for planned city facilities are expected to change in the urban center and suburban areas. City planning that does not consider the reduction of demand will give rise to the inefficiency of use as well as the doughnut phenomenon; thereby resulting in the need to develop a planning tool that can estimate the future demand for the individual area in detail and reflect the estimation on city plans. The area should be designated flexibly as well so that the convergence of functions promotes efficiency in the use of lands.
To prevent the decline of old urban centers and local cities, IT infrastructures should be installed in a balanced manner.
In addition to the spatial aspect, the implementation of related laws should be reviewed.
For U-cities, the planning, development, and management/ operation are handled by different bodies. City planning is the responsibility of the central government or local governments, whereas infrastructures and services are provided by the private sector and local governments, respectively.
To continue to promote U-city plans smoothly in the future, the agencies in charge of related plans and systems should be clearly defined. There is also a need to define the development, management, and operation of contents and services in detail. Since the separation of city planning from U-city planning makes implementing them difficult, the need exists to establish U-city guidelines for integration and coordination. Therefore, a comprehensive U-city plan must contain the space for comprehensive coordination with U-city-related plans, which must be reflected on the city plans as well so that they are not pursued separately.
Lee Jin-hui ( jhlee@krihs.re.kr)
T
he Korean baby boomer generation has just begun to reach the mandatory retirement age of 55 as of 2010. Representing a large proportion of the total population, baby boomers have played a key role in production and consumption, and will dominate the increasingly elderly society of the future. This future society will affect the national settlement spaces, including rural areas, in various ways. The baby-boom generation refers to those who were born between 1955 and 1963, amounting to roughly 6.9 million, or 14.5% of the population, as of 2010.Characteristics of baby boomers
The baby boom generation differs from the other generations in that a majority of them come from small towns (eup, myeon) in rural areas. This trend suggests a strong preference for returning to their hometowns. Another difference is that they should prepare for post-retirement life. Indeed, migration to rural areas is the most significant feature found amongst the baby boomers in a recent survey. It found that the majority of the baby boomers now living in cities want to lead rural lives after retirement. This migration can serve as a driving force behind boosting the rural economy.
Consequently, it is critical to establish policy measures ensuring that baby boomers living in cities can smoothly migrate to rural areas after retirement.
To this end, typical characteristics of the boomers should be identified: what their favored space structures of rural areas will be, their policy demands for stabilizing life after retirement and their expectations of quality of life. Concrete measures linking migration to rural areas with rural revitalization should be put in place accordingly.
The baby boom generation reshaped Korea’s population structure as it became the most working age population sector in its prime. The percentage of elderly among the entire population is expected to sharply increase by 0.7% in 2020 and 0.9% in 2025, whereas the percentage of working age population is expected to decline rapidly to 71.1% in 2020 and 63.1% in 2030 after peaking at 73.1% in 2014. This will usher in an aged society in earnest. This implies that the decade between 2010, where the baby boomers began to retire, and 2020 will be very significant in terms of relevant policy-making.
As of 2010, 5.7 million (82.8%) out of the total 6.9 million baby boomers are living in cities; 1.2 million, or 17.2%, reside in rural areas. Among those living in cities, 48.5% live in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). Notably, the percentage of those living in cities has recently decreased by 0.8% while that of those living in small towns (eup, myeon) of rural areas has gradually increased by 0.4%. By region, those living in the SMA deceased by 0.3% whereas those living in Chungcheong and Gangwon regions rose by 0.3% and 0.1%
respectively. This reflects the fact that as the baby
Baby Boomers’ Retirement and Strategies on Boosting Rural Areas
Kim Chang-hyun, research fellow
Figure 1: Working Age and Elderly Population Trends
boom generation begins to retire, its members are dispersing to non-SMA regions and small towns of rural areas.
According to a survey1) regarding baby boomers’
migration from big cities to rural areas, those who hold professional jobs with higher incomes, higher expected pension payouts and larger assets as well as parents living in rural areas are more likely to have detailed plans to move into rural areas after retirement. Roughly two-thirds of the respondents said that they are intent upon moving to
rural areas; 13.9% have concrete plans to do so, and 86% said they do so within the next decade.
It also found that baby boomers living in big cities had a higher preference for moving to rural areas near the SMA, but those who have concrete plans for residential moves preferred small towns of rural areas in non-SMA regions and farming areas in mega economic regions.
The survey also showed that in order to attract baby boomers to rural areas, it is important to create pleasant recreational spaces and employment and volunteer opportunities so that the residents can contribute to their respective communities. It appeared all the baby boomer living in big cities favored moving to rural areas with scenic amenities, e.g., mountains and valleys, that also provided easy access to the SMA so that they can still enjoy the comfort, convenience and higher-level services, e.g., culture, arts, medical care, and welfare found in cities.
A choice experiment also found that baby boomers living in the SMA want to live within the area due to convenient living conditions. Those in their late 50s who have just retired or are about to retire were found to prefer moving to farming areas in non-SMA
1) The web survey of 1,000 baby boomers living in metropolitan cities in mega economic regions (Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangu and Daejeon) was conducted from May 10 to Jun 10, 2011, aimed at identifying features of baby boomers by age. The target group covers ages ranging from those in their late 40s(45~49), their early 50s(50~54) to those in their late 50s(55~59).
Figure 2: Baby Boomer Distribution between Urban and Rural Areas
Table 3: Attributes and Levels of Rural Space for Applying Choice Experiments
Attributes
Levels
1 2 3 4
Access to urban service
Remote rural areas, fishing
& mountain villages
Town(eup)/
township(myeon) areas
Nearby small/medium- sized cities
Areas close to metropolitan cities
Proximity to SMA More than 3 hours 2~3 hours 1~2 hours Less than an hour
Pleasant natural
environment Islands/ coastal areas Areas close to cities Farmland/ field Mountain areas/valleys Expected income
(monthly) Less than a million won 1~2million won 2~3million won More than 3 million won
Land price (early burden)
More than 200,000won/1m2 [more than 200m won/990m2]
100,000~200,000won/1m2 [100~200m won/990 ]
50,000~100,000 won/1m2
[50~100m won/990m2]
Less than 50,00won/1m2
[less than50m won/990m2]
regions. The above-mentioned researches found that in order to promote city dweller migration to rural areas, particularly baby boomers, it is essential to improve the rural living environment. That entails medical care and welfare as well as creating job opportunities for those in their late 50s who favor the most rural areas of non- SMA regions. In addition, countryside housing complexes should be created while individual sites e.g., villas, should be closely linked with the existing villages.
The baby boomers living in big cities tend to place a higher premium on leisure and recreation in pleasant natural environments. But those in their late ‘50s who have concrete plans to move also desire stabilized living conditions for their parents living with them as well as a nurturing environment for their children. In terms of national policy, the survey found that it is important to improve living environments of rural areas regarding health care, welfare and
education, along with funding the creation of jobs and establishing rural settlements.
Therefore, as already mentioned, it is critical to establish policy measures that ensure that baby boomers now living in cities can smoothly migrate to rural areas after retirement and become a driving force for rural economic growth. To do so, the baby boomers’ needs should be identified: their favored space structures in rural areas, policies aimed at stabilizing life after retirement and quality of life.
Five Policy Priorities
To this end, five policy priorities are needed: i) promoting the attractiveness of inherent resources found in rural areas, e.g. scenic amenities (rivers, valleys, etc.), ii) forming a high-quality living environment including medical care, welfare and education, iii) creating job or volunteer opportunities by facilitating social enterprise, iv)creating a rural community in which all generations can live in harmony, and v) creating complex networks or complex spaces for housing, health care, welfare,
leisure, and tourism.
The directions of the five policy priorities are to facilitate rural settlement, revitalize the rural economy and create a rural settlement model that enhances quality of life. The three strategies for the priorities are as follows: i) creating countryside residences with pleasant and convenient living environments, ii) creating an opportunity for economic activities through jobs and volunteerism, iii) enhancing health and welfare of the elderly in rural areas.
It is important to fully utilize the existing policies and projects in order to effectively realize the new related policies. More specifically, for creating convenient rural living spaces with pleasant rural environments, it is desirable to utilize the existing policies on forming rural villages and new town projects. In terms of creating economic opportunity, the existing projects and polices regarding migration to farming could be utilized.
For enhancing health and welfare of the elderly, relevant projects for nurturing health and longevity and forming welfare complexes for the elderly Figure 4: Measures to Revitalize Rural Areas Following Baby Boomers’
Retirement: Rural Settlement Model
A
smart growth strategy was developed to manage the urban sprawl in the Northeast and Midwest regions of the U.S. in 1980. It includes not only environmental, but also social and cultural issues such as income inequality and community revitalization.Various civic organizations in the U.S. have proposed principles and guidelines for smart growth, emphasizing the significance of planning prior to development. The basic principle of smart growth is planned development and environmental
protection. In particular, the principle emphasizes a concept of “without planning, there is no development,” one that resembles the network urban growth and management in the Netherlands and England. However, growth patterns of the Seoul Metropolitan Area(SMA) are defined as urban sprawl rather than networked development.
Industry Location Patterns in the SMA
The most serious threat to smart growth in the SMA living in rural areas can be utilized. By
coordinating and adjusting the three strategies, detailed measures can be drawn up.
Creation of a Rural Settlement Model
A new concept for a rural settlement model dubbed as
“rural settlement hubs combining recreation, health and welfare” can be drawn up. By linking its main functions and roles, the rural settlement hub could play a key role in creating effective results: allowing the baby boomers, their parents and children to live together harmoniously in a stable and vitalizing environment while boosting the rural economy.
Under the model, a complex zone would be formed that combines the functions of a rural residential space, a vitality regenerating space, an economic activity space and health/welfare space.
In other words, a life zone network that is connected to the existing centers of rural areas would be formed. Those returning to rural areas and existing rural residents would engage in various social and economic activities through regional community organizations and social enterprise.
For the rural settlement hub model to function, an implementation system should be put in place in which projects are comprehensively carried out at the local government level through collaboration of the central and local governments and private sectors.
The central government, for its part, should support the establishment of the model. This would be done by encouraging baby boomers to migrate to rural areas by providing financial support and improving the related systems. For instance, a plan for combining forms of rural settlement hubs and comprehensive assistance projects could be established or enacted.
Local governments should establish relevant comprehensive plans and integrated various budgets to support policy projects regarding a rural settlement hub. To this end, measures such as setting up project organization, establishing plans considering the characteristics of each region’s settlement systems, and securing financing should be established.
At the private level, residents of the rural settlement hubs can participate in the process of developing and selling countryside housing complexes as well as in operating and managing production facilities, geriatric hospitals and other programs. The goal is to create a space where rural migrants and rural residents live in harmony. To this end, measures to form social ties and establish social enterprise should be prepared.
Kim Chang-hyun (chyunkim@krihs.re.kr)
Smart Growth and Location Industry in the Capital Region
Kang Ho-jae, research fellow
may be the unplanned sprawl due to individual firm location. A planned industry location includes a manufacturing industrial complex. The individual industry site in the SMA specializes in manufacturing electronic components, media and communications equipment, machinery and other products.
As start-up companies in the SMA are mostly supplied by individual land development rather than planned industry districts and land use zones, unplanned urban sprawl seriously threatens green spaces. Individual land development created by manufacturing firms is as high as 90% in some parts of the SMA including Hwaseong-si, Gimpo-si and Paju-si.
Individual firm location mostly leads to random unplanned development, which in turn will negatively impact the smart growth of the SMA. For example, the abovementioned regions, such as Paju-si, Gimpo- si and Hwaseong-si, are dotted with small manufacturing firms situated in areas filled with unknown tombs and abandoned barns.
Space-time Clustering Analysis on Industry Location in the SMA
In the analysis on industry location of in the SMA, we focus on space-time clustering, which has not been attempted in previous studies. This will help us identify and track down when and where the individual firms are clustered. Qualitative review of literature such as newspapers and various government reports are used to explain the result of the space-time clustering analysis.
Unlike previous spatial studies, space-time
clustering focuses on sudden changes, in which the geographic concentration is developing along with the time concentration. Thus, using space-time clustering analyses, one can easily identify when and where an individual firm start-up is taking place. To this end, more than 130,000 bits of data were collected from the Factory Establishment Management Information System(FEMIS) and merged with spatial data, using 60,000 start-up companies in the SMA.
Interestingly, the results show that in terms of the pattern of the urban development process in the SMA, it takes on a form of spiral rather than circular expansion. Specifically, the space-time clustering took place in Central Seoul in 1970s; it moved to Northern Seoul in the early 1990s. The phenomenon is now observed in Southern Seoul. It is also found that an urban sprawl pattern in the SMA took on the spiral form exactly at the time when the successive deregulation process was carried out. For example, Pocheon-si and Dongducheon-si on the Northern side of Seoul, the
Figure 2: Distribution of Industry Location in the SMA by Zone (Dec. 2012) Figure 1: Spillover Expansion of the SMA
1985 2003
first space-time hot spots in 1988, became popular industry locations because the region was the only place to establish the manufacturing factories amid skyrocketing increase in demand right after the 1988 Seoul Olympic Game. Seoul and other areas surrounding the SMA had been already under strong location regulations.
The second space-time hot spot, Gimpo-si, situated on the western side of Seoul, experienced a sharp increase in start-up manufacturing companies in 1994 thanks to deregulation policies targeted at the SMA. Under the SMA planning, Gimpo-si was designated as a growth management region in 1994, allowing it to attract manufacturing firms. In addition, as one of the biggest deregulation examples in the land use system, a quasi-agricultural zone was designated in 1993.
This led to serious unplanned land development in the SMA.
Despite a growing demand for industry locations in the SMA, the government in the past three decades only focused on de-regulating measures with regard to existing locations, instead of supplying planned industrial districts. The Korean government should have provided sufficient planned industrial districts and areas before deregulation to promote smart growth in the SMA.
Policy Implications for Smart Growth in the SMA
The space-time clustering analysis shows that planned industry district and industry lands were not provided at the right time, even though it should have been expected that deregulation would cause subsequent unplanned and serious urban sprawl in the SMA.
Nonetheless, the government allocates only 20%
of industrial complexes to the SMA, while 50% of registered factories are located in the region. In addition, under the Total Industrial Site Volume Control System, the areas allowed for building factories have been narrowed from 500m2to 200m2. In particular, the location regulation for independent industrial locations has proven ineffective in resolving problems arising from unplanned sprawl. The current location policy of the SMA should be reviewed and modified.
Kang Ho-jae (hkang@krihs.re.kr) Figure 3: Space-Time Concentration of
Individual District in the SMA
Figure 4: Spiral Expansion of Machinery and Manufacturing Industries’ Location
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION
Cambodia Thanks KRIHS for Establishing NSDI Master Plan
On February 16, 2012, a ceremony commemorating the progress of the Cambodian national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) master plan and the national standard base map was held in a conference hall of the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning, and Construction (MLMUPC), Cambodia.
In the ceremony, Dr. Shin Dong-bin was granted the Royal Order of Sahametrei, a medal presented by the government of Kingdom of Cambodia, for his contribution to developing Cambodia’s national spatial data, on behalf of the Hunsen, by the Minister of MLMUPC.
KRIHS announced research results regarding the Cambodian NSDI master plan, and set guidelines for setting up the national base standard map and the production of numerical maps. The Royal Order of Sahametrei is the highest award in the Kingdom of Cambodia and is a title conferred primarily on foreigners who have rendered distinguished services to the King and to the Nation.
Since April 2010, KRIHS has helped Cambodia strengthen its capability to establish its own national base map, which is required to develop national territory and national infrastructure. Also, the institution has established a basic plan for the nation to systematically manage and maintain major national geographical information.
Mongolian Delegation Visits to Benchmark Korea's Land Policy
KRIHS held an advisory program for a Mongolian delegation March 4-9, 2012, sponsored by the Asian Development Bank. The government delegation visited Korea to study its legal and institutional framework and experiences related to land acquisition and resettlement.
On March 5, the first day of the meeting, government officials including KRHIS president Park Yang-ho and Vice Minister Han Man-hee, Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM), were in attendance. The meeting focused on strengthening cooperation between Korea and Mongolia, and examined national and regional planning, related development, land and urban policies, land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) and valuation policies.
The second day dealt with LAR and its valuation for compensation, information systems and analysis for land management and urban planning and development. Afterward, participants visited leading private companies dedicated to the Geographic Information System.
The third day focused on housing, including mortgage loans and LAR. The delegation visited the Korea Land and Housing Corporation and the Korea Housing Finance Corporation.
The fourth day covered spatial data infrastructure and its use in governance, both for the coordination of inter-governmental organizations activities and customer service.
The final day included the presentation of LAR law designed to balance the rights of the affected people and public needs.
During the 6-day meeting, KRIHS and the Ministry of Road, Transport, Construction and Urban Development of Mongolia agreed to strengthen cooperation and to conduct feasibility study identifying relevant areas. The participants praised the meeting and KRIHS’
efforts.
KRIHS & VUPDA Discuss U-City and Green City
On February 23, 2012, three executives from the Vietnam Urban Planning and Development Association (VUPDA) visited KRIHS to exchange information with regard to U-City (smart city) and Green City in Korea.
VUPDA executives included Chairman Tran Ngoc Chinh, Vice Chairman Luu Duc Hai, and General Secretary Do Hau, as well as GDPC director Sakong Ho-sang, GDPC vice director Jo Jin-cheol, Dr. Wang Gwang-ik, and Dr. Kim Kirl attended the seminar. The executives showed great interest in Korean urban planning and national territorial policy as related to U- City and Green City.
At the seminar, Dr. Kim Kirl gave a presentation entitled “U-City Policy and Promotion Strategy” which focused on several elements that can be adopted in Vietnam. Dr.
Wang Gwang-ik presented “Climate Change and the Strategy of Green Cities.” In the subsequent discussion session, both institutions agreed on further collaboration in the related field.
KPI Gives Insight into Sino-NK Economic Cooperation
On February 17, 2012, KRIHS and the Korean Peninsula Institute (KPI) held a meeting at the Eastern Liaoning University. In attendance were Dr. Lee Sang-jun and Mr. Kim Hum from KRIHS and Professor Man Haifeng and Dr. Lee Hae-yeon from KPI.
Professor Man Haifeng presented issues regarding cooperation between North Korea and China including a project to build a new bridge over Amnok River, situated on the boundaries with North Korea and China, and a joint industrial complex on Hwanggumpyong, a North Korean island. He said thess projects would bolster inter-Korean collaboration into 2012; South Korea should conduct an internal review to respond to this development. In particular, the Professor provided a Chinese view-point on the development of Hwanggumpyong, helping to increase the understanding of development projects between North Korea and China. Going forward, KRIHS will deepen its cooperation with KPI and sign an MOU in this regard.
Seminar on Korea-UAE Knowledge Sharing Program
KRHIS and the Korea Development Institute (KDI) jointly sponsored a seminar on Korea- UAE Knowledge-Sharing Program Korea’s NGIS (National Geographic Information System) Achievements and Best Practices. In attendance was a United Arab Emirates (UAE)
delegation from the field of ICT (Information and Communication Technology).
In December 2009, during summit talks, Korea and the UAE signed an MOU in the field of ICT to boost cooperation between the two regions. Similarly, since 2010, a cooperative project to transfer Korea’s experience with economic development has been undertaken to help the UAE become an ICT leader in the Middle East and Africa regions. As part of the project, the delegation visited KRIHS, KISA(Korea Internet Security Agency) and Samsung SDS to learn about the Korean experience in the fields of e-literacy, Green ICT, Health ICT, System Integration and Spatial Data and to discussed their own policy directions.
Experts from the Abu Dhabi Systems
&Information Centre (ADSIC) and relevant officials from the GDPC, KDI, National Information Society Agency (NIA) discussed Korea’s NGIS and best practices, major accomplishments, KLIS (Korea Land Information System), U-City, KOPSS (Korea Planning Support System). It was followed by a session discussing further cooperation between Korea and the UAE.
The delegation expressed gratitude to KRIHS for the opportunity to learn about Korea’s experience with spatial information and expressed hope for further exchanges between the two institutions.
Turkey Urbanization Review (UR) Workshop
The Global Development Partnership Center (GDPC) attended Turkey’s Urbanization
Review (UR) workshop on the “Urbanization in Turkey,” co-hosted by the World Bank (WB) and the Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey(TEPAV). It was held in Ankara from January 10 to January 14, 2012.
The workshop, attended by about 60 dignitaries including Abha Joshi-Ghani, sector management of Urban Anchor of the World Bank, focused on both Turkey’s urbanization experience and on international knowledge.
During the workshop, Turkey’s Ministry of Environment and Urbanization recognized KRIHS for its efforts to help the Ministry’s development efforts over the past three decades. The ministry says it hopes to promote a continuous cooperative partnership in the fields of environment, land use, and construction. In a session especially prepared for KRIHS, Dr. Moon Jung-ho introduced KRIHS and shared Korea’s long-term experiences with national territory planning and development. When visiting Turkey’s Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Treasury and TEPAV, Dr. Jo Jin-cheol presented KRIHS’ future contribution toward urban transformation and housing-related matters.
KRIHS also visited the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at Istanbul Technical University and discussed pending i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o u r b a n a n d r e g i o n a l development fields between the two countries.
F u r t h e r c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o institutions will range from conducting an M O U c o n t r a c t t o e x p a n d i n g a c a d e m i c exchanges.
Dr. Mohiuddin Alamgir Explores Korean Economic Development
On February 28, 2012, KRIHS held the 65th Infra 21 seminar, inviting Dr. Mohiuddin Alamgir from Asian Development Bank as a special lecturer. Dr. Alamgir gave a presentation entitled: “Can Asian Countries Catch up with the Korean Tiger?” He showed some comparative indicators on seven Asian countries, including Korea and Thailand, for economic growth, urbanization, IT adoption and infrastructure development. Based on the comparative assessment, he offered infrastructure policy directions for developing countries. In particular, having paid close attention to the driving force of Korea’s successful economic growth, he stressed that issues facing many Asian countries could be resolved by learning from the Korean experience. Dr. Alamgir also emphasized the strong link between infrastructure planning and budget implementation, insisting that synchronized planning and budgeting can strengthen the feasibility of plans. In the subsequent discussion session, participants shared ideas for a potential partnership between KRIHS and ABD. They expected that KRIHS could successfully go global based on its experience on planning and policy making.
Prof. Hirohito Looks at the Future of Global Port Logistics
On February, 29, 2012, Professor Kuse Hirohito, vice president of the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, gave a lecture on “The
Future of Global Port Logistics” at the 65th Infra 21 seminar. Prof. Hirohito noted that global port logistics are at risk due to the global economic recession, and stated that the logistics industry has to turn crisis into opportunity. He expected that logistics in the future would be seamless based on improved infrastructure and standardized information systems, moving toward highly advanced ones. The professor pointed out that information technology and human resources would be key elements of the logistics system for advanced global port logistics, and advised that some crucial tasks regarding logistics infrastructure should be fulfilled in relation to transport policy and capacity building.
In the following discussion, participants shared their ideas about how to address upcoming challenges regarding global port logistics and on what should be done to overcome the crisis.
GDPC Holds Seminar on Korea ODA Policy
The Global Development Cooperation Center held a series of lectures on Official Development Assistance (ODA) by Mr. Lee Ryun-Ju dispatched from the Prime Minister’s Office in February 2012.
Mr. Lee made presentations on ODA-related issues including the concept of ODA, its international trends, and Korea’s policy directions. He also went into details of Korea’s ODA policies including development consulting, packaged-aid models, analysis on the operating trust fund, ODA in the ICT sector, ODA linkage between grants and free assistance, and the results of Korea’s ODA to
N N EWS & ANNOUNCEMENTS
Cambodia, to name a few.
He stressed that in order to develop a Korean-type ODA model that could stand out from those of advanced countries, it is important to discover information regarding development cooperation based on Korea’s experience breaking out of poverty and achieving democracy and economic development to in turn boost economic development in the developing countries. Korea’s ODA will increase substantially to 0.15 percent in ratio to the Gross National Income (GNI) by 2015.
KRIHS President & Daegu Mayor Discuss 2012 EAROPH Congress
KRIHS President Park Yang-ho visited Daegu city to discuss its hosting of the EAROPH Congress, scheduled to be held in October 2012. Daegu is located some 300 km southeast of Seoul. Daegu Mayor Kim Bum-il said that he would strive to make the world aware of the city and would secure a network of experts from member countries. He proposed a program in which foreign experts can make
urban planning suggestions after touring the city. In conjunction with the Congress, a Mayors' Caucus will be held to share various experiences of cities on urban planning and to plan future collaboration.
Call for Papers
The call for papers for the 2012 EAROPH Congress has now been released. Abstracts are invited on the following topics:
Main Theme: Green City for Human Betterment - Sub-theme 1: Strategies for carving our
Green City - Sub-theme 2: Housing - Sub-theme 3: Transportation - Sub-theme 4: Industry and Economy - Sub-theme 5: Regeneration
- Sub-theme 6: Governance
Please send your abstract of about 500 words to earoph2012@krihs.re.kr.
For further information on any aspect of the congress, please visit the website:
www.earoph2012.or.kr.
Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS) is committed to improving knowledge and understanding of the conditions and problems of the nation’s resources and their interactions with people. It assists the government in formulating long-range development plans and makes policy recommendations on related matters.
KRIHS carries out various activities to collaborate with the international research community in solving theoretical and practical problems concerning human settlement issues and planning. Also, it provides research expertise and consulting services along with training programs for foreign governments and institutions.
Copyright c April 2012
Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements
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E-Mail: gazette@krihs.re.kr Homepage: www.krihs.re.kr Publisher: Park Yang-ho Editor: Kim Hyun-sik Editorial Committee:
Cho Chun-man, Chung Jin-kyu, Jeong Youn-hee, Kang Mi-na, Kim Eun-jung, Kim Kirl, Kim Myung-soo, Lee Sang-gun, Lee Pan-sik, Lee Yoon-jeong, Min Seong-hee, Yoon Ha-jung
KRIHS GAZETTE April, Vol. 48
