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Effects of Meteorological and Oceanographic Properties on Variability of Laver Production at Nakdong River Estuary, South Coast of Korea

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전체 글

(1)

868

서 론

우리나라

(Porphyra yezoensis)

양식의역사성이나생산 규모면에서대표적인양식품목이다

(Ock, 2010).

양식은

540

여년전

(1470

년대

)

남해안광양만에서시작되었으며

(Bae,

1991), 1920

후반부터우리나라전역에근대양식이활발

해졌다

(Yoo, 2003).

낙동강하구에서도

100

여년전부터

식이이루어진것으로추정되며

,

실제로

1933

년에는낙동강

어장의흉작에관한조사가이루어졌다

(Kang, 1972).

김의연간생산량은

35

,

생산액은

2,774

원으로 품종넙치

,

전복다음으로생산액이높으며

(2012

기준

,

통계청

http://www.kostat.go.kr),

수출도지속적으로증가하여

2012

2.3

달러로해조류전체수출금액의

73%

차지하였

(

수산정보포털

http://www.figs.go.kr).

낙동강하구에는

721 ha

이르는면적에양식장이

포하고있으며

,

이는전국에양식허가면적의

1.3%

,

Article history;

Received 28 October 2013; Revised 13 December 2013; Accepted 16 December 2013

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51. 720. 2543 Fax: +82. 51. 720. 2515 E-mail address: [email protected]

Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46(6) 868-877, December 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2013.0868 pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

ⓒ The Korean Society of Fishereis and Aquatic Science. All rights reserved

낙동강 하구 해양환경 및 기상 요인이 김(Porphyra yezoensis) 생산량 변화에 미치는 영향

권정노·심정희

*

·이상용

1

·조진대

2

국립수산과학원 어장환경과, 1 국립수산과학원 해조류바이오연구센타, 2 부산지방기상청 예보과

Effects of Meteorological and Oceanographic Properties on Variability of Laver Production at Nakdong River Estuary, South Coast of Korea

Jung-no Kwon, JeongHee Shim*, Sang Yong Lee1 and Jin Dae Cho2

Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Korea

1

Seaweed Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Mokpo 530-420, Korea

2

Busan Regional Meteorological Administration, Busan 607-804, Korea

To understand the effects of marine environmental and meteorological parameters on laver Porphyra yezoensis production at Na- kdong River Estuary, we analyzed marine environmental (water temperature, salinity, nutrients, etc.) and meteorological properties (air temperature, wind speed, precipitation, sunshine hours) with yearly and monthly variations in laver production over 10 years (2003-2013). Air and water temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours and precipitation were major factors affecting yearly vari- ability in laver production at the Nakdong River Estuary. Lower air and water temperatures together with higher levels of nutrients and sunshine and stronger wind speeds resulted in higher laver harvests. Salinity and nitrogen did not show clear correlations with laver production, mainly due to the plentiful supply of nitrogen from river discharge and the low frequency of environmental mea- surements, which resulted in low statistical confidence. However, environmental factors affecting monthly laver production were related to the life cycle (culturing stage) of Porphyra yezoensis and were somewhat different from factors affecting annual laver production. In November, a young laver needs lower water temperatures for rapid growth, while a mature laver needs much stron- ger winds and more sunshine, as well as lower temperatures for massive production and effective photosynthesis, mostly in De- cember and January. However, in spring (March), more stable environments with fewer fluctuations in air temperature are needed to sustain the production of newly deployed culture-nets (2

nd

time culture). These results indicate that rapid changes in weather and marine environments caused by global climate change will negatively affect laver production and, thus, to sustain the yield of and predict future variability in laver production at the Nakdong River estuary, environmental variation around laver culturing farms needs to be monitored with high resolution in space and time.

Key words : Laver, Porphyra yezoensis, Mass production, Aquacultural environment, Nakdong River Estuary

(2)

www.kostat.go.kr). Choe and Chung (1972)

낙동강하구가 일본의생산해역국내완도등지에비해영양염이풍부하 생산을위한우수한어장이라평가하였으며

,

실제낙동강 에서생산되는김은색택과식감이우수하여좋은평가를받고 있다

.

한편낙동강하구는

1980

년대하구건설지형적으로 을숙도아래사주발달이심화되고있으며

,

수층혼합에관여하 기작이조류에서방류수량으로바뀌었다

(Jang and Kim, 2006; Kim et a., 2011).

또한하구건설오염부하량

,

영양 염류농도

,

녹조류남조류밀도증가등의생화학적변화가 확인되었다

(Moon and Choi, 1991; Cho et al., 2007; Yoon et

al., 2008).

이처럼낙동강하구는담수로부터공급된풍부한

양염으로인해양식의적지로판단되지만

,

주변산업단지로 부터의오염물질유입과하구건설로인한하구순환변화 환경변화를겪었으며

,

현재도진행중이다

.

이외에도최근양식산업은기후변화에따른해양환경변화

(

고수온

,

영양염류부족

,

유해물질증가

)

갯병빈발

,

황백 발생등의어려움을겪고있으며

,

대외적으로후발주자인 국의생산이급속하게증가함으로인한수출경쟁등의상황

직면하고있다

(NFRDI, 2013).

따라서연구는안정적이

고효율의생산을위해낙동강하구의생산량에영향을 미치는해양환경기상요인을파악하고자수행되었다

.

재료 및 방법

김 양식 현황 및 통계

우리나라에 보고된 속은

16

2

품종

(Hwang and Lee, 1994 and 2002)

있으나

,

현재양식에는참김

(P. tenera Kjell- man)

방사무늬김

(P. yezoensis Ueda)

주를이룬다

.

낙동강 하구에서는방사무늬김을주로양식하고있으며

,

성장속도와 생존력이강한특성으로점차확대되는추세이다

.

낙동강하구 에서는추석을전후하여채묘된그물발을부유식양식장에 치하고

,

보름정도단련기간을거친본양성에들어간다

.

채취는양성시작

15

경에하고

,

이후

20-25

간격으로

4-5

채취한다

.

번째양성을위해냉동상태로보존하던 그물발을양식장에설치하고단련과본양성을반복실시하며

,

시기는주로

2

월경전후가된다

.

따라서양식기간에 번의양식

(

일종의이모작

)

시행한다

.

김의양식생산은

12

월부터본격적으로시작되고다음해

4

까지지속된다

.

따라서생산량을산출할

1

월부터

12

월까 지의연도별생산량자료는실제적으로번의양식기간에 생산량이므로

,

해당양식시기의

·

흉년을논하기에는대표 성이떨어지는단점이있다

.

따라서생산량자료는양식순기 기준으로

10

월부터다음해

5

월까지의연산별생산량자료를 활용하였다

.

이에따라해양환경자료기상자료도

11

월부터 다음해

3

월까지를시기로나누어비교하였다

.

낙동강하구에서생산되는생산통계는부산광역시와 상남도의월별생산량생산금액을합산하여이용하였다

(

계청

, http://www.kostat.go.kr).

과거낙동강하구역일부가 상남도의창군에속하였던관계로지역에서생산되는김은 인근에위치한의창수협을통해경상남도수산물생산통계로 집계된다

.

따라서낙동강하구의실질적인생산은경상남도 부산광역시의자료를합산해야만한다

.

이는경상남도의 양식면허지가없다는점과경상남도와부산시해양수산과 전화문의

,

양식협회부산지부관계자자문을통해 인하였다

.

연구지역 및 현장 조사

낙동강하구에위치한양식장은삼각주울타리섬

(

진우

,

신자도

,

도요등

),

가덕도와다대포를경계로하는해역에 서방향으로분포하고있다

(Fig. 1).

해양환경조사는

2011/2012

년과

2012/2013

양식시기

(9

월부터

5

월까지

)

보름간격 으로양식장을대표할있는

3

정점에서실시하였다

(Fig.

1).

다목적수질측정기

(YSI6000, YSI, USA)

수온

,

염분

, pH,

용존산소를측정하였으며

, Niskin

채수기로표층해수를채집하 였다

.

표층수의영양염과엽록소

,

부유물질분석을위해채집된 해수는냉장상태로실험실로옮긴

(1-2

시간이동

),

해양환경 공정시험기준

(MLTM, 2010)

따라전처리분석을실시하 였다

.

영양염은자동분석기

(QuAAtro system with 4 channel, BranLuebbe, Germany)

측정하였으며

,

표준물질

(OSIL社 &

Wako社)

검량용표준용액을만들고검정하였다

.

용존산소

Fig. 1. Map showing the study areas and laver culturing farms at Nakdong River Estuary. St.1~3(red circles) are the stations for this study and ME.1~4(blue squares) are the Nakdong Estuary stations surveyed by the project of nationwide marine environmental monitoring network (http://www.meis.go.kr).

st.1

st.2st.3

ME.2

ME.4

ME.3

ME.1

(3)

권정노

심정희

이상용

조진대

870

현장에서용존산소용병에채수하고

1, 2

고정시약으로

,

실험실로옮겨적정기

(Dosimat 876 system, Metrohm, Switzerland)

적정하였다

(Parsons et al., 1984).

한편다목적 수질측정기

(YSI6000, YSI, USA)

현장에나가기전에검교 정을하고

,

실험실에서동일조건에서

CTD (19plus, Sea-Bird Electronics, USA)

비교측정보정하였다

.

기상 및 해양환경 자료

1996

년부터전국연안환경의지속관리를위해국가적규모 실시된해양환경측정망은전국연안의

400

정점에서 환경조사를지속적

(

4

)

으로실시하고있다

.

낙동강하구는

2004

이전에는부산권해역에포함되어

1-2

정점조사되었으

, 2004

년부터특별관리해역으로분류되어조사정점이

4

개로확대되었다

(Fig. 1).

해양환경측정망의 낙동강하구정점 양식해역과연구의조사정점보다다소외해에위치하

(

양식장과직선으로

3-7 km

거리

),

낙동강환경변화를 대변할있는유일한장기해양환경모니터링자료이다

.

따라 생산량자료와비교하기위해

2004

2

월부터

2013

5

월까지의관측자료를활용하였다

(

국가해양환경정보통합시스

, http://www.meis.go.kr).

낙동강하구에위치한양식장의기상은부산기상대에서 측한

2003

1

월부터

2013

5

월까지의자료

(

일평균기온

,

평균풍속

,

강수량

,

일조량

)

이용하였다

(http://web.kma.

go.kr/aboutkma/intro/busan).

부산시동래구에위치한부산기

상청은양식장과

25-30 km

떨어져있어

,

국지적으로

생하는기상현상이나바다로부터받는영향등을정밀하게 변할수는없으나연구에서는또는계절주기의기상변화 주로평가할것이므로부산기상청의관측정보가낙동강 구의월별

,

계절별

,

연별기상변화를대표한다고가정하였다

.

결 과

낙동강 하구 해양환경특성

국가해양환경측정망에서

2004

2

월부터

2013

5

월까지 관측된낙동강하구의해양환경인자들의변화

(4

정점평균

)

Fig. 2

같다

.

수온은계절별로

8

월에

(20.4-27.2℃)

가장 았고

2

월에

(9.6-12.4℃)

가장낮았으며

, 2012

8

월에

27.2℃

최고수온을보였고

, 2008

2

월에

9.6℃

최저수온을 타냈다

.

양식이시작되는

11

수온은

2010

년이

15.6℃

가장낮았고

2005

년이

18.3℃

가장높았다

.

표층수의염분은

4

Fig. 4. Monthly variations of laver mass-production, mean of air temperature and wind speed, and sum of sunshine hours during laver culturing season (from Nov. to Mar.) of 2003~2013 measured at laver farms around Nakdong River Estuary and at Busan meteorological station.

100 0 20 40 60 80

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

80 60

15 20 25 30 35

40 20 0

DIN (μmol L

-1

)

DIN (μmol L-1)DO (mg L-1)SalinityTemperature (ºC)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Salinity y = -5.75× + 202.6 R2 = 0.83

5 4 3

15 20 25 30 35

2 1 0

CID (mg L

-1

)

Salinity y = -0.11× + 4.53 R2 = 0.55

100 80 60

0.0

8,000

15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 -5.0 4.0 3.0

2.0

300 250 200 150

30 25 20

12 13 14

y = -4.71× + 83.1 R2 = 0.30

15 16

15 10 5 0

100 6,000 4,000 2,000 0

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

0.5 1.0 1.5

40 20 0

DIN (μmol L

-1

) Production (ton) Air temperature ( ºC) Wind Speed (m s

-1

) Sunshine hours (h) Laver production (10

3

ton)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Water Temperature (10ºC)

Laver production (10

3

ton)

DIP (μmol L-1)

100 80 60

0 20 40 60

40 20 0

DIN (μmol L

-1

)

Silicate (μmol L-1) y = 1.65× + 3.20 R2 = 0.29

0 8 10 12 14

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0

25 30 35 40

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0

10 20 30

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

0 20 10

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Chl- (μg L-1)

a

COD (mg L-1)Silicate (μmol L-1)Phosphate (μmol L-1)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 100

20 40 30 50

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

0 12 43 5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

30 25 20

12 14 15 16

15 10 5 0

Salinity DIN (μmol L-1)

30 25 20

12 14

y = -4.71× + 83.1 R2 = 0.30

15 16

15 10 5 0

30 25 20

0 1 2

y = 3.92× + 7.57 R2 = 0.51

3 4

15 10 5 0

Chl- (μg La -1) 30

25 20

2 5 8

y = -2.13× + 31.16 R2 = 0.37

11 15

10 5 0

(e) (f) (g) (h)

Air Temperature (ºC) 30 25 20

2.8 3.1

y = 17.21× - 37.62 R2 = 0.19

3.4 3.7 15

10 5 0

Wind Speed (m sec-1) Sunshion (hour) 30

25 20

170 190

y = 0.23× - 27.88 R2 = 0.21

210 15

10 5 0

30 25 20

0 30 60

y = 0.09× + 13.35 R2 = 0.24

90 120 15

10 5 0

Rainfall (mm)

■ ME.2

■ ME.4

■ ME.3

ME.1■

Fig. 2. Temporal variations of water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphate, silicate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and Chlorophyll-

a

at Nakdong River Estuary from 2004 to 2013 surveyed by the project of nationwide marine environmental monitoring network (circle and dotted line (moving average of 4 points), http://www.meis.go.kr) and by this study from 2011 to 2013 (x in red).

(4)

19.6-34.3 psu

범위였으며

,

평균은

31.9 psu

이었다

.

강우에 영향으로여름에염분이낮았으며

, 2006

8

월에

19.6 psu

가장낮았다

.

이는

2006

7

(

강수량

600 mm)

다른

7

(2000-2012

평균강수량

390 mm)

비해강수량이많았 관계로

,

조사기간

(8

)

에도하구둑을통한담수방류가 지속되었던것으로생각된다

.

이처럼조사시기와하구방류 시간이일치하고양이많을경우

,

측정망정점까지담수영향 확대되어나타나며

,

이로인해염분을비롯한해양환경인자 들이영향을받는것으로나타났다

.

용존산소는

7.0-12.3 mg L

-1범위였으며

, 2-5

월에높고

11

낮은계절변화를보였다

.

화학적산소요구량

(COD)

0.3- 4.2 mg L

-1범위였으며

,

염분이가장낮았던

2006

8

월에 학적산소요구량은가장높았다

.

엽록소

a

농도는

0.7-21.0 µg L

-1

(

평균

4.8 µg L

-1

)

범위를나타내었으며

, 5-8

월에비교적높고

11-2

월에낮았다

.

영양염류용존무기질소는

1.1-25.5 µmol L

-1

(

평균

8.9 µmol L

-1

)

범위였으며

,

계절에따른변화보다는 분이낮을비교적높은값을보여

,

담수유입량에따른변동 강한것으로생각된다

.

용존무기인의경우

0.1-0.9 µmol L

-1

(

평균

0.4 µmol L

-1

)

범위였으며

, 11

월에낮고

2

-5

월에높은 계절변화를보였으며

,

규산염의경우

0.3-46.7 µmol L

-1

(

평균

11.6 µmol L

-1

)

범위였으며

,

뚜렷한계절변동보다는용존무기질 소와마찬가지로담수의영향을받는것으로생각된다

.

1970

낙동강 양식장에서

11

개월 조사한 결과

(Choe and

Chung, 1972)

비교를통해 간의 환경변화를 고찰하고

하였다

(Table 1). Choe and Chung (1972)

조사한정점

5

위치가국가해양환경측정망낙동강하구정점

2

비슷하 직접비교하였다

.

염분의경우

1970

년에측정한

Choe and

Chung(1972)

에서 낮았으며

,

더불어 용존무기질소의

80-

90%

차지하는질산염의농도도

4-5

높았다

.

특히규산염의

경우는측정망에비해

Choe and Chung (1972)

에서

8

나타났다

.

양식시기의결과만비교하면

, Choe and Chung

(1972)

비해연구에서측정한질산염의평균농도가다소

높았다

.

반면규산염은

Choe and Chung (1972)

에서이번결과 보다평균

3-5

높았다

.

이상의결과에서

,

하구건설이전에 낙동강하구는지금보다넓은해역에걸쳐담수의영향으로 염분을비롯한질산염과규산염의분포에있어현재보다시공 간적인변화가컸던것으로생각된다

.

특히규산염은질산염보 하구건설전과후에농도범위와평균이매우크게변화 것으로나타났다

.

2011/12

년과

2012/13

양식시기에양식장에서관측한

양환경자료를측정망자료와비교를위해

Fig. 2

같이나타내 었다

(3

정점평균

).

수온의경우

8.1-21.9℃ (

평균

13.2℃)

위였으며측정망결과와도일치하였다

.

양식초기

(9

중순

)

부터수온은점차낮아져

1

월말

/2

월초에최저치를보인

5

까지점차상승하는경향이었다

.

양식장에서측정된염분은

21.2-33.9 psu (

평균

29.9 psu)

범위였으며

,

측정망결과보다 체로낮은경향을보였으며

,

변화도일정하지않았다

.

이는 양식장정점이측정망정점에비해하구둑의방류수영향을 in Nakdong Estuary, Busan

Parameter (Unit)

Annual base Season for laver production

St. 5 at

Choe & Chung, (1972)1 St. 2 at MEIS2 Choe & Chung(1972)3 This study

range average range average range average range average

Temperature (°C) 5.7~27.5 18.2 11.44~26.5 17.35 8.1~21.9 13.2

Salinity 11.26~31.22 21.34 15.07~34.2 32.38 21.22~33.89 29.88

pH 7.7~8.4 8.0 7.78~8.4 8.13 7.46~8.17 7.93

DO (mg L-1) 7.57~10.27 8.67 6.12~12.7 8.80 7.33~10.43 9.01

NH4-N (μmol L-1) 0.33~2.73 0.78 ~7.47 1.15 0.24~12.54 1.59 0.83~6.96 2.70

NO2-N (μmol L-1) 0.19~2.09 0.88 ~2.57 0.43 0.21~1.47 0.57 0.04~3.22 0.86

NO3-N (μmol L-1) 5.93~56.79 23.17 0.07~19.86 5.00 8.70~34.17 17.13 4.52~71.17 27.20 PO4-P (μmol L-1) 0.20~1.73 0.88 0.03~0.97 0.38 0.27~1.45 0.63 0.07~1.37 0.53 SiO2-Si (μmol L-1) 18.33~131.03 71.16 0.32~47.92 9.17 18.33~123.56 56.34 6.67~38.71 16.64

1Values are based on the result of 11 monthly cruises from Feb. to Dec., 1970.

2Values are based on the results of every 4 months(Feb., May, Aug., Nov.) from 2004 to 2011 (http://www.meis.go.kr).

3Values are based on the results of Feb., Mar., and Nov., 1970.

(5)

권정노

심정희

이상용

조진대

872

직접적으로받는위치에있으며

,

비가내린직후조사를실시한

경우가많았기때문이다

.

특히

2012/13

년은겨울강수량이

소에비해

2

이상

(12

강수량의경우평소보다

5

이상

)

내렸던해로

,

염분의변화가더욱컸던것으로생각된다

.

림에는표현하지않았지만

,

양식장의정점

1

에서정점

3

갈수록염분이높은것으로보아

,

정점

1

방류수의영향 가장많이받는것으로생각된다

.

상대적으로동남쪽에위치 정점

3

비교적영향을받는것으로생각되며

,

이는

Jang and Kim (2006)

조사에서담수패치

(patch)

가덕도방향으 편향된다는결과와일치한다

.

용존산소는

7.3-10.4 mg L

-1

(

평균

9.0 mg L

-1

)

범위를보였

으며

,

측정망결과와비교하였을

,

편차범위내에분포하였다

.

화학적산소요구량은

2013

5

월을제외하면

0.5-2.3 mg L

-1

(

평균

1.2 mg L

-1

)

범위였으며

,

측정망결과와대체로유사한 범위를보였으나

,

염분과양의상관성을

(r

2

=0.55, Fig. 3)

이는것으로보아방류수의영향으로다소높은경우도빈발하 였다

.

예로

2013

5

월은

4.0 mg L

-1으로비슷한시기에 정한측정망보다

2

높게나타났다

.

엽록소

a

0.7-10.8 µg L

-1

(

평균

2.5 µg L

-1

)

범위였으며

,

측정망결과와유사한분포 위를보였다

.

용존무기질소는

8.9-78.6 µmol L

-1

(

평균

30.7 µmol L

-1

)

범위 담수의영향으로높게나타난것으로생각되며

,

이는염분과 Fig. 3. Relationships between salinity and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (a) and chemical oxygen demand (b), dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate (c), and silicate (d) measured at laver Porphyra yezoensis culturing farms around Nakdong River Estuary in 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons. Dotted circle point is excluded in calculation of correlation.

4

Fig. 4. Monthly variations of laver mass-production, mean of air temperature and wind speed, and sum of sunshine hours during laver culturing season (from Nov. to Mar.) of 2003~2013 measured at laver farms around Nakdong River Estuary and at Busan meteorological station.

100 0 20 40 60 80

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

80 60

15 20 25 30 35

40 20 0

DIN (μmol L

-1

)

DIN (μmol L-1)DO (mg L-1)SalinityTemperature (ºC)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Salinity y = -5.75× + 202.6 R2 = 0.83

5 4 3

15 20 25 30 35

2 1 0

CID (mg L

-1

)

Salinity y = -0.11× + 4.53 R2 = 0.55

100 80 60

0.0

8,000

15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 -5.0 4.0 3.0

2.0

300 250 200 150

30 25 20

12 13 14

y = -4.71× + 83.1 R2 = 0.30

15 16

15 10 5 0

100 6,000 4,000 2,000 0

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

0.5 1.0 1.5

40 20 0

DIN (μmol L

-1

) Production (ton) Air temperature ( ºC) Wind Speed (m s

-1

) Sunshine hours (h) Laver production (10

3

ton)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Water Temperature (10ºC)

Laver production (10

3

ton)

DIP (μmol L-1)

100 80 60

0 20 40 60

40 20 0

DIN (μmol L

-1

)

Silicate (μmol L-1) y = 1.65× + 3.20 R2 = 0.29

0 8 10 12 14

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0

25 30 35 40

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0

10 20 30

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

0 20 10

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Chl- (μg L-1)

a

COD (mg L-1)Silicate (μmol L-1)Phosphate (μmol L-1)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 100

20 40 30 50

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

0 12 43 5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

30 25 20

12 14 15 16

15 10 5 0

Salinity DIN (μmol L-1)

30 25 20

12 14

y = -4.71× + 83.1 R2 = 0.30

15 16

15 10 5 0

30 25 20

0 1 2

y = 3.92× + 7.57 R2 = 0.51

3 4

15 10 5 0

Chl- (μg La -1) 30

25 20

2 5 8

y = -2.13× + 31.16 R2 = 0.37

11 15

10 5 0

(e) (f) (g) (h)

Air Temperature (ºC) 30 25 20

2.8 3.1

y = 17.21× - 37.62 R2 = 0.19

3.4 3.7 15

10 5 0

Wind Speed (m sec-1) Sunshion (hour) 30

25 20

170 190

y = 0.23× - 27.88 R2 = 0.21

210 15

10 5 0

30 25 20

0 30 60

y = 0.09× + 13.35 R2 = 0.24

90 120 15

10 5 0

Rainfall (mm)

■ ME.2

■ ME.4

■ ME.3

ME.1■

(6)

낙동강 해양환경 및 기상 요인과 김 생산량 변화

873

4

Fig. 4. Monthly variations of laver mass-production, mean of air temperature and wind speed, and sum of sunshine hours during laver culturing season (from Nov. to Mar.) of 2003~2013 measured at laver farms around Nakdong River Estuary and at Busan meteorological station.

100 0 20 40 60 80

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

80 60

15 20 25 30 35

40 20 0

DIN (μmol L

-1

)

DIN (μmol L-1)DO (mg L-1)SalinityTemperature (ºC)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Salinity y = -5.75× + 202.6 R2 = 0.83

5 4 3

15 20 25 30 35

2 1 0

CID (mg L

-1

)

Salinity y = -0.11× + 4.53 R2 = 0.55

100 80 60

0.0

8,000

15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 -5.0 4.0 3.0

2.0

300 250 200 150

30 25 20

12 13 14

y = -4.71× + 83.1 R2 = 0.30

15 16

15 10 5 0

100 6,000 4,000 2,000 0

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

03-N 04-J 04-M 04-N 05-J 05-M 05-N 06-J 06-M 06-N 07-J 07-M 07-N 08-J 08-M 08-N 09-J 09-M 09-N 10-J 10-M 10-N 11-J 11-M 11-N 12-J 12-M 12-N 13-J 13-M

0.5 1.0 1.5

40 20 0

DIN (μmol L

-1

) Production (ton) Air temperature ( ºC) Wind Speed (m s

-1

) Sunshine hours (h) Laver production (10

3

ton)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Water Temperature (10ºC)

Laver production (10

3

ton)

DIP (μmol L-1)

100 80 60

0 20 40 60

40 20 0

DIN (μmol L

-1

)

Silicate (μmol L-1) y = 1.65× + 3.20 R2 = 0.29

0 8 10 12 14

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0

25 30 35 40

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0

10 20 30

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

0 20 10

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Chl- (μg L-1)

a

COD (mg L-1)Silicate (μmol L-1)Phosphate (μmol L-1)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0

10 20 4030 50

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

0 12 43 5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

30 25 20

12 14 15 16

15 10 5 0

Salinity DIN (μmol L-1)

30 25 20

12 14

y = -4.71× + 83.1 R2 = 0.30

15 16

15 10 5 0

30 25 20

0 1 2

y = 3.92× + 7.57 R2 = 0.51

3 4

15 10 5 0

Chl- (μg La -1) 30

25 20

2 5 8

y = -2.13× + 31.16 R2 = 0.37

11 15

10 5 0

(e) (f) (g) (h)

Air Temperature (ºC) 30 25 20

2.8 3.1

y = 17.21× - 37.62 R2 = 0.19

3.4 3.7 15

10 5 0

Wind Speed (m sec-1) Sunshion (hour) 30

25 20

170 190

y = 0.23× - 27.88 R2 = 0.21

210 15

10 5 0

30 25 20

0 30 60

y = 0.09× + 13.35 R2 = 0.24

90 120 15

10 5 0

Rainfall (mm)

ME.1■

높은음의상관성을나타내는것으로있다

(r

2

=0.83, Fig.

3).

따라서측정망에비해대부분의시기에질산염은높고황백

발생기준

(5 µmol L

-1

)

보다도높으므로

,

낙동강하구에위치 하는양식장은풍부한영양염으로인해황백화발생가능성

매우낮음을있었다

.

인산염과규산염은각각

0.1-1.4

µmol L

-1

(

평균

0.5 µmol L

-1

)

6.7-38.7 µmol L

-1

(

평균

16.6

µmol L

-1

)

범위였으며측정망정점에비해다소높게나타났으

,

특이하게높은

1~2

점을제외하면

,

측정망과비슷한범위 Fig. 4. Monthly variations of laver mass-production, mean of air temperature and wind speed, and sum of sunshine hours during laver Por- phyra yezoensis culturing season (from Nov. to Mar.) of 2003~2013 measured at laver farms around Nakdong River Estuary and at Busan meteorological station.

수치

Fig. 1. Map showing the study areas and laver culturing farms at  Nakdong River Estuary
Fig.  4. Monthly variations of laver mass-production, mean of air temperature and wind speed, and  sum of sunshine hours during laver culturing season (from Nov
Fig.  4. Monthly variations of laver mass-production, mean of air temperature and wind speed, and  sum of sunshine hours during laver culturing season (from Nov
Fig.  4. Monthly variations of laver mass-production, mean of air temperature and wind speed, and  sum of sunshine hours during laver culturing season (from Nov
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