Immunomodulatory Activities of Oat Bran Extracts with Different Extraction Conditions

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(1)KOREAN J. FOOD SCI. TECHNOL. Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 103~107 (2005). ©The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology. ºÂö 8 æÒ ºÂb~ 9 ;\;ÁBJV1Á;>2Á;>3ÁB%Á;òç* Ï§v ®", 1Ï§v >~", 2Ï§" ®«"", 3()£. Immunomodulatory Activities of Oat Bran Extracts with Different Extraction Conditions Hee-Joeng Park, Yun-Bae Kim1, Tae-Su Kang2, Ick-Soo Jung3, Kwang-Yup Kim, and Heon-Sang Jeong* Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University 2 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk Provincial University 3 Technical Research Institute, Bolak Company Limited Immunomodulatory activities of crude β-glucans extracted from oat bran under different conditions, fractions A (55oC, 5%, pH 6), B (45oC, 15%, pH 6), C (50oC, 20%, pH 7), D (50oC, 0%, pH 7), and E (50oC, 10%, pH 9), were investigated. All crude β-glucan fractions stimulated macrophages, producing nitric oxide dose-dependently, and, efficiently promoted nitric oxide production in presence of IFN-γ. Except for fraction C, in vivo test indicated fractions B, D, and E (100 mg/kg) substantially enhanced carbon-phagocytic indices of blood macrophages by oral administration of crude β-glucan for 7 days prior to carbon injection. These immunomodulatory effects could be determined with extraction conditions of crude β-glucan. Key words: oat bran, crude β-glucan, murine peritoneal macrophages, nitric oxide, carbon clearance. *. . º ©b rJ^ ® (9). Estrada (10)f ;~ macrophageº æÒ β-glucan R R Ïï" >w *ö jf~ IL-1j Ö~, IL-2, IFN-γ 5 IL-4¢ * ~'b ª j~² bB VËj ¶ ~&, Staphylococcus aureusö 6"B 3¢ êö îÖÊö β-glucan 500 µgj 1² ; "Ò®j r N ¸jr ~& . Yun (9)f Staphylococcus aureusf Eimeria vermiformisö 6"B vö æ Ò β-glucan(68.2%)j ã 6º ;"Ò Îv v ö & Ú& Ã&~B &W ËçB ~& . ß® Eimeria vermiformisö 6"B vö R ®j r mesentric â*." Peyer’s patchöB W. >& væ² Ã& ~& . ÒWf çFç¢ r ªæ ;¢ r z W ;~ º (11), β-glucan Wî" ÖB ; W Ú& Ö> ÒWj ¾æÞ º (12) 5 single helical triple helical β-glucan~ nitric oxide WË Ö>~ º (13)öBf ? β-glucan~ ^ 5 ßW ö V¢ ¢æ² B . æÒ F¾~ F;(13), (1 4)-β-D-glucan~ ãÖöº lichenaseö ~ &>ª W> º ²~~ DP3/DP4 jN ¾(14), 7ê& ²~ & ôj> Ïê& Ôj^(15) Ò' ÎË 6²~² B. (3). ¾ æÒ β-glucan~ ^ ' Nf Ò Î"ö & º ¢ 5 ;BB ò~ ï { ~ ÚJæ b 7º*~² Úææ á~ ® . 6. æÒ(Avena sativa. L.)º â"(Gramineae)ö ³~º ¢>'b ïÛ ÆNöB ¾ ¶¢º &' ~B(1) J¾*¦ V oatmeal ; ®b S>Ú zb, æÒ~ β-glucan f 1942jö Morrisö ~B ¾rb ªÒ>îb¾(2) ² "Ï Aæ á~ & ®ÏW RFö j~ >ÏW R F~ Ò' VË z Ö> © rJæB(3) >ÏW βglucan ï ¸f æÒö & & Ã&~² >î . æ Ò 7~ >ÏW β-glucan ïf C β-glucan~ 80%¢ Næ~ Ò~ 54%ö j~ ¸f ©b rJ^ ® (4). æÒ β-glucanf .7 .Êr ïj Ôº(5) ê ~~ ²z >¢ æÊ insulin~ ªj¢ . ö jî ¢ ÷ö ®ÚB . ³ê¢ &~Ê(6) &Ëzj .O ~º ©b rJ^ ® (7). 6 æÒ β-glucan~ Wf . Ó~ &:Ö IgG, IgG 1, IgG 2, IgM 5 IgAj Ã& ÚbB(8) ¦¦V « ö &~ &Wj ¸ *Corresponding author: Heon-Sang Jeong, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaesingdong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763 Korea Tel: 82-43-261-2570 Fax: 82-43-271-4412 E-mail: [email protected] 103.

(2) ®"²æ B 37 ² B 1 ^ (2005). 104. β-glucan~ ßWf ºÂ 5 O» ö V¢ ¢æ² >æ (14-16) VËW ²Ò BB~V *Bº ºÂßWö V Ò' VËö & & Ú^¢ © . V¢B, öBº æÒ~ crude β-glucanj .B BB~V * ~ ¢~b Ö> Wj <º βglucan~ ºÂj Ò~V *~, ºÂj Ò~ á f crude β-glucanj &çb in vitro çöB ;&^~ nitric oxide WË 5 in vivo çöB~ .7 macrophage~ ö ÎNj Ò~& .. Òò 5 O» æÒ crude β-glucan B Crude β-glucanf Jeong (16)f ?f O»b ºÂNê, ö êR ³ê 5 Ï pH¢ ºÂ~öB B~& . þö ÒÏ 5B~ crude β-glucan ª³f Kang (17)~ öBf ? in vitro þöB zW Ö>~² ¾æ Â ª³j F;~& . 5B~ ª³bº A(55oC, 5%, pH 6), B(45oC, 15%, pH 6), C(50oC, 20%, pH 7), D(50oC, 0%, pH 7) Ò E(50oC, 10%, pH 9) î . 9ªª+ öò 5 crude β-glucan 7~ >ª ïf 'F >ª G; V(FD 600, Kett Electronic Lab., Japan)¢ ÒÏ~ ªC~&, Wî ïf Kjeldahl »b, æO ïf soxhlet »b, ² ªf ç7 ²z»b ªC~&b(18), *ª ïf Dawkins f Nnanna~ O»(19)ö &~ ªC~& . ' Wª~ ïf 3² > G;~ ï8j ~ crude β-glucan Z²ö & bï(%)b ¾æÚî .. þÿb. þÿbf 6"_~ 25-30 g~ > ICR îÖÊ(&:J ç("), Korea)¦V /Aj þö ÒÏ~& . ÒG 5. þ ~ ~ãf Nê 23Û2oC, ç&Ûê 55Û10%, ~VÅ> 12²/hr, «"V 12*(07 : 00-19 : 00), ê 150-300 lux .~&b ;Òò¢ ¶F² /~B 1"*~ 'wÒ Gj ~& . ; macrophage~ ªÒ 5 V· îÖÊö 2.5% liquid thioglycollate mediumj 2.5 mL/mouse ~ Ïïb ;Úö "Ò~, 3¢ ê 8 mL~ cold salineb ;j aÚÚÚ ^¢ áî . áÚê ^¢ 3ß ®¢ Û"B bîj B ê 3,000 rpmöB 10ª* öªÒ ~ ^¢ *V . *bö 1 mL~ 144 mM NH4Cl Ï (17 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.2)j &~ £ 5ª ÿn Ï.Î. r öªÒ~ '.¢ B~& . áÚê ^ö 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS) 5 penicillin-streptomycin(20 µg/mL) FB RPMI 1640 mediumj 1 mL &~ ^& ² ¦ F>ê z Ú "î . ¢;ï(50 µL)~ ^ ¦F" ÿï ~ trypan blue Ïj b r haemacytometer¢ Ï~ ^>¢ G;~, 1Ü106 cells/mL . r 96well plateö 100 µLO ª"~& . ^¢ 5% CO2 incubator(37oC)öB 2* ÿn V·~ macrophage& plateö ¦O~ê r, crude β-glucan(« 10-1,000 µg/mL)j ë 6º interferon-γ(IFN-γ, 10 U/mL)f . b ¾Ò~& . jv¢ * Wz bîº IFN-γ(10 µg/mL)f lipopolysaccharide(LPS, 10 µg/mL)j ë 6º b ¾Ò~, 72* ÿn º& V·~& (20). Nitric oxide ³ê G; Crude β-glucan ; &^(^)¢ WzB nitric oxide(NO) ªj¢ /êVºæ¢ ¦ï~V *~ ' wellö V·" ÿï~ Griess reagent(1% sulfanilamide + 0.1% N-1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride + 2.5% phosphoric acid)¢ I 10ª* >wÎ r, 540 nm~ 2ËöB 7 ê¢ G;~& . Sodium nitrite¢ ÒÏ~ ·W &Fb ¦V V·Ú~ nitrite ïj ;ï~&bæ Væ~ F 8j Î >~öB ¢ "î (20). îÖÊö*~ carbon öÎNG; îÖÊö '' 100 mg/kg~ crude β-glucanj 7¢* ãR ~, «R 4* ê .Ú carbon öÎNj G;~ & . ¯, carbon suspension(India ink)j 5,000 rpmöB 15ª* öªÒ ê ç[j 1.5% gelatin (in saline)ö 2V C~ 30 mg/mL& >ê ~& . CB carbon *çj 10 mL/ kg~ Ïïb ; Ú "Ò~, 0.5ª 5 10ª êö .(50 L)j j~& . Crude β-glucan .Ú &^¢ WzB carbon particles öËj ÃêVºæ¢ ¦ï~V *~ j ¢; ï(30 µL)~ .ö 1 mL~ 0.1% Na2CO3 Ïj Î&~ Ï .Î r 600 nmöB 7ê¢ G;~& . Na2CO3 Ïö ç7 êê carbon suspensionj &~ ·W &Fb ¦V .Ú carbon ïj ;ï r, phagocytic index(K) = 1/(t10 − t0.5)Üln(C0.5/C10)¦V öÎNj ÖÂ~& (21). Ûêª+ Î Ö"º ïÛ&ÞN ¾æÚîb, Student’s t-test ¢ Û~ p < 0.05~ >&öB F~Wj ¦;~& .. Ö" 5 8 æÒ crude β-glucan~ 9ª Crude β-glucan~ Wªj ªC Ö"º Table 1" ? . βglucan ïf 22.8-38.3% º* Bª³ &Ë ¸, Cª³ &Ë Ôf ïj &, Wî ïf 23.2-27.8% º* C ª³ &Ë ¸ Aª³ &Ë Ô~ . *ªïf 13.2-35.4% º* Cª³öB &Ë ¸ Bª³öB &Ë Ô~b, æO f 8.3-11.2% º*&, ²ªf 5.9-7.9% º*& . Crude βglucan ª³f β-glucan, Wî 6º *ª "Wªb Ú^ ®î, β-glucan ï ¸f ª³öBº Wî ïê FÒ~² ¸~b¾ *ª ïf J®J Ô² ¾æ¾, ºÂ ö ~~ crude β-glucan7~ *ª" β-glucan~ ïj ã ç'b . > ®rj r > ®î . ºÂö ~ crude β-glucan~ Wæzº *(16)ö ~~ ºÂNê& ¸ öêR ³ê& Ôj> *ª ïf Ã&~, Wî ï 5 β-glucan ïf 6²~&, pHº æîïö F~' 'Ëj ~º ©b ¾æÒ . Þ, öB ' ª³ 7 β-glucan~ ^ö & º Úææ p~b¾, ºÂ Nê& ¸jî> ³' β-(14) Ö block 6²~, *Ú' β-(13)Ö>º Ã&~(14), *Ï ammonium.

(3) æÒ ºÂb~ W Table 1. The chemical compositions of crude β-glucans from oat bran (%, dry basis) Fraction1) β-Glucan A B C D E. 22.9 38.3 35.3 22.8 28.2. Protein. Starch. Lipid. Ash. 23.2 25.6 27.8 23.6 21.4. 34.2 13.2 13.2 35.4 25.1. 8.4 10.9 11.2 8.8 8.3. 5.9 7.9 5.9 6.7 7.2. 1). A fraction (55oC, 5%, pH 6), B fraction (45oC, 15%, pH 6), C fraction (50oC, 20%, pH 7), D fraction (50oC, 0%, pH 7), E fraction (50oC, 10%, pH 9).. sulfate ³ê¢ 30-50% º*öB ¸¢> β-(13)Ö" β-(1 4) Öjº Ôjæ, ª¶ï ·jê º (15)öB æ ' :f ?, ºÂö ~~ Wªï 5 ^ ' N¢ º crude β-glucan ª³ áÚê ©b 6 B . In vitro çö* crude β-glucan îÖÊ ; macrophage ~ nitric oxide(NO) 9ö ~º 'Ë æÒ~ crude β-glucan îÖÊ ; macrophage¢ ç7' b WzÊºæ¢ Ò~V *~ 5B~ crude β-glucan ª³j 10-1,000 µg/mL ³ê º*öB ëb 6º interferon(IFN-γ)f 'b ¾Ò ê nitric oxide(NO)~ Wïj ;ï Ö"º Table 2f ? . Liquid thioglycollate mediumj 7«~ áf ; macrophage¢ RPMI 160 mediumöB 72* ÿn V·®j r~ NO Wf ï 10.65-10.70 µM~ º*&b, 8j &b ~& . Aª³f 10-1,000 µg/mL ë ¾Ò ãÖ & ö j~ 100 µg/mL öBº 118.8% Ã&~&, 320 5 1,000 µg/mLöB '' 152.0 5 184.5% Ã&~& . >,. 105. IFN-γ(10 µg/mL)òj ¾Ò®j rº &~ 135.3% Ã&~ &b, IFN-γf ¾Ò ãÖ crude β-glucan Aª³f 1,000 µg/mLöB IFN-γ~ 131.2% Ã&Î © ö ~ ~ ³êöBº jZ çßÎ"¢ B>~æ á~& . Þ, macrophagesº resting macrophages(Z¶)öB IFN ¶ö V primed macrophages¢ ö ;rÒj¾ Wª LPS ¶ ö V activated macrophages Wz>æ IFN" LPS¢ ·W&bî ¾Ò~&º :, LPS(10 µg/mL)¢ ëb ¾ Ò®j rº &~ 410.8%, IFN-γf ¾Ò®j rº 554.7%(IFN-γ~ 409.7%) çß~& . Bª³f ë ¾Ò ãÖ 320 5 1,000 µg/mLöB '' & ~ 130.0 5 228.2% çú Ã&¢ Fê®b, IFN-γf ¾Ò ãÖöº 320 5 1,000 g/mLöB '' IFN-γ~ 145.5 5 218.1% çß~& . C ª³f A ª³" FÒ~ ¾ £* &~&º, 1,000 µg/mL ë ¾Ò ãÖº & ~ 158.7% F~'b Ã&~&j ö, IFN-γf ¾ Ò ãÖº ~ çßÎ"¢ B>~æ á~& . D ª³ A ª³" FÒ ãËb ² ¸f Î"¢ B>~&º, 100, 320 5 1,000 µg/mL ë ¾Ò ãÖº '' &~ 122.2, 133.2 5 195.2%¢ ¾æîb, IFN-γf ¾Ò ã Ööº 1,000 µg/mLöBò IFN-γ~ 159.5% F~' çßÎ "¢ ¾æÚî . ö j E ª³f ëbê ÏïöB çú Î"¢ B>f b IFN-γö & ¸f çßÎ"¢ ¾æÚî . ¯, 320 5 1,000 µg/mL ë ¾Ò ãÖ '' &~ 118.2 5 258.0%¢ ¾æîb, IFN-γf ¾Ò ãÖöº 100, 320 5 1,000 g/mLöB '' IFN-γ~ 135.9, 169.6 5 200.3% ¸f çßÎ"¢ B>~& . ¯, crude β-glucan ¾Ò îÖÊ ; macrophageö ~ NO Wïf ë ¾Ò 5 IFN-γ ÿ¢ ¾Ò Îv Î ª ³öB ³ê ~'b Ã&~º ãËj &b, ë ¾Ò Ã& > IFN-γ ÿ¢ ¾Ò~ Ã&ê æº ã. Table 2. Effect of crude β-glucans from oat bran alone or in combination with interferon-γ (IFN-γ), on the nitric oxide (NO) production by peritoneal macrophages Treatment Medium IFN-γ LPS IFN-γ+LPS Crude β-glucan. IFN-γ+crude β-glucan. Dose (µg/mL) 10 10 10 10 32 100 320 1,000 10 32 100 320 1,000. NO concentration (µM) A1). B. C. D. E. 10.65Û1.90 1.42Û1.69* 43.75Û21.06* 59.08Û19.30# 10.79Û1.63 11.54Û1.05 12.65Û1.23 16.19Û3.88* 19.67Û5.29* 14.96Û5.69 14.67Û5.42 16.02Û6.63 16.50Û6.42 18.92Û3.03#. 10.70Û2.33 14.89Û1.72* 45.47Û25.45* 65.33Û18.01# 7.58Û0.42 9.31Û1.65 10.72Û2.52 13.91Û1.88 24.42Û3.81* 13.39Û3.84 17.06Û6.24 19.08Û7.95 21.67Û9.10# 32.47Û7.78#. 10.65Û1.90 14.42Û1.69* 43.75Û21.06* 59.08Û19.30# 8.10Û0.39 8.50Û0.87 10.96Û0.66 13.77Û1.31 16.90Û2.12* 11.42Û3.13 13.42Û4.48 14.25Û4.63 13.90Û2.66 16.06Û2.85. 10.70Û2.33 14.89Û1.72* 45.47Û25.45* 65.33Û18.01# 9.92Û1.17 10.25Û1.15 13.08Û1.64 14.25Û3.03 20.89Û2.90* 12.89Û3.31 13.22Û3.68 15.39Û3.67 16.94Û3.67 23.75Û1.23#. 10.65Û1.90 14.42Û1.69* 43.75Û21.06* 59.08Û19.30# 8.58Û3.11 9.42Û2.80 11.15Û1.97 12.59Û1.87 27.48Û16.01* 14.56Û3.67 15.52Û2.60 19.59Û11.41# 24.46Û20.38# 28.88Û13.70#. *: Significantly different from medium control (p<0.05). #: Significantly different from IFN-γ control (p<0.05). 1) A fraction (55oC, 5%, pH 6), B fraction (45oC, 15%, pH 6), C fraction (50oC, 20%, pH 7), D fraction (50oC, 0%, pH 7), E fraction (50oC, 10%, pH 9)..

(4) ®"²æ B 37 ² B 1 ^ (2005). 106. Table 3. Effect of 7-day oral treatment with crude β-glucans from oat bran on the carbon clearance of mice Treatment. Dose (mg/kg). Phagocytic index (K). % of control. Vehicle 1) 1) A B C D E. 100 100 100 100 100. 0.0162Û0.0035 0.0167Û0.0041 *0.0249Û0.0065* 0.0198Û0.0039 *0.0256Û0.0071* *0.0276Û0.0036*. 100.0 103.1 153.7 122.2 158.0 170.4. *Significantly different from vehicle control (p<0.05). 1) A fraction (55oC, 5%, pH 6), B fraction (45oC, 15%, pH 6), C fraction (50oC, 20%, pH 7), D fraction (50oC, 0%, pH 7), E fraction (50oC, 10%, pH 9).. Ëj & . Ö"º æÒ β-glucan~ ¾Ò . " &NB IL-2, IFN-γ 5 IL-4 ~ cytokine ³ê& ¾Ò ³ ê 5 *ö ~'b Ã& º (10)f FÒ~& . ' ¾Ò*~ NO WËf crude β-glucan ë ¾Òöº A ª³j B ¾^æ 4B~ ª³ 1,000 µg/mL~ ³êö Bò F~' Ã&¢ >, A ª³f z Ôf ³ê 320 µg/mLöBê F~' çßÎ"¢ (152.0%), &³êö B ç7' ÃêÎ"& &Ë Ö> ª³b ¾æÒ . 6, 1,000 µg/mL ³ê ë ¾Ò NO WËf E(258), B(228.2), D(195.2), A(184.5) 5 C(158.7%) ª³ Bb ¸² ¾æ¾ E ª³ ³ê ¾Òö &Ë Î"'îr r > ®îº, Î"º NO Wï &Ë 'î~ C ª³~ £ 1.6Vö ~& . Þ, IFN-γf ¾Ò ãÖöº C ª³j B Î ª³~ ³ê(1,000 µg/mL) ¾ÒöB F~' çßj & b, IFN-γ &ö & Ã&Nf B(218.1), E(200.3), D(159.5) 5 A(131.2%) Bb ¸² ¾æÒ . ß® B ª³f 320 µg/mLöBê IFN-γ &ö j~ 145.5% Ã&~&, E ª³f 100 5 320 µg/mLöBê '' 135.9 5 169.6% ç ú Ã&Î"¢ ¾æî . f ?, æÒ crude β-glucan~ îÖÊ ; macrophageö & ÃêÎ"º β-glucan~ ºÂö V¢ ¢öj r > ®î . ÃêÎ"º ³ê ë ¾Ò NO W Ã&~º ©b j ; macrophageö & ç7' ¶ ¾, T-cell ªj~º &:Ö IFN-γ Òöº z Ôf ³êöBê NOWj /ê~º ©b j &: Öj Û *7' ¶ö ~ B>>º ©j { > ® î . NOº zW, W, «·^ëW 5 ã*bî ~ &æ ÒÎ"¢ ¾æÚº bî(22), nitric oxide WÎ²(NOS)ö ~~ L-arginineb¦V W>æ(23), crude β-glucan~ macrophage ö & NO W Ã&º NOS W / ê"ê &N ®j ©b 6B . ¾, æÒ β-glucan~ . VËö &Bº T 5 NK ^&N cytokine IL2, IFN-γ 5 IL-4~ ªj, macrophage Wz¢ Û IL-1 cytokine~ ªj B : ®b¾, β-glucanf · ^ j ¶~V r^ö V· Ö Ç ©b r J^ ® (10). In vivo çö* æÒ crude β-glucan~ îÖÊö*~ carbon öÎNö ~º 'Ë æÒ crude β-glucan ÚÚ ö^~ Wz¢ Û . Ú carbon öÎNj Ã&Êºæ¢ ¦ï~V *~ 7¢*. crude β-glucan(100 mg/kg)j ãR ê 4* êö phagocytic index¢ G; Ö"º Table 3" ? . 7¢ ÿn vehiclej R ;ç îÖÊö carbon suspension j R~ 0.5ª" 10ª ê . Ú carbon~ ³ê¢ G;~ áf 9.5ª ÿn~ clearance, ¯ phagocytic indexº ï 0.0162 ¾æÒ ¢ &b ~& . ö j 100 mg/ kg~ A ª³j R ãÖöº 0.0167 Î"¢ ¾æÚæ á~&b¾, B ª³f 0.0249 &~ 153.7%, C ª³f 0.0198 122.2%, D ª³f 0.0256b 158.0%, Ò Eª³ f 0.0276b 170.4%~ &Ë ¸f phagocytic index~ çßj Fê~& . ß®, B, D 5 E ª³f &ö j~ öÎ N F~'b Ã& ©b ¾æÒ (p < 0.05). Ö "º, IFN-γ Ò ; macrophageö &~ NO WN ¸² ¾æÒ~ ç* 3B~ ª³ B, D 5 E ª³" ¢~~ & . V¢B, NO WË" öÎN þb¦V B, D 5 E ª³~ ÃêÎ"& Ö> ©b {>î, ¦V ÃêÎ"& Ö> crude β-glucan~ ' ºÂj ê Â > ®î . Þ ' ¾Ò~ Ãê Î"f β-glucan ï*öº Â ] ãËj { > ìîº, Ãê Î"º B ï N ö Hashimoto (13) triple helical f single helical β-glucan*~ NO Wï , NOS W single helical β-glucanöB Ö>~ :f ? βglucan~ ^ ' N¾, W Ú~ ÒW (12)B :f ? β-glucan ~ Væ Wª"~ ç^·Ï 5 Malkki (24)~ β-glucan ï Ô ª¶ïf ·b¾ Ë Ú²zÎ²ö ~ æz& 'f ª³öB .Êr &~Î "& ¸~ º öBf ? ËÚöB~ ' æz ; ê ö V¢B ¢î > ®j © . Þ, Ò²~ macrophageº 13 Öj &ê β-glucanö &B ßWj &ê receptor ®º ©b (25)B : ®bæ ª³7~ 1 3 Ö>f &7 &N ®j ©b 6B . ç~ Ö"¦V, crude β-glucan ; macrophage~ nitric oxide WËj ÃêÊ, öÎNj ÃêÊº V* j Û~ ÃêÎ"¢ ¾æÚº ©j { > ®îb ºÂö V¢ ÎËö ² N& ®º ©j r > ®îb ¾, Wª Ïï 5 ·ÏV* öB Ïª® ¦Æ>æ á~&. . V¢B crude β-glucanb¦V îÚ £ÒWbî~ ö ï 5 BBj *Bº ò~ ªÒ 5 ;B ê Wö & º& þ 5 β-glucan~ ªCj Û & Ò& b Ú^¢ © ..

(5) æÒ ºÂb~ W. º. £. ºÂö V æÒ~ crude β-glucanö & ÃêÎ "¢ ÚÚV * ºÂNê, öêR ³ê 5 pH¢ Ò~ B áf β-glucan ª³ 7 in vitro þöB zW Ö>~ ² ¾æÂ 5B ª³ Aª³(55oC, 5%, pH 6), Bª³(45oC, 15%, pH 6), Cª³(50oC, 20%, pH 7), Dª³(50oC, 0%, pH 7) 5 E ª³(50oC, 10%, pH 9)¢ &çb ; ^ ~ nitric oxide WË" ãR ê .7~ carbon öÎ Nj Ò~& . In vitro þöB β-glucanj 10-1,000 µg/mL º*öB ëb 6º IFN-γf ÷¯ ¾Ò®j r Îv & ^~ nitric oxide Wïf ¾Ò ³êö jf~ Ã&~&. . ë ¾Òöº Ïï¢ r(1,000 µg/mL) Î ª³öB nitric oxide Wï F~'b Ã&~& . IFN-γf ÷¯ ¾ Òöº Cª³j B Î ª³~ ³ê ¾ÒöB F ~'b Ã&~&º, ß® Eª³f 100 µg/mL~ Ôf ³ê öBê ÎN' Ã&¢ & . In vivo þöB 100 mg/kg~ β-glucan ª³j 7¢* ãR ê carbon öÎNj Ò Ö" B, D 5 E ª³öB F~' Î"¢ ¾æÚî . ç~ Ö"¢ «" r, β-glucanf Ïï¢ r ç7'b 6º IFN-γ Òöº &ÏïöBê ; ^¢ WzÒ ö jî¢, öÎNê ¸ªb VËj Ãê Êº ©b ¾æÒ, Î"º crude β-glucan~ ºÂ ö V¢ ¢æº ©j r > ®î .. 6Ò~ º æ¦~ jæö (02-PJ1-PG4-PT04-0003) ö ~ >¯>Ú ö 6Òãî .. ^. ò. 1. Macrae R, Robinson R, Sadler MJ. Encyclopedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA, USA. pp. 3319-3322 (1993) 2. Morris DL. Lichenin and araban in oats (Avena sativa). J. Biol. Chem. 142: 881-891 (1942) 3. Vachon C, Jones JD, Wood PJ, Savoie L. Concentration effects of soluble dietary fibers on postprandial glucose and insulin in the rat. Can. J. Pharmacol. 66: 801-806 (1988) 4. Aman P, Graham H. Analysis of total and insoluble mixed-linked (13),(14)-β-D-glucans in barley and oats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 35: 704-709 (1987) 5. Anderson JW, Story L, Sieling B, Sieling WJL, Petro MS, Story J. Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat bran or bean intake for hypercholesterolemic men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 40: 1146-1155 (1984) 6. Anderson JW. Dietary fiber and diabetics. In: Medical Aspects of Dietary Fibre. Spiller GA, Kay RM (eds). Plenum Medical, New York, NY, USA (1980) 7. Vahouny GV, Kritchevsky D. Dietary Fiber. Basic and Clinical. 107. Aspects. Plenum Press, New York, USA (1986) 8. Yun AH, Estrada A. Kessel AV, Gajadhar AV, Redmond MJ, Laarveld B. β-(13, 14) Oat glucan enhances resistance to Eimeria vermiformis infection in immunosuppressed mice. Int. J. Parasitol. 27: 329-337 (1997) 9. Yun AH, Kessel AV, Park BC, Laarveld B. β-Glucan, extracted from oat, enhances diseases resistance against bacterial and parasitic infections. Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 35: 67-73 (2003) 10. Estrada A, Yun CH, Kessel AV, Li B, Huuta S, Laarveld B. Immunomodulatory activities of oat β-glucan in vitro and vivo. Microbiol. Immunol. 41: 991-998 (1997) 11. Ohno N, Furukawa M, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Motoi M, Yadomae T. Antitumor β-glucan from cultured fruit body of Agaricus blazei. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24: 820-828 (2001) 12. Ooi VEC, Liu F. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide protein complexs. Current Med. Chem. 7: 715-729 (2000) 13. Hashimoto T, Ohno N, Adachi Y, Yadomae T. Enhanced production of inducible nitric oxide synthase by β-glucan in mice. FEMS Immunol. Microbiol. 19: 131-135 (1997) 14. Woodward JR, Phillips DR. Fincher GB. Watersoluble (13, 1 4)-β-D-glucans from barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm. IV. Comparison of 40 and 65 soluble fractions. Carbohydr. Polym. 8: 85-97 (1988) 15. Izydorczyk MS, Biliaderist CG, Macri LJ, Macgregor AW. Fractionation of oat (1-3),(1-4)-β-D-glucans and characteristics of the fractions. J. Cereal Sci. 27: 321-325 (1998) 16. Jeong HS, Kang TS, Park HJ, Jung IS, Lee HY. Chracteristics of viscosity and component of soluble extract in oats. Food Eng. Prog. 8: 40-46 (2004) 17. Kang TS, Jeong HS, Park HJ, Lee MY, Kong YJ, Jung IS. Biological activities of oat soluble β-glucans. Korean J. Food Preserv. 10: 547-553 (2003) 18. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Chemists, VA, USA (1990) 19. Dawkins NL, Nnanna IA. Studies on oat gum [(13, 14)-β-Dglucan]: composition, molecular weight estimation and rheological properties. Food Hydrocol. 9: 1-7 (1995) 20. Jun CD, Choi BM, Lee SY, Kang SS, Kim HM, Chung HT. Nitric oxide inhibits the expression of protein kinase C gene in the murine peritoneal macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 204: 105-111 (1994) 21. Sakai H, Horinouchi H, Tomiyama K, Ikeda E, Takeoka S, Kobayashi K, Tsuchida E. Hemoglobin-vehicles as oxygen carriers. Influence of phagocytic activity and histopathological changes in reticuloendothelial system. Am. J. Pathol. 159: 1079-1088 (2001) 22. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev. 43: 109-142 (1991) 23. Nathan CZ. Nitric oxide a secretory product of mamalian cells. FASEB J. 6: 3051-3064 (1992) 24. Malkki Y, Autio K, Hanninen O, Myllymaki O, Pelkonen K, Suortti T, Torronen R. Oat bran concentrates: physical properties of β-glucan and hypocholesterolemic effects in rats. Cereal Chem. 69: 647-653 (1992) 25. Czop JK, Kay J. Isolation and characterization of β-glucan receptors on human mononuclear phagocytes. J. Exp. Med. 173: 15111520 (1991) (2004j 12ú 5¢ %>; 2005j 1ú 31¢ j).

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