Nutritional evaluation of total mixed rations containing rice grain in an in vitro rumen fermentation system

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Copyright: © 2018 Korean Journal of Agrcultural Science

https://doi.org/10.7744/kjoas.20180082

ANIMAL

Nutritional evaluation of total mixed rations containing rice grain in an in vitro rumen fermentation system

Sung Jae Yang

, Han Been Kim

, Joon Beom Moon

, Na Eun Kim

, Joong Kook Park

, Byung Ki Park

, Se Young Lee

, Jakyeom Seo

1

Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea

2

Institute of Livestock, Nonghyup Co., Ltd., Ansung 17558, Korea

3

Nonghyup Feed Co., LTD., Seoul 05398, Korea

4

Department of Animal Science, Yonam College, Cheonan 31005, Korea

*

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of total mixed rations (TMR) containing rice grain in an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Three types of grains (corn, wheat, and rice), timothy, and soybean meal (SBM) were used to prepare the experimental TMR: Corn TMR, Wheat TMR, and Rice TMR. The rumen fermentation characteristics of all the experimental TMRs were evaluated by an in vitro anaerobic system using rumen fluid for 24 and 48 h. The digestibility of the nutrients (dry matter [DM], crude protein [CP], and neutral detergent fiber [NDF]), pH, ammonia (NH

-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined.

Rice TMR showed a higher DM digestibility than that of the Corn TMR at 48 h (p < 0.05). In all treatments, the CP digestibility was more than 80% at 48 h, but no significant differences were observed among the treatments. The NDF digestibility tended to be the lowest in the Wheat TMR (p = 0.06), and the pH tended to be the lowest in the Rice TMR (p = 0.09) among the treatments for the 48 h incubation. The Wheat TMR had the highest NH

-N concentration among the treatments (p < 0.01). Rice TMR had a lowest total VFA concentration among the treatments (p = 0.05) at 24 h, but no significant differences were observed at 48 h. Based on this in vitro result, it was considered that a rice grain has the potential to replace conventional grain ingredients when the TMR was formulated.

Keywords: in vitro, rice grain, rumen fermentation, total mixed ration

Introduction

Total mixed ration

^TMR

^Kleiber et al

¹⁹⁵²

^{Mcgilliard et al}

¹⁹⁸³

^{Nocek et al}

¹⁹⁸⁵

^TMR

OPEN ACCESS

Accepted: October 22, 2018 Revised: October 10, 2018 Received: August 10, 2018 DOI:

Citation: Yang SJ, Kim HB, Moon JB, Kim NE, Park JK, Park BK, Lee SY, Seo JK. 2018. Nutritional evaluation of total mixed rations containing rice grain in an in vitro rumen fermentation system.

Korean Journal of Agricultural Science.

https://doi.org/10.7744/kjoas.20180082

질등급을 높이는 데 효과가 있는 것으로 보고되면서(

^{Kim et al}

²⁰⁰³

^TMR

²⁰

^KOSTAT

²⁰¹⁸

⁴⁰

^KOSTAT

²⁰¹⁷

²

^FBOCNU

²⁰¹⁵

^{Kim et al}

²⁰¹⁷

^TMR

2015

^MAFRA

²⁰¹⁵

³

^{Yang et} al

²⁰¹⁸

^TMR

^{Moon et al}

²⁰¹¹

^{Jung et al}

²⁰⁰⁹

^TMR

^TMR

따라서 본 연구의 목표는 현미를 곡류 원료로 사용한 실험용

^TMR

^{in vitro}

^TMR

Materials and Methods

공시 재료 및 공시동물

본 연구를 수행하기 위해 사용된 현미, 소맥, 옥수수, 티모시, 대두박은 국내 배합사료회사 중 한 곳(

^{AT Immune Inc}

Ochang

^Korea

^{1 mm}

^cyclone mill

^Foss

^HillerØd

^Demark

⁰

^{3 mm}

⁰

³

^{1 mm}

^TMR

^{dry matter}

^DM

^TDN

⁷⁵

곡류원료(현미, 소맥, 옥수수):

⁷⁰

²³

단백질 원료(대두박):

⁷

본 연구에서 사용된 시험용

^TMR

^{Rice TMR}

^{Wheat TMR}

^{Corn TMR}

⁴⁵⁰

^{30 kg}

⁶

⁴

¹

²

^Hafeed

^Co

^Ltd

^Busan

^Korea

12

^{crude protein}

^CP

³

⁵

^{ether extract}

^EE

²⁶

^{neutral detergent fiber}

^NDF

¹⁰

^Ash

^{mineral block}

영양소 분석

공시 사료 원료

⁵

^DM

⁹³⁴

⁰¹

^CP

⁹⁷⁶

⁰⁵

^EE

⁹²⁰

³⁹

^Ash

⁹⁴²

⁰⁵

^AOAC

²⁰⁰⁵

에 제시된 방법에 따라 분석되었다.

^CP

⁶

²⁵

Nitrogen Combustion Analyzer

^{Leco FP}

^{528 Leco}

^MI

^USA

^NDF

^Lignin

^{Van Soest et al}

¹⁹⁹¹

^NDF

^{heat stable α}

^amylase

^ash

^TDN

^NRC

²⁰⁰¹

^TMR

^{Table 1}

in vitro 발효 실험

배양액을 분주하기 전, 각각의 공시사료는

^{1 g}

^{Nylon bag}

^R510

^{Ankom Technology}

^NY

^USA

¹⁰

²

⁵

^{500 mL duran bottle}

^{2 L}

⁸

^{cheese cloth}

¹

³

^{in vitro buffer}

^{Goering and Van Soest}

¹⁹⁷⁰

^O

free

^CO

^bubbling

nylon bag

^{500 mL duran bottle}

^{240 mL}

^{bottle cap}

^sealing

^sealing

^duran bottle

³⁹

^incubator

²⁴

^{48 h}

^DM

^pH

^{ammonia nitrogen}

^NH

^N

^{volatile fatty acid}

^VFA

배양이 종료된 후, 소화물이 포함된 반추위액은

^{3000 rpm}

^{15 min}

^{1 mL}

^NH

^N

^VFA

^NH

^N

⁰

^{2 M H}

SO

200 μL

^VFA

²⁵

metaphosphoric acid 200 μL

^vortexing

⁸⁰

^nylon bag

⁶

⁷

⁵⁵

^{dry oven}

⁴⁸

^DM

^{Goering and Van Soest}

¹⁹⁷⁰

^DM

^CP

^NDF

^CP

^NDF

pH

^{3000 rpm}

^{15 min}

^{pH meter}

^FP20

^{Mettler toledo}

^OH

^USA

^NH

^N

^{Chaney and Marbach}

¹⁹⁶²

^Sample

4

²⁰

^{000 rcf}

^{15 min}

^{200 μL}

¹

^{5 mL tube}

^NH

^{N standard}

^{2 μL}

^{phenol color reagent}

^{phenol 50 g}

^sodium nitroferricyanide 0

^{25 g}

^{distilled water 1 L}

^alkali

hypochlorite

^{sodium hydroxide 25 g}

^sodium hypochlorite 16

^{8 mL}

^{distilled water 1 L}

^{100 μL}

^{96 well cell plate}

³⁷

¹⁵

^{microplate reader}

^iMARK

^Biorad

^CA

^USA

^{630 nm}

VFA

^{Erwin et al}

¹⁹⁶¹

^sample

⁴

²⁰

^{000 rcf}

¹⁵ Table 1. Chemical composition (%DM or as fed basis) of feed ingredient and experimental TMR.

Items Rice Wheat Corn Timothy Soybean meal Rice TMR Wheat TMR Corn TMR

DM, as fed 88.5 90.1 89.2 93.4 89.6 89.7 90.8 90.2

CP 9.00 12.7 8.60 6.40 53.4 11.5 14.1 11.2

NDF 2.70 14.1 8.20 69.2 10.8 18.6 26.5 22.4

Lignin 0.97 1.54 2.78 7.30 1.28 2.40 2.80 3.70

EE 2.13 1.75 3.62 1.12 1.99 1.89 1.62 2.93

Ash 1.85 1.83 2.04 6.72 6.41 3.29 3.28 3.42

TDN 88.0 83.2 85.9 52.1 81.6 79.3 75.9 77.8

TMR, total mixed rations; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; EE, ether extract;

TDN, total digestible nutrients.

min

^{200 μL}

^D

^{W 800 μL}

^VFA

^{flame ionization detector}

^capillary column

^{NukolTM Fused silica capillary column 30 m}

^{250 μm}

⁰

^{25 μm}

^{Supelco Inc}

^PA

^USA

^gas chromatograph

^{Agilent 7890A}

^{Agilent Technology}

^CA

^USA

^oven

^injector

^detector

⁹⁰

90

²⁰⁰

²³⁰

^gas

^{30 mL}

^min

^{flow rate}

통계 분석

in vitro

^data

^{SAS package 9}

³

^{SAS Institute Inc}

^Carey

^NC

^USA

^{GLM procedure}

^TMR

^Tukey

⁹⁵

Results & Discussion

원료사료 및 TMR의 영양소 성분 분석

본 연구에서 사용된 공시사료의 및 원료사료의 영양소 성분분석 결과는

^{Table 1}

^TMR

⁷⁰

²³

⁷

Rice

^Wheat

^{Corn TMR}

⁸⁹

⁷

⁹⁰

⁸

⁹⁰

²

^CP

Wheat TMR

¹⁴

¹

^DM

^{Rice TMR}

¹¹

⁵

^DM

^{Corn TMR}

¹¹

²

^DM

^NDF

^lignin

^{Rice TMR}

¹⁸

⁶

^DM

²

⁴⁰

^DM

^TMR

^TDN

^{Rice TMR}

⁷⁹

³

^DM

^{Corn TMR}

⁷⁷

⁸

^DM

^{Wheat TMR}

⁷⁵

⁹

^DM

CP

^NDF

^lignin

^TMR

^{Table 1}

Table 2. In vitro fermentation of TMR with different treatments.

Items Rice TMR Wheat TMR Corn TMR SEM p-value

DM digestibility (%)

24 h 65.0 71.2 62.6 4.623 0.19

48 h 79.2a 76.1ab 72.3b 1.944 < 0.05

CP digestibility (%)

24 h 75.7ab 81.7a 73.3b 2.933 < 0.05

48 h 84.9 87.3 82.8 3.931 0.53

NDF digestibility (% NDF)

24 h 23.4b 23.2b 29.9a 2.154 < 0.05

48 h 32.7 26.5 31.7 2.522 0.06

pH 24 h 6.20 6.25 6.14 0.096 0.53

48 h 5.62 5.87 5.73 0.105 0.09

NH

-N (mg/dL)

24 h 25.8b 32.7a 27.1b 0.940 < 0.01

48 h 31.1b 38.0a 31.7b 0.929 < 0.01

TMR, total mixed rations; SEM, Standard error of the mean; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber.

a, b: Means within a row with different superscript letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p

< 0.05).

공시 재료의 in vitro 발효 평가

공시재료의

^{in vitro}

^{Table 2}

^{Table 3}

^TMR

^{Table 2}

^{24 h}

^{Rice TMR}

⁶⁵

⁰

^{Wheat TMR}

⁷¹

²

^{Corn TMR}

⁶²

⁶

^{48 h}

^{Rice TMR}

⁷⁹

²

^{Corn TMR}

⁷²

³

^p

⁰

⁰⁵

^{Oh et al}

²⁰⁰⁶

^{in situ}

^{Rice TMR}

^{Corn TMR}

^Herrera

Saldana et al

¹⁹⁹⁰

Opatpatanakit et al

¹⁹⁹⁴

^{24 h Wheat TMR}

^{24 h}

^e

^g

³

⁶ h

^{Rice TMR}

^{Corn TMR}

^{Miyaji et al}

²⁰¹²

^TMR

^TMR

^silage

^flake

^TMR

CP

^{24 h}

^{Rice TMR}

⁷⁵

⁷

^{Wheat TMR}

⁸¹

⁷

^{Corn TMR}

⁷³

³

^{Wheat TMR}

^p

⁰

⁰⁵

^{Rice TMR}

^{Corn TMR}

^{48 h}

^{Rice TMR}

^{Wheat TMR}

Corn TMR

^CP

⁸⁰

^TMR

^CP

^{in situ}

^{Rice TMR}

⁹⁰

^{24 h}

^Wheat

^{Corn TMR}

⁹⁰

^{48 h}

^Herrera

^{Saldana et al}

1990

^{Miyaji et al}

²⁰¹⁰

^CP

^{in vitro}

^{in situ}

시험용

^TMR

^NDF

^{24 h}

^{Corn TMR}

²⁹

⁹

^NDF

^p

⁰

⁰⁵

48 h

^TMR

^NDF

^{Rice TMR}

³²

⁷

^NDF

^{Wheat TMR}

Table 3. Volatile fatty acids production of TMR with different treatments.

Item Rice TMR Wheat TMR Corn TMR SEM p-value

TVFA (mM)

24 h 70.6 77.8 78.1 3.183 0.05

48 h 99.4 102.2 94.8 3.550 0.16

Acetate (mmol/mol)

24 h 574.8 578.6 578.0 6.195 0.79

48 h 547.2 563.4 555.4 9.898 0.30

Propionate (mmol/mol)

24 h 231.6 229.0 227.5 6.021 0.79

48 h 248.2 232.6 237.2 7.893 0.17

Butyrate (mmol/mol)

24 h 143.0a 135.8b 143.8a 1.638 < 0.01

48 h 155.2 145.9 155.0 4.713 0.12

A : P ratio

24 h 2.48 2.53 2.55 0.090 0.77

48 h 2.21 2.43 2.34 0.116 0.19

TMR, total mixed rations; SEM, Standard error of the mean; TVFA, total volatile fatty acid; A : P ratio, acetate : propionate ratio.

a, b; Means within a row with different superscript letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p

< 0.05).

(

²⁶

⁵

^NDF

^NDF

^p

⁰

⁰⁶

pH

^Russell

²⁰⁰²

^TMR

^pH

^{48 h}

^{Rice TMR}

^{Wheat TMR}

^p

=

⁰

⁰⁹

NH

^N

²⁴

^{48 h}

^{Wheat TMR}

^NH

^N

^p

<

⁰

⁰¹

^{Rice TMR}

^{Corn TMR}

^NH

^N

^{Wheat TMR}

^{Rice TMR}

^{Corn TMR}

총

^VFA

^{Table 3}

^{24 h}

^{Rice TMR}

^{Wheat TMR}

^{Corn TMR}

^p

⁰

⁰⁵

^{48 h}

^VFA

^p

⁰

⁰⁵

^acetate

^propionate

^{24 h}

^{Wheat TMR}

^butyrate

^p

⁰

⁰¹

^{in vitro}

^{Rice TMR}

^acetate

^propionate

^{Yang et al}

²⁰¹⁸

^acetate

^acetate

^propionate

^propionate

^{France and Dikstra}

²⁰⁰⁵

^TMR

²³

^acetate

propionate

Conclusion

본 연구에서는 현미를 이용한

^TMR

^TMR

^Rice TMR

^{Wheat TMR}

^{Corn TMR}

^{in vitro}

^{48 h}

^{Rice TMR}

^Corn TMR

^p

⁰

⁰⁵

^CP

^NDF

^TMR

^VFA

^acetate

^propionate

^TMR

^TMR

^TMR

^{Miyaji et al}

²⁰¹⁴

⁴⁰

^TMR

Acknowledgements

본 연구는 부산대학교 자유학술과제 연구비(

²

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