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(1)

원자로 열유체 실험

Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National Univ.

Hyoung Kyu Cho

(2)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ The governing equations of fluid flow represent mathematical statements of the conservation laws of physics.

The mass of fluid is conserved.

The rate of change of momentum equals the sum of the forces on a fluid particle

Newton’s second law

The rate of change of energy is equal to the sum of the rate of heat addition to and the rate of work done on a fluid particle

First law of thermodynamics

Continuum assumption

Fluid flows at macroscopic length scales > 1 m

The molecular structure and motions may be ignored.

Macroscopic properties

– Velocity, pressure, density, temperature

– Averaged over suitably large numbers of molecules

Fluid particle

– The smallest possible element of fluid whose macroscopic properties are not influenced by individual molecules.

(3)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Control volume

Six faces: N, S, E, W, T, B

The center of the element: (x, y, z)

❖ Properties at the volume center

❖ Fluid properties at faces are approximated

by means of the two terms of the Taylor series.

The pressure at the W and E faces

(4)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Mass Conservation in Three Dimensions

Rate of increase of mass

Net rate of flow of mass into the element

Mass conservation/ Continuity Eq.

(5)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Mass Conservation in Three Dimensions

For an incompressible fluid, the density is constant.

(6)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Rates of change following a fluid particle and for a fluid element

Lagrangian approach/ changes of properties of a fluid particle

Total or substantial derivative of

: Function of the position (x,y,z), property per unit mass

A fluid particle follows the flow, so

Hence, the substantive derivative of is given by

(7)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Rates of change following a fluid particle and for a fluid element

defines the rate of change of property per unit mass.

The rate of change of property φ per unit volume

Eulerian approach/ changes of properties in a fluid element

Far more common than Lagrangian approach

Develop equations for collections of fluid elements making up a region fixed in space

(8)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Rates of change following a fluid particle and for a fluid element

LHS of the mass conservation equation

The generalization of these terms for an arbitrary conserved property

(9)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Rates of change following a fluid particle and for a fluid element

Relevant entries of for momentum and energy equations

(10)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Momentum equation in three dimensions

Newton’s second law

Surface forces

• Pressure force ( p)

• Viscous force ( )

• Gravity force

Body forces

• Centrifugal force

• Coriolis force

• Electromagnetic force

• Gravity force

Viscous stress = 

Pressure = normal stress = p

ij

: stress component acts in the j -direction

on a surface normal to i -direction

(11)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Momentum equation in three dimensions

x-component of the forces due to pressure and viscous stress

On the pair of faces (E,W)

On the pair of faces (N,S)

On the pair of faces (T,B)

(12)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Momentum equation in three dimensions

x-component of the forces due to pressure and viscous stress

Total surface force per unit volume

x-component of the momentum equation

(13)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Momentum equation in three dimensions

x-component of the momentum equation

y-component of the momentum equation

z-component of the momentum equation

Body force

(14)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Energy equation in three dimensions

The first law of thermodynamics

Rate of work done by surface forces

In x-direction,

In y and z-directions,

(15)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Energy equation in three dimensions

Total rate of work done on the fluid particle by surface stresses

+

+

(16)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Energy equation in three dimensions

Net rate of heat transfer to the fluid particle

In x-direction,

In y and z-directions,

(17)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Energy equation in three dimensions

Total rate of heat added to the fluid particle per unit volume

Fourier’s law of heat conduction

in vector form

(18)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Energy equation in three dimensions

Energy equation

E: Sum of internal energy and kinetic energy

+ Energy Source

(19)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Energy equation in three dimensions

Kinetic energy equation

u

v

w

(20)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Energy equation in three dimensions

Total energy equation – kinetic energy equation

Internal energy equation

(21)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Energy equation in three dimensions

For the special case of an incompressible fluid, temperature equation

(22)

Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

❖ Energy equation in three dimensions

Enthalpy equation

Total enthalpy equation

Total enthalpy

( ) ( u) ( ) ( hu) ( )pu t

p t

E h t

E Dt

DE div 0 +div 0 div

=

+

=

(23)

Summary

❖ Governing Equations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

ij: stress component acts in the j-direction on a surface normal to i-direction

(24)

Equations of State

❖ Thermodynamic variables

Assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium

❖ Equations of the state

Relate two state variables to the other variables

❖ Compressible fluids

EOS provides the linkage between the energy equation and other governing equations.

❖ Incompressible fluids

No linkage between the energy equation and the others.

The flow field can be solved by considering mass and momentum equations.

(25)

Navier-Stokes Equations for a Newtonian Fluid

❖ Viscous stresses in momentum and energy equations

Viscous stresses can be expressed as functions of the local deformation rate (or strain rate).

In 3D flows the local rate of deformation is composed of

the linear deformation rate

the volumetric deformation rate.

All gases and many liquids are isotropic.

❖ The rate of linear deformation of a fluid element

Nine components in 3D

Linear elongating deformation

Shearing linear deformation components

❖ The rate of volume deformation of a fluid element

= +

+ yy zz

xx e e

e

(26)

Navier-Stokes Equations for a Newtonian Fluid

❖ Viscous stresses in momentum and energy equations

All gases and many liquids are isotropic.

(27)

Navier-Stokes Equations for a Newtonian Fluid

❖ Viscous stresses in momentum and energy equations

x u x u

x dx dx u

x dx u

x y

x y

 + 

=

 + 

=

1 tan

y u y u

y dy dy u

y dy u

y x

y x

 + 

=

 + 

=

1 tan 

 

  x uy

tan   

  y ux tan

xy = +

xy

sxy  2

= 1

The rate at which

two sides close toward each other

(28)

= + + yy zz

xx e e

e

Navier-Stokes Equations for a Newtonian Fluid

❖ Newtonian fluid

Viscous stresses are proportional to the rates of deformation.

Two constants of proportionality

Dynamic viscosity (): to relate stresses to linear deformations

Second viscosity (): to relate stresses to volumetric deformation

❖ Viscous stress components

Second viscosity

For gases:

For liquid:

( )ij linear =2sij

( )ii volume =(exx+eyy+ezz)

(29)

Navier-Stokes Equations for a Newtonian Fluid

❖ Momentum equations

(30)

Navier-Stokes Equations for a Newtonian Fluid

❖ Rearrangement

❖ N.-S. equations can be written as follows with modified source terms;

(31)

Navier-Stokes Equations for a Newtonian Fluid

❖ For incompressible fluids with constant 

=

(32)

Navier-Stokes Equations for a Newtonian Fluid

❖ Internal energy equation

Dissipation function 

Always positive

Source of internal energy due to deformation work on the fluid particle.

Mechanical energy is converted into internal energy or heat.

(33)

Conservative form of the governing equations of fluid flow

Mass

x-momentum

y-momentum

z-momentum

Internal energy

+ EOS

u , v , w , p , i ,  , T

This system is mathematically closed!

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