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Reading Inside <Starter> Unit 1 Culture Reading 1. From Bottom to Top

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Reading Inside <Starter>

Unit 1 Culture

Reading 1. From Bottom to Top

What do you think of the map above? Is it a mistake? Actually, it’s a south-up map. This map is a tool for finding countries and also for learning to think differently.

In 1979, an Australian man, Stuart McArthur, published a south-up map to make people think differently about his country. Many maps come from Europe, North America, or Asia. In these maps, Australia is always at the bottom. McArthur was tired of being at

“the bottom of the world.” So he gave the world a new perspective.

South-up maps can also help people think differently about developing nations.

Richer northern areas are usually at the top. This can add to stereotypes that they are

“more valuable.” Some south-up maps show Africa and South America near the top and in the center. This helps people focus on their importance.

It feels strange to see familiar things in new ways, but it also helps us learn. How would you change the map?

Reading 2. A Letter From China Dear Katy,

Last week, my family enjoyed Chinese New Year. It lasts several days and celebrates the start of the lunar calendar in January or February. We did many fun and meaningful things.

On New Year’s Eve, we had traditional New Year food for dinner. My father boiled a chicken with the head and feet still on. The whole body represents togetherness. Also, my mother made some dumplings and put a white thread inside one of them. During dinner, I found the white thread in my dumpling. My parents said, “It means you will live a long and healthy life!” Later, we stayed up until midnight to watch fireworks. Chinese people believe the loud sounds of the fireworks scare away evil spirits.

On New Year’s Day, we visited my grandparents. They gave me a red envelope with some money inside. Red envelopes are believed to bring good luck and health.

Chinese traditions are so much fun. Why don’t you visit me on Chinese New Year next year?

Love, Xiulan

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Unit 2 Animals

Reading one. Ribbon Eels

The ribbon eel is a sea creature with an amazing appearance. With a long, flat body, it looks just like a colorful ribbon waving in the water. This beautiful eel can grow to be about one meter long and live up to 20 years.

As a ribbon eel grows, its color changes. When it is young, it has a black body with a thin yellow fin on its back. As it gets bigger, its body turns bright blue and, finally, all yellow.

Surprisingly, the eel’s gender also changes when it gets older. All ribbon eels are born as males with a black body. When a ribbon eel turns blue, it has become a fully adult male. When it turns yellow, it becomes female and can lay eggs! Unfortunately, it dies within about a month after it lays eggs. So, it is not easy to find yellow ribbon eels in the wild.

Reading 2. Salute to a dog

Many people have become famous for great bravery and intelligence, but did you know that many animals have too? One of these amazing animals was Stubby. This dog became a *sergeant in the U.S. Army during World War I.

In 1917, an American soldier found a homeless puppy and named him Stubby.

The next year, he took Stubby with him to the battlefields of France. Here Stubby saved countless lives. He learned to bark when he smelled poisonous gas or when he heard incoming explosive shells. He found wounded soldiers and barked until doctors came to help them. Stubby even found a German spy, attacked him, and stopped him from escaping until soldiers captured him. For capturing the spy, Stubby was made a sergeant.

Stubby received many honors for bravery and returned home after the war. By being courageous and loyal to his human friends, Stubby changed from a little dog to a big hero.

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Unit 3. People

Reading one. The Rower and the Ducks

Everyone likes to win. But some people understand that there are more important things in life than winning.

Bobby Pearce was one of these people. He was a great Australian rower. In the 1928 Olympics, he was competing in the single sculls event. In this type of race, each boat has a single rower with two oars. Halfway through the race, Pearce was winning easily. But then he saw something unexpected. A family of ducks was crossing directly in front of his boat!

Pearce didn’t want to hurt the ducks, so he stopped rowing. His opponent, however, kept rowing and took the lead. After the ducks had passed, Pearce began rowing again. Amazingly, he caught up with his opponent and won the race!

Eventually, Pearce won the gold medal and set a world record for the event. But he risked losing the race to protect the lives of a family of ducks!

Reading 2. An amazing First Grader

My name is Kimani Maruge. Many people were surprised when I started first grade. The reason is that I was 84 years old!

It was always my dream to get an education. But like many other Kenyans, I couldn’t afford to enroll in school. Then, in 2003, the Kenyan government announced the

beginning of free elementary education for everyone. I realized that this was finally my chance to go to school.

First, the school staff told me to leave the classroom because I didn’t have a pencil or a notebook. So I came back with a pencil and a notebook. Then, they said I needed a school uniform with a pair of shorts. So I sold one of my goats, bought some pants, and cut them into shorts. I refused to let anything stop me.

Eventually, I was accepted in the classroom. I worked hard and learned many things.

And, most importantly, I showed everyone that it’s never too late to learn.

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Unit 4 Art

Reading one. The Art of Erasing

Normally, we think of graffiti as the result of adding paint to a wall or surface. But it is also possible

to create graffiti by erasing something. This type of art is called reverse graffiti.

Reverse graffiti, also known as clean graffiti, literally reverses the idea of traditional graffiti. Reverse graffiti artists first find dirty surfaces. Then they clean away parts of the dirt with brushes and water hoses. Images and words are made by the contrast between the clean part and the dirty part. Reverse graffiti has been seen on dirty road signs and dirty tunnel walls, and this new trend is spreading all over the world.

Recently, reverse graffiti has been used as a form of advertising. Advertisements such as posters and leaflets use lots of materials and create waste. However, reverse graffiti only requires brushes, water and creativity! Also, it is temporary and doesn’t use harmful paints. In other words, it is very environmentally friendly!

Reading 2. The Coldest Music in the World

Every winter in northern Sweden, a unique performance takes place inside a frozen, igloo-shaped concert hall. People wear warm clothes and gather to hear the Ice Music orchestra play their delicate instruments. How delicate? They can melt away at the touch of a hand! All the instruments are made of ice.

The Ice Music orchestra plays a wide variety of ice instruments. They include ice violins, ice guitars, ice drums, and a large ice xylophone. Although the stringed

instruments have metal strings, the main part of each instrument is made of ice.

Importantly, there are no wind instruments. That’s because they would melt away from the musicians’ breath! In fact, all of the instruments must be retuned between songs because they melt a little each time they are played.

During shows, the instruments glow with heatless, color-changing LEDs while the performers make beautiful sounds. Performances are impressive, but sadly they must be kept short. Otherwise the audience freezes and the instruments melt!

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Unit 5. Society

Reading 1. A Meal for Two

Are you short on time and money, but not heart? Helping someone doesn’t have to be time-consuming or costly. It can be as simple as eating a meal at a restaurant!

A charity organization named Mealshare lets you do exactly this! But how does it work? First, restaurants that care about the community partner up with Mealshare.

Customers simply choose a Mealshare item from the menu. They can enjoy their food, and Mealshare donates a meal to someone in need, at no extra cost! So customers can

‘Buy One and Give One,’ as the Mealshare slogan says.

This non-profit organization was founded in Canada by two business-school graduates in 2013. They were unhappy that so many people couldn’t get a proper meal, so they wanted to create a convenient way for restaurant-goers to help out others.

In the first two years since it started, more than 230 restaurants have joined the Mealshare program. And the number keeps growing!

Reading 2. A Privacy Issue

Governments and companies usually work together. But sometimes they have disagreements. In America, the FBI had a terrorist’s phone. It was locked, and they wanted to see the information inside it. So they asked the company that made the phone for help. They wanted software that could open all of the company’s phones. However, the company refused. They said protecting the privacy of customers is more important than helping the government. What do you think?

Brad: I agree with the company. Everyone has the right to have privacy. The company could make the software and give it to one government. But then other governments would want it too. This could cause many problems, and our private information wouldn’t be safe.

Angela: I disagree with the company. Terrorism has become a global threat. Everyone, including corporations, should work together to fight against it. If governments had this software, they could use it to keep us safe. I believe that keeping society safe is more important than protecting our privacy.

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Unit 6. Origin

Reading 1. From the Prison to the Gym

Running on a treadmill at the gym is hard work. Just 15 minutes can feel like hours. For some people, it feels like punishment. In fact, punishment was the reason for the invention of the first treadmill.

In 19th-century England, the treadmill was invented to punish prisoners. They were forced to *tread on the steps of a large, moving wheel. The rotation of the wheel was used to power a mill. And that’s the origin of the name “treadmill.” Prisoners spent around six hours a day on treadmills. That’s like climbing a mountain every day!

Unsurprisingly, many prisoners became exhausted from walking on treadmills.

Treadmills were used in prisons until the late 19th century. In 1898, they were banned for being too cruel. However, the treadmill made a surprising comeback as sports equipment in the 1950s. For fitness fans, the new treadmill was an easy and convenient way to exercise, and it remains popular today.

Reading 2. Listen to Your Heart

One day in 1816, a French doctor named René Laennec went for a walk. He saw two boys playing with a hollow stick. One boy was scraping the stick with a pin while his friend listened at the other end. The tube-shaped stick was making the tiny noise very loud!

Months later, Laennec had a patient with heart problems. Suddenly, he

remembered the boys’ game. He rolled up a piece of paper to make a tube. When he put it to his patient’s chest, he could hear her heartbeat clearly! He was inspired by this idea, so he made a long, wooden tube. This was the first stethoscope, and soon it was used across Europe and America.

Afterwards, other stethoscopes were designed. In 1852, George Cammann, a doctor from New York, made a metal stethoscope with two earpieces. It looked similar to the modern stethoscope, and the design has been used ever since. He didn’t patent his stethoscope, because he thought all doctors should be able to use it for free.

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Unit 7. Language and Literature

Reading 1. Piggy Banks

Piggy banks have been popular for a long time. Children around the world keep their money in them. But why are they shaped like pigs?

A long time ago there were no banks, so people kept all of their money at home.

They put it in jars that were made of a clay called pygg. These jars were known as pygg pots. At that time, pygg was pronounced “pug.”

But the English language slowly changed, and the word “pygg” eventually sounded the same as the word “pig.” This caused a funny problem. People asked potters to make pygg pots, but the potters thought they said “pig pots.” So they made jars that looked like pigs! The first customers were probably surprised and confused. Their children, however, loved the pig pots!

These days, children still love piggy banks. And many parents use them to teach their kids how to save money. So they’re not just cute — they’re useful too!

Reading 2. The Golden Touch

There is a myth about a Greek king named Midas. He was a good king, but he had one bad trait. He loved gold too much. Midas had lots of gold, but he always wanted more.

One day, Midas helped a god named Dionysus. Dionysus was pleased, so he decided to grant the king a wish. Midas asked for a special power. “I want everything I touch to turn into gold!”

Dionysus granted Midas his wish. At first, Midas was happy. He turned many things into gold. But then he tried to eat some bread. It turned into gold before he could bite it!

Later, something worse happened. His daughter hugged him and became a golden statue.

King Midas was upset. He realized that he was too greedy. There were many things more important than gold. So he asked Dionysus for help. Fortunately, Dionysus took away the power and changed everything back to normal.

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Unit 8. Jobs

Reading 1. A Living Fairytale

Wanted: One *hermit. Work period: Seven years. Responsibilities: Live in a cave. Do not cut hair or nails. Pay: 600 pounds.

In 18th-century Britain, this was a real job! Some wealthy landowners actually hired men to live in their gardens as “hermits.” Garden hermits lived in small cottages or caves for several years. To make them look like real hermits, their employers asked them not to trim their hair, beards, or nails. Afterwards, they received enough money to retire.

Why did landowners want hermits? One reason is that they wanted their large gardens to feel like fairytale lands. Guests enjoyed discovering strange men in tiny cottages. Hermits seemed like story characters, so they made the garden mysterious and special.

This trend lasted until the early 19th century, and people today still decorate their gardens with statues of fairytale beings. However, the living garden hermit is probably the strangest decoration of them all.

Reading 2. An Important Job

A plane takes off from New York and lands in London. The pilot completed the flight safely

— but he didn’t do it alone. Many people are needed to make a safe journey.

One important job is air traffic controller. Air traffic controllers keep radio and radar contact with the aircraft and give the pilot information such as weather conditions. But there are more complicated duties as well. In busy periods there can be thousands of flights every hour. So air traffic controllers make sure that the planes keep a safe distance between one another.

While a pilot is responsible for one flight at a time, an air traffic controller has to handle many aircraft at the same time. For instance, an air traffic controller might help one aircraft land while he informs another aircraft about weather conditions. Also, air traffic controllers must make decisions quickly and be prepared for emergencies or unexpected events.

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Unit 9. Sports

Reading 1. On Ice? Underwater!

When most people think about hockey, they picture an ice rink. But next time you want to play hockey, try going to a swimming pool instead. There, you can play hockey underwater!

Underwater hockey is a real sport with simple rules. Participants wear fins and soft snorkels. Before the game starts, the puck is placed in the middle of the pool. Players have to wait while they touch the wall above their team’s goal. When the start signal rings, players hold their breath and swim. They use short sticks to push a puck. Players score when they push the puck into their opponent’s goal. Games have two 15-minute halves, and each team has six players and four substitutes.

Underwater hockey is gaining popularity with many types of people. This is because playing sports in the water is much safer, as there is less danger of injury. You might be surprised to hear that there is even a player in his 70s!

Reading 2. The Trampoline Effect

Crack! A baseball player hits a home run. If he uses a wooden bat, the ball will fly about 150 meters. But if his bat is metal, the ball will travel more than 200 meters!

All bats were made of wood in the past. A wooden bat changes shape when a ball hits it and doesn’t spring back. This causes the ball to lose some of its *kinetic energy. It’s like bouncing a ball on soft grass. It doesn’t bounce very high.

Today, however, many bats are made of aluminum. Aluminum bats react differently than wooden bats. An aluminum bat also changes shape when a ball hits it. But it quickly springs back to its original shape. This acts like a trampoline and pushes the ball forward.

It’s more like bouncing a ball on hard concrete.

Professional baseball players, however, must use wooden bats during games. They hit too many home runs when they use aluminum bats!

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Unit 10. Economy

Reading 1. A Marketing Strategy

Imagine you have a cold. You want to buy some medicine. One says it has a 90% success rate. Another says it doesn’t help one out of every 10 people. Which would you choose?

Most people would choose the first medicine. But both have exactly the same success rate. The information is just presented in different ways. This is called the

“framing effect.” The framing effect is not about “what you say”; it is about “how you say it.” It can have a strong effect on consumer decisions.

The framing effect is commonly found in advertising. Marketers use it to make facts about their products sound better. They also use the framing effect to make the prices of their products seem lower. A membership that costs $350 a year might sound too

expensive. But how about “less than a dollar a day”? It sounds much cheaper!

So, next time you buy something, don’t be fooled by the framing effect!

Reading 2. A Servant’s Dream

Martha Harper was a Canadian household servant with a big ambition. She worked for 25 years to save money for her own business. In 1888, she opened the first public

hairdressing salon, Harper’s Salon.

At that time, most women did their own hair at home. Doing hair in a salon was an innovative idea! This made Martha’s salon a huge success. Her customers encouraged Martha to open more salons in other cities. But Martha didn’t want to hire employees to run her shops on her behalf. So she came up with a different business model.

In 1891, Martha sold the right to use the name of her salon to other women.

Instead of being paid by Martha, the women ran their own Harper’s Salons! This method later became known as “franchising.” In the 1920s, there were more than 500 of these salons worldwide!

Today, Martha’s franchising business model is widely used. This pioneering businesswoman made the spread of huge global businesses such as McDonald’s possible.

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Unit 11. Solutions

Reading 1. Green Billboards

Life isn’t easy in Lima, the capital of Peru. The city is located in a desert, so it has little water. Also, air pollution is increasing due to heavy traffic. But a local university has created an unusual weapon to fight these problems: billboards.

The university created two types of billboards. The first type absorbs water from the air. The water is stored in a tank below the sign, and thirsty people can drink the water from a tap. The billboard collects more than 90 liters of drinking water every day.

The second type of billboard filters the air. It takes in dirty air, removes pollution and bacteria, and then releases clean air into the atmosphere. Each billboard can keep the air clean for about five city blocks.

Of course, the billboards’ main function is to advertise the university. In addition to providing clean air and water to people, the billboards also present a good image of the university.

Reading 2. A Dry Way to Wash

One day, Ludwick Marishane, an African teenager, had a great idea. His friend didn’t want to take a shower after sunbathing. So he wished aloud for a lotion that he could use to quickly clean himself without water. That day, Marishane decided to invent such a lotion. But he didn’t just want to help his friend; he also wanted to help poor people around the world.

After four years of research, he finally invented DryBath, a waterless shower gel.

Not only is DryBath convenient, but it also keeps people clean and healthy. By using DryBath, people are able to avoid trachoma. This is a common disease that can be caused by bathing in dirty water. It often leads to blindness.

Over 250 million people around the world don’t have access to clean water.

DryBath helps them save water and improves their health. What’s more, every time someone buys a packet of DryBath, the company donates one packet to charity. So far, DryBath has saved over 35 million liters of water!

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Unit 12. Environment

Reading 1. Two out of a Thousand

Sea turtles live for a long time. But their lives are not easy. Female turtles lay their eggs on beaches. Only 800 of every 1,000 eggs hatch. Although the babies are just the size of your hand, they must make their way to the ocean. Other animals attack them, and half are eaten. After they reach the ocean, the last 400 babies must avoid new predators, such as sharks and dolphins. Only 50% grow to their full size. An adult sea turtle can be as big as a table! Normally, about 20 of these adults survive and return to the beach to breed.

These days, however, sea turtles face a new danger: humans. Fishing nets and pollution reduce the number of surviving adult sea turtles to just two. In other words, if 800 baby sea turtles hatch on a beach, only 0.25% will become parents themselves.

Survival has always been difficult for sea turtles. But humans are making the problem much worse.

Reading 2. Green Shopping

Do you want to shop without hurting the environment? Well, zero-waste markets, such as Original Unverpackt in Germany and Effecorta in Italy, are opening their doors all over Europe to help you do just that. They all have the same goal: to stop adding waste to landfills.

When shoppers step inside these stores, they don’t find brand names. Instead, they find more than 400 organic products in large dispensers or huge crates. Nothing is packaged, so everyone must bring their own containers and reuse them each time.

Customers can easily refill their own shampoo bottles or coffee jars.

Since shoppers buy only the amount they need, such as a cup of flour or a slice of cheese, there is little to no food waste. And zero-waste markets can keep prices low because all the expensive packaging is gone. But even more importantly, using no packaging means we will have less waste in our landfills and neighborhoods.

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