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Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers International Edition, 4th Edition
1. THE BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSICS 2. SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
3. THE EXPERIMENTAL BASIS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS 4. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
5. WAVE PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND QUANTUM MECHANICS I 6. QUANTUM MECHANICS II
7. THE HYDROGEN ATOM 8. ATOMIC PHYSICS
9. STATISTICAL PHYSICS
10. MOLECULES, LASERS, AND SOLIDS
11. SEMICONDUCTOR THEORY AND DEVICES 12. THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS
13. NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS 14. PARTICLE PHYSICS
15. GENERAL RELATIVITY
16. COSMOLOGY AND MODERN ASTROPHYSICS
8. ATOMIC PHYSICS
8.1 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 8.2 Total Angular Momentum
8.3 Anomalous Zeeman Effect
What would happen if there are more than one electron?
Pauli exclusion principle:
No two electrons in an atom may have the same set of quantum numbers (n, ℓ, mℓ, ms).
Periodic table can be understood by two rules:
1) The electrons in an atom tend to occupy the lowest energy levels available to them.
2) Only one electron can be in a state with a given (complete) set of quantum numbers (Pauli exclusion principle).
Total angular momentum = Orbital angular momentum + Spin angular momentum LS coupling: (for most atoms)
jj coupling: (for heavier atoms) 1 1 1
2 2 2
J L S
J L S
1 2
J J J
1 2
1 2
L L L S S S
J L S
Anomalous Zeeman effect: More than 3 closely spaced optical lines mJ ( J, , 0, J) Notation for a single-electron atom: 2S 1
n
L
J 31P0,33P2, 33D1 53P0,1,2, 3P0,1,2, 3P9. Statistical Physics
9.1 Historical Overview
9.2 Maxwell Velocity Distribution 9.3 Equipartition Theorem
9.4 Maxwell Speed Distribution
9.5 Classical and Quantum Statistics 9.6 Fermi-Dirac Statistics
9.7 Bose-Einstein Statistics
Statistics and Probability
What are the relative probabilities of finding an atom in any particular state?
Maxwell Velocity Distribution: What is the distribution of velocities for an ideal gas at a given T?
3 1 2 3
( ) exp 2 /
f d C m kT d
Equipartition Theorem: Mean energy of is associated with each degree of freedom12kT
For rigid connector: DOF = 5 (3-translational; 2-rotational) For spring connector: DOF = 7 (3-tran; 2-rot; 2-vibrational)
For a single atom: DOF = 3 K 12 kT 3 32kT
9. Statistical Physics
9.4 Maxwell Speed Distribution
9.5 Classical and Quantum Statistics 9.6 Fermi-Dirac Statistics
9.7 Bose-Einstein Statistics
Maxwell Speed Distribution: the probability of finding a particle with speed between v ~ v+dv
12 2
2( ) 4 exp /
f d C m kT d
Classical and Quantum Statistics:
Most probable speed:
Mean speed:
Root-mean-square (rms) speed:
* 2kT m/
( 4 / ) *
( 3 / 2) *
rms * rms
Classical Distributions Each particle is distinguishable
There is no restriction on particle energies.
Maxwell-Boltzman
Quantum Distributions Each particle is indistinguishable due to overlap of wave functions
There are only certain energy values allowed.
Fermi-Dirac: identical/indistinguishable particles with integer spin (Fermions)
Bose-Einstein: identical/indistinguishable particles with half-integer spin (Bosons)
10. Molecules and Solids
10.1 Molecular Bonding and Spectra 10.2 Stimulated Emission and Lasers 10.3 Structural Properties of Solids
10.4 Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Solids 10.5 Superconductivity
10.6 Applications of Superconductivity Molecular Bonding: binding energy (potential)
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Van der Waals bond
Hydrogen bond
Metallic bond
What happens when atoms join together?
Molecular Spectra: Band spectrum due to rotational and vibrational energy states
10. Molecules and Solids
10.2 Stimulated Emission and Lasers 10.3 Structural Properties of Solids
10.4 Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Solids 10.5 Superconductivity
10.6 Applications of Superconductivity
Emission of Photons by molecules: Spontaneous and Stimulated
Spontaneous Emission: emit a photon without any stimulus from the outside
Stimulated Emission: emit a photon stimulated by incoming photons
Laser: Light amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation (T. Maiman, 1960)
Maser: Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation (C. Townes, 1954)
10. Molecules and Solids
10.3 Structural Properties of Solids
10.4 Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Solids 10.5 Superconductivity
10.6 Applications of Superconductivity
Condensed Matter Physics: Study of electronic properties of Solids and Liquids
Magnetic properties: Characterized by intrinsic magnetic moments (Magnetic susceptivility: ) and their responses to applied magnetic fields (Magnetization: M)
Thermal expansion: Tendency of a solid to expand as its temperature increases
Nearly linear with temperature in classical limit.
Crystal structure: The atoms are arranged in extremely regular, periodic patterns.
Lattice = Set of points in space occupied by atomic centers
Thermal Conductivity: A measure of how well they transmit thermal energy
The ratio of thermal con. And electrical con. is proportional to T
Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism
10. Molecules and Solids
10.5 Superconductivity
10.6 Applications of Superconductivity
Superconductivity: Absence of electrical resistance (Zero resistivity under critical Tc ) Complete expulsion of magnetic flux (Meissner effect)
Applications:
BCS (J. Bardeen, L. Cooper, R. Schrieffer) Theory: Electron-Phonon interaction
Cooper Pair (two-electron pair) + Lattice Phonon (lattice vibration)
Josephson junctions: Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor SQUIDs Maglev: Magnetic levitation of trains
MRI: (Nuclear) Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11. Semiconductors
11.1 Band Theory of Solids 11.2 Semiconductor Theory 11.3 Semiconductor Devices 11.4 Nanotechnology
Solids: Insulator, Metal, Semimetal, Semiconductor
How energy bands and forbidden energy gaps formed?
Band Theory: Conduction, Valence, Forbidden gap
Kronig-Penney Model
Semiconductor Theory: Distribution of electrons (fermions) at the various energy levels is governed by the Fermi-Dirac distribution
Holes: vacancy in valence band (work as positive charge)
n-type and p-type: adding only a small amount of dopants to silicon greatly increases the electrical conductivity.
Semiconductor Devices:
pn-Junction Diodes: p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined together.
Light-emitting diodes (LED), Photovotaic Cells (Solar cells)
Transistors: npn-junction, pnp junction
Field effect transistors (FET)
Schottky barriers: Metal-semiconductor junction
Nanotechnology: Scientific study and manufacture of materials on a submicron scale.
Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, Quantum Dots
