Vol. 49, No. 5 O2012PG pp. 603-615
ࢄࠤॷ׆২ଭૈہֻࠤճٛଵ
ઽ
Geophysical Exploration Techniques - Today and Tomorrow
YoungSoo Song
Abstract : Geophysical exploration is basically subjected to explore natural resources. However it is applied to various areas from environmental and engineering geophysics to forensic science with the development of the exploring devices and the techniques for interpretation. Today overflowing the resource nationalism starts again to attract the attention to the exploration for natural resources including oil. And the techniques suitable for developing new energy resources such as gas hydrate and shale gas are needed. Besides, new frontier oil fields are located at deep sea or polar regions. We need high-precision data acquisition system and high-resolution imaging technique for interpretation in order to solve this problem. Therefore we have to develope the new convergence technique among not only geophysical methods but also other related scientific studies. Also it will be necessary to have 4-D exploration system for the time-lapse measurement of physical properties and to have the remote/unmanned or robotic exploration system for exploring inaccessible areas. This paper shows the state of the art and vision of potential method(gravity and magnetic), electric and EM method, and seismic method.
Key words : Convergence, 4-D, Remote/unmanned, Robotic
څ أ НνԐəŖ҆ۺڷͿۙڙԐقЀۺں˃Čەݓχ, ݓŚڹԐşşф३ԵşցۆьɵͿۙڙ
Ԑٽقʪঞą/ࢹЀқآقԴҙࢢѪęॡқآقۋβşūݓي͠ѓϸقèߝۺڌʼČەɰ. Ŕ͠ǣ߯Ŗق
ۋβۙ͠ڙлܔܳۆÀऋѕ३ݓϸԴԵڮεҼ΅ॢۙڙÒьںڦॢԐÀɰ֨ܳЀںыş֨ۚ॰ڷ϶, ԵڮۆʂߕقȃݓۙڙڷͿԴÀ֟ॠۋ˚ͪۋ࣡ǣՕێÀ֟ٮÏڹԞͿڏقȃݓۙڙÒьقۺ०ॢԐ
şցۋڅĵʼČەɰ. óɰÀԞͿڏڮۻÒьڹ۾۾֮३۹ǣŕॢݓٮÏڹۿŖۋرͲڏݓًںÒߍॣ
սшقػə֬܁ۋɰ. ۋəďČ܁нʪۆۙΒন˛şցęČ३ԜʪۆۙΒ३ԵٖԜşցںڅĵॠóʼ϶,
˰͆ԴؘڷͿəÁܛНνԐѪӼχ؉ɦ͆ěʹॡЛں؉ڍβəԞͿڏڵ҄०জşցںÒьॠيۋق
ʂߌॠيآॣìۋɰ. ̚ॢНՁۆѺজε֨ÂѻͿěࠑॠəϿɦࢢτ֨֟ࢰۍ4ڙԐşցęۿŖۋ
رͲڏݓًܓԐεڦॢڙü/Иۍ̚əͿҊԐ֨֟ࢰۋज़څॣìڷͿٚԜʽɰ. يşԴəࡾóऎࢮՏԐ (ܼͳęۙͳԐ), ۻşٮۻۙԐ, ՁࣷԐͿǣɀر, ÁНνԐѪ˞ۆ߯ŖۆζęؘڷͿۆҼۻں
ԕट҃Čۙॢɰ.
ܳڅر ڵ҄०জ, 4ڙ, ڙü/Иۍ, ͿҊ
2012ț9ښ24ێۿս, 2012ț10ښ9ێ֮ԐٰΒ 2012ț10ښ18ێóۦঝ܁
*Corresponding Author(բٖս) E-mail; [email protected]
Address; Department of Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Chonbuk National University
Դ
ݓĵНνٮНνԐ
НνԐ(geophysical exploration)əݓĵНνॡۆॢ
қآۋɰ. ȉڹۆйͿݓĵНνॡڹНνॡۆڿڌęॡ
ڷͿԴݓĵ, ɵ, ॱՁںܓԐॠəॡЛڷͿԴߎЛॡę
ěʹۋەɰ. Ŕ͠ǣ҃ࣀݓĵНνॡۋ͆॥ڹܙڹۆ йͿݓĵχںʂԜڷͿॠəČߕݓĵНνॡۋ͆ॠ Č, ۋəտսݓĵНνॡęڿڌݓĵНνॡڷͿǣɀر ݕɰ. Sheriff(2002)əڿڌݓĵНνॡ(applied geophysics) ں ɰڼę Ïۋ ܁ۆॢɰ.
“˸ۆНνۺՁݗںࠑ܁ॠČ३ԵॠيقȃݓٍΒ
̚əġԜьþˣۆą܃ۺЀۺںڦ३ԴݓॠۆԜ
ε Ā܁ॠə ॡЛ”
˰͆ԴНνԐəڿڌݓĵНνॡۋ͆ॣսەɰ.
ۋ͠ॢڿڌݓĵНνॡڹ؉ܳɰتॢॡЛęԴͿۿ ३ Ժ
Ѐʼرەɰ(Reynolds, 2011). ٚε˞رԦ-ݓĵНνॡ (bio-geophysics)ڹ߯Ŗق ˣۤॢ қآͿ ˸՚ۆ йԦ НŒߕ(microbial cell)ۆݓĵНνॡۺՁ, йԦНę
ݓॠϔݗԐۋۆԜۚڌ, йԦНটʴۆĀęͿԴݓ ݗۆНνۺ, জॡۺѺজˣںܓԐॢɰ. Ȭ-ݓĵНνॡ (agro-geophysics) ً֨߯Ŗ10țԐۋقьۻॢқآ ͿԴȬॡęࢹتęॡںۿЀॢìڷͿԴ, ࢹتۆսқ
҃ڮɠͳ, ۤşÂۆҼΒÀࢹتقй࠘əٖॳ, ąۚۋ
ࢹتսқ͟قй࠘əٖॳˣںܓԐॢɰ. Ѫ-ݓĵНν ॡ(forensic geophysics)ڹѪęॡ(forensic science)ۆॢ
қآͿܳͿęॡսԐقۺڌʼəʚ, ڮ३ǣ˸՚قМ ر˅ŚĨˣںəʚۋڌʽɰ. ӄॠ-ݓĵНνॡ(glacio- geophysics)ڹӄॠॡęۿЀʽқآͿӄॠٍĵقট ь০ۺڌʼČەɰ. ŔٽݓॠսܓԐٮěʹʽսνॡ ę ۿЀʽ սν-ݓĵНνॡ(hydro-geophysics) ŔνČ
ČČॡę ۿЀ֨ࢇ ČČ-ݓĵНνॡ(archaeo-geophysics) қآˣۋەɰ. ۋٮÏۋНνԐəɰتॢॡЛęۿ ЀʼرەرŔۺڌқآÀȉرݓČەɰ. ̚ॢठڷͿ əʌڎÌͳ३ݕIT şցę॥ƍԞͿڏşşۆÒь,
ۙΒߌνф३Եşցۆьۻ, Нνۺۍߌνę܁قʂ
ॢۋ३ʪÀݒݕʿق˰͆şցфԓغқآԐۋۆ
ѹʪॴНرݓČەɰ. ٚε˞ϸ, ԵڮԐşցڹߣČ қ३ɠ ėॡۺ ܓԐق ۋڌʼČ ەڷ϶, ۻۙԐ (CSEM)À ३ت ԵڮԐق ۺڌʼČ ەə ìۋ ܞڹ
ٚ͆ ॣս ەɰ.
يşԴəНνԐѪںࡾóऎࢮՏԐ(ܼͳфۙͳ
Ԑ), ۻşٮۻۙԐ, ՁࣷԐͿǣɀČۋ˞ÁÁ قʂ३߯Ŗۆ ζں ԕट҃Čۙ ॢɰ.
ऎࢮՏԐ
ܼͳԐٮۙͳԐəϿ˃ऎࢮՏۋںş҆ڙν Ϳॠ϶, ۙͳऎࢮՏڹܼͳऎࢮՏۆۙজѓॳڷͿۆ
йқقҼͻॢɰəऻ؉բěć(Poisson's relation)ÀՁ ςॠдͿ˃ԐѪںܼ·ۙͳԐ̚əऎࢮՏԐ͆Č
ࣀࣥرێ࠹şʪॢɰ. ऎࢮՏԐəÂठॠČ֪՚ॠó
ġًݓݗĵܓܓԐ, ԵڮфġНۙڙԐŔνČঞą /ࢹЀܓԐˣںॣսەəڮڌॢԐѪۋɰ. ˰͆Դ
ĶÀǣʂΫőϿۆܼͳԐٮۙͳԐεࣀॠيܼͳ ęۙͳD/Bεĵ߹ॠيÁܛڮڌۙڙۆथÀфÒ ь, ĶࢹۆݓݗՁथÀεࣀॢĶࢹۆমڱۺۍটڌ
ŔνČ ݓݗ ۦ३ۆ ٚࠑę ʂҼ ˣق টڌॠČ ەɰ.
२ėܼͳԐə1950țʂϊقÒьʼş֨ۚॠٕݓ χ, ܼͳÀ՚ʪε२ėşقۆॢڏʴÀ՚ʪͿҙࢢқ νॠşرͲڗ֬ڌজÀʼݓЇ॰ڷǣ, 쩋Gal ܁нʪۆ
ܼͳćٮDGPSεۋڌॢ܁нॢڦ࠘Ā܁֨֟ࢰۋÒ ьʿڷͿ׆֬ڌজʼؽɰ. ইۦ२ėܼͳԐԴҼ֟ε
܃ėॠəԐধԐəՃćۺڷͿ߯ՙॢ10Òقɵॠ϶, 45ÒԐ֨֟ࢰۋ֬܃Ԑق࣊ۓʼČەڷ϶, ٍÂ
أ11,000,000 L-km ܁ʪԐॠČەəìڷͿ߸܁ʽ ɰ. şցۺڷͿə2 km ۋॠۆėÂқ३ɠę1mGal ۋ ॠۆ Ԑ ܁ঝʪε ÀݓČ ەɰ(DiFrancesco, 2010).
२ėܼͳԐ֨֟ࢰʪÒ͟ںć՚ॠيইۦ२ėܼ
ͳѺজڱՅԴ˞ۋ՚՚ÒьʼČەɰ. ॢठ1 쩋Galۆ
܁нʪεÍəܼͳćÀÒьʿڷͿ׆ՙőϿݓݗĵܓ ε Ԑ ʂԜڷͿ ॠə Č܁н ܼͳԐ(micro-gravity survey)ÀÀɠॠي, ݓॠėʴݓфݓъܓԐ(Branston and Styles, 2006; чٖսˣ, 2007), CO2 ܳۓق˰δ
ܼͳѺজۆ֨ÂѻϿɦࢢτ(Alnes et al., 2008) ˣق
ۋε ۺڌॠČ ەɰ.
ॢठۙͳԐə1915țقAdolf SchmidtÀχ˜۹ ڐۙͳćقۆॠيȇν҃śʼؽݓχ, 1970țʂߣ
ۙͳѺজڱ ࠑ܁ş(magnetic gradiometer)ε Ԑڌॠي
ߪۙşۤՃşӼχ؉ɦ͆˃ՅԴԐۋۆѺজڱںࠑ
܁ॠóʿڷͿ׆, ҃ɰȭڹқ३ɠںÀݕ܁҃εصں
սەؽɰ. ۙͳԐəߣşۆߏġԵԐսɳقԴġ Н, জսՙ, ݓॠս/ݓَۙڙ ܓԐ սɳڷͿ Ŕۺڌ
қآÀঝʂʼؽČ, ݓݗۦ३ܓԐ, ݓॠ۹ۤ࢟ࡾǣUXO (unexploded ordnance) ݓŔνČঞąфČČॡқ آ ˣقʪ ȇν ۺڌʼČ ەɰ.
ڍνǣ͆قԴə 1981ț ॢĶʴͳۙڙٍĵՙقԴ २ ėѓԐɠфۙͳԐ֨֟ࢰںĵۓॠيʫۙۺڷͿ
२ėНνԐεսॱॢìۋÀۤۆйەəٍĵۋ϶, ۋ॒Ϳ܄࣡əইۦūݓʪć՚ʼČەɰ. ইۦǴΫڹ
ۻѓݓًˣێҙε܃ٽॠČəäۆυИνʼؽڷ϶, ३تԐۙΒٮ०ॠşڦॢ३؋Ըҋ०Ԑεݕॱ ॠČەɰ(Fig. 1). ġًܼ·ۙͳԐۙΒəܓĵܓٍ
ĵ, ݓݕфݓݗۦ३ѓݓˣںڦॠيʂΫőϿۆġ
ًۺۋČܛ०ۺۍۿŖۋज़څॠдͿۋڕǣ͆˞Ԑۋ قԴͿۙΒεϿڷČİঞॠşʪॢɰ. 19901992ț ۆCCOP Aeromagnetic map compilation programmeڷ Ϳ؉֨؉ۆۙͳۙΒεϿ؉ԴьÂॠٕڷ϶, 1997
2000țقəॢ·ێėʴٍĵͿॢĶęێ҆ۆܼͳęۙ
ͳԐۙΒεࠄ०ॠşʪॠٕɰ. ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵڙ ڹĶࢹݓν܁҃ڙ, ҙԓʂॡİˣę॥ƍأ17,500 ࠑ
۾ۆܼͳۙΒεɰ֨ۙΒߌνॠČϿ؉ܼͳʪεь Âॠٕɰ(Fig. 2).
२ėܼͳԐ֨֟ࢰڹH/WǣS/WÀۋй߿қ০
֪ॣսܵقʪɵॠي֬ڌজʿق˰͆Ŕটڌѩڦ ÀȉرݓČەڷ϶, २ėۙͳԐʪԐۤҼٮGPS
Fig. 1. Airborne Magnetic Anomaly Map of Korea.
Fig. 2. Bouguer Gravity Anomaly Map of Korea.
ۆьۻق৪ۓرࠑԸÂüۋܙČҼॱȭۋÀǰڹ
܁н२ėԐ(High Resolution AeroMagnetics: HRAM) şցۋ֬ইʿڷͿ׆, २ėܼ·ۙͳԐə۾ġً
ԐقԴ܁нԐͿŔًॣںцƴرÄìڷͿٚԜʽ ɰ. ŔνČܼ·ۙͳԐۆқ३ɠęݓɠںॳԜ֨࢈
սەəսथ, սݔѺজڱԐٮ3Ձқۆ3ѓॳقʂ
ॢࢮԴѺজڱԐ(full-tensor gradiometry) şցʪď
֬ڌজʼرگԜ, २ėф֨߸ėԐقটڌʾìڷͿ
ۻϐʽɰ.
ۻşԐ
ۻşԐə1912țSchlumberger ܃À॒͎֟قԴ
ݓݗĵܓٍĵεڦ३DC ۻşԐεսॱॢۋ١ɚ قۋβČەڷ϶, ߯Ŗل҃ɰ҄०ۺۍۙΒন˛֨֟
ࢰۆÒьęČՁɠ࠻ौࢢۆьɵق৪ۓرϿʝτę
३ԵşցقśݕۻںۋΘؽɰ. ۻşԐəگԜقԴӼ χ؉ɦ͆, սԜ, ֨߸ė؋قԴʪԐڌʼČەڷ϶, ۺ ڌқآʪġԓԓغ, Եڮ/À֟Ԑ, ࢹЀ/æԺˣۆė ॡқآ, ݓॠս/ݓَܓԐ, ঞąқآŔνČġًݓÁ ĵܓٍĵˣɰت३ݓČەɰ. يşԴəۻşԐۆş ցۺۍѺজεۙΒন˛ęۙΒߌνф३ԵşցͿǣ ɀر ԕट҃şͿ ॢɰ.
Ϥ۹, ۙΒন˛şցۆѺজεԕट҃ϸ, ۻşҼ۹२
ԐقԴəۻࣀۺڷͿۻŕں˸՚قČ܁֨ࢇۻΪ ε Ͳ ࠑ܁ॠə ۻΪĀ०(galvanic coupling) ѓ֩ں
ܳͿԐڌॢɰ. Ŕ͠ǣ߯Ŗل˸ęݔۿۿߤػۋۚغ
ॣսەəڌ͟Ā०(capacitive coupling) ѓ֩ںۋڌ
ॢԐѪۋˣۤ॰ɰ. ۋəࠑԸں˰͆ۻŕۤ࠘εǓ ČÀϸԴࠑ܁ॠəѓѪڷͿ, ٚε˞ϸ, Geometric, Ohm Mapper, Capacitive Resistivity Imaging(CRI) towed array ˣۋەɰ. ۻŕںǏəѓ֩ڹۻŕںČ܁֨ࢅəѓѪ قҼॠيS/N ҼÀǰڹɳ۾ڹەڷǣۻŕČ܁֩ڷ ͿۙΒεصںսػəɳɳॢݓϸقԴ֪՚ॠóԐ
ॣսەɰəۤ۾ۋەɰ. ̚ॢѓսڌۻԸںۋڌॠي
սǣ३ԜقԴԐॠə֨֟ࢰ(floating towed system) ںÒьॠəˣėÂۺ܃ॢںŕ҄ॠͲəٍĵÀۋΘ ر܋ইۦقəر̃ॢսॢܓæںÀݕঞąقԴʪ
ۻߎۺڷͿۺڌॣսەəɳćقۋβͧɰ. ŔνČ
2ڙԐə۾ࢹϿŔ͒क़ٮÏڹČ३Ԝʪ/Č܁н
ԐşցͿьۻॠٕČ؉ڐ͠2ڙقԴ3ڙ, 4ڙ ڷͿঝʂʼČەɰ. ॢठIP Ԑə০1980țʂق
ġʂًڮʪқŕ(Spectral IP: SIP) ԐٮÏڹܘʌ܁
нॢԐşѪęşşÀьɵॠϸԴIP ԐÀьۻ३ ٵɰ(Seigel et al., 2007).
Fig. 3. 4-D Imaging of ground condition change due to the storage of cryogenic gas in an underground cavern.
Ground resistivity was changed due to the alteration of the ground water flow path in the vicinity of the storage cavern, where ice ring was formed by the freezing of ground.
ɰڼڷͿ, Ͽʝτ ф ًԓ şցۆ Ѻজε ԕट҃ϸ, 1970țʂϊҙࢢۻşҼ۹२ԐۙΒۆ2ڙًԓق
ěॢ ٍĵÀ ьशʼş ֨ۚॠي(Pelton et al., 1978), 1990țʂق˞رۻşҼ۹२3ڙًԓѪۋÒьʼؽ Č(ۋϼܛˣ, 1999), ݓŚڹݓॠĵܓϿں֨Âق˰
͆Ѻজॠə4ڙėÂԜقԴࣷ؊ॠي३ԵॠəԞͿ ڏ Òȝۆ 4ڙ ً३Ե ؎Čνˠۋ Òьʼر(Kim et al., 2009) ϿɦࢢτԐۆۙΒ३Ե şցۆ܁нʪε
নşۺڷͿȭٕɰ(Fig. 3). ۋəԓԐٚࠑфϿɦࢢ τ, ݓॠ١ّНݗäʴфঝԓϿɦࢢτ, ݓъ҃Ìমę
êݒˣۆɰتॢқآقԴϿɦࢢτԐĀęε܁͟
ۺڷͿ३Եॠəşъں܃ėॠٕɰ. ॢठڷͿ, 2000ț ʂܼъҙࢢəݓॠĵܓ३Եۆ܁ঝʪεȭۋČۙي͠
ÀݓԐѪۆۤ۾ںŕʂজॠə҄०ًԓ̚əڵ०
ԐşցÒьۋ҆üۺڷͿݕॱʼؽڷ϶, ۋق˰͆ۻ şҼ۹२-Ձࣷ, ۻşҼ۹२-ͪۋʌ҄०ًԓ؎Čνˠ
ˣۋÒьʼؽڷ϶(ť܁ˣ, 2007), ÁܛНՁۆԜě ěćˣقʂॢٍĵфݓĵࣀćۺڵ०şցقʂॢ
ٍĵʪ ݕॱʼؽɰ(Park et al., 2010).
SPԐقԴʪ߯Ŗ܁͟ۺۍϿʝτşցقԴࢀݕ ۻںۋΘؽڷ϶(բՁˣ, 2002; Sheffer and Oldenburg, 2007; Bérubé, 2007), IP Ԑۆąڍə߿ۻՁںşъ
ڷͿॠəۙΒ३Ե(Oldenburg and Li, 1994)ںȊر,
҄ՙۻşۻʪʪεۋڌॠəݕʴսф֨ÂًٖSIP Ͽ ʝτфًԓşցۋɰتॠó֨ʪʼČەɰ(Kemna et al., 2004; Hönig and Tezkan, 2007; Son et al., 2007;
՜܁ցˣ, 2007; Chen et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2012).
ǚڷͿ, ߯ŖۆۻşԐۆٍĵԐͻεԕट҃ϸ, ݓ ॠۙڙۋǣݓॠս/ݓَܓԐεȊر, জԓݓًقԴۆ
জԓफьٚࠑфսνݓݗॡۺܓԐٮϿɦࢢτ(Lénat, 2007). ݓॠ ėʴق ۆॢ ݓъࠞॠ ܓԐ(ť͵ ˣ, 2006), ʆ ɀսݓ ф ؋܁Ձ थÀ(Cho and Yeom, 2007), şѺজق˰δӄॠܳѺݓًфʴࢹʂݓً
قԴۆݓъܓԐ(Kneisel and Hauck, 2008), ࣷթʂф
ࢢȇۆ 3ڙ ٖԜজ(ۋϼܛ ˣ, 2008) ˣۆ ėॡۺۍ
ܓԐ, জսՙ١ّݓً(Kemna et al., 2004), ͪş
ϔςۤ١ّ(Hönig and Tezkan, 2007), জͳьۻՙˣ قԴԵںڍČǫڹۦ(fly-ash)ε۹ۤॢĖقԴۆ
ɀսͿ ۍॢ ١ّ ॔Μ(plum) ࣷ؊(Viezzoli et al., 2006), ڮߕۆ١ّęԦНॡۺঞą܁জٍĵ(Nyquist and Corry, 2002) ˣęÏڹঞąқآ, ČқьĹܓԐ
ˣۆČČॡқآ(Drahor, 2004; Astin et al., 2007; ١ ইʍˣ, 2011)ٮCO2 ݓܼ۹ۤϿɦࢢτ(ťܛڎęբ
ٖս, 2010)ęÏڹCCS қآقʪۺڌʼČەɰ. ߯Ŗ قə३تՁࣷԐεٰ҃ॠəսɳڷͿԴজսՙ
Ԑق IP ԐÀ ۺڌʼşʪ ॠٕɰ(Veeken et al., 2009). ॢठSIP ѪںۋڌॢڮʪқŕՁقʂॢ֬
ॹۺۍ ٍĵʪ টь০ ۋΘرݓČ ەɰ(Nordsiek and Weller, 2008; чԘő ˣ, 2011).
ؘڷͿۻşԐ şցڹ҃ɰ܁нॢ ३Եę܁ঝॢ
НՁфݓݗĵܓࣷ؊ںڦ३ڵ҄०জşցę4ڙ
ٖԜজ şցۋ ࢅڗ˚À ʾ ìڷͿ ۻϐʽɰ.
ۻۙԐ
ۻۙşڮʪইԜ(EM Induction)ںۋڌॠيݓॠۙڙ
ԐǣݓݗĵܓεܓԐॠəۻۙԐəگԜ, २ė, ֨
߸ėں̬رȊرцɰقԴʪটڌʼČەəԐѓѪڷ ͿġНۙڙԐ, ݓॠս/ݓَ, ঞąфࢹЀ/æԺˣɰ تॢқآقԴԐڌʼČەڷ϶, ߯Ŗق˞رԴəԵڮ
фÀ֟ۙڙ ԐقԴʪ ܼڅॢ ًॣں ॠó ʼؽɰ.
ۻۙԐə1925țقՙڦSundbergѪۋ͆؎Ͳݕѓ ѪڷͿ ֟ڟʜۆ Karl Sundbergق ۆॠي ġНԐق
ۺڌʽˏ, 60țʂܼъҙࢢś՚ॠóьۻॠٕڷ϶,
܁ԐѓѪۋÒьʼϸŔÒьʽݓًقԴȇνԐڌ ʼəݜںٕ҃ɰ. ٚε˞ϸ, ܳCSIROԐقԴÒ ьॢSIROTEMڹܳقԴ, Turam Ԑşə֟ڟʜق
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. (a) Near angle stack of the seismic data, with the gas volume (porosity times gas saturation) log superimposed.
(b) Gas volume section derived from the combined mCSEM and seismic inversions (Harris et al., 2009).
ԴÒьʼرҚڮͥقԴ, ࠪǣɰGeonicsԐقԴÒьʽ
ۻۙԐۤҼəҚйʂΫقԴȇνԐڌʼɰÀ߯Ŗ
ڮͥūݓ҃śʼؽɰ.
ۻۙԐə ࡾó ݕʴսًٖ ۻۙԐѪ(frequency domain EM: FEM)ę֨ÂًٖۻۙԐѪ(time domain EM: TEM)ڷͿĵқʽɰ. 1950țʂقԴ60țʂԐۋق
ȇνԐڌʼş֨ۚॢFEM Ѫڹ҃ɰʌŪڹ֮ʪۆ
Ԑεڦ३TEM ѪڷͿŔԐѓѪںɰتজॠٕɰ.
ψڹ ٍĵεࣀ३ Àۤ ьۻʽ TEM ѪڷͿə Wright et al.(2002)قۆ३ՙÒʽMTEM (multitransient EM) Ѫۋەɰ(Ziolkowski et al., 2007). MTEM Ѫڹي͠
բ֪ڙقۆॢ֪εي͠ս֪şقۆ३ս֪ॠə
ՁࣷԐٮŔşѪۋڮԐॠɰ. բ֪şəۻΪتŕۙ
(bipole)ۋČս֪şə˃ÒۆۻŕۋۻԸڷͿٍĀʽ
ۋ϶, Àܼۤڅॢ۾ڹي͠բս֪äνق˰͆ս ݔԐٮսथԐε҄०ॢۙΒεصںսەرݓ ॠۻşҼ۹२قʂॢ܁҃εۓߕۺڷͿ҃ɰ܁ঝॠó
صں սەɰə ìۋɰ.
ۻࣀۺڷͿۻۙԐۆÀܼۤڅॢԐʂԜڹġН
ۙڙۋ϶߯ŖġНۙڙۆИşজͿۍ३ŔܼڅՁڹ
ć՚ڮݓʾۻϐۍʚ, ۋ͠ॢġНۙڙۆԐقəܳ
ͿTEMѪ, CSMTѪ, ֨߸ėۻۙԐ, २ėۻۙԐ (airborne electromagnetic: AEM)ÀԐڌʽɰ. ۋܼق Դʪ२ėۻۙԐə1951țߣ߯ߣͿԜغۺڷͿۺ
ڌʽۋݓŚūݓϔڍՁėۺۍьۻںۋΘرٵɰ.
ŔͤقʪҝĵॠČAEM ३Եşցڹƪ١͘ʴ؋1
ڙًԓقϢИβČەؽɰ. Ŕۋڮə3ڙۙΒεॢ
ƃѥقɰΘͲϸرυرυॢ࠻ौࢢڌ͟ęćԓ֨Âۋ
څĵʼؽş˺Лۋɰ. ॠݓχ߯Ŗ˞رCox and Zhdanov (2007)əьۙĶ(footprint) ۿŖѪںۋڌॢ3ڙًԓ
şѪں ܃֨ॠٕČ, ۋε ܳۆ Bookpurnong ěÒ (irrigation) ĵًق ۺڌॠي ՁėۺڷͿ 3ڙۺۍ ३ Եںॣսەؽɰ(Cox et al., 2010). ġНۙڙęəɵν
ԵڮфÀ֟ۙڙԐقԴۆۻۙԐəSteve Constable ۋ1990țʂقÒьॢԜغۺۍ३تMT Ԑşցۋ
३تۍėբ֪ڙۻۙԐ(marine controlled-source EM:
mCSEM) şցͿ ьۻॠϸԴ ߯Ŗقə ३تقԴۆ Ե ڮ·À֟ۻںə֪şցͿԞ΄óۙνϔťॠČەɰ (Constable, 2010). mCSEMڹ ߯Ŗ 10يț Ԑۋق Ŕ
սڅÀफьۺڷͿݒÀॠي, ԐҼڌۋ३تՁࣷ
ԐقҼ३ϔڍۺó˟قʪҝĵॠČ2009țۻߕ३ تقԴۆԵڮ·À֟ۻԐҼڌۆ5%ÀmCSEMق
يܐں܁ʪۋɰ(Chave, 2009). ߯Ŗقڍνǣ͆قԴʪ
À֟ ॠۋ˚ͪۋ࣡ Ԑ(ÌԴş ˣ, 2010; Lee et al., 2011), CO2 ݓܼ۹ۤϿɦࢢτ(Kang et al., 2012), 3D Ͽʝτ؎ČνˠÒь(ॢɀνˣ, 2012) ˣۆmCSEM
ٍĵÀটь০ۋΘرݓČەɰ. Fig. 4əmCSEM Ԑ ۆՁėۺۍԐͻͿ, À֟ۻقԴmCSEM Ԑεॢ
ՁࣷԐфНνêࠗۙΒ˞ں܃أܓæڷͿটڌॠ يًԓॢĀęεՁࣷۙΒٮ॥ƍʪ֨ॠٕɰ(Harris et al., 2009). ۋٮÏۋۻۙԐəԐۤҼٮ३Ե
şցقԴϿ˃ψڹьۻںۋΘرٵڷ϶, ɰδԐٮ ۆ҄०ۺۍ३Եфًԓںࣀॠي3ڙۺۋČ܁͟ۺ ۍ܁҃ε܃ėॠəѓॳڷͿݕজьۻ३ÀČەČ, ؉ ڐ͠ Ͽɦࢢτ şѪڷͿԴۆ ÀɠՁʪ ٍĵʼČ ەɰ (Andreis and MacGregor, 2011; Kang et al., 2012).
(13Ԑ ݓशͪۋʌԐ
GPR(ground-penetrating radar) Ԑəěࠑڌͪۋʌ εݓॠԐقڿڌॢԐѪڷͿԴս֯MHz ۋԜۆ
ȭڹݕʴսεÀݓəۻۙşࣷۆۻࣷইԜںۋڌॢ
ԐѪۋдͿǰڹݕʴսۆۻۙşڮʪইԜںۋڌॠ əۻۙԐٮĵқॠəìۋࢍɾॠɰ. ۋй1960țʂ قŕݓѓǴΫۆӄॠ˃ƍܓԐεڦॢИԸڼॳࠑ֮
ѪÒьɳćقԴҙࢢۺڌʼؽʏGPR ԐəҼŚ՚
Нݗęսқ॥͟ۆѺজقъڿॠəϽ؋ʼəԐ
ѓѪڷͿ, 1980țʂق֬ڌজʼرś՚ॠóьۻॠϸԴ
ݓݗ, ࢹЀ/æԺ, ঞą, ČČॡ, Ѫęॡқآˣƴܵ০
ŔۺڌқآεȉঅÀČەɰ. ߯Ŗقəբ֪ڙۆŕՁ (polarization)ęथॱॠäǣսݔॢՁқˣں॥ƍࠑ܁
ॠيۋԜߕۆڦ࠘Ӽχ؉ɦ͆शϸۆäࠜşǣ܁͟ۺ ۍսқ॥͟ˣۆՁںࠑ܁ॣսەəۤҼͿʪ۾
ݕۺۍьۻںۋΘرٵɰ(Slob et al., 2010). ߯Ŗۆ
GPR Ԑۆۺڌқآεԕट҃ϸ, ࣅۺࠗԴܓԐٮÏ ڹݓݗॡڿڌқآ(Bristow, 2009), জॡНݗۋǣজ սՙق ۆॢ ঞą١ّ қآ(Marcak and Golebiowski, 2006; Redman, 2009), ėॡқآͿԴݓॠ۹ۤ࢟ࡾ(Porsani and Sauck, 2007), UXOǣݓ(Yarovoy, 2009) ˣۆݓ ॠϔԺНڦ࠘ܓԐ, ۍėĵܓНॠҙۆݓॠ۹ۤČܓ Ԑ(Pringle et al., 2009), ɰνǣʪͿٮÏڹİࣀşъ
֨ԺقʂॢܓԐ(Saarenketo, 2009), ʆۆ؋܁ՁܓԐ (Kim et al., 2007) ˣۋەڷ϶, ŔٽقʪČČॡқآ (Goodman et al., 2009), Ѫęॡ қآ(Freeland et al., 2003), Ȭغқآ(Allred et al., 2008) ˣɰتॢқآق
ۋβČ ەɰ.
ۋ͠ॢψڹۺڌқآقԴGPR ԐəÂɳॢ۹ܳ
ࣷɳज़ࢢτ(dewow)ںäࠚٖѧρ(zero offset) ۙ ΒϿڼقԴԐʂԜߕۆڦ࠘ε؉ǴəʚقŔێ
ۺۍЀۺں˃ؽɰ. Ŕ͠ǣ߯ŖIT фۙΒߌνş ցۆьɵͿ3ڙъԐ҃܁ۋǣۻًࣷԓˣۆş ցۋÒьʼرՁėۺڷͿۺڌʼČەəʚɰÀ, Ձࣷ
ԐقԴܳͿটڌʼČەəAVO ًԓۋǣՁࣷÂ
ԾѪˣۆɰتॢ֪߯şѪ˞ۋۺڌʼϸԴGPR Ԑ əɳտॢݓۤҼÀ؉ɨ܁͟ۺۍ܁҃ε܃ė३ܶ
սەəॠǣۆʫςۺۍԐѓѪڷͿۙνϔť३ǣ ÀČ ەɰ.
ॢठ١͘ʴ؋GPR Ԑə܁ҙۆѻॢő܃ػۋ
֬֨ʼرٵڷǣݓŚڹ܁ॢͳęݕʴսˣۆԐ ڌ܃أںыəߣġʂً(ultrawide band; UWB) ۤҼͿ
ő܁ʼرϽϽǣ͆قԴəő܃εыČەɰ. ő܃şě ڷͿəйĶۆFCC (U. S. Federal Communications Com- mission)ٮڮͥۆETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)Àەɰ. ˰͆ԴؘڷͿəۤҼۆÒ ьфԐćনقەرԴۋ͠ॢĶ܃ő܃ঞąقʂ
ॢ ČͲʪ ज़څॣ ìڷͿ҃ۍɰ.
ՁࣷԐ
ՁࣷԐə ي͠НνԐ ѓѪܼقԴ֬܃ݓࠗ
ɳϸʪٮÀۤڮԐॢɳϸں܃ėॢɰəϸقԴݓॠۙ
ڙԐ, ݓݗܓԐ, ࢹЀ/æԺėԐф֮ҙݓÁĵܓٍ
ĵˣۆɰتॢЀۺۆԐфܓԐقটڌʼČەɰ.
ՁࣷÀ˸՚ںۻࣷॠə՚ʪəݓъۆÌʪٮԜěۋ
ەڷ϶ݓࠗۆ՚ʪəࢹЀۋǣæԺĵܓНۆԺćٮ
֨ėقەرϔڍڮڌॢ܁҃ۋɰ. ˰͆ԴՁࣷĹۼ ѪԐəࢹЀݓݗܓԐقԴशܵۺۍܓԐѓѪ˞Àڏ ʚॠǣۋɰ. ъϸقՁࣷъԐѪԐəݓॠŪڹĖ ںʂԜڷͿॠəԵڮǣߎٍÀ֟ԐˣʂőϿݓݗ ĵܓԐѪڷͿьۻ३ٵڷǣ߯Ŗقəݓॠս֯
100m ܁ʪۆثڹĖںʂԜڷͿॠəݓъঞąěʹ
ܓԐǣݓݕѓۦěʹܓԐˣقۺڌॠşʪॢɰ. ߯Ŗ ۆԵڮԐəݓݗĵܓÀ҄ۡॠäǣ, ֮३۹ǣŕॢݓ ٮÏۋԐॠşϔڍرͲڏঞąقԴۋΘرݓəą ॳۋɚرǣČەرۋقʂߌॠəԐۤҼۆÒьф
تݗۆۙΒন˛֨֟ࢰ, Č३ԜʪۆٖԜۙΒߌνф
३Ե şցں Òьॠə ʚ ৪Č ەɰ.
يşԴə߯ŖۆՁࣷşցۆζں۞ࣷ؊ॣս
ەəՁࣷۙΒন˛, ًࣷԓ, ъԐ҃܁(migration) ŔνČ ֨߸ė ՁࣷԐق ʂ३ şցॠČۙ ॢɰ.
ՁࣷԐۙΒন˛
ՁࣷԐşցڹ1970țʂۆ2ڙԐقԴ, 1990 țʂقə3ڙԐşցۋێъজʼϸԴԵڮԐՁ ėέںআ֪ۺڷͿÒԸॠٕɰ. 2ڙф3ڙՁࣷ
ԐşցڹWesternGeco, PGS, CGGVeritas, Fugro ˣ ۆɰĶۺۻЛԐধԐÀ҃ڮॠČەڷ϶, ֪߯ۆ
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fig. 5. Comparison of various azimuth configurations for marine 3-D seismic survey (top: acquisition geometries, bottom:
azimuth-offset distribution plots in rose diagrams). (a) narrow-azimuth, (b) multi-azimuth, (c) wide-azimuth, (d) rich-azimuth, (e) coil shooting geometry (Buia et al., 2008).
ԐۤҼəۋ˞ধԐٮ॥ƍSercel фION ˣۆধԐق ԴÒьॠČەɰ. ĶǴقԴə1990țʂق˞رॢĶݓ ݗۙڙٍĵڙ ф ॢĶ३تٍĵڙقԴ ԐԸ(३ 2
ٮ ٣ɀν)ں æܓॠي ۻЛ ԐۤҼε ʪۓॠϸԴ
Ķ܃սܵۆ2ڙф3ڙۙΒন˛սܵūݓşցॳ Ԝۋ ۋΘرܐɰ(чŖज़ ˣ, 1999).
ԜغۺۍՁࣷԐԸڹ220Òۆ֟࣡νϢεÀ ݓČ3ڙԐεսॱॢɰ. ڼڙڷͿə2Òۆڼڙѕ
َںԐڌॠ϶, Áڼڙѕَ؋ق26Òۆՙѕَں
ÀݓČەɰ. ֟࣡νϢəą܃ՁфۚغমڱՁںČͲ ॠي68km ţۋۆ֟࣡νϢ410Ò܁ʪÀێъۺ ڷͿԐڌʼǣ, ߯Ŗق֮३ݓً̚əّؒ؉͒قەə
ŪڹࣅۺࠗۆٖԜںصşڦॠي۾ψڹ֟࣡νϢ ٮʌš֟࣡νϢεԐڌॠə߸Ճۋɰ. 2000țʂق˞
ر, ڮߕ֟࣡νϢ(fluid streamer)εʂ֪ॠيؓ߹Čқ
ۙ ҙڮߕǣ ܆Ϳ Ǵҙε ڏ Čۆ ֟࣡νϢ(solid streamer)εԐڌॠيS/N ҼʪॳԜ֨ࢅČۚغʪठν ३ݓČەɰ. ̚ॢşܕۆ֟࣡νϢقəڼࣷؓͳںࠑ
܁ॠəॠۋ˚Ϳबۋ˞رەݓχ, ߯ŖقəؓͳՅԴٮ
՚ʪՅԴεԺ࠘ॠيڼࣷۆؓͳę՚ʪεʴ֨قࠑ
܁ॠəۋܼՅԴ֟࣡νϢÀÒьʼرۡڼʪۺČĂ ъԐࣷ(multiple)ʪ֖ó܃äॣսەóʼؽɰ(Carlson et al., 2007).
߯ŖԞͿڏڮۻÒьڹս֮ۋŪČ, ҄ۡॢݓݗĵ ܓ(complex geology) ঞąڷͿ ۋʴॠČ ەڷ϶, ۋق
˰͆ȭڹ३ԜʪۆٖԜںصəìۋܼڅॠóʼؽɰ.
˰͆ԴşܕۆԐԸ1ߍںۋڌॠيॢѓॳχںԐ ॠə3ڙԐ(narrow azimuth 3-D)قԴ۾ي͠ߍ
ۆԐԸںۋڌॠيȉڹÁʪͿي͠ѓॳقԴۙΒ εصںսەəɰتॢѓڦÁѕَԐÀÒьʼر
ՁėۺڷͿ ۺڌʼČەɰ(Fig. 5)(Buia et al., 2008).
ॢठ, 1990țʂܼъۋثڹĖۆÀ֟ࠞɦ(chimney) ˣقۆ३PࣷԐقԴə۞҃ۋݓ؍əĵܓεőϼ
ॢɰ˜À, Ԧԓę܁قԴÀ֟۹ΪࠗۆڮߕѺজε
ݓॠČ, ۹Ϊࠗěνεࣀ३ধսڱںݒʂॣज़څՁۋ
ʂ˃ʿڷͿ׆, ي͠ՁқԐ, ३۹ϸՁࣷԐ, Sࣷ
Ԑф4ڙϿɦࢢτԐşցфۤҼÀÒьʼر
֬܃ ইۤق ۺڌʼČ ەɰ.
Ձًࣷࣷԓ
Ձًࣷԓڹۻࣷ֨ÂࢹϿŔ͒क़ٮAVO ًԓŔ νČٰۻًࣷԓ(full-waveform inversion)ڷͿǣɄ
սەɰ. ՁًࣷԓۋÒьʼş֨ۚॢߣşقəć ԓ֨ÂęҼڌۆЛ܃Ϳۻࣷ֨ÂࢹϿŔ͒क़ٮAVO
ًԓۋܳεۋΘؽڷǣ, ߯Ŗ˞ر֮३ǣŕॢݓڮۻ قʂॢě֮ۋݒÀॠϸԴݓॠϔݗۆНՁ܁҃ε܁
ঝॠó؎؉آॣज़څՁںۼÇॠóʼؽČ, IT şցۆ
ьɵͿՁٰࣷۻًࣷԓۋÀɠ३ݓϸԴۋε֬ڌ জॠş ڦॢ ٍĵÀݚܼۺڷͿ ۋΘرݓČەɰ.
Ձٰࣷۻًࣷԓڹڼॳࣷʴѓ܁֩قşߣॠي
ۋΘرܐڷǣ, ߯Ŗ˞رՁࣷʴѓ܁֩قşߣॢً
ԓۋٍĵʼČەɰ. Ŕ͠ǣইۤۙΒۆۺڌՁۋǣ3
ڙًԓںČͲॠϸ؉ݔūݓəڼॳࣷʴѓ܁֩قş ߣॢًԓۋψۋۋΘرݓČەڷ϶, ŔܼقԴʪ০
ًԓۆ܁ঝՁфমڱՁ, ইۤۙΒۆۺڌՁॳԜںڦ
ॢٍĵÀܳεۋΘČەɰ. Ձًࣷࣷԓڹߌڼق əܳͿ֨Â-ėÂًٖقԴսॱʼؽڷǣ, ćԓۋठν ॠČϥ࣯֟ࡀێѓ֩ںĵইॠş֖ɰəۤ۾˺Лق
1990țʂъҙࢢʂҙқٰۻًࣷԓںݕʴս-ė ÂًٖقԴսॱॠóʼؽɰ. ŔνČߣşۆًࣷԓ ڹϿʝτęইۤۙΒۆǣϢݓ١ۆƊÏ-ȩ(norm)ق
şߣॠيݓॠ՚ʪϿʝںÒԸॠٕəʚ, 1990țʂҙࢢ
ƊÏ-ȩʂ֪قƊÎ-ȩ, ÒԸʽƊÎ-ȩ, ƊÎ/ƊÏ-ঔ०ȩ, Huberȩ
ˣںۋڌॢЀۺ॥սÀۋڌʼş֨ۚॠٕČ, ߯Ŗقə
Student t-қप(Aravkin et al., 2011)قşߣॢЀۺ॥ս εۋڌॠي֟ࣷۋࡾٮÏڹۡڼӼχ؉ɦ͆Иۚڦ
ۡڼۋ॥ƍܕۦॠəۙΒقʂॢًԓĀęεॳԜ֨
ࡎɰ. ॢठ, ইۤۙΒεۺڌॣ˺ÀۤЛ܃Àʼəì
ܼۆॠǣÀġً३εĵॠəЛ܃ۍʚ, ێъۺڷͿ
ՁࣷۙΒۆǰڹݕʴսՁқڷͿҙࢢġً३قÀūڏ
३εڮ߸३ǴəìۋÀɠॠɰ. Ŕ͠ǣʂҙқۆইۤ
ۙΒقəǰڹݕʴսՁқۋܕۦॠݓ؍äǣۡڼق
ۆ३֪ε؎؉҃şرͲڍдͿġً३εĵॠəìۋ
֖ݓ ؍ɰ. ۋ͠ॢ Л܃۾ں ३Āॠş ڦ३ Shin and Cha (2008)əǰڹݕʴսՁқۋܕۦॠݓ؍əąڍ قʪšࣷۤ՚ʪϿʝںĵ߹ॣսەəѓѪڷͿ͆॔
ًًٖ͆֟ࣷԓں܃֨ॠٕڷ϶, ইۤۺڌՁʪ̬
رǣ ߯Ŗق Ԝɾ০ܳЀыČ ەɰ
ՁࣷԐÀ2ڙقԴ3ڙԐͿǣ؉Çق˰͆
ًࣷԓşցʪ3ڙڷͿۆঝۤڹҝÀक़ॢێۋʼ ؽɰ. 3ڙًࣷԓşցۆÀۤࢀèρʮڹćԓɠ ͳۆॢćٕČۋε३Āॠşڦ३ܳͿ؎ČνˠںÒ Ըॠəѓ֩ۋٍĵʼرٵɰ(Pyun et al., 2011). Ŕ͠ǣ
3ڙًࣷԓşցںই֬ۺڷͿχ˞رܶÀۤনş ۺۍşցڹʴ֨բ֪ڙ(simultaneous encoded sources) şѪۆۺڌۋɰ. ۋəي͠Òۆբ֪ڙںʴ֨قьࣷ
ॠيۙΒন˛фߌν֨ÂںনşۺڷͿɳ߹֨ࢅə
şѪڷͿ ߯Ŗ Àۤ ڮϐॢ şցͿ ۍ֩ʼČ ەɰ (Ben-Hadj-Ali et al., 2011).
ٰۻًࣷԓşցڹ؉ݔҝő࠙ॢݓशقۆॢࣷʴ
ۻࣷε ܁ঝ০ ϿԐॠݓ ЇॠдͿ ۋε ३Āॠş ڦ३
DGFEM(discontinuous Galerkin finite element method) ˣ ęÏڹϿʝτşѪقʂॢٍĵٮ4ڙϿɦࢢτԐ قܳͿԐڌʼəOBCǣOBS Ԑۆي͠ՁқۙΒق
ٰۻًࣷԓںۺڌॠşڦॢي͠Ձқ, ي͠Ѻսً
ԓşѪقʂॢٍĵÀؘڷͿۋΘرݗìڷͿ҃ۍɰ.
ъԐ҃܁ NJHSBUJPO
ইۦՁࣷъԐ҃܁ۆ ٍĵəćԓۆ মڱՁф
ݓॠٖԜۆ܁ঝՁںॳԜ֨ࢅəѓॳڷͿьۻॠČە ɰ. ߒݫ, ćԓۆমڱՁںॳԜ֨ࢅşڦॢşѪڷͿə
şܕق Ԑڌʼر٣ CPU şъۋ ؉ɨ GPU(Graphic Processing Unit)ε şъڷͿ ॠə ɰتॢ ؎Čνˠۋ
܃֨ʼČەɰ. ъԐ҃܁ںॠəę܁قԴÀܼۤڅ
ॢڦ࠘εݓॠČەəՁࣷϿʝτҙқقԴćԓ
֨ÂںॳԜ֨ࢅşڦ३GPU şъϿʝτşѪٍĵÀ
ݕॱʼؽڷ϶(Michea and Komatitsch, 2010), ۋ͠ॢ
ٍĵεцڷͿমڱۺۍGPU şъ؎Čνˠںۺڌ
֨ࢇъԐ҃܁şցۋ߯Ŗψۋ܃֨ʼČەɰ(Liu et al., 2012).
ćԓۆমڱՁںॳԜ֨ࢅəɰδʂ؋ڷͿݕʴսٖ
ًъԐ҃܁ٍĵÀ܃؋ʼČەɰ. şܕۆ֨Âًٖ
ъԐ҃܁ڹي͠բ֪ڙقʂॢբ֪ڙࣷʴۤęս֪
ڙࣷʴۤںϿ˃ćԓ३آॠдͿϔڍψڹćԓ֨Â ę۹ۤėÂۋज़څॠɰəɳ۾ۋەؽɰ. ۋε३Āॠ şڦ३ԴڼॳϔݗęՁϔݗقԴݕʴսًٖъ Ԑ҃܁şցۋ܃؋ʼČەɰ(Xu et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2011; Chung et al., 2012).
ˆݫͿ, ъԐ҃܁şցۆ܁ঝՁںॳԜ֨ࢅşڦ३ ԴəşܕۆˣѓՁϔݗقʂॢۺڌӼχ؉ɦ͆ɰت
ॢۋѓՁϔݗ(VTI, TTI ˣ)قԴۆٍĵÀݕॱʼČە ڷ϶(Bube et al., 2012; Zhan et al., 2012; Zhang, 2012), ۋεцڷͿۻقə܁ঝ০ٖԜজॣսػؽʏّؒ
ࠑϸęÏۋśąԐεÍəĵܓقʂ३ԴॳԜʽ҃܁
Āęε ǣࢍǴČ ەɰ.
ؘڷͿъԐ҃܁şցڹ҃ɰ܁ঝॢݓĵǴҙĵܓ
ٖԜজεڦ३ݓॠݓݗۆۋѓՁՁقʂॢٍĵٮ֬
܃Ԑঞąںʌڎ܁ঝ০ϿԐॣսەəڼॳ-Ձ
Ā०ϔݗقʂॢٍĵÀটь০սॱʾìڷͿ҃ۍɰ.
֨߸ėՁࣷԐٮϿɦࢢτ
֨߸ėںۋڌॠيՁࣷԐεսॱॠə֨߸ė
ՁࣷԐۆąڍ, ॄজࠗęÏڹثڹĖۆйČĀࠗں
क़ॣսەČ, ۹ΪࠗܳѺقÀŲóս֪ş˞ںԺ࠘ॣ
սەر۹ΪࠗܳѺقʂॢȭڹ३ԜʪۆٖԜęݓॠ
НՁ܁҃εصںսەɰ. ০١ێԠ˚, À֟ॠۋ˚
ͪۋ࣡, ՕێÀ֟ˣęÏڹԞͿڏԵڮۙڙۆÒьق
ەرԴəۋ˞ۋەəڦ࠘εəìʪܼڅॠݓχر
̎óÒьॠɗǽÀԦԓ͟قۼʂۺۍٖॳںǛ࠘óʽ ɰ. ˰͆Դۋ͠ॢԞͿڏԵڮۙڙÒьق֨߸ėՁ
ࣷԐεۺڌॠČۙॠə֨ʪÀۻՃćۺڷͿśݒॠ Čەə߸Ճۋɰ. ĶǴقԴʪÀ֟ॠۋ˚ͪۋ࣡Ԑ ǣCO2 ݓܼ۹ۤϿɦࢢτ, ݓَݓʂܓԐˣقটь০
ۺڌʼČەɰ(ťϼԸˣ, 2009; Byun et al., 2010; ۋԜ лˣ, 2011). ֨߸ėՁࣷԐقəսݔՁࣷԐ (VSP), ֨߸ėÂՁࣷԐ, ɳێ֨߸ėԐ, ŔνČ
֨߸ė ؋ق ս֪şχ Ժ࠘ॠČ, սؓࣷթʂ(hydraulic fracture)ε ԦՁॣ ˺ ьԦॠə йՃ ݓݕں şॠي
ࣷթʂۆ Ձں қԵॠə йՃݓݕ Ͽɦࢢτ(micro- seismic monitoring) ѓѪˣۋەɰ. ߯Ŗقə֨߸ş ցۆьɵę॥ƍ֨߸ۤҼقս֪şεҙॠäǣ̚
ə֨߸ę܁قԴьԦॠəՁࣷεբ֪ڙڷͿॠي
Ԑε॥ڷͿ׆(Seismic While Drilling: SWD) Ԑق
ՙڅʼə֨ÂęąҼεܶۋČ֨߸ąͿԜقȮيە əęҙॠݓًęÏڹڦॹںйνٚԜ॥ڷͿ׆֨߸
ॣ˺ьԦॣսەəԐČεٚѓॠəʚۋڌॠşʪ
ॢɰ(Poletto and Miranda, 2006).
يşԴə߯ŖقψۋܳЀыČەəйՃݓݕϿɦࢢ τقʂ३Ժϼॢɰ. йՃݓݕϿɦࢢτڹߌڼقə
ġԓغقԴۚغۤۆ؋ۻںڦ३Ĺॣ˺ьԦॠə
ڿͳ Ѻজε Ͽɦࢢτ ॠə ʚق ۺڌʼş ֨ۚॠي, 1976țߌڼڷͿڮÀ֟ۻقԴڙڮধսݒݕ˺Ԧû ǣəսؓࣷթʂεϿɦࢢτॠşڦॠيԐڌʼؽڷǣ, Եڮԓغ҃ɰəݓَÒьقԴEGS (Enhanced Geothermal System)ε ڦॢ Ͽɦࢢτق ܳڅ ۋڌʼر ٵɰ(Soma et al., 2002). ॠݓχ߯Ŗ˞رՕێÀ֟ٮ࠘нÀ֟
(tight gas)ۻقԴսؓࣷթॣ˺ьԦॠəսؓࣷթʂ
˞ۆԦՁڦ࠘ٮьɵѓॳںϿɦࢢτॠşڦ३টь ০ۋڌʼČەɰ. йՃݓݕϿɦࢢτ֨֟ࢰقԴəս
֪şχԺ࠘ॠČսؓࣷթʂÀԦՁʾ˺ьԦॠəйՃ
ݓݕںşॠيࣷթʂۆԦՁڦ࠘ٮŔՁںқԵ
ॢɰ. йՃݓݕںϿɦࢢτॠşڦॢս֪şə֨߸ė
؋ۋǣݓशڦقԺ࠘ॠäǣ̚əS/N Ҽεȭۋşڦ ३ݓशقԴ֨߸ėںثóࣺŔ؋قԺ࠘ॣսʪ
ەɰ. йՃݓݕϿɦࢢτقԴəսؓࣷթˣقۆ३ۍ ڦۺۍŒَ˞ۋԦՁʼ϶ьԦॠəйՃݓݕۆьԦ
ڦ࠘Ϳҙࢢ۹ΪࠗǴҙقԴԦՁʽŒَ˞ۆĵܓ܁҃
ε؎؉ǴČ, ьԦ֨ÂڷͿҙࢢ֨Âق˰δŒَۆՁ
ۤ܁҃ε؎؉Ƕɰ(Maxwell and Urbancic, 2001; Eisner and Ducan, 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2010; ťϼԸ ˣ, 2010). ߯ŖقəйՃݓݕۆьݕşĵεқԵॠيԦՁ ʽսؓࣷթʂۆࡾşεқԵॠäǣйՃݓݕۋսؓࣷ
թʂۆԦՁقۆॢìۍݓ؉ɦϸşܕۆɳࠗۋǣࣷ
թʂÀսؓࣷթقۆ३টʴںۦÒॢìۍݓقʂ३
ĵқॠşʪॢɰ(Downie et al., 2010). ̚ॢϿϯ࣡ࢮ Դًԓںࣀ३ࣷթʂۆŒَѓॳˣںқԵॠşʪॢ
ɰ(Warpinski and Du, 2010).
ؘڷͿۆНνԐ
НνԐəؘڷͿ҃ɰ҄ۡॢݓݗĵܓεÀݓϸԴ ʪ, ֮३ǣŕݓٮÏڹۿŖॠşرͲڏঞąںϑóʾ
ìۋɰ. ˰͆Դۋقʪۻॠيߣ܁н/Č३ԜʪۆٖԜ ںصر҃ɰ܁ঝॢНՁęݓݗĵܓεэ০əìۋɾ ϸę܃͆ॣսەɰ. ۋεڦ३Ϥ۹ԦÁॣսەə
ìۋڵ҄०জşցۋɰ. ݓĵəŖ҆ۺڷͿҝŒݗॠ϶
ݓॠəԴͿɰδНՁۆڵ҄०ߕۋɰ. Ŕ͢ʚڍνə
ॠǣۆНՁڷͿ, ٚε˞ϸ, ۻşԐəۻşۻʪʪͿ,
ܼͳԐəнʪͿɳտজॢɰ. χأÁÁۆНՁںॠ ǣۆڙڷͿԦÁॠČНՁقěॢɰڙėÂں܁
ۆॢɰϸ, ĀęۆɳտҼİÀ؉ɨ҄०ۺۋϸԴڵ० ۺۍ३ԵۋÀɠॣìۋɰ. ॢèڼʌǣ؉Àĵܓݓݗ ۋǣؒъًॡˣۆۍۿқآӼχ؉ɦ͆ɰδॡЛę ۆڵ҄०জεۋΚɰϸ҃ɰ܁нॢНՁқपٮݓॠ ĵܓεőϼॣսەںìۋɰ. ˆݫ, 4ڙϿʝτęً
ԓşցۋɰ. ֨Âۆζ(time-lapse)ق˰δ˸ۆѺজ εۋ३ॠşڦॢϿɦࢢτ, 4ڙԐəՁࣷ
ԐÀۋεܳʪॠيٵڷǣ, ߯Ŗ˞رঞą١ّۆঝԓ, ݓъۆÇ֨фथÀˣۆज़څՁقۆ३ۻş, ۻۙ, ܼ ͳԐˣڷͿঝʂʼČەɰ. 3ڙԐÀݓॠε܁
ۺۍԐݕڷͿ҃əìۋ͆ϸ, 4ڙԐəʴۺۍٖ
জͿ҃əìۋ͆ॣսەɰ. ‘ݓĵ’͆əٖজज़ζۆ
Á॒ͪےںĵՁॠəìڹ܁ݓʽ3ڙėÂٖԜۋ ɰ. Ŕ͠ǣѕąūݓʪʂɳ০ӊνѺজॠəʂԜߕε
ٖ߭ॠəٖজşѪę˸՚ѺজεٖজজॠəşѪԐ ۋقəԴͿÏڼę̚ɰζ(墇萇刈堇)ۋܕۦॢɰ. ؘڷ Ϳۆ4ڙԐəۋ͠ॢԴͿÏڼęɰζں߿қ০
টڌॠəѓॳڷͿǣ؉Äìۋ϶, ۋεࣀ३܁нʪÀ
নşۺڷͿ ॳԜʽ ‘ݓĵ’À صرݗ ìۋɰ(ť܁, 2006). Չݫ, ۙڙঝ҃ ąۮۋ ֮জʼϸԴ Ԑφ, ܁Ř, Čԓݓʂ, ֮३ǣŕॢݓˣۆۿŖۋرͲڏĖںԐ ॠşڦॢڙü/Иۍ̚əͿҊԐ֨֟ࢰۆÒьۋɰ.
ইۦڍνǣ͆قԴəИۍҼॱԸںşъڷͿॢ२ė
Ԑ֨֟ࢰۋʪۓʼرەڷǣ, ؘڷͿۋ͠ॢڙü२ė
Ԑ֨֟ࢰۋǣͿҊںۋڌॢԐ֨֟ࢰۋ॒࣯͢ر (frontier) ݓًقʂॢমęۺۍԐѓѪۋʾսەں
ìۋɰ.
НνԐəؘڷͿۙڙԐεप॥ॢϿ˜қآقԴ
قʂߌॠşڦॢԞͿڏः͠ɰےۋڅĵʼ϶ۋìۋ
ďڍνۆ ʪۻۋۙҼۻۋ ʾìۋɰ.
ԐԐ
НνԐşցۆζںۻߕۺڷͿ؉ڍβşقəȃ ИرͲڏۚغۋؽݓχي͠қ˞ۆʪړڷͿۋŘں
սەؽɰ. ऎࢮՏԐقʪړں֪ܳчٖսчԐɫ, ۻşٮۻۙԐقʪړں֪ܳۋϼܛ, чԘő, Ժտݓ
чԐɫ, ՁࣷԐقʪړں֪ܳѺܼИ, ǫϼݕ, лʴ
ܳ, ठԵܵ, ܁ڍŖİսɫęĵǫчԐɫŔνČॢت ʂॡİ֪֧ێķˣقóۋۙνεҿرÇԐۆυڼں
श०ɦɰ.
ČЛॶ
Գছ׆, ড০, ࣡ணࡿ, 2010, “ԧਆଲ݁ߑଲൈॷࠜ
ැୠCSEMॷড՚࣡ճఝ,”֝֜ਏਆഗ
վฎ, ୪47֫ 2, pp. 139-150.
ࡣট, ࣡ணࡿ, ড০, 2010, “କฎஹଡ
microseismic monitoring ׆࣑֜,” ֝֜ਏਆഗվ
ฎ, ୪47֫ 6, pp. 871-879.
ࡣট, ࣡ணࡿ, କܛֽ, 2009, “ܛැԧਆଲ݁ߑଲൈ
ऀલ୪ߦૈඹরVSP ॷୀ߹ଭୀ߹ళࠤ,”
֜ࢄࠤࢄࠤॷ, ୪12֫ 3, pp. 255-262.
୨, 2006, ୢ׆णୠාଡଲઽঃฃ׆২
Թࢳ, ாୀ ֻࠤճ ֜ฅլ, ֝ாୀ֜
, pp. 328-339.
୨, ଲࡣஂ, ఢ, ছ୨็, 2007, “ୢ׆णୠාրச
ਏഠࡦֻॷୀ߹࣫લॺ׆ొ֜,”ࢄࠤ
ॷ, ୪10֫ 4, pp. 314-321.
ஂ, ઽ, 2010, “CO2ணୠୋଭୢ׆णୠ
ාࡦۍഉࠫࢫඑฃܑુ౸ଡਓ֜,”֜
ࢄࠤ ࢄࠤॷ, ୪13֫ 4, pp. 388-396.
ఢߜ, ୨, ࢮॿָ, ࢮઽ, ଲࡣஂ, ৃ୨২, ହ෴, 2006, “ࢄࠤॷ׆২ଭজฎࢱಅલվܛ
ୡন ֜,” ࢄࠤॷ, ୪9֫ 4, pp. 271-278.
ࢮֽෂ, ଲઽ, ْ֜෴, լૈ, Գࡿ็, ୋন෴, ઽՍ, 1999, “ැ2ଭ240తٮැઑন൞ॷୀ߹౫݂,”
ࢄࠤॷ, ୪2֫ 2, pp. 77-85.
ࢮॿָ, , নًผ, নஜ, 2011, “จฃֈࢄଭֈ۩
લକܑंּন,” 2011 ծாրฎ২ࢳ ඝฎ ొߧு, p. 112.
ࢮઽ, ହ෴, ହࡿ, ֜ন࣭, 2007, “վܛଭ
ࡦۍഉࠫଡ ճ୨ࢤ ணߚॷ,” ࢄࠤॷ, ୪10֫ 4, pp. 383-392.
ৃ୨২, ୨, ଲࡣஂ, 2007, “࣫ীୢ׆णୠාଡଲ
IP ॷ ࡦ܄ࠫࢫલॺ,” ࢄࠤॷ, ୪10֫2, pp. 138-146.
ন, ࣦ֫ܪ, ઑஜࡦ, ୨ฅ, 2002, “ࠤਏডࢄڧ
۩ୀୢ࣑ୡࢫ౿ැজ,”ࢄࠤ
ॷ, ୪5֫ 4, pp. 257-261.
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