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제8강 DNA 염기서열 분석의 원리 및 방법 3

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제8강

DNA 염기서열 분석의 원리

및 방법 3

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3.2 Missing values in DNA

1. Computer program : “?”, “-”, “*”

2. Fossil taxa

3. Missing value 를 사용하는 몇 가지 이유

1. A particular observation has not been scored even though the part of the animal or plant is available.

2. A question mark may be inserted in place of polymorphic coding.

3. Technical difficulties in identifying a purine or pyrimidine in a gel may lead to the inclusion of a question mark or IUPAC/IUB

ambiguity code within a molecular sequence, meaning that the observation is uncertain.

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3. Missing value 를 사용하는 몇 가지 이유

4. Once amino acid or gene sequences have been aligned between different species, it is often necessary to include insertions and deletions to maximize alignment of sequences. Usually indels are treated as an additional character state for the purpose of cladistic analysis. Occasionally they are treated as question marks.

5. For fossils

6. Organisms may have missing data in the sense that some structures are interpreted as having been lost.

7. Alternatively, there may be characters for which states cannot be coded in any outgroup taxon.

8. A special case is exmplified by three0item statements analysis, where data are recoded to express components.

3.2 Missing values

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Fig 3.6 An example of the increase in the number of equally most parsimonious cladograms following addition of taxa with missing values.

Novacek, 1992

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Fig 4.7 Spurious cladograms.

missing value 를 사용하여 hennig86 or PAUP 오류발생.

1. Platinick (1991)

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Fig 3.7 Spurious cladograms.

node

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Fig 3.8 (a-g) Examole of how ambiguous can lead to spurious resolution when a data set is analysed using either PAUP or Hennig86.

* ACCTRAN *

* DELTRAN *

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2. Swofford and Begle (1993)

*Collapse a branch if its minimum length is zero; that is, if there is at least one optimization of all characters that assigns zero-length to the branch,

then that branch is collapsed.

*Collapse a branch if its maximum length is zero; that is, if there is at least one optimization of all characters that does not assigns zero-length to the branch, then that branch is not collapsed.

*Apply either accelerated or delayed transformation to all characters or to characters individually, then collapse any branch assigned zero-length.

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3. De Pinna (1991)

* ACCTRAN 은 DELTRAN 보다 최초의 상동성의 기원을 보존하고 있으므로 선취권이 있다.

* 가속변화의 최적화가 형질 진화 기록을 위해 필요하다.

4. Coddington and Scharff (1994) – 그림 4.8

* Zero-length branch 는 포함되어 있는 모든 topology를 버리는 것에 의해 생산한 분지도를 여과하는 것을 제안.

* 이 과정은 모든 node를 일제히 지원하지 않는 분지도를 제거함으로써 해결

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5. Nixon and Carpenter (1996) – 그림 4.8

* Swofford and Begle 의 이론을 적용하지만 최소거리 분지도가 중요함을 추가함.

* 최소거리이고 모든 node를 지원하는 분지도는 “strictly supported cladograms”

* NONA 는 불명확한 최적화를 허락하지 않는 개폐기를 갖는다.

6. Nixon and Wheeler (1992) – 그림 4.9

* Missing data 의 양은 분지도의 해상력이나 분지도 생산의 수와의 관계가 간단하지만은 않다.

* 분열시키는 분지도의 영향이 missing data 에 의한 것인지 정확하지 않으므로 매우 복잡한 관계를 가진다는 뜻이다.

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Fig 3.9 Some taxa with question marks can be highly disruptive.

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7. Wilkiuson and Benton (1995)

형질의 독특한 조합을 가지는 어떤 분류군은 나머지 분류군들 사이의 관계에 영항을 미친다.

“safe taxonomic reduction” 을 제안함.

남아있는 분류군의 topology에 영향을 끼치지 않는 분류군의 삭제를 인정.

Fig 4.10 Safe taxonomic reduction,

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Fig 3.11 An example of how non-applicable coding, scored as question marks, may result in choosing a cladogram that is ‘nonsensical’.

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Fig 3.11 An example of how non-applicable coding, scored as question marks, may result in choosing a cladogram that is ‘nonsensical’.

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T

C

A G

Purine

Pyrimidine Transition Transversion

Transformation

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