IN-DETPH LOOK 01
Analysis of Factors that Influence Regional Development Strategy Based on Cultural Resources
Soonja Lee
1. Overview
I
n the era of stagnated economic growth where massive-scale governmental projects and budget support have been cut back, the utilization of cultural resources emerged as one of the drivers of regional development strategy, as it creates high added values with low cost. Cultural resources that can play a role as an inherent driver of regional development abounds across the country; however, the government lacks experience and expertise in the field to discover and utilize the capital and fails to draw policy measures to systematically foster and support the development of cultural resources. In this context, this study attempts to analyze a number of case studies rather than a single one or a few to identify which factors influenced and which factor influence more than others, the implementation process of regional development strategy through the utilization of cultural resources. For this study, a meta-analysis on a number of previous research related to the subject and an analytic hierarchy process were applied.2. Identifying Major Influencing Factors and Analyzing Their Frequencies
Identifying Major Influencing Factors and Analyzing Their Frequencies A total of 61 previously conducted studies were gathered by searching through academic electronic information data and related websites. From this secondary data, a total of 262 influencing factors in implementation of regional development strategy driven by cultural resources were identified. Out of these factors, those with same or similar meaning were merged and rearranged, and, as a result, 25 factors were drawn.
The analysis of the frequency of these influencing factors is shown in Table 1 below.
If the utilization strategy of cultural resources is to result in regional development through this process, it is clearly shown that cultural governance and consensus
purpose is to introduce current issues on territorial planning in Korea and disseminate research achievements and international activities of KRIHS and other Korean institutes.
KRIHS (Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements) was established in 1978 with a mission of creating a beautiful and pleasant living environment. To achieve the mission, KRIHS has been committed to enhancing the quality of life and well-being of the people in the nation with its spatial planning studies and policy suggestions.
Since its foundation, KRIHS has carried out a variety of studies on the efficient use, development, and conservation of territorial resources. Its research areas range from sustainable and balanced territorial development and conservation of the territory to the provision of housing and infrastructure.
IN-DEPTH LOOK
Analysis of Factors that Influence Regional Development Strategy Based on Cultural Resources 01
Application of Flow Big Data on Territory Changes after the Opening of the KTX Honam Line 07
Urban Regeneration and Gentrification
11
Habitat III and Its Implications for Urban Policy in Korea
15
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between members of society should be established, differentiated cultural resources with the possibility of utilization needs to be distributed, and an organized system that discovers and further develops the cultural resources has to be put in place in order to create new values.
Table 1. Major Influencing Factors and Their Frequencies
Category Major influencing factors Frequency
(case)
Proportion (%) 1
Promoting interaction and revitalizing consultative bodies (cultural governance) between industry, academia, research institutes, private
sector, and public sector
36 13.7
2 Discovering unique cultural elements with high potential for
utilization and high competitiveness 27 10.3
3
Expanding the ripple effect through the establishment of cultural center points, connecting between these points, and linking them to
surrounding areas (resources)
27 10.3
4 Developing cultural content and programs in response to demand 21 8.0 5 Conducting systemic research and establishing an archive system 17 6.5 6 Creating a consensus on the values and utilization of cultural
resources between members of the society 15 5.7
7 Developing various cultural products and branding 12 4.6
8 Fostering cultural creative industries and promoting business
investment 11 4.2
9 Existence of institution leader’s leadership such as strong willpower,
conviction, and capabilities 11 4.2
10 Reflecting the linkage of space planning structures (urban planning
and regeneration strategy) 10 3.8
11 Supplying creative talents to local regions and strengthening their
expertise 9 3.4
12 Establishing an original, innovative promotional and marketing
strategy 8 3.1
13 Securing continuous governmental support and budget 8 3.1
14 Establishing a separate institution for conducting related tasks 8 3.1
15 Lifting regulations related to cultural resources 6 2.3
16 Creating a cutting-edge information system to provide various
information 6 2.3
17 Expanding cultural spaces and facilities customized for the changes in
leisure patterns 5 1.9
18 Strengthening the linkage between related projects implemented by
various governmental departments and sharing related information 5 1.9 19 Capabilities to plan and coordinate organization, business mindsets,
and operational capabilities 4 1.5
20 Minimizing the intervention of and dependence on central
government 4 1.5
21 Establishing a curator system through a network of internal and
external experts 4 1.5
22 Maintaining consistency and sustainability of related governmental
policies 3 1.1
23 Openness to human resources, capital, and culture from the outside 3 1.1 24 Enhancing cooperation between central and local governments and
between related local governments 1 0.4
25 Creating an organic integration and a network through humans,
resources, and places (space) 1 0.4
Total 262 100.0
Relative Importance of Major Influencing Factors
The 25 previously drawn influencing factors were reorganized in an attempt to analyze the different relative importance of such factors. First, “Realizing regional development based on cultural resources” was set as a motto. Second, the common
Source Author
characteristics shared by the factors were identified by categories such as “discovering and utilizing cultural resources,” “establishing institutional foundations,” “enhancing inner capabilities of local regions,” and “expanding participation and networks.”
Third and lastly, the 25 important influencing factors were re-categorized by the upper layer, in other words, the four categories mentioned above. Through this process, a hierarchy of “motto-category-influencing factors” was created.
A survey on the panel comprising 68 experts was conducted in order to identify the relative importance of the four categories and of the influencing factors in the same category, and the result was analyzed through a program called Expert Choice 11.
According to the analysis result of the relative importance of the four categories, the weight of “discovering and utilizing cultural resources” was the highest at 0.297 with “expanding participation and networks” at 0.270, “enhancing inner capabilities of local regions” at 0.231, and “establishing institutional foundation” at 0.203. As for the analysis on the weight of influencing factors in the same category, a) the weight of “developing cultural content and programs in response to demand” was the highest at 0.220 in the category of “discovering and utilizing cultural resources,”
b) that of “maintaining consistency and sustainability of related governmental policies” was high at 0.236, with “securing continuous governmental support and budget” at 0.214 in “establishing institutional foundations,” c) that of “creating a consensus on the values and utilization of cultural resources between members of the society” in “enhancing inner capabilities of local regions” was the highest at 0.231, and d) that of “creating an organic integration and a network through humans, resources, and places (space)” was the highest at 0.276.
Table 2. Relative Importance of Major Influencing Factors
Category
In each category
Major influencing factor
In the same
category Total
Weight
(ranking) Weight Ranking Weight in
total Ranking
Discovering and utilizing cultural resources
0.297 (1)
① Conducting systemic research
and establishing archive systems 0.111 6 0.0330 16
② Discovering unique cultural elements with high potential for utilization and high competitiveness
0.207 2 0.0615 3
③ Developing cultural content and
programs in response to demand 0.220 1 0.0653 2
④ Developing various cultural
products and branding 0.177 3 0.0526 6
⑤ Expanding cultural spaces and facilities customized for the changes in leisure patterns
0.140 5 0.0416 13
⑥ Fostering cultural creative industries and promoting business investment
0.144 4 0.0428 12
Establishing institutional foundations
0.203 (4)
① Securing continuous
governmental support and budget 0.214 2 0.0434 11
② Maintaining consistency and sustainability of related governmental policies
0.236 1 0.0479 9
③ Strengthening the linkage between related projects implemented by various governmental departments and sharing related information
0.137 4 0.0278 19
④ Reflecting the linkage of space planning structure (urban planning and regeneration strategy)
0.156 3 0.0317 18
Category
In each category
Major influencing factor
In the same
category Total
Weight
(ranking) Weight Ranking Weight in
total Ranking
Establishing institutional foundations
0.203 (4)
⑤ Lifting regulations related to
cultural resources 0.100 5 0.0203 21
⑥ Establishing a separate institution
for conducting related tasks 0.076 7 0.0154 25
⑦ Creating a cutting-edge information system to provide various information
0.080 6 0.0162 24
Enhancing inner capabilities of
local regions 0.231
(3)
① Existence of institution leader’s leadership such as strong willpower, conviction, and capabilities
0.172 3 0.0397 14
② Creating a consensus on the values and utilization of cultural resources between members of society
0.231 1 0.0534 5
③ Capabilities to plan and coordinate organization, business mindsets, and operational capabilities
0.139 4 0.0321 17
④ Supplying creative talents to local regions and strengthening their expertise
0.192 2 0.0444 10
⑤ Openness to human resources,
capital, and culture from the outside 0.077 7 0.0178 23
⑥ Minimizing the intervention of and dependence on central government
0.088 6 0.0203 21
⑦ Establishing an original, innovative promotional and marketing strategy
0.101 5 0.0233 20
Expanding participation
and networks
0.270 (2)
① Promoting interaction and revitalizing consultative bodies (cultural governance) between industry, academia, research institutes, private sector, and public sector
0.182 4 0.0491 8
② Enhancing cooperation between central and local governments and between related local governments
0.188 3 0.0508 7
③ Establishing a curator system through a network of internal and external experts
0.142 5 0.0383 15
④ Creating an organic integration and a network through humans, resources, and places (space)
0.276 1 0.0745 1
⑤ Expanding the ripple effect through the establishment of cultural center points, connecting between these points, and linking them to surrounding areas (resources)
0.213 2 0.0575 4
3. Study on Cases of Utilizing Cultural Resources for Proving Major Influencing Factors
This case study was designed to examine in detail how these important factors play out in the actual field, what their mechanism is, what direct influence and indirect rippling effects they bring about, and whether there are specific preconditions to be a factor in achieving success. To this end, this study selected a total of six cases as research subject.
After analyzing the six cases, it was commonly found that there were efforts to
Note 31 persons> C.I 0.2
Source Author
discover unique, differentiated cultural elements with local potential and to give values to them in the category of discovering and utilizing cultural resources. In terms of establishing institutional foundations, one could find that a panel of internal and external experts with experience, know-how, and expertise in the field played a role in the brainstorming of the project to the implementation, which was different from the traditional practice in which civil servants working in general administration lead the process. The panel took charge of the project and implemented it in collaboration with the local government. In the category of enhancing inner capabilities of local regions, it was clear that local leader’s efforts and local residents’
awareness on the project were the most important contributing factors to the success of the project. However, it is also worth mentioning the central government’s administrative and financial support including budget assistance and consulting were still significant factors to the successful implementation of the project, which is related to the reality in which local governments lack an independent budget and expertise in the field. In terms of expanding participation and networks, the most important factor was to empower local residents and small business owners as the main subject as well as the main target and to promote participation by conducting projects of the local residents, for the local residents, and by the local residents.
Table 3. Case Studies and Main Projects
Case of establishing a cultural city
or cultural village
Case 1: Culturally specialized local project of Namwon.
Local residents’ artworks produced through the cultural and arts activities of “Kkun,” the culture project of Namwon
Case 2: Culturally specialized local project of Cheonan
Flea market and handcraft studios inside the underground arcade situated in the old downtown of Cheonan
Case of culturally
utilizing unused resources
Case 3: Local project for the creation of Gwangmyeong Upcycle Art Center Eco-design project of Gwangmyeong Resource Recovery Facility,
Hands-on activities and educational programs on upcycling,
Upcycle artworks on display
Case 4: Local project for creation of Sochon Art Factory in Gwangju
Art Factory’s containers, photos of local residents’ council and local radio program recording scenes, art therapy programs Case of
revitalizing traditional markets through culture
Case 5: Revival project of Motgol Market in Suwon
Personalized store signs in Motgol Market, Radio Star presented by Motgol On Air
4. Conclusion and Future Tasks
It is shown that positive factors in promoting regional development are not significantly different according to type of cultural resources or utilization patterns.
In other words, each case demonstrates differentiated strategies based on its situation but generally shows similar patterns regarding major influencing factors. To
Source
Culture and Art Cooperative Network 2015. 4 successful cases of regional regeneration. http://artnetworking.
org/119(2015.10.20),Sochon Artfactory Blog. http://soaf.tistory.com/(2015.10 22), Chungnam Culture Technology Industry Agency 2015. Cheonan Culture-specialized region project plan.
Internal data and field trip (2015.10).
conclude, if cultural resources with potential to be utilized is distributed; if human resources exist to discover the cultural resources, utilize it, and realize its values with expertise; and if there are places and spaces that can realize and organically connect the cultural resources, then the utilization of cultural resources can lead to regional development. If awareness and consensus are formed among members of the local community, who will achieve regional development and benefit from it together; if they participate in the development process; if the members can build faith and trust between themselves; and if a healthy environment for collaboration is created, then sustainable regional development will be achieved.
Although major influencing factors show similar patterns in most of the cases, different approaches and content have to be considered for different local regions with different situations and characteristics. Accordingly, it is worth being cautious about discussing which factor is more significant than others or overgeneralizing the research results. It is necessary that subsequent research analyzes larger numbers of cases than this study and further promotes academic objectivity.
sjalee@krihs.re.kr
Application of Flow Big Data on Territory Changes after the Opening of the KTX Honam Line
Jonghak Kim
1. What is Flow Big Data?
F
low big data refers to the data on time and location regarding the flow of people, things, information, and money through a network. It is exemplified by the data coming from credit card and mobile phone use, which are daily essentials of every individual living in modern society. Flow big data is also characterized by high levels of spatial-temporal expansion.Based on time and location of individuals, flow big data produces information on the active population situated in a variety of space hierarchies. It is also constituted by IT technology and personal behavior and comprises personal information such as age, gender, and addresses as well as information related to space use and time, which enables an effective utilization of such information. Traditionally researchers had to rely on data analyses based on surveys in order to identify changes of newly opened transportation such as the KTX Honam Line (in 2015). In contrast, flow big data easily enables researchers to see demographics regarding age, gender, and region and how their activity patterns have changed in subject areas after the opening of the KTX Honam Line, even without conducting surveys.
Figure 1. The Creation Process of Mobile Big Data from among Various Flow Big Data
Flow
(line) Smart cell
(face)
Smart cell (spatial expansion) Individual,
mobile phone (dot)
2. Change 1: 22.4% of the Country’s Total Land Area has been Compressed after the Opening of KTX
Time-space compression refers to an effect that makes the departure point closer to the destination in terms of time-distance, in relation to the reduction of travel time between two locations upon the opening of new routes of transportation.
For example, the travel time between Seoul and Gwangju by KTX is 100 minutes, which is similar to the travel time between Seoul and Pyeongtaek by metropolitan
IN-DEPTH LOOK 02
Source
Kim Jong-hak, A Study on Changes in Spatial Use of the Territory after Opening of Honam KTX, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 2015
subway, and this makes Gwangju part of the Seoul metropolitan area in terms of time-distance. According to an analysis on the time-space compression caused by the KTX opening, 22.4% of the country’s total land area, or 22,000 km2, has been compressed. This is the extent of the land area where travel time has been reduced after the opening of the KTX. More specifically, the KTX Gyeongbu Line accounts for 16.3% (16,000 km2) of the compression, while the KTX Honam Line accounts for 6.1% (6000 km2). In terms of land compression per time unit, 22,000 km2 is reduced to an area just 1.7 times the size of Gwanghwamun area per one minute of reduced travel time.
Figure 1. Land Compression Caused by the Opening of KTX
The relative Land Ratio in terms of Time-distance
Opening of KTX Gyeongbu Line
Opening of the KTX Honam Line
3. Change 2: Credit card Spending of the Population that Migrated towards the Station Areas has Increased
Big data related to credit card use is an aspect of flow big data that enables identification of various information regarding store locations affiliated with a card company,1 using time, age, and gender of the users by analyzing the credit card records of card users. Among the several stations along the KTX Honam Line, Yongsan Station and Gwangju-Songjeong Station, which boast the largest number of passengers, were selected, and an analysis on the change in the card use records of the inflowing population before and after the KTX opening (in 2014 and 2016) was conducted. According to the result, the credit card usage of Seoul residents within a radius of 500 meters of Gwangju-Songjeong Station increased by 71.7%, while that of Gwangju residents within the same radius of Yongsan Station rose by 43.2%. Gwangju residents’ food spending increased by 20.7%, while their spending on accommodations decreased by 30.2% in the area around Yongsan Station; Seoul residents spent more on food (16%), accommodation (8.7%), and shopping (6.9%) in Gwangju-Songjeong Station area.
Records of Shinhan Card users have been analyzed for this research.
1
Source Ibid.
Source Ibid.
Source Ibid.
Figure 2. Changes in the Credit Card Usage of the Inflowing Population around Yongsan Station and Gwangju-Songjeong Station Before and After the Opening of the KTX Honam Line
80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 (%)
71.7
43.2 42.0
6.3 15.9
2.1
11.4 9.9 -2.0 -7.0
500m 500m~1km 1km~3km 3km~5km 5km~10km
The credit card spending of Seoul residents increased by 71.7%
within a radius of 500 meters of Gwangju Station
The credit card spending of Gwangju residents increased by 42% within a radius of 500 to 1000 meters of Yongsan Station.
Yongsan Station Gwangju Station -10.0
4. Change 3: The Center Point of Active Population Moved towards KTX Stations
The following is an analysis on changes in spatial distribution of the active population around the cities where the KTX Honam Line stations are situated before and after the line’s opening in 2014 and 2016. Based on information regarding active population for each cell selected from mobile big data, various spatial changes have been analyzed, including changes in the center point or central axis for active population in the cities with KTX stations. As for all four analyzed stations, the center point of active population moved toward the KTX station after the Honam Line’s opening, which means the station emerged as the center point of the region.
This mainly comes from the increase in the size of active population and number of newly settled residents of new apartments surrounding the station area. The active area of Gwangju increased while the active areas of the other cities reduced due to the population decrease.
Figure 3. Changes in Spatial Distribution of Active Population in Cities with KTX Stations
Category Gwangju
Metropolitan City Iksan Jeongeup Gongju
Distribution Pattern (distribution axis, central
angle) Southeast-northwest Southwest-northeast Southwest-northeast Southeast-northwest
109.6 20.6 36.6 178.1
Changes in Center Point
51.9 m towards KTX station
109.2 m towards KTX station
189.7 m towards KTX station
647.8 m towards KTX station
Active Area Expansion Reduction Reduction Reduction
5. Policy Implications
It will require a high social cost for developing countries to lay the foundation for a statistics system to match the levels of developed countries. However, developing countries will be able to establish the desired statistics system with minimal cost if they utilize mobile phone–based technology and apply it the establishment of system, thanks to the large number of mobile phone users in the developing world at the moment. To make the flow big data available as statistics, the public sector must play a role in collecting and analyzing the data, which comes from the private sector, through a consistent criterion and must protect personal information through unidentifiable security measures.
jonghkim@krihs.re.krsw
References
Kim Jong-hak, A Study on Changes in Spatial Use of the Territory after Opening of Honam KTX, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 2015
Urban Regeneration and Gentrification
Jieun Song
1. Background and Current Status of Urban Regeneration in Korea
S
ince the early 2000s, local governments in Korea have implemented various urban policies aimed at establishing city competitiveness and reviving declining inner cities. Since the June 2013 enactment of the Special Act for Promotion and Support of Urban Regeneration (Urban Regeneration Act), central government- led urban Regeneration efforts have been carried out for declining neighborhoods.1 Since taking office in May 2017, the administration of President Moon Jae-in has announced a New Deal-style urban Regeneration effort involving the spending of KRW 50 trillion in public finances over a five-year period. The administration has stated plans to carry out a total of 500 projects in over 100 regions per year to revive old inner cities and decaying residential areas through urban Regeneration.Many of the projects planned for Korea will be taking place in the name of “urban regeneration.”
2. Side Effects of Urban Regeneration
The focus of Korea’s urban Regeneration efforts is on spending public finances to boost city competitiveness through regeneration, thereby establishing or reviving local economic bases. The restriction of public investment through urban Regeneration projects to certain regions, however, gives rise to a phenomenon of gentrification (Hamnett, 2003). The core element of urban Regeneration that causes gentrification is known as “social cleansing,” or the displacement of specific populations (Lees et al., 2015). As land prices and rents rise in urban Regeneration neighborhoods and surrounding areas, existing residents and renters are forced out, a phenomenon that has been cited as the biggest problem with urban Regeneration.
Poorly managed urban Regeneration efforts that are imposed from the outside without establishing themselves effectively within the region serve only to accelerate gentrification (Shin, 2016). In the pursuit of different urban Regeneration policies and projects, there is an inevitable restructuring of the urban space (i.e., eviction of existing residents) as they bring about the mobilization of other forms of policy intervention and capital investment.
The costs and benefits of gentrification may vary according to which stakeholders are viewed as central (Lang, 1982). Its effects may be claimed to be positive when viewed chiefly from the standpoint of policymakers and real estate owners. Local governments tend to emphasize the positive aspects in terms of social mixing as the resurrection of declining neighborhoods and rising real estate values increase local tax revenues and promote local development.
IN-DEPTH LOOK 03
Analysis of three decline indicators (population, industry, and structures) showed signs of decline (in two or more indicators) for 2,262 of South Korea’s 3,479 neighborhoods, towns, and townships, or 65% (as of December 2014).
1
In contrast with this, the involuntary displacement of existing residents through rising rents may be cited as the most obvious negative impact. The declining availability of affordable housing may also result in problems for the local community, giving rise to migration by and conflict among local residents and leading to increased building vacancies and homelessness among low-income residents who are unable to relocate. Real estate values may rise unreasonably due to effects from adjacent neighborhoods, while housing demand in nearby communities may increase due to the relocation of residents in areas where gentrification has occurred. Moreover, the infusion of massive amounts of capital into neighborhoods results in a loss of cultural diversity and uniformity in streetscapes and business types.
3. Example of Gentrification through Urban Regeneration:
The Old Inner City in Daegu’s Jung District
Representing Daegu’s old inner city, Jung District is similar to other cities as an example of decline due to a combination of urban decay and the suburbanization of central functions. Since 2007, Jung District has been the focus of state support through a public design effort and modern side street project centering on its modern side streets and Dongseongno Street; a 2009 “Walkable Street” project;
and a “gateway market” project for Bangcheon Market in front of Kim Gwangseok- gil Street.2 The local government’s ongoing urban Regeneration efforts have been regarded as a successful example of urban Regeneration, with visitors to Jung District increasing from around 300 in 2008 to around 1,145,000 in 2015.
Multiple studies have cited an increase in cafés and Western-style restaurants as a representative indicator of the gentrification phenomenon (Freeman & Braconi, 2004). Examination of changes in 20 business types showed the addition of seven cafés and five Korean restaurants and the loss of two clothing and 15 grocery stores. The decrease in grocery stores may be observed to coincide with the initial increase in cafés and Korean restaurants since 2012. The area was also previously home to one hardware store, one beauty salon, and one laundry, all of which disappeared between 2011 and 2012. In view of the rise in rents for detached and multiplex housing in the Daebong-dong neighborhood and changes in the presence of cafés, Korean restaurants, and grocery stores, these businesses’ decline may be seen as overlapping with the transformation in Kim Gwangseok-ro Street and the disappearance of businesses from the “emerging” neighborhood.
Excessive commercialization was also found to have resulted in decreased benefits for residents. Residential area commercialization has led to issues of vulnerable population outflows, weakened residential functions, and community breakdown in gentrified neighborhoods, with increases in businesses and declines in registered resident populations. The precedence of ordinary business types over amenities in existing neighborhoods leads to a loss of essential conveniences for residents, while the increase in commercial sites for outside visitors exposes them to inconveniences such as noise, congestion, and invasion of privacy. Zukin (2012) observed the homogenization and loss of distinctive neighborhood identity as a result of the high- end transformation and redevelopment of public places, noting that one experiences similar environments wherever one goes.
Refers to a 2010–11 pilot project aimed at culture-based revitalization of traditional markets.
2
Source
Author based on the data from Statistics Korea. (http://sgis.kostat.go.kr/view/
bizStats/bizStatsMap)
Source
Author based on the data from Statistics Korea. (http://sgis.kostat.go.kr/view/
bizStats/bizStatsMap)
Source
Author based on the data from Statistics Korea. (http://sgis.kostat.go.kr/view/
bizStats/bizStatsMap)
Table 1. Increasing and Decreasing Business Types in Daegu’s Daebong-dong Neighborhood, 2006–2014
2006 2014 Net Change
Cafés 0 7 7
Korean Restaurants 4 9 5
Chinese Restaurants 0 1 1
Pubs and Taverns 1 2 1
Chicken Restaurants 0 1 1
Bakeries 0 1 1
Convenience Stores 0 1 1
Mobile Phone 0 1 1
Florists 2 3 1
Interiors 0 1 1
Western Food 1 1 0
Korean Fast food 1 1 0
Stationery 1 1 0
Art/Physical Education
Academies 1 1 0
Bookstores 1 0 -1
Hardware Stores 1 0 -1
Beauty Salons 1 0 -1
Laundries 1 0 -1
Clothing Stores 5 3 -2
Grocery Stores 25 10 -15
Figure 1. Changes in the Number of Stores Near Kim Gwangseok-gil Street
Figure 2. Changes in Business in Daebong-dong and Registered Population
4. Implications
From an urban Regeneration perspective, gentrification may function as an attractive element in terms of city revival, allowing declining neighborhoods and those requiring redevelopment to follow naturally with the development tide. While the target of urban Regeneration pilot zones has been the establishment and revival of economic bases in decaying neighborhoods through public sector outlays, some side effects of gentrification may occur in the process. In the absence of concurrent measures to address their side effects, ongoing urban Regeneration efforts may result in worsening geographic polarization and spatial inequality for neglected populations. At the same time, premature state policy effects to address private capital inflows or control rents may ultimately prove harmful, as they can detract from creative innovation, harm diversity, and inhibit revitalization for the region in question. Rather than simply seeking to avoid gentrification in urban Regeneration efforts, policy efforts should be designed to mitigate and forestall potential side effects. Plans to address the biggest issues, namely the involuntary relocation of existing residents and community breakdown, should also be considered at the time of urban Regeneration policy implementation.
Developing countries are very likely to pursue state-driven development in the future, with urban Regeneration used as a chief state policy means of addressing decaying physical environments. Urban Regeneration efforts must include consideration of the question: For whom is the city being created? Another area requiring attention is the potential for cities to be exploited as sites for investment toward economic gain.
Perhaps the most important concern is establishing a societal consensus toward the transformation of cities into living spaces where different income segments and values coexist.
jesong@krihs.re.kr
Habitat III and Its Implications for Urban Policy in Korea
Sehoon Park
1. Habitat III: Background and Significance
H
abitat III was held on Oct. 17–20, 2016, in the Ecuadorean capital of Quito.Habitat conferences are held every 20 years by UN General Assembly resolution, with the latest event officially titled the “3rd United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development.” The first Habitat conference took place in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976, while the second was held in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1996. As a setting for discussing the direction of global urban policies for the next 20 years, the outcomes of Habitat III are expected to have a major influence on the policies and activities not only of central governments around the world, but also local governments, civic and social groups, private enterprise, and international organizations such as development banks. Now that Habitat III has concluded, it is necessary to review its significance and major developments and the meaning that they hold for South Korea’s cities.
Human settlement environments worldwide have changed dramatically in the 20 years since Habitat II was held in 1996. So firmly have cities emerged as a universal form of settlement that some have begun referring to the present times as the
“century of urbanization.” As of 2016, 54.5% of the world’s population lived in cities, with around 2.5 billion people predicted to migrate to cities through 2050.
Cities account for only 2% of global surface area, but 70% of GDP, 70% of greenhouse gases, and 70% of waste (UN Habitat, 2016c). In spite of consistent economic growth, however, inequality in cities has only worsened. Around 880 million people live in slum regions without adequate residential environments or infrastructure (Florida, 2016). The current moment is one in which the societies of the future will be determined by how urbanization is managed.
Under these circumstances, Habitat III proposes a new approach to urbanization.
The Habitat conferences view urbanization, managed appropriately through good policies, as having the potential to contribute to sustainable development.
Adopting the theme of “cities for all,” Habitat III presented a vision for the cities that humankind should be pursuing in the future, as well as strategies for achieving them. Previously, the UN had stressed the importance of settlement spaces in sustainable development with its Millennium Development Goals in 2000, its World Summits on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002 and 2012, and its Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP21) in 2015. “Sustainable cities and communities”
were named as a key aim in its 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The significance of Habitat III lies in its proposal and agreement on concrete means of achieving sustainable urbanization as a continuation of these efforts by the UN.
IN-DEPTH LOOK 04
2. “Cities for All”: Understanding the New Urban Agenda of Habitat III
One of the outcomes of Habitat III was the adoption of the New Urban Agenda (NUA). Habitat described the NUA as “an action-oriented document that sets the global standards of achievement in sustainable urban development” (Habitat III homepage, www.habitat3.org). The agenda discussed is noteworthy in expanding its focus from housing issues to urban policy in general. Encompassed in the NUA are a broad range of areas related to urban policy, including urban planning, finances, governance, culture, state urban policies, and housing. Cities are more than mere vessels to contain residential populations; they are tools for improving quality of life, for responding to climate change and other environmental issues, and for steering sustainable development. The future of sustainable social development hinges on how urbanization is managed.
Key to the positive direction in urbanization proposed by the NUA is the establishment of “cities for all.” This term signifies that cities should not merely be spaces for specific strata or groups within them, but must be spaces where the rights of individual citizens are guaranteed. In the NUA, cities for all are characterized by
“the equal use and enjoyment of cities and human settlements, seeking to promote inclusivity and ensure that all inhabitants, of present and future generations, without discrimination of any kind, are able to inhabit and produce just, safe, healthy, accessible, affordable, resilient and sustainable cities and human settlements to foster prosperity and quality of life for all.”
The New Urban Agenda is a 22-page document consisting of 175 items. Its key section is the “Quito Implementation Plan for the New Urban Agenda,” which proposes specific policy tasks. The Quito Implementation Plan comprises a pledge for sustainable urban development and effective means of implementation, along with policy tasks in areas of society, the economy, the environment, governance, and urban planning and design. Table 1 shows key policy tasks from the New Urban Agenda.
Table 1. Key Policy Tasks from the New Urban Agenda
The Transformative
Commitments for Sustainable
Urban Development
• Sustainable Urban Development for Social Inclusion and Ending Poverty Roughly 18 points outline the commitments made toward promoting social inclusion and contributing to ending poverty. Land tenure, the value of public space, and the sustainable leverage of natural and cultural heritage are among the issues that this section elaborates.
• Sustainable and Inclusive Urban Prosperity and Opportunities for All Roughly 20 points outline the commitments to sustainable and inclusive urban prosperity and opportunities for all. The profound impact of housing on economic transformation; access to knowledge, skills, and education; and the promotion of investments, innovations, and entrepreneurship are part of the scope of concern.
• Environmentally Sustainable and Resilient Urban Development Roughly 18 points outline the commitments to environmentally sustainable and resilient urban development. Climate change, unsustainable consumption, slum upgrading, energy efficiency, and the social and ecological function of land are some of the topics of concern.
Effective Implementation
• Building the Urban Governance Structure: Establishing a Supportive Framework Roughly 8 points outline the establishment of a supportive framework for good urban governance at all levels. Inclusive, implementable, and participatory policies will ensure effective implementation of the New Urban Framework. Local and municipal governments are a particular focus, with support for capacity, reliable financing mechanisms, and management structures. The cooperation of all levels of government will be fostered.
• Planning and Managing Urban Spatial Development Roughly 33 points outline planning and managing urban spatial development. Integrated planning will aim to balance short- term needs with long-term desired outcomes. Among the issues addressed are food security, the interrelationships of cities and territories, mixed social and economic uses, and quality public spaces. Road safety and affordable, accessible and sustainable urban mobility, as well as water management and climate risk, are also specific focus points. Culture will be included as a priority component of urban plans and strategies.
• Means of Implementation Roughly 35 points elaborate the means of implementation for the New Urban Agenda. The complexity of the agenda requires many actors and a variety of means, along with an enabling environment. Capacity development, cooperation, mobilization of financial resources, alongside political and legal frameworks, are all part of the core means. The New Urban Agenda advocates building on the legacy of Habitat III and the lessons learnt from its preparatory process.
The New Urban Agenda is already at the starting gate and encompasses a number of tasks for the future. The Habitat conference characterized it as a concise and action-oriented document, but in truth it is more of a vague and declarative one.
It is unclear what practice is needed and where it should begin, as well as difficult to gauge whether the content is practicable at all. Another drawback is its failure to establish clear terms for monitoring and follow-up measures. Despite all these problems, however, the New Urban Agenda is significant in positioning urban planning and management—urban policy, in other words—as a key agenda for the global community. Cities are no longer part of the individual domain or the province of specialist groups; central and local governments, civil society, and other stakeholders must make a priority of cooperating and working to create good cities.
This is the key to achieving sustainable societies.
3. Implications for Urban Policy in Korea
South Korea’s cities are facing greater challenges today than ever before.
Many of them exhibit phenomena of population decline and inner city decay.
Inequality among city residents is worsening, and their sense of social solidarity is disintegrating. The New Urban Agenda (NUA) from Habitat III holds great significance for South Korean cities. In particular, Habitat III possesses three major implications.
First, it is necessary to reflect on the past growth of South Korea’s cities, which took place amid the controlling influences of the central government and private business.
The central government established city-related laws and institutions to support economic growth and was directly involved in resource distribution, while businesses became the primary beneficiaries. In contrast, civil society, local government, and local communities received a minimal voice. Rather than creating forums for public debate, civil society and local communities have been divided into stakeholders with competing aims, such as landowners and taxpayers. This aspect of South Korean cities deviates substantially from the spirit of NUA. In that sense, the “cities for all”
proposed by the NUA holds great ramifications for the practical reality of cities in South Korea. The primary task facing us is determining how to create cities that benefit citizens and local communities rather than the interests of business and
Source
Adapted from UN Habitat,
“New Urban Agenda Explainer.”
those in power.
Second, urban policy in South Korea has responded inadequately to social issues in terms of the NUA. As South Korean cities have recently concluded their growth period and entered a stage of low growth, social issues such as polarization, responses of population loss and aging, and an increased multicultural and multiethnic presence have emerged as key concerns. At the same time, the response to these issues in urban policy and academic terms has remained quite tepid. In the past, urban policies and urban studies have been skewed toward the establishment of physical spaces and toward technological and engineering-based solutions. The recent development and worsening of social issues, however, is closely related to spatial structure. Societal polarization is intimately tied to spatial divisions, while the increasing multicultural and multiethnic presence is linked to the formation and specialization of regions with large international populations. The time has come to broaden the scope of spatial policy and actively explore its relationship to social policy.
Third, Habitat III should usher in a re-examination of the nature and methods of international development cooperation in the field of cities. In the past, the focus of South Korea’s international expansion in the urban field has been on technology exports and commercialization strategy. The South Korean government’s recent emphasis on terms such as “city exports” and “exporting smart cities” signifies how international development cooperation is viewed as part of an economic strategy to revive a stagnant domestic demand market. This domestic focus must be abandoned in favor of an approach to international development cooperation that allows us to work together more with the international community and seize the agenda.
From the UN’s perspective, South Korea is considered a country that has effectively managed its rapid urbanization process to form high-quality urban environments.
This development experience is also necessary for many developing countries:
how South Korea established laws and institutions related to urban development in its rapid urbanization process, and how they were effectively implemented. In that sense, it behooves South Korea to more proactively share its experiences with individual policies, including those related to its National Land Development Plan and urban planning systems, New City development, restricted development zones, establishment of industrial complexes, residential redevelopment, land readjustment projects, land appraisal and assessment, public housing construction, and public transportation. It is especially important to assess to what extent and in what ways these have contributed to “cities for all.” Critically evaluating South Korea’s urban policies from an international standpoint will be of great help not only for the developing countries that need them, but also for South Korea itself as it faces the task of reforming them.
shpark@krihs.re.kr
References
Florida, Richard. 2016.
“The Human Challenge of Global Urban Development.” Citylab Oct. 18, 2016.
UN Habitat. 2016. Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures.
UN Habitat III. www.habitat3.org
GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP NEWS
WB-KRIHS 6th Annual Workshop
The Global Development Partnership C e n t e r ( G D P C ) a t t h e K o r e a R e s e a rc h I n s t i t u t e f o r H u m a n Settlements(KRIHS) held the ‘WB- KRIHS 6th Annual Workshop’ on November 28(Tue) at the MC 13- 121(13F) in the World Bank HQ in Washington D.C. The workshop is aimed to share experiences and knowledge of the research and joint projects and explore continuous cooperation between KRIHS and WB. More than 40 people participated for today’s workshop including the WB staff and KRIHS delegation. Total of 4 presentations were prepared by KRIHS and WB, under the theme of ‘Enriching and Rejuvenating the City with Public Space.’ The two presenters from KRIHS talked about the issues on Korean public space development policies by delivering 5 cases in Seoul and presented the research result of analyzing the livability of urban streets in Korea. The two presenters from the World Bank introduced ongoing public space projects in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Ningbo, China. Following the presentations, participants shared a variety of issues on the role of the government for policy making and planning for public space development, compromising measures for stakeholders, utilization of high-tech facilities in planning of public spaces and public participation to develop applicable policy measures to developing countries.
IDB-KRIHS 5th Annual Workshop & MOU Signing Ceremony
The GDPC at the KRIHS held the
‘IDB-KRIHS 5th Annual Workshop’
on November 29(Wed) at the Inter- American Development Bank(IDB) in Washington D.C. The workshop is aimed to share cooperative activities and research outcome in the field of public places and explore continuous cooperation between KRIHS and IDB. About 40 people participated today’s workshop including the IDB staff and KRIHS delegation. There were several presentations relevant to the theme of the workshop and at the end of the workshop, Juan Pablo Bonilla, the Manager at the IDB's Climate Change and Sustainable Development Sector(CSD) and Dongju Kim, the president of the KRIHS signed the MOU between KRIHS and IDB. This is a renewal after 5 years since the first MOU was signed in 2012 and it is aimed to continue fuitful cooperative activities in urban and housing sector based on Korea’s policies and development expereinces. Also there was in- depth discussion to make business plans for the next year at the 4 business meetings from the day to the next day.
Technical Deep Dive on Managing Urban Expansion in Mega-Metropolitan Area
The GDPC at the KRIHS held the joint workshop titled ‘Technical Deep Dive on Managing Urban Expansion in Mega-Metropolitan Areas’ from December 14(Thu) to 16(Sat) at the Garnet Hall(37th) and Bell-vue Hall (36th) at the Lotte Hotel Seoul in Korea. The workshop was attended by about 50 policy practitioners and government officials from 10 countries, including D.R. Congo, South Africa, Vietnam, Indonesia, Turkey, Argentina, Egypt, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, World Bank Group (WBG) regional consultants and staffs. In accordance with the theme of the workshop ‘Managing Urban Expansion in Mega-Metropolitan Area’, participants exchanged Korea’s knowledge and experiences through lectures and field trips and discussed further challenges in participant countries and applicable measures to them. The joint workshop is taking place in two largest cities, Tokyo and Seoul, both of which have accumulated knowledge and experiences in managing challenges of urban expansion. At the same time, they employed quite different strategies and approaches so this workshop would be a good opportunity to compare their differences and distinctiveness.
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