Development of a Smartphone Application for Geological Site Investigation at Surface and Underground Mines

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Vol. 49, No. 3 O2012PG pp. 359-368

஺ඝࢫ஺෇ֈॺٛ஺ா֜୺౸୨ࢫंজଡ଍෉ਆࠬൈඓ

઀රࠤಧଲ঵Թࢳ

ଲঃ෹ Â ছୋ଀ Â ࢮ෴ܛ

Development of a Smartphone Application for Geological Site Investigation at Surface and Underground Mines

Sangho Lee, Jangwon Suh and Hyeong-Dong Park

Abstract : A smartphone application for measuring geological structure has been developed using built-in accelerometer and magnetometer. The software consists of digital clinometer module, stereographic projection and instability analysis module and wire/wireless data transferring module. These modules were developed on actual device to measure its precision and accuracy. The digital clinometer module calculates the orientation of the smartphone from the acceleration of gravity and the geomagnetic field strength. Its algorithm has been developed to make it work with all attitude of the device and to measure any orientation. The projection module generates stereographic projection picture after the measurement. This module draws equal-angle equatorial net, equal-area equatorial net and the rose diagram using the measured data. The analyzing module is combined with the projection module to provide additional information with stereogram-based slope stability analysis. Measurement data can be transferred or received using the wireless communication module. The maximum standard deviation of the data measured for 100 seconds with the developed software was 0.122 degrees for dip and 3.004 degrees for dip direction. The average difference between the software measurement and the analog type clinometer was 2.6 degrees for dip and 4.6 degrees for dip direction.

Key words : Smart clinometer, Smartphone measurement, Digital clinometer, Stereographic projection, Slope instability analysis

څ أ ٍ҆ĵقԴə֟υ࣡बۆǴۤÀ՚ʪՅԴٮۙşۤՅԴεڿڌॠي3޲ڙݓݗĵܓεࠑ܁ॠČ

ইۤقԴۋε݌ٖ֨࣊·қԵÀɠॢ֟υ࣡ࢁνȤйࢢؙ॔νࡀۋՎںÒьॠٕɰ. ؙ॔νࡀۋՎقəࡾó

˥ݓࢥࢁνȤйࢢ, ۓߕٖ࣊, Ԑϸ؋܁ՁқԵфࠑ܁ۙΒۆڮИԸۙΒբ֪şɠںप॥ॠٕڷ϶, ۋε

ڦॢ؎ČνݏںÒьॠي֬܃ॠ˚ڟرԜقԴۆĵইںࣀ३ࠑ܁ۙΒۆ܁нʪф܁ঝʪεࠑ܁ॠٕɰ.

˥ݓࢥࢁνȤйࢢϿ˗ڹՅԴͿҙࢢࠄ˛ʽܼͳÀ՚ʪфۙşۤۆѓॳںۋڌॠيÒьʽ؎Čνݏں

ࣀ३֟υ࣡बۆۙՃٮěćػۋݓݗфؒъۆϸĵܓфԸĵܓۆąԐÁęąԐѓॳںćԓॠ϶, ࠑ܁ʽ

ۙΒəۓߕٖ࣊Ͽ˗قԴथԐٖ࣊ʪεۋڌॠي݌֨ۚʪʼʪ΀ॠٕɰ. қԵϿ˗ڹۓߕٖ࣊Ͽ˗ęĀ० ʼرۼνՁؒъۆҝ؋܁ՁںÁÁथϸࣷĨ, נşࣷĨ, ۻʪࣷĨۆ঍ࢗͿǣɀرқԵॠČۋεࣀćۺڷͿ

߸߻ॣսەʪ΀ĵՁʼؽɰ. ۻբϿ˗ڹࠑ܁ۙΒεڮИԸڷͿŖäνقԴࣀ०ॠäǣڙäνͿۻբÀɠ ॠʪ΀ĵՁʼؽɰ. ĵইʽ˥ݓࢥࢁνȤйࢢεۋڌॠي100ߣÂࠄ˛ॢۙΒۆ߯ʂशܵठ޲əąԐÁقԴ

0.122ʪ, ąԐѓॳقԴə3.004ʪεٕ҃ڷ϶, şܕۆࢁνȤйࢢεۋڌॢইۤҼİࠑ܁ĀęथŒ޲ۋə

ąԐÁقԴ2.6ʪфąԐѓॳقԴ4.6ʪεǣࢍǴرݓशфݓॠۆݓݗĵܓܓԐٮқԵقڮڌॢìڷͿ

ǣࢍǮɰ.

ܳڅر ֟υ࣡ࢁνȤйࢢ, ֟υ࣡बࠑ܁, ˥ݓࢥࢁνȤйࢢ, ۓߕٖ࣊Ѫ, Ԑϸ؋܁ՁқԵ

2012ț4ښ27ێۿս, 2012ț6ښ20ێ֮ԐٰΒ 2012ț6ښ21ێóۦঝ܁

1) Դڐʂॡİقȃݓ֨֟ࢰėॡҙ

*Corresponding Author(ч঍ʴ) E-mail; [email protected]

Address; Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Դ΁

߯Ŗ֟υ࣡बۆ҃śۋঝʂʼϸԴۋεۋڌॢɰت

ॢşъşցęؙ॔νࡀۋՎ˞ۋˣۤॠČەɰ. ֟υ

࣡बڹşܕۆPCǣȤ࣡ҚقҼ३ۋʴՁۋϔڍܞČ

ٍĵȦЛ

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Table 1. List of the major commercial applications of smartphone for the geological survey

Name Developer Main functions

GeoClino for iPhone Geological Survey of Japan, AIST

Measures strike/dip GeoStrike Tectonic Engineering Consultants Co. Ltd.

Geologist's Compass Lemon Studio

Measures strike/dip and plots the data on the map GeolCompass Tecton Software, Inc.

Field Compass Aaron Averett

GeoAttitude Tectonic Engineering Consultants Co. Ltd.

Geology Compass Pusch Ridge Consulting Measures strike/dip and plots the data on stereographic net २֨Ȑ࣡ڗࡾقۿ՚ۋÀɠॠɰəۤ۾ۋەڷ϶, Ò

ьঞąۋيࢍ্ʂڌࣀ֪şşقҼ३ۙڮ΄ş˺Л قşܕۆۤҼ˞ۋսॱॠşرͲڏɰتॢؙ॔νࡀۋ ՎۆÒьۋÀɠॠɰ. ࣢০ࠢϭ͆, υۋࡾ, À՚ʪՅ ԴˣۆÁܛՅԴ˞Ϳҙࢢࠄ˛ʽۙΒεۋڌॠəؙ

॔νࡀۋՎڹ֟υ࣡बۋٽۆɰδѩڌ࠻ौࢢͿ֖ó

սॱॣսػəɰتॢۚغںÀɠॠóॠдͿȉڹқ آقԴڿڌۋÀɠॠɰ. ֟υ࣡बقǴۤʽÀ՚ʪՅ ԴٮۙşۤՅԴə֟υ࣡बۋڦ࠘ॢݓ۾ۆܼͳÀ

՚ʪٮݓۙşۤںӇδ՚ʪͿࠑ܁ॠəʚڌۋॠيψ ڹݓ۾ڷͿҙࢢۙΒεন˛३آॠəইۤݓݗܓԐق

ϔڍۺ०ॠɰ. Ŕͩş˺Лقইۦūݓ߻֨ʽՅԴڿ ڌؙ॔νࡀۋՎ˞ڹܳͿ֟υ࣡बںԐϸۋǣۍėĵ ܓНڦقн޳ॠي३ɾϸۆĵܓεࠑ܁ॠəڌʪͿ

ۋڌʼČەɰ. ۋ˞ڹۻۙࢁνȤйࢢٮÏۋݓݗĵ ܓۆࠑ܁ںսॱॠşڦॢۻڌۤҼ˞҃ɰÀüۋԜ ʂۺڷͿ۹ͶॠČ, ۋй҃śۋȇνۋΘرݕॠ˚ڟ رфڏٖߕ܃εşъڷͿॠдͿইۦقʪɰتॢؙ

॔νࡀۋՎۋ ߻֨ʼر ۋڌʼČ ەɰ(Table 1).

࣢০ۼνՁؒъںप॥ॠČەəÚʪǣࢢȇˣۆ

Ĺ޳фԺćٮÏڹݓॠėÂقԴۆæԺটʴڹইۤ

قԴۆ֪՚ॢ܁҃ন˛фۆԐĀ܁ۋϔڍܼڅॠ϶, ۋεڦ३ԴəӇβČ܁ঝॢۙΒন˛قԴҙࢢۋε

ۋڌॢÀ֨জфқԵūݓۆÁę܁ۋমڱۺڷͿĀ ०ʼرآॣज़څÀەɰ. Ŕ͠ǣşܕقۋڌʼČەə

ݓݗĵܓ܁҃ۆন˛фқԵę܁قԴə؉ǨͿŔ̚

əۻۙ֩ࢁνȤйࢢٮÏڹۻڌࠑ܁ʪĵεۋڌॠ يۙΒεćࠑॠČ, ۋεş΀ॢۙΒεşزۤ࠘ق٦ šˏ࠻ौࢢˣۆқԵʪĵͿҙࢢ܁҃εন˛ॠČە ɰ. ۋ͠ॢѓѪڹۙΒۆࠄ˛χںڦॢۻڌʪĵÀъ

˚֨ज़څॠيࠑ܁ۙÀ३ɾʪĵقվʹʼرآॣӼ

؉ɦ͆ࠑ܁ۙۆվʹ܁ʪق˰͆ࠑ܁Āęۆ֪΋ʪ

ÀڮʴۺۋČ, ۙΒۆۻɵę܁ˣقԴ١޲ÀÒۓॠ ş֑ڍ϶֨ÂʪԜʂۺڷͿψۋՙڅʽɰ. ࠑ܁ę܁

قԴۻۙࢁνȤйࢢεۋڌॠϸȭڹ܁ঝʪεÀݕۙ

Β˞ںӇβóন˛ॣսەڷǣ, ۋٮÏڹۤҼəÀü ۋϔڍČÀۋдͿȇν҃śۋرͷɰəɳ۾ۋەɰ.

ۋ͠ॢЛ܃۾ں३Āॠşڦॢѓ؋ڷͿ׆؉ۋबۋ ǣ؉ۋः˚ˣۆ֟υ࣡˥цۋ֟εটڌॢؙ॔νࡀۋ ՎۆÒьęۋڌں˞սەɰ. Ŕ͠ǣইۦūݓ߻֨ʽ

ݓݗĵܓࠑ܁ںڦॢؙ॔νࡀۋՎ˞ڹŔşɠۋۙΒ ۆࠑ܁фÂɳॢٖ࣊ˣقŔ࠘ČەرইۤقԴۆ

֪՚ॢ߸À܁҃ন˛ۋҝÀɠॠɰ. ̚ॢÁܛՅԴ܁

҃Ϳҙࢢܳॳ, ąԐٮÏڹĵܓۺ܁҃εćԓॠäǣ

ۋ˞܁҃ε߸ÀۺڷͿқԵॠşڦॢߕćۺۍٍĵʪ

ݕॱʼرەݓ؍ɰ. ֟υ࣡बںࠑ܁ۆЀۺقۋڌॠ şڦॢॡցۺٍĵʪۋΘرݕцەڷǣ, ۋ˞ڹۙş

ۤՅԴÀ࢓ۦʼݓ؍ڹॠ˚ڟرεԐڌॠيԐϸۆ

ѓॳںࠑ܁ॠݓЇॠäǣ(McCarthy et al., 2009) Ŕş ɠۋࠑ܁фş΀قχŔߝۓߕٖ࣊ʪˣںۋڌॢÀ

֨জǣ қԵūݓə ۋΘرݓݓ Їॠٕɰ(Ȥࢗɵ ˣ, 2010; Sun et al., 2010).

ٍ҆ĵۆЀۺڹইۦۋڌʼČەəݓݗܓԐф

қԵşѪ˞ںϸн০êࢹॠČÒԸॠيমڱۺۍݓݗ

ĵܓࠑ܁ф࢒Ԑεսॱॣսەə֟υ࣡बşъۆ

ইۤݓݗĵܓࠑ܁фқԵؙ॔νࡀۋՎںÒьॠə

ìۋɰ. ٍ҆ĵقԴÒьॢؙ॔νࡀۋՎڹ֟υ࣡ࢁ

νȤйࢢ(Smart Clinometer)Ϳϼϼॠٕɰ. ۋεڦॠي

ज़څॢ؎ČνݏںÒьॠČؙ॔νࡀۋՎںĵইॠي

êݒॢɰ. Ϥ۹˥ݓࢥࢁνȤйࢢ, ࠑ܁ۙΒۆÀ֨জ, ėॡۺԐϸ؋܁Ձ३Եф३ɾۙΒۆۻբęěν

Ͽ˗ںप॥ॠəؙ॔νࡀۋՎںĵইॠČ, şܕۆࢁν Ȥйࢢεۋڌॠيࠑ܁࠘ٮۆ܁нʪф܁ঝʪεҼİ

êݒॢɰ.

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ѕąۋ΁

ąԐÁфąԐѓॳࠄ˛

֟υ࣡बق࢓ۦʽÀ՚ʪՅԴٮۙşۤՅԴəজϸ ۆধۻÇݓǣݓʪ࢒ԟˣۆठۆşɠں܃ėॠş

ڦॠي࢓ۦʼرەş˺ЛقۋՅԴ˞ڹۋ˞ں࢓ۦ ॠČەəॠ˚ڟرٮʴێॢܟशćεÍʪ΀Ժćʼر

ەڷ϶, ÁՅԴقԴࠑ܁ʽÀ՚ʪǣۙşۤˣڹՅԴ ۆۙՃٮۋʴԜࢗق˰δԜʂۺۍս࠘εǣࢍǶɰ.

ࠑ܁ʼəս࠘əÀ՚ʪфۙşۤϿ˃x, y, zۆ3߹ڷ ͿۋΘرݓ϶, ॠ˚ڟرۆজϸقथॱॢ߹ۋx߹ф

y߹ڷͿԺ܁ʼرەČۋقսݔॢ߹ۋz߹ڷͿʼر

ەɰ. ۋ˺À՚ʪ ՅԴͿҙࢢ ܼͳ À՚ʪε 1(G)Ϳ

ॠəܼͳÀ՚ʪεप॥ॢ֟υ࣡बۆÀ՚ʪս࠘ε

ࠄ˛ॣսەČ, ۙşۤՅԴͿҙࢢəՅԴÀڦ࠘ॢݓ

۾ۆۙşۤںȝT ɳڦͿࠄ˛ॢɰ. ۙşՅԴə֟υ࣡

बǴҙقڦ࠘ॠдͿۋͿҙࢢࠄ˛ʼəۙşۤս࠘ə

२ԜՅԴŖߌۆۻۙҙुڷͿҙࢢԦՁʼəÂԾں

प॥ॠ϶, ইۦ ߻֨ʼر ەə ֟υ࣡ब ڏٖߕ܃˞ڹ

ۋ͠ॢٖॳں҃܁ॢս࠘ε߸ÀۺڷͿ܃ėॠČەş

˺ЛقٽҙۙşۤÂԾˣں܃äॠşڦॢ߸Àۺۍ

ܓ࠘əज़څق˰͆Ը࢘ۺڷͿࠄॣսەɰ. ۋ͠ॢ҃

܁ڹڏٖߕ܃̚əՅԴۆ࣢Ձق˰͆սॱѓѪф

ĀęÀɰβдͿ, ٍ҆ĵقԴəۋ҃܁ս࠘Àٰۻॠ ɰČÀ܁ॠي؎Čνݏق߸Àۺۍ҃܁ںप॥ॠݓ؍

ؕɰ.

ՅԴ ࠄ˛ÉڷͿҙࢢ ϸĵܓۆ ąԐÁę ąԐѓॳں

ćԓॠşڦ३ԴəܼͳÀ՚ʪٮݓۙşۤںϿ˃ۋڌ ३آॠ϶, ۋ˺ÁՅԴͿҙࢢࠄ˛ʽÉۆࡾş҃ɰə

ѓॳۋܼڅॠдͿۋ˞3޲ڙࠄ˛ս࠘εɳڦѯࢢͿ

Ѻঞॠيćԓॠəìۋठνॠɰ. ̚ॢݓۙşۤڹݓ ĵԜۆڦ࠘ق˰ܼ͆ͳѓॳՁқۆࡾşÀɰβдͿ

ćԓ֨ۋεČͲॣ ज़څÀەڷ϶(ۋԜ঒ˣ, 2011), À՚ʪՅԴÀࠑ܁ॠəÀ՚ʪÀܼͳÀ՚ʪۋٽۆՁ қںÍݓ؍؉آॠдͿࠑ܁֨قə֟υ࣡बۋݕʴ

ˣۆ Нνۺ Ѻʴۋػə؋܁ʽ Ԝࢗيآ ॢɰ.

ąԐÁڹ֟υ࣡बقʂॢѪԸѯࢢÀ֬܃սथϸۆ

ѪԸѯࢢٮۋΘəÁęʴێॠɰ. ćԓۆठۆεڦॠ يՅԴÀÍəܟशćεۋڌॠϸ֟υ࣡बϸۆѪԸ

ѯࢢəN = (0, 0, ±1)ۋʼ϶, սथϸۆѪԸѯࢢəÀ

՚ʪՅԴͿҙࢢࠄ˛ॢܼͳÀ՚ʪѯࢢٮÏɰ. ܼͳ À՚ʪɳڦѯࢢÀG = (Gx, Gy, Gz)ێ˺֟υ࣡बϸ ۆѪԸѯࢢNęۆǴۺںۋڌ३ąԐÁd(radians)ε

ćԓॠϸɰڼ ֩ (1)ę Ïɰ.

Ƃ á ^{à Î}

ç

^ć^ç ^ç _Ƙ

ç

^á^{à Î}^ç^Ƙ^ç ⁽¹⁾

̚ॢۋ˃ѯࢢۆٽۺڹ֟υ࣡बۆϸقथॱॠϸ ԴܼͳۆѓॳęݔÁۋдͿࠑ܁ॠČۙॠəϸۆܳ

ॳۋʽɰ. ʴ֨قܼͳÀ՚ʪѯࢢٮݓۙşۤѯࢢۆ

ٽۺں ćԓॠϸ սथϸ ԜقԴ ܁ʴॳ(ѓڦÁ 90°)ۆ

ѓॳںÀνࢅəѯࢢεصںսەş˺Лقۋѯࢢٮ ۆÁʪ ޲εćԓ॥ڷͿ׆ ąԐѓॳں ĵॣ սەɰ.

थԐٖ࣊ʪşѪۆۺڌ

ؙ҆॔νࡀۋՎقԴə3޲ڙݓݗĵܓۙΒۆÀ֨

জε ڦॠي ۓߕٖ࣊Ѫ ܼ ˣÁ ٖ࣊Ѫ(equal-angle equatorial net)ęˣϸۺٖ࣊Ѫ(equal-area equatorial net) ںĵইॠٕɰ. ۋѓѪ˞ڹ࠻ौࢢͿۚʪॠşڦॢս

֩(Lisle and Leyshon, 2004)ۋۋйȇν׵ۋČەČ, ۋ˞ ٖ࣊Ѫں ۋڌॢ Ԑϸ ؋܁Ձ қԵ ѓѪ(Wyllie and Christopher, 2004)ʪۋڌʼČەڷдͿ֟υ࣡ब ڷͿۆĵইقۺ०ॢìڷͿࣺɳॠٕɰ. ۋقۙΒۆ

ѓॳՁںӇβČ֖ó؎սەʪ΀ॠşڦॠيۤйʪ श(rose diagram)ε ߸ÀۺڷͿ ĵইॠٕɰ.

ۼνՁؒъԐϸۆࣷĨ३ԵşѪۆۺڌ

थԐٖ࣊ʪεۋڌॢԐϸ؋܁ՁқԵşѪڹইۤق Դۺڹتۆ܁҃εۋڌॠيӇβóԐϸۆࣷĨڦॹ ՁںқԵॣսەəѓѪڷͿԴ, қԵقԐڌʼəۍۙ

əࡾóۼνՁؒъۆۼνķ܁҃, ۼνϸۆυ޶Á, Ԑϸۆ ąԐٮ ąԐѓॳڷͿ ĵқʽɰ. ҆ ٍĵقԴə

ࡾóथϸࣷĨ, נşࣷĨ, ۻʪࣷĨεĵইॠٕڷ϶, ࠻

ौࢢ॒ͿŔ͖قۋѓѪںۺڌॠČۙॣ˺قəथԐ

ٖ࣊ϐںۋڌॣज़څÀػڷǣşܕۆٖ࣊ѪۋࣷĨۆ

ܓæф३ɾܓæقϑəۼνεशইॠşقÀۤۺ० ॠдͿ ٖ࣊ϐ ۚʪϿ˗ę ॥ƍ ĵইॠٕɰ.

֟υ࣡बşъۆݓݗĵܓࠑ܁ф

؋܁ՁқԵؙ॔νࡀۋՎÒь

ٍ҆ĵقԴÒьॢؙ॔νࡀۋՎ(֟υ࣡ࢁνȤйࢢ) ڹࡾóݓݗĵܓۆࠑ܁ںڦॢࢁνȤйࢢϿ˗, ۙΒ ۆۓߕٖ࣊фқԵںڦॢٖ࣊·қԵϿ˗, ŔνČۙ

ΒۆۻբфЛԴ঍ࢗͿۆ۹ۤںڦॢۻբϿ˗Ϳۋ Θرݓ϶(Fig. 1), ÁϿ˗ڹʴێॢʚۋࢢѮۋ֟Ͽ˗

ںۋڌॠيۙΒεҝ͠١äǣş΀ॠʪ΀ॠٕɰ. Յ ԴͿҙࢢۆࠄ˛ʽۙΒۆćԓڹࢁνȤйࢢϿ˗قԴ

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(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 1. Components of the developed application (a) Data acquisition (clinometer) module, (b) Data projection module, (c) Data analysis module, (d) Data transfer module.

Fig. 2. Map screen to show the measured points and current location on Google Maps.

ۋΘرݓǣ, қԵşɠۆঝۤںڦॠي֬֨ÂڷͿćԓ ʼə ۙΒεқԵϿ˗قԴʪۋڌॣսەʪ΀Ժćॠ

ٕɰ.

ࢁνȤйࢢϿ˗

şܕۆ ؉ǨͿŔ֩ ࢁνȤйࢢͿ ϸĵܓۆ ąԐÁۋ ǣąԐѓॳںࠑ܁ॠşڦ३Դə३ɾϸĵܓقࢁνȤ йࢢۆϿԴν̚əॢϸںн޳֨ࢇ঳ǣࠞъۋप॥

ʽ҆ߕεǴۤսथćεۋڌॠيսथڷͿڦ࠘֨ࢅČ

ǣࠞъں؋܁֨ࢇˏÉںۏرآॢɰ. يşԴąԐÁ ں҃ɰ܁нॠóصşڦ३ԴəąԐÁںࠑ܁ॠşڦ

ॢѓѪڷͿɰ֨Śࠑ܁ں३آॠəѥäͿړۋەڷ

϶, ۋ͠ॢę܁ںъ҄ॠيࠑ܁३آχۻߕۺۍ܁н ʪεȭێսەɰ. ؙ҆॔νࡀۋՎقԴԐڌॠə؎Č νݏڹ֟υ࣡बۋϸĵܓڦقн޳ʽԜࢗقԴۚʴॠ əìںۻ܃ͿԺćॠٕڷ϶, ֟υ࣡बۆۙՃٮѓॳ قěćػۋ३ɾ֟υ࣡बۋǣࢍǴəϸۆąԐÁę

ąԐѓॳںʴ֨قࠑ܁ॣսەɰəۤ۾ۋەɰ. ۋ˺

ՅԴۆࠑ܁Éڹϔࠑ܁֨܁ঝ০Č܁ʼرǣࢍǣݓ

؍Č, رɗॢÉںܼ֮ڷͿқԓʼə঍ࢗε҃ۋдͿ, ϔࠑ܁֨ÁşɰδÉۋćԓʼə١޲εܶۋşڦ ३ՅԴս࠘ۆࠄ˛ęۋͿҙࢢۆąԐÁфąԐѓॳ

ćԓں֬֨ÂڷͿć՚ॠʼ0.1ߣǴٽۆݥڹ֨ÂÂ üڷͿࠑ܁ॠيۋεɀۺ֨ࢅϸԴ߯Ŗսߣʴ؋ࠑ

܁ʽÉ˞ںԓցथŒॠəşɠںۺڌॠٕɰ. ψڹÉ ںɀۺॠيࠑ܁ॣս΀܁нʪÀॳԜʼəĀęεٕ҃

ڷ϶, ɀۺ֨࢈ۙΒۆսəԐڌۙÀےۆͿ܁ॣսە

ʪ΀ॠٕɰ. ۋͿ׆ন˛ॢқԓںڿڌॠي, ԓցथŒ ںĵॠəĵÂۆқԓں֬֨ÂڷͿćԓॠϸԴۋқ ԓۋێ܁ս࠘εȊرԺąڍԐڌۙقóۋεۍݓ֨

ࢅʪ΀॥ڷͿ׆ࠑ܁֨՜ۆ̆ρۋǣ֮ॢۙşۤѺ ʴˣقۆ३ێرǨսەə١޲εйٍقѓݓॠČ

܁ঝʪεॳԜ֨࢈ ս ەʪ΀ ॠٕɰ.

̚ॢ֟υ࣡बقǴۤʽGPS(Global Positioning System) ˣۆڦՁ२Ѫ֨֟ࢰşɠںۋڌॠيÁࠑ܁ۋۋΘر ݕܟशεş΀॥ڷͿ׆֟υ࣡बق܃ėʼəş҆ݓʪ (Google Maps)ق श֨ʼʪ΀ ĵইॠٕɰ(Fig. 2).

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Fig. 3. User interface for selecting options of projection and analysis module.

Fig. 4. Example of results of slope instability analysis function using developed system.

ٖ࣊ · қԵϿ˗

߯Ŗ߻֨ʼČەə֟υ࣡बڹজϸۆ३ԜʪÀۓߕ

ٖ࣊Ѫںۺڌॠşق߿қॠي2ʪۆÂüںÀݓəՃ ҙ؋ǴԸūݓĵই३ʪজϸۆঝʂػۋۋεϿ˃श ই३Ƿսەɰ. Ŕ͠ǣ֟υ࣡बۆ࣢ՁԜজϸۆࡾş Àۓߕٖ࣊ʪεՃҙۺڷͿĵইॠşقə߿қ࠘؍ڷ дͿÀʫՁںȭۋşڦ३2ʪٮ10ʪۆ؋ǴԸश֨

əԸ࢘Ԑ२ڷͿԴĵՁॠيÁÁںज़څॣ˺قŔνʪ

΀ॠٕɰ. Á؋ǴԸڹۚʪۆ܁ঝՁںڦॠيԐۻق

ۚʪʽŔρںۋڌॠݓ؍Č, ؙ॔νࡀۋՎۆқԵϿ

˗ߣş֬ॱ֨قսॡۺڷͿ1ধۚʪʼʪ΀ॠٕɰ.

ࠑ܁ʽݓݗĵܓۙΒəࡾóԸĵܓٮϸĵܓͿǣ Ɍ϶, ϸĵܓə३ɾϸق ʂॢ ѪԸ(pole)ۆ ঍ࢗͿʪ

श֨ÀÀɠॠɰ. ॠǣۆۙΒķڹي͠ÒۆԸĵܓٮ

ϸĵܓͿۋΘرݓ϶, ۋقϸĵܓǛνχǣԦşəİ

޲Ըĵܓεप॥ॠيۚʪॠóʼϸॢজϸقŔͲݓ əتۋȃИψ؉ٖ࣊фқԵĀęۆÀʫՁۋ۹ॠ ʾսەڷдͿԸĵܓٮϸĵܓܼر̅ۙΒεश֨ॣ

ìۍݓٮۋεŕ۾, ʂڙˣڷͿश֨ॠəۚʪѓ֩ں

ܓ܁ॠəşɠں ߸ÀۺڷͿ ĵইॠٕɰ(Fig. 3).

қԵşɠڹؒъۆՃÀݓࣷĨتԜقʂॢқԵ

ĀęεӇβóঝۍॣսەʪ΀қԵşɠۆۚʴ݌֨

ۓߕٖ࣊ʪقĀęεश֨ॠʪ΀ॠČ, נşࣷĨˣİ

޲ԸĵܓۆқԵۋज़څॢąڍİ޲Ըĵܓۆćԓں

ۙʴۺڷͿ սॱॠي ǣࢍǴʪ΀ ॠٕɰ(Fig. 4). ̚ॢ

қԵقज़څॢۙڮϸۆąԐÁęąԐѓॳфυ޶Á

܁҃əইۤقԴࠑ܁঳ۋεۓͳॠʪ΀ॠşڦॠي

߸Àۺۍۍࢢगۋ֟εĵՁॠٕɰ. ࠑ܁ۙΒÀʪ֨ʽ

঳ࣷĨيҙεࣷ؊ॠşڦ३ۙΒεگ؋ڷͿۦ३Ե ३آॠəşܕԜڌ॒ͿŔ͖ęəɵν, ؙ҆॔νࡀۋ ՎقԴə३ɾࣷĨتԜق՚ॠəϸĵܓǣԸĵܓε

ۓߕٖ࣊ʪقۙʴڷͿÌܓश֨ॠي֨ÁۺۍқԵۋ

Àɠॠʪ΀ॠٕڷ϶, қԵقԴćԓʽۙΒεɰδۤ

Ҽ̚ə࠻ौࢢقԴ߸ÀۺڷͿқԵॣսەʪ΀ॠş

ڦ३Ͽ˗ۍࢢगۋ֟Ǵق߸ÀۺۍşɠںĵՁॠٕ

ɰ. ۋşɠقԴəইۦқԵॠČەəۙΒķǴۆϸĵ ܓ˞ۋԴͿχǣԦşəϿ˜İ޲Ըĵܓ, ۙΒۆѓॳ Ձ, ইۦսॱॢқԵۆܛΪфĀęˣںЛَۙۙΒ ͿϿ˃श֨ॠʪ΀ॠيۋε֟υ࣡बۆࣀ֪Ͽ˗ں

ۋڌॠيۋϭێںࣀ३ۻբॠäǣǴҙ۹ۤėÂق

҃ěॣ ս ەʪ΀ ॠٕɰ.

̚ॢࠑ܁şɠęۓߕٖ࣊ϐश֨şɠۋĀ०ʼؽɰ

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Fig. 5. Photo on the wireless data transfer of acquisition data between two devices (a) sender, (b) receiver.

Fig. 6. Target structure for measurement of precision and accuracy of developed system (a) Indoor test, (b) In-situ test.

ə۾ںۋڌॠي, ইۦşşÀÀݓəąԐÁęąԐѓ ॳں֬֨ÂڷͿश֨ॠʪ΀ॠي֬܃ėÂقԴࠑ܁ʽ

ۙΒÀر̅঍ࢗͿܕۦॠəݓ֖óঝۍۋÀɠॠʪ΀

ॠٕڷ϶, ߸ÀۺڷͿۋąԐÁęąԐѓॳںۙڮϸۆ

ìڷͿۋڌ३қԵॠə٪ՎںĵՁॠيۙڮϸقʂॢ

܁҃εݔۿۓͳॠݓ؍Čʪşܕقࠑ܁ʽۼνϸ˞ۆ

ۙΒٮυ޶Áںۋڌ३ۙڮϸۋ֬܃ėÂقԴر̃ॢ

঍ࢗͿܕۦॣ˺ق३ɾࣷĨÀێرǣş֑ڏݓεӇ βó ࣷ؊ॣ ս ەʪ΀ Ժćॠٕɰ.

ۻբϿ˗

֟υ࣡बÂۙΒۆբս֪şɠڹࡾó֟υ࣡बÂŖ äνբս֪şɠęࠑ܁ۙΒۆǴ҃ǴşşɠڷͿۋ Θرݕɰ. Ŗäνբս֪şɠڹࠑ܁ॢۙΒεÁۙΒ ķɳڦͿսйࢢۆäνۋǴقԴɰδ֟υ࣡बڷͿ

ۻբॠäǣ३ɾşşقԴս֪ॣսەʪ΀ॠəşɠ ڷͿԴ, ŖäνИԸࣀ֪(Bluetooth)ںۋڌ॰ş˺Лق

্ʂबȐ࣡ڗࡾϐںࣀ३ۙΒεۻբॠݓ؍؉ۙΒ

İঞقۤՙۆ܃أۋػČࠑ܁ۙΒۆ҄܃, ࣀ०ф

ěνÀڌۋॠɰəۤ۾ۋەɰ. ࣢০, ۋşɠڹࣀ֪ϐ ۋٍĀʼݓ؍əĵÂۋۥڷ϶ψڹքۙۆࠑ܁ۋज़ څॢইۤݓݗĵܓܓԐۆ࣢ՁԜইۤقԴي͠ϼۋ

ʴ֨ق ࠑ܁ॢ ঳ ۙΒε ࣀ०ॣ ˺ ठνॠɰ(Fig. 5).

ࠑ܁ۙΒۆǴ҃Ǵşşɠڹࠑ܁ॢۙΒεʚ֟ࡾࢾ

࠻ौࢢˣۆқԵşşͿۻբॠي҃ɰȉڹڌʪͿট ڌॠČۙॠəąڍεڦ३ĵՁॠٕɰ. ۙΒۆ߻ͳ֨

قəćԓʽÉں܁ս, ֬սˣۆر̃ॢ঍֩ڷͿ߻ͳ

ॣìۍݓٮʚۋࢢࣷێۆ঍֩ˣş҆ۺۍԸ࢘Ԑ२

˞ں߸Àॠي֟υ࣡बٽҙقԴۋڌॠČۙॠəٽҙ

ՙ॒࣡ڟرۆܛΪˣق˰͆ज़څॢĵՁںॣսەʪ

΀Ժćॠٕɰ. Ǵ҃Ǵşşɠںࣀ३߻ͳʼəࣷێۆ

঍֩ڹ ۙΒε ЛԴ ঍֩ڷͿ ǣَॠə ێъ ঍֩ę

DIPS ˣۆԜڌՙ॒࣡ڟرقԴۙΒİঞںڦ३ۋڌ ʼəCSV(Comma-Separated Values)঍֩ںԸ࢘ॣս

ەʪ΀ ĵՁॠٕɰ.

ۺڌĀęфࢹۆ

܁нʪࠑ܁

֟υ࣡बںۋڌॢࠑ܁ÉۋۙşۤۆÂԾۋǣÀ՚

ʪۆѺজˣقٖॳںыݓ؍ə؋܁ʽԜࢗقԴرɗ

܁ʪۆ܁нʪεÀݗսەəݓεࠑ܁ॠşڦ३֬Ǵ

֨ॹںսॱॠٕɰ(Fig. 6a). ܁нʪۆࠑ܁ںڦ३֟υ

࣡बں֬ǴঞąقԴ؋܁ʽۙՃͿڦ࠘֨ࢇ঳1,000 ÒۆąԐÁęąԐѓॳۙΒε0.1ߣۆÂüڷͿ100 ߣÂٍ՚ࠄ˛ॠٕڷ϶, Áࠑ܁ڹߪ16ÒۆÁşɰ δ ۙՃͿ սॱʼؽɰ.

ࠑ܁Āę100ߣÂࠄ˛ॢۙΒۻߕقʂॢąԐÁۆ

शܵठ޲əࠑ܁ۙՃق˰͆߯ʂ0.122ʪ, ߯ՙ0.096 ʪε ǣࢍǴؽڷ϶, ąԐѓॳڹ ߯ʂ 3.004ʪ, ߯ՙ

0.849ʪͿ ǣࢍǮɰ. थŒę ܼڦÉ(median)ۆ ޲ۋə

ąԐÁقԴ߯ʂ0.015ʪ, ąԐѓॳقԴ߯ʂ0.13ʪͿ

׆߯ҾÉ(mode)ęʪ0.2ʪйχۆ޲ۋεٕ҃ɰ. Fig. 7 ڹ ۻߕąԐÁфąԐѓॳۆࠑ܁ۙΒܼÀۤशܵठ

޲Àȭڹێҙࠑ܁ĵÂقʂॠي߯ߣࠑ܁Éҙࢢۆ

ɀۺथŒÉę25ÒۆĵÂۙΒεۋڌॢɀۺथŒÉ ںćԓॢĀęεǣࢍǶɰ. ąԐѓॳۆąڍÀ՚ʪՅ ԴٮۙşՅԴͿҙࢢࠄ˛ʽÉ˞ںʴ֨قۋڌॠş

˺ЛقɳێՅԴεۋڌॠيćԓॠəąԐÁ҃ɰəȭ ڹठ޲ε҃ۋǣ, ąԐÁęąԐѓॳϿ˃थŒÉںܼ

֮ڷͿॢܵսॢʂࠡں҃ۋČەڷдͿ߿қ০ɀۺ ʽۙΒۆथŒںۋڌॠϸȭڹ܁нʪεÀݓəÉں

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Fig. 7. Improved precision of dip and dip direction using the average calculation function.

ࠄ˛ॣ ս ەڼں ঝۍॠٕɰ.

֬܃ࠑ܁֨قə֪՚ॢࠑ܁ںڦ३Àۤ߯Ŗۆࠑ

܁ÉχںथŒজॠيۋڌॠşᓛЛقɀۺ֨ࢅəۙΒ

սۆÇՙق˰δٖॳقʂॢČͲÀज़څॠɰ. ɀۺۙ

Βۆսε1,000ÒقԴ5ÒͿÇՙ֨ࡎںąڍąԐѓ ॳۋ߯ʂ5ʪۆѺজεٕ҃ڷ϶शܵठ޲ə߯ʂ3.34 ʪݒÀॠٕɰ. ˰͆Դ܁нʪٮ֪՚ՁϿ˃εχܔ֨

ࢅəমڱۺۍࠑ܁ںڦ३ԴəۺۼॢۙΒۆɀۺÒ սεݓ܁ॣज़څÀەɰ. ֬ॹĀę5ÒۆۙΒεԐڌ ॠə ąڍق Ҽ३ 10Òۆ ɀۺ ۙΒε Ԑڌ(ࠑ܁֨Â

0.5ߣ)ॠə ąڍ शܵठ޲À ߯ʂ 2ʪ Çՙॠي ߯ՙ

0.212ʪۆशܵठ޲εٕ҃ڷ϶, 50ÒۆɀۺۙΒεԐ ڌ(ࠑ܁֨Â2.5ߣ)ॠəąڍ١޲ٮठ޲Ͽ˃80%À

Çՙॠي1ʪйχۆ١޲εٕ҃ڷдͿইۤقԴۆԐ ڌق ۺ०ॢ ìڷͿࣺɳॠٕɰ.

܁ঝʪࠑ܁

܁ঝʪࠑ܁ڹࠑ܁ݓ۾ܳѺۋϿ˃ؒъ̚əġߕ ͿĵՁʼرەر্ʂबࣀ֪ϐۆۋڌۋҝÀɠॢġ ԓ Úʪ ǴҙقԴ սॱॠٕɰ(Fig. 6b). ࠑ܁ ۤՙͿə

ÌڙʪԘߍ֨ÀčϸÀčνقڦ࠘ॢOOġԓۆÚʪ

εԸ܁ॠٕČ, Áࠑ܁ڹÚʪۓĵͿҙࢢսथڷͿ50 йࢢۋԜۆǴҙقڦ࠘ॢߪ23ÒۆÁşɰδݓ۾˞

قʂॠيÁÁ֟υ࣡बęࢁνȤйࢢεۋڌॠيսॱ

ॢ঳ࠑ܁ĀęεҼİॠٕɰ(Table 2). ֟υ࣡बںۋ ڌॢࠑ܁ڹ0.1ߣۆÂüڷͿ10ধۆۙΒεɀۺॠي

थŒںćԓॠəşɠںۋڌॠٕČ, Ҽİࠑ܁ںڦ३ ԴəSinconԐۆݓݗܓԐڌࢁνȤࡕࣷ֟εۋڌॠٕ

ɰ. ܁ঝʪۆࠑ܁֨֬܃޷Éں؎սػş˺Лقࢁ

νȤࡕࣷ֟ۆࠑ܁ÉęҼİॢìڷͿԴ, ێъࢁνȤࡕ

ࣷ֟Ϳন˛ॣսەəࠑ܁É˞ۆ܁нʪॢćε߯ʂ

0.3ʪÀ͟ڷͿࣺɳॠيۋεȊݓ؍ə܁нʪε҃ۋ ə ɀۺۙΒۆ Òսۍ 10Ò(߯ՙ शܵठ޲ 0.212ʪ)ε

Ԑڌॠٕɰ.

ࠑ܁Āę֟υ࣡बęşܕۆࢁνȤйࢢͿࠑ܁ॢą ԐÁۆथŒ޲ۋə2.6ʪ, ąԐѓॳڹ4.6ʪεǣࢍǴ ؽɰ. ێҙݓ۾قԴǣࢍǣəҼİۺࢀ޲ۋəġԓۆ

ÚǴঞą࣢ՁԜԐϸۋǣȤ߻ʽۼνÀϔڍҝő࠙

ॠيÁÁۆۤҼͿ܁ঝॢʴێݓ۾ۋࠑ܁ʼݓ؍ڹ

ìڷͿࣺɳʽɰ. ̚ॢ, ąԐѓॳۆąڍÀ՚ʪՅԴٮ

ۙşۤՅԴεϿ˃ۋڌॠيćԓॠٕş˺ЛقąԐÁ

҃ɰԜʂۺڷͿȭڹқԓںٕ҃Č, ۋ˺ЛقąԐÁ

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Table 2. Orientations of the geological structures measured with the smartphone and the analog inclinometer

No. Dip (degree) Dip direction (degree)

Smartphone Clinometer |Difference| Smartphone Clinometer |Difference|

1 70.8 71 0.2 183.1 183 0.1

2 80.4 80 0.4 188.5 187 1.5

3 86.3 88 1.7 252.4 248 4.4

4 80.8 88 7.2 13.1 8 5.1

5 84.1 80 4.1 171.8 175 3.2

6 70.5 67 3.5 246.9 240 6.9

7 80.1 70 10.1 189.9 183 6.9

8 66.7 70 3.3 8.6 7 1.6

9 80.7 85 4.3 179.0 165 14.0

10 66.6 70 3.4 189.0 192 3.0

11 79.0 80 1.0 108.0 106 2.0

12 28.2 30 1.8 347.7 333 14.7

13 88.2 89 0.8 206.1 204 2.1

14 89.2 90 0.8 268.2 268 0.2

15 65.4 65 0.4 40.4 45 4.6

16 85.6 84 1.6 183.6 189 5.4

17 74.5 67 7.5 50.9 55 4.1

18 78.2 77 1.2 280.5 289 8.5

19 89.1 89 0.1 74.6 75 0.4

20 89.4 90 0.6 236.5 231 5.5

21 87.6 89 1.4 234.6 229 5.6

22 88.1 89 0.9 41.9 38 3.9

23 74.2 77 2.8 48.7 50 1.3

Average 2.6 Average 4.6

قҼ३ԜʂۺڷͿࢀ޲ۋε҃ۋəìڷͿࣺɳʽɰ.

̚ॢړݔۋݓ؍əथϸقԴ֟υ࣡बں३ɾथϸق

थॱॠóধۻ֨࢈ąڍۋ΁ۺڷͿə֟υ࣡बۆąԐ ÁęąԐѓॳۋѺॠݓ؍ڷдͿʴێॢࠑ܁Éںصر آॠݓχ֬܃Ϳə߯ʂ7.5ʪۆÉۆѺজÀě޶ʼؽ ɰ. ۋìڹ֟υ࣡बǴҙۆҙु˞قۆॢۙߕۺۍۙ

şۤÂԾںݓ՚ۺڷͿ҃܁३آॠəۙşۤࠑ܁ę

܁ۆ࣢Ձق˰δìڷͿࣺɳʼ϶, ۋͿۍॢ١޲À܁

ঝʪۆ Çՙεڮьॢ ìڷͿ ࣺɳʽɰ.

ݓॠঞąقԴۆڦ࠘܁҃ş΀

ÚǴεҼ΅ॢݓॠ ঞąقԴۆ ࠑ܁ڹآٽঞąę

ɵνڦՁںşъڷͿॢڦ࠘܁҃ۆս֪ۋرͲڍд ͿۙʴڷͿࠑ܁ݓ۾ۆܟशεս֪ॠيş΀ॠəş

ɠںۺڌॣսػɰ. ֬܃ইۤۺڌф܁ঝʪࠑ܁ں

սॱॢĀęقԴʪۓĵε܃ٽॢÚʪǴҙقԴəܟश

ս֪ۋҝÀɠॠٕڷ϶, ˰͆Դۋεٰ҃ॠşڦॢş ɠۆঝۤۋज़څॠɰ. GPS ˣۆڦ࠘܁҃εս֪ॣս

ػə֬ǴঞąقԴ֟υ࣡बںۋڌॠيڦ࠘ε߸܁ॠ əşցڹęäقي͠޲ͻٍĵʽцÀەڷǣ, ۋ˞ڹ

ŖäνИԸϐ(Wi-Fi) ۤҼ̚əۋٮڮԐॢČ܁֩Ҽ ࡓˣۋԺ࠘ʼرەرآχڦ࠘܁҃ۆćԓۋÀɠॠ дͿ(Shin et al., 2010; Inoue et al., 2009) ࢢȇۋǣÚ ʪٮÏڹݓॠঞąقəۺڌۋرͷɰ. ˰͆Դɰتॢ

ঞąقԴۆۺڌںÀɠࡀॠşڦ३Դəࠑ܁ۙͿॠي Śڦ࠘܁҃εݔۿۓͳॠʪ΀ॠəşɠۋज़څॠɰ.

ݓॠقԴəࠑ܁ۙۆڦ࠘ÀÚʪǣࢢȇˣۆۍėۺڷ ͿĹݕॢėÂںѫرǣݓ؍ڷдͿÁĵÂقԴۆࠑ

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Fig. 8. Overall structure of the Smart Clinometer (a) Current structure, (b) Expansion module for underground coordinate support.

܁قԴ३ɾĵÂۆČڮѥ঒εࠑ܁ۙÀݔۿۓͳॠ ʪ΀ॠČ(ٚ: Úʪۆێʹѥ঒ٮǴҙۆڦ࠘), ߸঳३ ɾČڮѥ঒εܟशͿѺঞॠəşɠںĵইॣսەɰ.

ۋ͠ॢşɠڹşܕۆؙ॔νࡀۋՎںঝۤ॥ڷͿ׆߸

ÀÀɠॠ϶, ۋٮÏۋঝۤʽؙ॔νࡀۋՎۆۻߕĵ ܓε Fig. 8ق श֨ॠٕɰ.

Ā΁

֟υ࣡बقǴۤʽÀ՚ʪՅԴٮۙͳՅԴεۋڌॠ يսॱॠəݓݗĵܓۆࠑ܁ڹşܕۆࠑ܁ѓѪقҼ ३ӇβČۋڌॠş֑ڍ϶ʪĵͿۆۿŖۋڌۋॠي

ۺڹҼڌڷͿমڱۺۍ࢒Ԑεսॱॣսەɰəۤ۾

ۋەɰ. ֟υ࣡बںۋڌॢݓݗĵܓۆࠑ܁фқԵ

ѓѪڹսॱę܁قي͠ɳćÀज़څॠݓ؍ČÁɳć ÀমڱۺڷͿٍĀʼر֪՚ॢۚغںÀɠࡀॠ϶, ࠑ

܁ʽÉں˰Ϳۏرş΀३ˆज़څÀػڷдͿşܕۆ

ࠑ܁ۤҼфѓѪ˞قҼ३ӇβČমڱۺڷͿʂ͟ۆ

ۙΒεন˛ॣսەəۤ۾ںÀݓČەɰ. ̚ॢࠑ܁ʽ

ۙΒε݌֨ۓߕٖ࣊ʪͿԴঝۍॠČѓॳՁˣۆࣀć

Āęεন˛ॣսەڷ϶, يşقي͠ࣀ֪Ͽ˗ںۋڌ ॠيࠑ܁ʽۙΒǣқԵॢۙΒε݌֨ۻբ̚əս֪

ॣսەرज़څॢąڍڙॠə঍֩ڷͿPCق҄ԐÀ

ÀɠॠдͿ ȉڹ টڌՁں şʂॣ ս ەɰ.

ॠ˚ڟرǴҙҙुق ۆॢۙşۤ ÂԾں҃܁ॠə

ę܁ˣقԴǣࢍǣə١޲Ϳۍ३ࠑ܁ĀęНۆ܁ঝ ʪٮ܁нʪÀɰՙǰ؉ݓəЛ܃۾ڹॳ঳ࠑ܁ѓѪ ۆÒԸˣںࣀॠي߸ÀͿ३Āʼرآॢɰ. ࣢০, ݓ

ۙşۤࠄ˛ÉۆԜʂۺڷͿȭڹқԓڹۋͿҙࢢԓ߻

ʼəąԐѓॳۆқԓںȭي܁нʪε̆ر̲ν϶, ۙ Βۆন˛֨ڦ࠘܁҃εন˛ॠə۹ÀGPSࠟۆॢć Ϳ١޲Àࢀìۋɳ۾ڷͿݓۺʽɰ. ইۦʪśüॠó

ՁۤॠČەə֟υ࣡बşъşց˞ę॥ƍՅԴф҃

܁şցًؘ֨ڷͿݓ՚ۺۍÒьۋć՚ʾìڷͿ҃

ۋ϶, ॳ঳ߌνɠͳۆॳԜںࣀ३ʂ͟ۆߌνÀज़څ

ॢқԵşցˣں॥ƍۋڌॣսەóʼϸٍ҆ĵق ԴÒьॢ֟υ࣡ࢁνȤйࢢۆটڌՁۋʌڎ࠶ݗս

ەں ìڷͿ şʂॢɰ.

ԐԐ

҆ ٍĵə ॢĶقȃݓşցथÀڙۆ ȥԟՁۤ঍ ġԓ Òьںڦॢ֨ԺНÚǴজфঞąϿɦࢢτşցÒь

Ԑغ(2011-T100200108)ę2ɳć˃ȳॢĶ21 Ԑغۆݓ ڙڷͿսॱʼؽڷ϶, ̚ॢȦЛۚՁڹԴڐʂॡİė ॡٍĵՙۆ ݓڙڷͿ ۋΘرܐɰ.

޷ČЛॶ

ڋ೾ۜ, ଲ็૵, ૈ਎ఛ, ছୋ଀, ෮ఢ૵, ׌ন৤, ࢮ෴ܛ, 2010, “ੰଲඓଡଲ૳෉෮ୋ஺ா/஺ࢱ୨࣪୺ॷઘර ࠤಧଲ঵Թࢳ,”୪94ฎ෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ෈ฎౡծ෈

২۩ฎࢳඝڍࢂு, ෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ෈ฎ, ୪ச֝୪ಟ

ࣗ঵বഉ, ୪சܑ, 5ଁ 6ଵ, p. 415.

ଲঃ෹, ছୋ଀, ࢮ෴ܛ, 2011, “ਆࠬൈඓ׆ࢱଭ෮ୋ஺ா

֜୺౸୨ࢫंজীඹൈଆઘԹࢳ,”୪97ฎ෉֝஺֜

ਏਆഗվ෈ฎ౟ծ෈২۩ฎࢳඝڍࢂு, ෉֝஺֜ਏਆ ഗվ෈ฎ, Գ଀޻݁, Գ଀ܑ, 9ଁ 21ଵ, pp. 6-8.

Inoue, Y., Sashima, A. and Kurumatani, K., 2009, “Indoor positioning system using beacon devices for practical pedestrian navigation on mobile phone,” Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelli- gence and Computing, UIC, Brisbane, Australia, July 7-9, pp. 251-265.

Lisle, R.J. and Leyshon, P.R., 2004, Stereographic Projection Techniques for Geologists and Civil Engineers, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 108-110.

McCarthy, A., Cosgrave, R. and Meere, P., “Use of the iPhone as a geological field tool: Practical benefits and technical limitations,” Poster session presented at: EGU General Assembly 2009, Vienna, Austria, April 19-24.

Shin, B.J., Lee, K.W., Choi, S.H., Kim, J.Y., Lee, W.J. and Kim, H.S., 2010, “Indoor WiFi positioning system for Android-based smartphone,” Proceedings of the Information and Communication Technology Convergence 2010, ICTC, Jeju Island, Korea, November 17-19, pp. 319-320.

Sun, F., Weng, Y. and Gridsby, J.D., 2010, “Smartphones for Geological Data Collection- an Android Phone Appli- cation,” Poster session presented at: AGU Fall Meeting

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