• 검색 결과가 없습니다.

Dr. Richard W. Hamming l

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Dr. Richard W. Hamming l"

Copied!
34
0
0

로드 중.... (전체 텍스트 보기)

전체 글

(1)

{

© œ’  õ  { © œ’  _  ƒ  ½ ¨ You and Your Research

Dr. Richard W. Hamming l

2 Ÿ ¤: J. F. Kaiser



 % i : s  F g  H

2

[%i] s /åJ`¦ “'Å \"f ëߖzŒ¤. 2008¸ 1-4Z4 CMU ~½ÓëH׿ s%3.

#

ŒQt–Ð 6£§`¦ ¹¡§f”%i. _ $3~ÃÌ õ&ñ †<ÆÒqt[þt\>•¸ „KÅғ¦ z

·%3.

Õ

ªo“¦, s %ò#Q\¦ ¾»€©œÛ¼t ~1> „²ú˜ “¦ z·%3. /BNÂÒ H

| Ã

Ð[þt“Ér¾º½¨ s /åJ`¦ {9%3ܼ€ Ùþ¡. %i`¦&ñôÇ Câs%3.

?

/ 3lu{Œ™€Œ¤~ 6\š ƒ½¨™è(Bell Labs)_ –Ð Õª ©œ™è(Murray Hill)_ {9

[þts#Q"f ÒqtÒqty „K&’. ?/ “Ér 5Åq?/6 x`¦ÆÒe”Dh–Ð yŒ•ÅÒ\ '‘

Ùþ

¡. (2008.03.20)

2

1 s  / å J \  @ /K " f

6

\š &Á»mHs‚ݼ o"fu(Bell Communications Research)1 c+t–Ðv%3 roݼ

\

"f 6\š ƒ½¨™è_ ƒ½¨"é¶s$4“¦ tFK“Ér ֓qoŸím KçH @/†<Æ"é¶ “§Ãº–Ð >r

Bell Communications Research, 435 South Street, Room 2E-354, Morristown, NJ 07980, USA

"¦@<Ɠ§ (ŽÓ'/BN†<ÆÂÒ “§Ãº. < Ì`…st: ropas.snu.ac.kr/~kwang

1™è0A “l 6\š”(Baby Bells) r[þt_ ƒ+Ë ƒ¨™è. p ƒ~½Ó &ñÂÒ 1980¸@/ ׿ìøÍ AT&T_ p

DG?/ ©œo „o "fq¼ 1lq&h`¦ FKtrv"f, t%i ©œo „o "fq¼\¦{Œ™{©œ Hr [

þt(“Baby Bells”s Ô¦aË>)s Òqt. AT&T íߖ  „:Ÿx_ 6\š ƒ¨™è(Bell Laboratories)HÕª@/

–

Ð %itߖ, DÐ Òqt| “l 6\š” r[þt_ ƒ¨\¦{Œ™{©œ½+É ƒ+Ë ƒ¨™è–Ð ëߖ[þt#Q ” כ s “6\š ïÁ» m

Hs¼ o"fu”(Bell Communications Research)s. Âúª> “6\š ï”(Bell CoRe)¦ Ô¦

§ 4.

(2)



H o ×¼ Kbç(Richard W. Hamming) ~ÃÌ <ɪp\v“¦ FG&h“ y©œƒ`¦ K Å

Ò$4_þvm. “{©œ’õ {©œ’_ ƒ½¨(You and Your Research)”H]j3lqs%3“¦, 200"î_ 6\šï(Bellcore) ƒ½¨"é¶õ ~½ÓëH̐o[þt–Ð Õª y©œƒ“Ér œíëߖ"é¶s%3_þvm.

©

œ™èH —¸oÛ¼ o"fu 'p 'ptm#QaA G'p (Morris Research and Engineering Center)%i“¦ 1986¸ 3Z4 7{9s%3_þvm.

s

 [jp_ ÅÒ]jH “= ™èú_ õ†<Æ[þtëߖ ׿כ¹ôÇ /BN‰³`¦ “¦, Ér@/ Ã

º_ õ†<Æ[þt“Ér²DG\H {9 )€t“¦ ´ú˜?”H |9ëH\ @/K"f Kbç ~ÃÌ›'a

¹

1ÏôÇ כ õ ƒ½¨ôÇ \¦„K ÅҍH o%i_þvm. Kbç ~Ã̍H 40¸ ōH[jZ4 1

l

xîߖ, Õª ׿\"f 6\š ƒ½¨™è\"f_ 30¸ â+«>1lxîߖ, f”]X 3lqÙþ¡%3“¦, ¶ns“¦ ¥Æ

“

¦ (õ†<Æ[þts Áº%Á `¦#QbG> = #QÖ¼ Œ•\O`¦ > ÷&Ht), ·ú˜˜Ð“¦ ¥Æ“¦ (@/éߖôÇ õ†<Æ[þt_ “Òqtõ Õª[þt_ /BN‰³[þt\@/K"f), Õªo“¦ ‚½Ó_&h“ >ÿ.

\

¦ìøÍÆÒK˜Ð“¦ Õª s:r`¦ƒ½¨Kš¸$4_þvm. s y©œƒ_ ?/6 x“Ér0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æ [

þ

t_ $í|9, 0px§4, ↾Ó, {9 H _þv›'a, [j, Õªo“¦ ^o=†<Æ1px\ @/K"f Kbç ~ÃÌ a

"f ·ú˜>)a כ [þt\ @/ôÇ כ {9m.

s

 y©œƒ ?/6 x`¦V,o ·ú˜ol 0AK"f y©œƒ_ 0lq6£§_…{9`¦€x9y %7˜Û¼àԖРF

½

¨$íôÇ כ s s /åJ{9m. y©œƒs =åQ“¦ |9_6£x²úš_ ?/6 x•¸ Ÿí†<Ê “¦ e”_þvm



. Zþt ÕªXOtëߖ, ‰&³©œ\"f „²ú˜÷&H 3lq™èo ]jÛ¼%ƒ 1px1px\"f š¸H´ú§“Ér&ñ

˜

Ð[þts %7˜Û¼àÔ l2Ÿ¤Ü¼–Ð  €"fHt> ÷&Hכ s /'îr&h {9m. s y

©œƒ_ ÕªQôÇ €`¦ â+«> 9€ 0lq6£§)a כ `¦ [þt#Qú< ëߖ ½+É כ {9m.2 Kbç

~ Ã

Ì_ µ1ϳðH¢¸§Â y —¸ŽHכ s 0lq6£§÷&%3tëߖ, ׿\ |9_ 6£x²úšrçߖ_ |9ëH [

þ

t“Ér¸ú˜ 0lq6£§s ·ú§÷&%3_þvm. ¸ú˜ [þtot ·ú§“Ér |9ëH[þt\ @/K"fH ]jF‹c ñ î

ߖ\ ?/ ÆÒ»¡¤\ lìøÍK"f F½¨$í K Z~€Œ¤_þvm. |9ëH\¦ ?/ HâĺH,

?

/ ÆÒ8£¤ôÇ |9ëH?/6 xs ´úHt\¦ {9{9sSX‰“ Hõ&ñ`¦'¬I_þvm.

2 o  × ¼ K b ç (Richard W. Hamming)~ à Ì _  ™ è> h

6

\š &Á»mHs‚ݼ o"fu(Bell Communications Research) c+t–Ðv%3 roݼ_ y

©œƒ“ ֓qoŸím_ pKçH@/†<Æ"鶓§Ãº–Ð >rHo ×¼ Kbç(Richard W.

Hamming) ~ÃÌ ·ú˜½™ u”¸J?æ¼(Alan G. Chynoweth)\ _K ™è>h÷&%3_þvm



. ·ú˜½™ u”¸J?漍H 6\š &Á»wHs‚ݼ o"fu_ 6£x6 xƒ½¨{Œ™{©œ Âҙ聩œ{9m



.

(·ú˜½™ u”¸J?æ¼(Alan G. Chynoweth)):

î

ߖ¥æ zm 1lx«Ñ#ŒQìr. Õªo“¦ š¸Zþt°ú “Ér ÅÒ âÛ¼ o\ 6\š ƒ

½

¨™è(Bell Labs)\"f ĺoü< †<Êa l 0AK š¸’ ĺo_ "º 1lx«Ñ[þt•¸ îߖ¥æ 

2כ¹7£§s YouTube\ {©œƒy `¦|ÃÛ`¦ 1lx%ò©œs%3`¦כ s.

(3)

z

m. #ŒQìra $_ ÅÒ ÅÒ š¸½™ •2;½¨s 1lx«Ñ“ o ×¼ Kbç(Richard Hamming), ĺozo_  ñgAܼ–ЍH `” Kbç(Dick Hamming) ~ÃÌ\¦™è>h >

÷

&"f &ñ´ú˜ -Áº livm.

#

Œl —¸“ #ŒQìr[þt\>H –Ð ©œlr~´ €9כ¹ \O’xtëߖ, `”“Ér ú†<Æõ (Ž

ÉÓ'õ†<Æ ìr\"f „@/pëH_ 0A@/ôÇ \O&h`¦ ·p ìr׿_ ôÇ ìr{9m. r

“

¦(Chicago)ü< W1ÚÔÛ¼(Nebraska)\"f “§¹¢¤`¦~Ã΀Œ¤“¦, {9o”¸s(Illinois)3

"

f ~ÃÌ\¦~Ã΀Œ¤_þvm. Õªo“¦ 2 @/„ ׿\ –ÐÛ¼ ·ú˜—¸Û¼(Los Alamos) áԖÐ

oàÔ4\ ‚ÃÐ#Œ $4%3_þvm. Õª Êê 1946¸\ 6\š ƒ½¨™è(Bell Labs)\ ÂÒe” $4

“

¦, #Œl"f ]j `”`¦ëߖzŒ¤_þvm, ÕªM: $H Óüto ƒ½¨ÂÒ\ ÂÒe”Ùþ¡%3“¦כ¹. Õª r

]X\ Óüto ÕªÒ¨|ÃÐ[þt“Ér°ú s &hd”`¦"3Œ4HÙþ¡%3HX<כ¹, ã¶sÄ»“t ú†<ƃ

½

¨ÂÒ\ e”H s s©œôÇ •2;½¨ ĺo|½Ó †½Ó©œ °ú s "3H a%~Ùþ¡%3_þvm. ĺ o

H†½Ó©œ Õªü< °ú s &hd”"3H a¦0>Ùþ¡%3_þvm. = € †½Ó©œ ”ÂÒ t

· ú

§“Ér ´ú§“Ér sn#Qü< ›'a&h[þt`¦ „K°?%3l M:ëHs%3#Qכ¹. Õª &hd”rçߖ[þt“Ér



FG&hs“¦Ö¸lÅ'¬I%3_þvm,SX‰z´y ´ú˜@pu×¼o°¹.

Ä

ºo_ ƒ½¨ü< f”©œÒqtÖ¸s Õª 1lxîߖ ÕªXO> ¾úštH 3lwÙþ¡tëߖ, $H†½Ó©œ 6\š

ƒ

½¨™è 4Ÿ¤•¸\"f `”`¦·ú˜^¦Ãº e”%3“¦ Õª “¦ e”H {9\ @/K"f †½Ó©œ %3'õA è

ߖ âü@yŒ™`¦t“¦ e”%3_þvm. Õª 1lxîߖ_ l2Ÿ¤s sl “¦ e”“¦ ÒqtyŒ•½+Ë m

. $íõ[þt`¦ [jy sl lH -Áº oÛ¼àÔ U´tëߖ, \V\¦ [þt#Q"f s XO

_þvm. Õþ˜`¦ {9YLݶ`¦ æ¼$4_þvm. Õª {9YLݶ[þts ú†<Æ, (ŽÉÓ', ï`ç, &ñ

˜

Ðs:r 1px\ @/ôÇ כ [þts“¦, Õª ׿[jݶ“Érsp ¿ºP: ¼#|9‘:rܼ–Ð [þt#Q“¦ e” _

þ

vm. s> `” Kbç_ ÛæÂÒôÇ $íõü< 0A\O\¦´ú˜ “¦ e”_þvm.

]

j þjH\ Õª\¦ëߖèߖ>,H 10¸ „{9m. {9½™×¼ 8^¦2;(Dublin, Ire- land)\ e”%3~ <ɪp–Ðîr Œ•“Ér½©—¸_ †<ÆÕüt—¸e”\"f %i_þvm. ĺo Ñüt  y©œ

ƒ

–Ð e”%3_þvm. ZþtÕªXO1pws, ÕªH%3'õA Fpe”%3_þvm. Õª ?/Z~H FG&h“ ÒqtyŒ•[þt_ ôÇ \V\¦8 [þt€, Õª ´ú˜ ~> l%3±úšm. “|ÃÐ[þts ˜Ðt 3

l

w H F g‚[þts e”#Qכ¹. |ÃÐ[þts 1pst3lw H ™èo[þts e”tכ¹. •¸ (Ž É

Ó'H|ÃÐ[þts t 3lw HÒqtyŒ•[þt`¦t“¦ e”`¦Eכ¹.” /åJdכ¹, `” Kbç s

 #Œl e”ܼm, ĺ2; (ŽÉÓ' €9כ¹\O_þvm. s]j (ĺo ÒqtyŒ•3lwÙþ¡~) &ñ´ú˜

–

Ð Fpe”Hy©œƒ\ ĺo—¸¿º t>|¨c m.

3University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

4±p øÍ(Manhattan) áԖÐ#•Ô–Ð Ô¦2;. 2  [j>@æpDGs Ùþ˜;Ÿ¤òøÍ`¦]Œ• l 0AK p

² D

G?/ ]j{9H õ<Æ[þtõ lüt[þt`¦ ¦K ¾»Ðlorï(New Mexico)ÅÒ_ –ÐÛ¼ ·ú˜¸Û¼(Los Alamos)_ qx9 lt\ —¸ ƒ¨>1Ï`¦´ú . #Œl"f :rÙþ˜;Ÿ¤òøÍs yÐr< v\ b

#Qt>)a.

(4)

3 µ 1 ϳ ð

“ { © œ’  õ  { © œ’  _  ƒ  ½ ¨”

o

 × ¼ K b ç (Richard W. Hamming)

#

Œl e”ܼm ‚ÃÐ a%~_þvm. ]j ™è>h)a@/–Ð Õª &ñ•¸–Ð ¶ú˜?/H|ÃГt



H—¸ØÔ’xçHכ¹. ]j sl_ ]j3lq“Ér “{©œ’õ {©œ’_ ƒ½¨” {9m. ƒ½¨\¦›'a o

 Hכ \ @/ôÇ כ s m“¦, |ÃÐ[þts >hZ>&hܼ–Ð #QbG> yŒ•_ ƒ½¨\¦ 



Ht\ @/ôÇ sl {9m. ƒ½¨›'ao\ @/ôÇ sl•¸ ½+É Ãº e”’xtëߖ Õª| 



m“¦, s slH #ŒQìr °ú s ƒ½¨ H |ÃÐ[þt\ @/ôÇ כ {9m. Õª X

< {9©œ&h“, Õªzªœ € š¸Hƒ½¨\ @/ôÇ sl\¦ 9H > m“¦, @/éߖ ô

Ç ƒ½¨\ @/K"f sl\¦ 9“¦ ½+Ëm. @/éߖôÇ ƒ½¨\¦ ·ú¡Ü¼–Ð 7áx7áx”¸6\š



©œyŒ™ &ñ•¸_ ƒ½¨“¦ ’x_þvm. =G”¸6\š©œ`¦  H 7áxÀÓ_ כ [þtsl

˜

ЍHÕª &ñ•¸–Ð ĺo ׿כ¹ôÇ \O&hs“¦ ~ÃÎ[þtsHƒ½¨[þt´ú˜{9m. ½¨ t

 [þt#Q˜Ð€, ©œ@/$ís:r, 7H(Shannon)_ &ñ˜Ð s:r, 1px1px ÂÒtlú_ 8A

#

Qèߖ s:r[þt,s 7áxÀÓ_ כ [þt`¦´ú˜ Hm.



HX<, ?/ #Q,‹ ƒ½¨ H|ÃÐ[þt\ @/K"f ƒ½¨ > ÷&%3“¦כ¹? –ÐÛ¼

· ú

˜—¸Û¼(Los Alamos)\ ?/ Ô¦9"f Ùþ¡~ {9s Õª /BM |ÃÐ[þts }Œ• r1lx

#

Q 7H (ŽÉÓhA ©œu[þt`¦ îr%ò H %i_þvm. ÕªA"f Õª/BM_ õ†<Æ[þt Óüto

†

<Æ[þts ‘:rƒ_ {9–Ð [t°ú˜ ú e”•¸2Ÿ¤כ¹. ?/ {97áx_ =G¿ºyŒ•r /åL “

§

4sH  ·ú˜€Œ¤tכ¹. ü@—¸H >ᤠ°ú €Œ¤tëߖ H Õª |ÃÐ[þtõ Ér|ÃÐs%3 t

כ¹. @/Z~“¦ sl €, ?/ 7á§ |9ÈÒ zŒ¤_þvm. = Õª |ÃÐ[þts |½Ó“Ér



Ért\¦·ú˜“¦z·%3tכ¹. “ëߖ(Feynman)`¦ ÅÒ s"fK®o_þvm. `…ØÔ p

(Fermi)ü< 9\šQ(Teller)\¦K®o_þvm. š¸K$™ s Q(Oppenheimer)\¦K®o_þvm.

ô

ÇÛ¼ Z…_…(Hans Bethe)\¦ K®o_þvm. ôÇÛ¼ Z…_…H?/ ©œ %itכ¹. ´ú§“Érú_ F

g©œôÇ 0px§4±p[þt`¦K®o_þvm. {9`¦ K?/H|ÃÐ[þtõ •¸ Kè­qú•¸ e”%3’x t

ëߖ ÕªXOt 3lwôÇ |ÃÐ[þtõ_ s\›'ad”`¦t> ÷&%3_þvm.

?

/ 6\š ƒ½¨™è–Ð `¦M:, ?/ ™è5Åq)a ƒ½¨ÂÒ"f\"fHƒ½¨õ\¦Mg$íy @Ås



?/“¦ e”%3_þvm. ˜Ð×¼(Bode) {©œr ÂÒ"f©œs%3_þvm. 7H(Shannon)s Õ

ª ÂÒ"f\ e”%3“¦, Õª ü@_ |ÃÐ[þts e”%3_þvm. H>5Åq |9ëH[þt`¦Ùþ¡tכ¹,

“=?”, “Õª s Áº%Á {9?” Õªo“¦H “Óüt"f, "f„`¦ {9%3“¦, |ÃÐ[þt\> Ó

ü

t#QK®o_þvm: “#QbG> s {9`¦ > ÷&%3כ¹?” s&h[þts ã¶t\¦·ú˜?/



9“¦ ”¸§4Ùþ¡_þvm. s sl –Ð Õªכ \ @/ôÇ sl{9m.



HX<, = s sl ׿כ¹ “¦כ¹? ׿כ¹ “¦ ÒqtyŒ•½+Ëm. sÄ»H, ?/

(5)

 HôÇ, #ŒQìryŒ•H¶ú˜°ú˜ “Òqts š¸f” sl M:ëH{9m. îrr\¦ b”

8•¸ îrrH ‰&³[j\"f ?/[jܼ–Ð Å#Q€"f KÅҍH a%~“Ér {9s „)€ \O#Q כ

¹. s ÷rs “Òqt\"f ׿כ¹ôÇ {9`¦ t ´ú˜ ½+É sÄ»H¢¸ -$\Vכ¹? ׿ כ

¹ôÇ {9s -$“¦ &ñ_÷&~tçߖ\, ?/ Õª &ñ_\¦ tH·ú§’x_þvmëߖ – ?/

´ ú

˜ Áº’H >pw“t r’xtכ¹? Õªo“¦ õ†<Æ\ @/K"fëߖ ÅҖРsl ’x_þvm.

?

/ /BNÂÒKM®o~ כ s Õªכ smכ¹. ÕªQ ?/ HôÇ, Õªo“¦ Ér|ÃÐ [

þ

t•¸ sl K ÅÒ~X<, ?/ slH Ér ´ú§“Ér ìr\•¸ Õª@/–Ð &h6 xs|¨em



. 8A#Qèߖ Œ•\O“Ér Ér ìr\"f•¸ _ °ú “Ér :£¤fç`¦ |9m. tëߖ, 



Hõ†<Æ\ @/K"fëߖ ôÇ&ñ |9 ’x_þvm.

#

ŒQìr`¦>hZ>&hܼ–Ð @/ l 0AK"f, ¼# > {9“gAܼ–Ð ´ú˜ ’x_þvm. #Œ



Qìr, ’<HôÇ |  ?/9Z~“¦ Û¼Û¼–Ð\> ´ú˜K˜Ð[jכ¹, “ÕªA, Hþj“¦_ {9`¦ 

“

¦ z·#Q.” p²DGrH ” ¿ ËÒ6xôÇ {9`¦ ’x“¦ "fH|ÃÐ[þt\>H “©œ

`

¦~ÍÒo>|¨em.5 ¿ ËÒ6xôÇ {9`¦ ’x“¦ >÷&H> m, îrs a%~ܼ€ Õ

ªXO> ÷&H , îr@/ ´ú 0A@/ôÇ {9`¦ > ÷&H t. /åJdכ¹, ÕªXO

>

 slH H|  7á§ "í'õAôÇ m. ?/ ´ú˜ tכ¹. = ã¶ ×æכ¹ôÇ {9`¦

’x“¦ "ft ´ú˜ ½+É sÄ»H¢¸ -$\Vכ¹? Ér |ÃÐ[þt\> @/Z~“¦ s l

 ½+É €9כ¹H \Otëߖ, Û¼Û¼–Ð\>Hsl K ÷&H m\Vכ¹? “ÕªA, 



H ã¶ ×æכ¹ôÇ {9`¦ “¦ z·#Q.”



6£§Ü¼–ЍH?/ ?/ ’<H`¦?/9Z~“¦, ?/ 3lq “¦, ?/ Ùþ¡“¦, ?/ [þt“Ér

[þt`¦ {9“gAܼ–Ð f”]X sl tכ¹. |ÃÐ[þt sl\¦½+É כ “X<, Õª ׿Y>

"

î“Ér#ŒQìr[þt•¸ ·ú˜“¦ e”H|ÃÐ[þt{9m. b”`¦aכ¹, #ŒQìr[þts ?/ #Œl"f Ùþ

¡~ ´ú˜[þt`¦?/ Ùþ¡“¦H"f ´ú˜ t ·ú§H“¦ b”’x_þvm.

Ä

º‚ 7Ho&h“ כ ˜ÐH d”o&h“ כ ܼ–Ð rŒ•K ˜Ð’x_þvm. ?/ ·ú˜



·p כ s, ´ú§“Ér|ÃÐ[þts 0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æ_ $í2[H îra%~"f ÕªXO> ÷&%3“¦ ÒqtyŒ•

Hכ , s> ]j{9 H©œ#4{9m. Õª —¸ŽH> îra%~ܼ€ ÷&H. /åJdכ¹, 

“

/' “`¦ ÒqtyŒ•K ˜Ð[jכ¹. \O ¿ ËÒ6xôÇ €ªœôÇ {9`¦ Õª K ÍÇxHt ˜Ð[j כ

¹. —¸¿º îra%~"f ÕªÏþ¡~| כ¹? îrs“¦ l\H -Áº >5ÅqK"f a%~“Ér {9

`¦K ·p > כ¹? 7H(Shannon)`¦˜Ð[jכ¹. š¸f” &ñ˜Ðs:rëߖ ôÇ>  u

m. &ñ˜Ðs:r`¦ëߖ[þt#Q?/l Y> K „\•¸ a%~“Ér {9`¦K ÍÇx#Qכ¹, Õª ׿\ #Q

‹

"

 כ [þt“Ér f”t•¸ €Œ™ ñs:r\ éߖéߖy Œ™FK÷&#Q” $íõ[þt{9m. 7H•¸ a

%~“Ér {9[þt`¦´ú§s Ùþ¡tכ¹.

ì

øÍ4Ÿ¤K"f 3lq >|¨em. ¸ú˜ H|ÃÐ[þt“ÉrôÇ tëߖ $í2[ôÇ > mt כ

¹. M:–ЍHôÇ |ÃÐs {9Òqt\ ôÇ tëߖ K ?/H â啸 e”tכ¹. s âĺ\

5s @/3lq\ @/K"f CMU~½Óëæ\ pD¦’ @<Æ"é¶Òq slK ˜Ð€Œ¤HX<, tFÉrÕªXOtH

· ú

§¦ \OãJ`¦~ÔoHכ¹. =GsXOtH·ú§“Ér^vm.

(6)

@

/K"fH ?/ ׿\ sl tכ¹. tëߖ ´ú§“Érâĺ ôÇ |ÃÐs a%~“Ér$íõ

\

¦ >5Åq ìøÍ4Ÿ¤K"f sÀÒ#Q è­sm. îrs —¸ŽH כ `¦ &!Q t ·ú§כ¹. Û¼@

Ø

Ô(Pasteur) slÙþ¡¸ú§_þvm, “'Ÿîr“Ér ïrq)a 6£§`¦ ‚ ñôÇ.” ?/

H\¦Õª@/–Ð sl “¦ e”#Qכ¹. îrs e”lH e”_þvm, ÕªX<, m\V כ

¹ \O#Qכ¹. ïrq)a|ÃГÉr›¸ëߖçߖ ׿כ¹ôÇ כ `¦µ1Ï| “¦ ¿ ËÒ6xôÇ {9`¦K è­sm



. ÕªAכ¹, Õª> îrs\Vכ¹. :£¤&ñ {9`¦ > ÷&H|  îr{9 m, ÕªQ ã¶

\

¦K ?/H|  îrs mtכ¹.

\

V\¦[þt#Q, ?/ 6\š ƒ½¨™è\ M®o`¦ M:, 7H(Shannon)õ ôÇ 1lxîߖ ƒ½¨z´`¦

° ú

 s /ú_þvm. Õª M: 7Hs &ñ˜Ð s:r`¦ƒ½¨½+É M:%i“¦, Hï`ç s:r`¦

½

+É M:%itכ¹. ã¶ ’l tכ¹ °ú “Ér rçߖ °ú “Ér©œ™è\"f ĺo Ñüts Õª ¿ ËÒ6xôÇ {9

[þt`¦ “¦ e”%3H>. ìr0Al\ e”%3#Qכ¹ ã¶ ’lôÇ כ s. #ŒQìr“Ér´ú˜

½

+É t —¸\vm, “ÕªAכ¹, Õª> –Ð îrs\Vכ¹.” HX< ôǼ#ܼ:rsXO> ´ú˜½+É Ãº

•

¸ e”#Qכ¹, “= Õª {©œr 6\š ƒ½¨™è_ —¸ŽHƒ½¨"é¶[þt ׿\"f –Ð Õª ¿º |ÃÐs Õ

ª {9`¦ “¦ e”%3~?” ÕªAכ¹, ÂÒìr&hܼ–ЍH îrstëߖ Ér¼#ܼ–ЍH

–

Ð ïrq)a|ÃÐ[þts%3~ m. Õª “Ér¼#ܼ:r”\ @/K"f –Ð ?/ sl

9“¦ ½+Ëm. ?/ îrsH כ \ @/K"f Y>  8 slH ’xtëߖ, îrs e”

“¦ \O“¦ 0A@/ôÇ {9`¦½+É Ãº e”“¦ \O“¦\¦&ñôǍHכ sHכ “Ér?/ !Q o

’x_þvm. ?/ Åҁ©œ“Ér0A@/ôÇ {9`¦½+É Ãº e”“¦ \O“¦H,ĺo¢-a„y –BHàÔ\¦

½

+É ÃºH\Otëߖ, #QÖ¼ &ñ•¸H –BHàÔ\¦½+É Ãº e”Hm. t}Œ•ܼ–Ð sü<›'a º

K"f ¾»—Érs ôÇ ´ú˜`¦ “6 x tכ¹. “ëߖ{9 Ér|ÃÐ[þts ?/ ôÇ ëߖpu\Pd”y Òq

tyŒ•Ùþ¡€ Õª[þt•¸ q5pwôÇ õ\¦ëߖ[þt#Q ÍÇx`¦כ s.”

ô

Çt :£¤fç׿_ H,0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æ[þt`¦Ÿí†<ÊK"f ´ú§“Ér|ÃÐ[þts t

“

¦ e”H כ s, #Q§4`¦ M: 1lqwn&h“ ÒqtyŒ•`¦ Ùþ¡%3“¦ Õªכ `¦ „Ãн¨K˜ÐH 6 xl\¦

&’%3Hכ s. \V\¦[þt#Q, “/' ““Ér 12¶ú˜s 14¶ú˜ M: Û¼Û¼–Ð ¶nsl\¦

“ynCs #QbG> ˜Ð{9 ?/ ynC_ 5Åq•¸–Ð >÷&€?” HX< ÕªH·ú˜€Œ¤tכ¹, „ l

©œ s:r\ _K t%i þj“¦u(local maximum)HÕª@/–Ð e”t ·ú§HHכ `¦.

Õ

ªX<, ynC_ 5Åq•¸2Ÿ¤ > ÷&€ ÕªH t%i þj“¦u\¦ ˜Ð> ÷&H m. ÕªH 12, 14[j A£§\ s —¸íH`¦·ú˜> ÷&%3~ m. ÕªA"f —¸ŽH> `¦–Ð ÷&#Q e” t

H·ú§Hכ `¦·ú˜> ÷&%3“¦ ynC_ 5Åq•¸Hכ s ›¸FKs©œôÇ כ sHכ `¦

· ú

˜>÷&%3tכ¹. :£¤Ãº ©œ@/$í s:r`¦ ëߖ[þt#Q ·p כ s îr{9כ¹? #Q§4`¦ M: ÂÒ '

, “/' ““Ér s$ ÒqtyŒ•_ ›¸yŒ•[þt`¦ :ŸxK"f Y> t[þt`¦ ïrqK Z~>

)

a m. HX< Õª כ s €9כ¹ tëߖ ØæìrôÇ ›¸| “Érum. ?/ sl

9Hs —¸ŽHכ [þt“Ér îrsl•¸ €"f îrs  כ [þt{9m.

F

g©œy a%~“Ér¿ºö&\¦ tH כ¹? 1psl a%~°¹, s ~½Ó\ e”H#ŒQìr@/ú

 •¸ {9ÀÓ/åL ƒ½¨\¦ l\ ØæìrôÇ ¿ºö&\¦ t“¦ e”`¦ m. ÕªQ

(7)

0

A@/ôÇ Œ•\O“ÉréߖíHy ¿ºö&´ú˜“¦ Õª sü@_ ã¶{9m. ¿ºö&H€ªœôÇ ~½Ód”ܼ

–

Ð F^¦Ãº e”tכ¹. ú†<Æs s:r Óüto, …;ëH†<Æ\"f €9כ¹ôÇ ¿ºö&H d”^¦`¦ À

ҍH 0px§4õ ©œ{©œy›'a>|¨em. ÕªA"f „+þA&h“ sÇ© _…Û¼àԍHÕª ¿ºö&

\

 Z}“Ér &hú\¦ ÅÒtכ¹. Ér ìr\"fH¢¸ \vm. \V\¦ [þt#Q, yn= ½™(Bill Pfann)sH •2;½¨ e”%3_þvm. ”>r ësqhA(zone melting)sH ìr\¦ {9çH



|ÃÐ{9m. Õª #QÖ¼±ú˜ ?/ ƒ½¨z´–ÐM®o%3_þvm. Õª "é¶ H\ @/K"f



Bp > sn#Q e”%3“¦ #Q‹" ~½Ó&ñd”s e”%3_þvm. s |ÃÐs ú†<ƓÉr¸ú˜

—

¸ÉrH> ?/> ìr"îÙþ¡tכ¹ Õªo“¦ ÕªHÕªXO> /ú "î«Ñ > ´ú˜ H—¸_þvs



m%3_þvm. Õª t“¦ “:r ëH]j Fpe”#Q ˜Ð#Œ"f |9\ t“¦ ü<"f €• ç

ߖ ¶ú˜(R˜Ð“¦ Œ•\OKK®otכ¹. þj7áx&hܼ–Ð Õª\> #QbG> (ŽÉÓ'\¦ [to€ Õª



H~½Ód”_ ²úš`¦%3`¦Ãº e”H t\¦ ˜Ð#Œ ÅÒ%3_þvm. Õª\> >íߖ H 0px

§ 4

`¦„úK ïrכ stכ¹. ÕªH>5Åq ”'ŸÙþ¡“¦כ¹. Õª_ ÂÒ"f\"fH_ ·ú˜ Å

Òt•¸ ·ú§Hכ s%3_þvm. ÕªX<, ²DG\HÕªHÕª ìr_ —¸ŽH©œ`¦ …bjþt

% 3

_þvm. ôǁ rŒ•s ¸ú˜ ÷&m, Õª_ ™èFG&h“ ÂÒã¼!3, s©œÛ¼Q¹¡§, "î«Ñ  t

 3lw†<Ê 1px“Ér—¸¿º b½¨#Qt“¦ #ŒQ~½Ó€ܼ–ÐF g©œs ´ú§“Ér$íõ\¦?/> ÷&%3_þv m

. SX‰z´y %3'õA> "î«ÑKtl•¸ Ùþ¡“¦כ¹.

q

5pw >, ¢¸ Ér|ÃÐ_ \V e”_þvm. #Œl 'õA׿׿\ \O“¦ b”HX<כ¹.

9

þt!3Û¼—:r(Clogston)sH •2;½¨{9m. ?/ Õª\¦ëߖèߖ|  ?/ ”>rx#QÛ¼(John Pierce)_ ÕªÒ¨\"f #Q‹" ëH]j\¦ Û¦“¦ e”~ M: %i_þvm. HÕª Z>^¦{9 \O



“¦ ÒqtyŒ•Ùþ¡#Qכ¹. Õªü< °ú s †<Ɠ§\¦¥Æ~ •2;½¨[þt\> Óüt#QK®otכ¹. “@/†<Æ"é¶ M

:•¸ ]jH$Ïþ¡?” Õª[þt@/²úš“Ér “\VÛ¼”%itכ¹. H •¸ Õª •2;½¨\¦K“¦ Ùþ

¡`¦m. ÕªQ x#QÛ¼(John Pierce)H‰&³"î >•¸ Õª\¦ >5ÅqÐlr!Q–Ð  t

“¦ e”%3_þvm. 9þt!3Û¼‡“Ér²DG\H “9þt!3Û¼‡ Hs^¦”sH כ `¦K è­s m

. Õª sÊê–ЍH ˨ïry a%~“Érsn#Q[þts fË9 M®otכ¹. _ $í/BNs Õ

ª\> ’yŒ™õ 6 xl\¦4R ïrm.

/BN&h“ õ†<Æ_ :£¤fç׿ H 6 xl\¦ t“¦ e”H כ {9m. 6 xl

 ·¡s1ls0>t€ ׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]j[þt`¦ ۦú e”“¦ b”>÷&“¦ ÕªQ€ K?/>|¨em.

3 l

w½+É “¦ ÒqtyŒ• € _ ìr"îy 3lw > |¨em. 6 xlH 7H(Shannon)s

% 3

'õA t“¦ e”~ :£¤fç[þt ׿_ tכ¹. Õª_ ÅÒכ¹ s:r`¦©œl €|¨em.

Õ

ªכ \ @/ôÇ sl{9m. ï`ç_ ~½ÓZO`¦ëߖ[þt“¦ z·#Q½+Ëm ÕªX< #QbG> K

½+É t\¦—¸\vm ÕªA"f ÁºŒ•0A–Ð ï`ç½+Ëm. Õªo“¦ #4\ ÂÒ`”}9m.

Õ

ªo“¦H Ô¦0pxôÇ |9ëH`¦½+Ëm, “ÁºŒ•0A ï×¼[þts ¨îçH&hܼ–Ð H {9sÿ.



?” Õªo“¦HÕªH 7£x"î½+Ëm. ¨îçHï×¼HÁºXO>K•¸ a%~“Érï×¼. Õª XO

€, ÕªQÙ¼–Ð a%~“Ér ï×¼H &h#Q•¸ H ”>rFôÇ. s d”_ ÒqtyŒ•[þt`¦ y

Œ

™y ½+É Ãº e”Hכ s ÁºôÇ@/_ 6 xl\¦tt ·ú§“¦"fH¾º ½+É Ãº e”HÒqt

(8)

y

Œ

•s’x#Qכ¹? s> –Ð 0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æ[þt_ $í{9m. 6 xl\¦ t“¦ e”t כ

¹. b”lt ·ú§H ©œS!\"f•¸ >5Åq °úšm; ÒqtyŒ• “¦ ÒqtyŒ• “¦ >5ÅqÒqtyŒ•½+Ëm



.

Ó ü

to†<Æ[þts :£¤y Ž&ñ Hכ s sHm. Õª |ÃÐ[þts †½Ó©œ s



l tכ¹. ]X%3`¦M: ƒ½¨\¦K?/t ÕªQt 3lw € %ò"é¶y 3lwK. “/'

“s ÅÒ ]X%3`¦M: {9`¦KÍÇx“¦, €ªœÓüto s:r[þt•¸ þj“¦_ ƒ½¨\¦½+É M:



Ht ]X%3`¦M: %i_þvm. @/ÂÒìr_ ú†<Æ s:r Óüto†<Æ …;ëHÓüto†<Æ[þt“Ér Õ

ª[þts ]X%3`¦ M: ĺo ÒqtyŒ•_ þj“¦_ {9[þt`¦ KÍÇx°¹. Õª|ÃÐ[þts s [þt

#

Q"fH a%~“Ér {9`¦ t ·ú§HH> m“¦ ĺo ]j{9 ue”> ÒqtyŒ• Hכ [

þ

ts @/>h ]X%3`¦M: {9n”s sµ¡¤ôÇ õHm. ÉrôǼ#ܼ–ЍH, 6£§€Œ•,

&

ñu†<Æ, ëH†<Æ\"fHĺo þj“¦–Ð #ŒlH Œ•\O[þts @/>h ”¸¸\ sêrכ [þt{9 m

. #ŒQìr_ ìr sXO> ÉrÛ¼H{9\ #QbG> ´ú2X|9tH—¸\vm ë

ߖ, s ã¶ Œ•6 x | ½+Ëm.

Õ

ªQ ?/ lK ˜Ðtכ¹, s = Õª %ò†¾Ó`¦ pu> ÷&Ht. ĺ‚

¿

ËÒ6xôÇ {9`¦ € “:r°ú 7áxÀÓ_ 0A"é¶r\ ‚ÃÐ#Œ > |¨c m Õªo“¦ 8 s©œ {9

`¦ ½+É Ãº \O> ÷&tכ¹. ”¸6\š©œ`¦ ~ÃΓÉr, ?/ ú< “:r ÚÔÏ?@_…“(Brattain)°ú s

÷

&Hm. ”¸6\š©œs µ1ϳð÷&~ ±ú˜ ĺoH—¸¿º Zt×¼ y©œ{©œ(Arnold Audito- rium)\6 —¸%i_þvm. [j"î_ ú©œ[þts —¸¿º {9#Q"f ôÇ nm” Ùþ¡_þvm.

[

jP: |ÃÐs ÚÔÏ?@_…“(Brattain)s%3_þvm. _ èHÓüt`¦ èH\ QFK“¦ ´ú˜Ùþ¡ t

כ¹, “Hs ”¸6\š©œs #Q‹" ´òõ\¦tH t\¦ ·ú˜“¦ e”_þvm. H]X@/ s

 ©œs \> %ò†¾Ó`¦ÅÒt ·ú§•¸2Ÿ¤½+É כ {9m. H\V„ —¸_þvÕª@/–Ð Z4' Ú

ÔÏ?@_…“(Walter Brattain)ܼ–Ð zŒ™e”`¦כ {9m.” <ÉÌ, ?/ ™D¥´ú˜–Ð ´ú˜Ùþ¡

`

vm, “ ‚ÃÐ a%~.” ÕªQ Y> ÅÒ îߖ"f Õª ©œs Õª\¦orvHכ `¦˜Ð

>

÷&%3tכ¹. ÕªH&êøÍ ëH]j\ @/K"fëߖ ƒ½¨½+É Ãº e”> ÷&%3tכ¹.

Ä

»"îKt€ ›¸Õªëߖ ëH]j\¦ƒ½¨ Hכ s #Q90>|9m. s> –Ð 7H(Shannon)`¦

¸ ú

š"3“Értכ¹. &ñ˜Ð s:rsÊê\ 6£§Ü¼–Ð ¢¸ ôÇ Š ÿ. ½+É? 0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æ

6QAs n=(Murray Hill)\ e”H 6\š ƒ¨™è_ yn=`ç“Ér 1+þA_ Ò | | üts. Õª | üt_

×

怩œ 18£x\ d”{©œs e”%3¦, 28£x\H•¸"f›'a,Õªo¦ Õª/BM#Qn'p e”%3~ ]j{9 Hy©œ{©œs Zt×¼ y

©œ{©œs%3~ Ð l%3Ç. 6\š ƒ¨™è ƒ¨"é¶ „^‰\¦@/©œÜ¼–Ð H@/+þA_ ÅÒכ¹ y©œƒs \P4.

s

/BM\"f ?/ “©œU·> [þÉry©œƒs l%3ߖ. pDGõ<Ælüt_ ‰&³F\¦ e”>Ç õ<ÆlüHo



\ @Ç y©œƒs%i. pDGs Ä»XO`¦úšl 0AK"f @<Ɠ§¹¢¤r¼%7›`¦ëߖ[þ"f ‚þ˜ôÇ õ

†

<Ælüt“§¹¢¤_ —¸4Sq\ @/K"f%i. pDGܼ–Ð Ä»†<ÆôÇ ´ú§“Ér|ÃÐ[þts Õªzªœ {©œƒÇ כ ܼ–Ð ~ÃÎ[þts



HpDGd” “§¹¢¤_ —¸4Sqs. sכ s Õª |ÃÐ[þts ÏãÎo=åQ\ n ¦ ½¨‰&³ôÇ r¼%7›søÍ כ s

%

3: (1) ¸ú˜ #Œ” “§õ&ñ`¦ :ŸxK º_ †<ÆÒqt\> a%Ér |9_ “§¹¢¤`¦]j/BN l (2) “§Ãº, @/

†<

Æ"é¶Òqt, †<ÆÂÒÒqt ½¨ìr\Os °ú “Ér °¼$™u\ —¸#Œ ƒ¨ > H#4\OH ëHo. DhŒ™, ĺoH ÏãÎo 

“

¦ n ¦ ½¨‰&³ ¦ e”H, < ʓÉrÐqt3lq&h¼–Ð ߖ ¦ e”H, ĺo tFK ¦ e”Hכ s

 Áº%Á sHכ `¦ÄºoHsK ¦ e”H, 1px`¦ÒqtyŒ• >)a.

(9)



[þts sQôÇ z´Ãº\¦½+Ëm. rŒ•`¦Œ•> t 3lw >|¨em. pA\ %3'õA è

ߖ 2£§×¼o ‚ÃÐÁº–Ð > |¨c ÅÒ Œ•“Ér •¸žÐo\¦ d”t 3lw H כ stכ¹.

%

ƒ6£§ÂÒ' &êøÍ כ `¦ /BI–Ð 9“¦ [þvm. ÕªX< sכ “Ér {9s ÷&H~½Ód”s



m³1Ñm. s> –Ð ĺo {9~yŒ™u “&ñ`¦~ÃÎܼ€ Õª sÊê–ЍHÁº $íõ

 \O>÷&“¦HsÄ»sl•¸ tכ¹. z´ ?/ š¸Ï?@ 1lxîߖ a%~ H “6 xo

\

¦sl\¦ K ÅÒtכ¹. áԏ2;Û¼‡_ “¦1pxƒ½¨"é¶(Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton)s ?/ _|ܼ–ЍH a%~“Érõ†<Æ[þt`¦}©œ5gZ~“ÉrHsÛ¼{9m. ¿ ËÒ6x ô

Ç ƒ½¨[þt`¦vîr#QÖ¼ ƒ½¨™è˜Ð•¸ 8 ´ú§s }©œ5gG‚otכ¹. a%~“Érõ†<Æ[þts

“

¦1pxƒ½¨"é¶\ “:rsÊê–Ð a%~t ·ú§€Œ¤Hכ s m, Õª[þt“Érsp “¦1pxƒ½¨"é¶

\

 š¸l „\ %3'õAèߖ $íõ\¦t“¦ e”%3tëߖ “:rsÊê–ЍHÕªzªœ a%~“Ér&ñ•¸%it

>

5Åq%3'õAtH·ú§€Œ¤Hm.

s

 slM:ëH\, íH"f +'Ÿ÷¶1pw tëߖ, ƒ½¨ H¨8Šâ\ @/ôÇ sl

\

¦ >÷&’xW1כ¹. @/ÂÒìr_ |ÃÐ[þts ÒqtyŒ• H þj“¦_ ƒ½¨¨8Šâ“Érþj“¦_ ƒ

½

¨¨8Šâs um. ìr"îy um. = € ÅÒ e”H {9“X<, |ÃÐ[þts

ƒ

½¨ $íõ ]j{9 a%~“ÉrM:Hƒ½¨¨8Šâs ‰ÃÛ`¦M:{9m. ֐rÚÔot Óüto†<Æ ƒ

½

¨z´(Cambridge Physical Laboratories)s a%~€Œ¤~ r]X ׿ H ƒ½¨z´[þts Õ

ª´ú˜–Ð óøÍ|9s%3`¦ M: %i_þvm. Õª M: Õª[þt“Ér tFKt ׿ þj“¦_ Óüto

†

<Æ $íõ\¦ {9½¨#QÍÇxtכ¹.

?

/ >h“&h“ sl\¦ tכ¹. %ƒ6£§ÂÒ' ?/>H ìr"îÙþ¡#Qכ¹, 6\š ƒ½¨™è

?

/> áԖÐÕªA Q[þt`¦ ·¡­#ŒÅÒt ·ú§`¦כ sH>. 2”ú–Ðëߖ (ŽÉÓ' áԖÐÕªÏþ›

`

¦ ~ {©œr–Ð"fH Õª áԖÐÕªA Q[þts †½Ó©œ e”#Q1> {9`¦ ”'Ÿ½+É Ãº e”%3 _

þ

vm. HX< {©œr 6\š ƒ½¨™è\"fH?/> Õª ¼#_\¦ÅÒt ·ú§`¦H ·ú˜

€

Œ

¤tכ¹. ÕªX< Õª> —¸ŽHƒ½¨"é¶[þts H~½Ód”s%3#Qכ¹. Õª t"é¶s °ú2X

”

 "fÂҖРf”©œ`¦ `…"f q'Ÿlr\ 2[f” H כ ? ëH]j\O%3°¹. tëߖ 6

\š ƒ½¨™è\H <ɪìr÷&H 1lx«Ñ[þts e”%3tëߖ q'Ÿl r\H\O%3tכ¹. ôǂÃÐ Òq

tyŒ•Ùþ¡tכ¹, “?/ "é¶ Hכ s H H” Õªo“¦H?/ ¿º [j>_ þ

j“¦ a%~“Ér&hëߖ`¦—¸¿º |9 ú e”H~½Óîߖs ã¶t\¦ÒqtyŒ• >÷&%3tכ¹. Õªo“¦



HgË>?/ Û¼Û¼–Ð\> ´ú˜Ùþ¡_þvm, “Kbç, W1 ÒqtyŒ•\ (ŽÉÓ'H—¸ŽHt ½+É Ãº e”



“¦ ‘:r. Õª!3, (ŽÉÓ' –Ð áԖÐÕªÏþ›`¦•¸2Ÿ¤ëߖ[þtú \O’x?” %ƒ6£§\



Héߖ&hܼ–Ð ˜Ðs~ כ s –Ð #ŒFK1lxáԖÐÕªAbç`¦ {9~yŒ™u ÏãÎoK ˜Ð

•

¸2Ÿ¤ëߖ[þt%3~m. Ðqt&hܼ–Ð ˜Ðs~ כ [þt“Ér@/>›'a&h`¦˨€ ĺo 

”

 þj“¦_ íߖ׿  ÷&H âĺ ´ú§_þvm. ÕªQ %ƒ6£§ }Œ—{Œ•ä¼o€ Õª XO

> ÒqtyŒ• t ·ú§> ÷&“¦ @/> H´ú˜sêøÍ>, “s, ØæìrôÇ áԖÐÕªA QH?/



\ \O`¦ “¦, s ©œS!\"f ?/ ¿ ËÒ6xôÇ áԖÐÕªÏþ›`¦ ùߖH כ s #QbG>  0

p

xs èà–´ú˜.”

(10)

° ú

 “Ér 7áxÀÓ_ slH´ú§s e”_þvm. ÕªYUsÛ¼  ñ((Grace Hopper)_ â Ä

º•¸ q5pw½+Ëm. ÅÒ_U·\ ¶ú˜(R˜Ð€ ·ú˜> |¨c m, ÅÒ 0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æ[þt

“ É

r ëH]j\¦€•çߖ [t9Z~“¦ 4Ÿ§Ü¼–Ð+‹ éߖ&h`¦©œ&hܼ–Ð 7!Qwnm. \V\¦ [þt#Q,

´ ú

§“Érõ†<Æ[þt“Ér #Q‹" ëH]j\¦ ۦú \OHכ `¦·ú˜> ÷&€ = Õª t\¦¶ú˜(R

˜

Ð> |¨em. Õªo“¦H Õª ëH]j\¦ Ér ~½Ód”ܼ–Ð [t9˜Ð“¦, “ tëߖ ´ú˜ Óüt



:r,s> –Ð Õª> Õªt” Õªo“¦H ׿כ¹ôÇ $íõ\¦ {9)è­sm. s©œ&h“

ƒ

½¨¨8ŠâsHכ “Ér‚ÃÐ ¬¹½+Ëm. ĺo Hƒ½¨¨8Šâ“Érĺo\> †½Ó©œ þ

j“¦_ ƒ½¨¨8Šâ“ |  um.

s

]j ƒ½¨\¦ x9“¦H j˵(×¼sÚÔ)\ @/K"f ´ú˜ tכ¹. @/ÂÒìr_ 0A@/ ô

Ç õ†<Æ[þts %3'õAèߖ ×¼sÚÔ 9e”H כ `¦ ˜Ð>|¨em. H 6\š ƒ½¨

™

è\"f ”>r ÈÓv(John Tukey)ü< 10¸1lxîߖ °ú s e”%3_þvm. %3'õAèߖ ×¼sÚÔ

 e”H|ÃÐs%3_þvm. ?/ 6\š êÁœ\ ÂÒe” “¦ 3-4¸s t"f ÀҍHÕª



˜Ð ›¸FK ]XH כ `¦·ú˜€Œ¤_þvm. ”>r“Ér …;F%i“¦ H ìr"î ÕªXOt 3lwÙþ¡ t

כ¹. ?/ ˜Ð×¼(Bode)_ ƒ½¨z´–Ð "f ´ú˜Ùþ¡tכ¹, “m, ”>rÈÓvëߖputd”s Û

æÂÒ½+É Ãº e”H> #QbG> ?/ s_ |ÃÐôÇ_…"f 0pxôÇ\Vכ¹?” _\¦+'–Ð ]X

u€"f, ’<H“ÉrQo+'–Ð Z~“¦, _þt0ú Ö©8m, H´ú˜s “Kbç, Zt³1Ïכ s. Õª



st Õª ôÇ ëߖpu\Pd”y /BNÂÒ € W1 \O ´ú§s ·ú˜ > ÷&Ht ·ú˜>

÷

&€.” ˜Ð×¼_ ƒ½¨z´\"f Õªzªœ ¡óo?/o“¦ _þtFK_þtFKl#QM®o²úšm.

˜

Ð×¼(Bode) ´ú˜ ~ כ “Ér sm. “td”õ ƒ½¨ Òqtíߖ$í“Ér 4Ÿ¤o_ s ü

< °ú “Ér .” _ °ú “Ér 0px§4_ ¿º |ÃÐs e”“¦ ½+Ër. ôÇ |ÃГÉr Ér



|ÃИÐ 10% 8 /BNÂÒôÇ“¦ Kכ¹. ÕªQ€ Õª |ÃГÉrÉr|ÃИÐ 2C_ 8

ƒ

½¨õ\¦ ëߖ[þt#Q è­q m. 8 ·ú˜€ ·ú˜ ú2Ÿ¤8 ´ú§s Cĺ> |¨em; 8 ´ú§ s

 C֦ú2Ÿ¤8 ´ú§“Ér {9`¦½+É Ãº e”>÷&“¦, 8 ´ú§s {9`¦½+É Ãº e”>÷&€ lr



H8 ´ú§ |9m. 4Ÿ¤o sü< ÅÒ q5pw tכ¹. sÖ¦`¦ ´ú˜ “¦ z·tH

· ú

§“¦, Óüכ—ÉrF g©œy Z}“ÉrsÒ¦stכ¹. ¢-a„y °ú “Ér 0px§4_ ¿º |ÃÐs e”

“

¦ €, B{9 ÒqtyŒ•`¦ 1rçߖ 8 >÷&€ ¨îÒqt %3'õA> 8 ´ú§“Érƒ½¨õ\¦è­q



m. H˜Ð×¼(Bode)_ ´ú˜`¦5pu\ Dh_þvm; Y> ¸çߖ“Ér 7á§8 \Pd”y 8

´ ú

§“Érrçߖ`¦ƒ½¨\ ÈÒ 9“¦ ”¸§4Ùþ¡tכ¹. ÕªQm ·ú˜> ÷&8“¦כ¹, ?/ ôÇ {9

s 7á§8 ´ú§½¨. ?/ ?/ ·ú¡\"fH´ú˜ “¦ z·t ·ú§tëߖ, M:–ЍH?/ îߖ׿

\

•¸ \O%3%3_þvm; H /BNÂÒ H > €9כ¹Ùþ¡#Qכ¹. ĺo "é¶ H\¦ sÒ¦



9€ ´ú§“Érכ [þt`¦ÁºrK tכ¹. sü<›'aºK"fH_ëH_ #Œt \O`¦כ {9 m

.

ƒ

½¨\¦ x9“¦H ×¼sÚÔ\ @/K"f \n’H(Edison)s ´ú˜ tכ¹, “…;F



H 99%_ ˆÃÐõ 1%_ %òyŒ™s.” •¸ õ©œ “¦ e”%3~ mëߖ, Ÿí“àԍH

— É

r—ÉrôÇ {9`¦Ë¨ïry K€ ZtÖ¦&ñ•¸–Ð YOo >)aHm. ›¸FKm”

(11)



8 ”¸§4`¦Ë¨ïry ‰&³"î > K€ {9`¦sÀÒ> ÷&tכ¹. ëH]j Õªm, ‰&³

"

î > l. ×¼sÚÔ\¦¸ú˜3lw &h6 xK € Áº@/•¸ sÒ¦ ú \OH .  Å

Ò ÏãÎFKK Ùþ¡tכ¹, = Õª ´ú§“Ér 6\š ƒ½¨™è_ ?/ •2;½¨[þt“Ér ëߖpu < ʓÉr˜Ð ´ú§ s

 \Pd”y {9Ùþ¡HX< |½Ó½+É ëߖôÇ > Õªëߖpu\O%3#Qכ¹. =ÕªXO. ”¸§4`¦¸ú˜3lw

)

a@/ &h6 x H> Bĺ d”yŒ•ôÇ ëH]j{9m. éߖíHy \Pd”y Hכ “Ér Øæìr t

· ú

§כ¹. G'pÛ¼e”> \Pd”y Ktכ¹.

¢

¸Ér :£¤fç`¦?/ sl “¦ z·“ÉrX<כ¹, Õª|  EB†<Ê {9m. EB†<Ê_

×

æכ¹$í`¦ ·ú˜>÷&HX<Hrçߖs §4_þvm. @/ÂÒìr_ |ÃÐ[þt“Ér#Q‹"כ s  z

´s z´sm Ñüt׿_ \¦ b”“¦ z·#Q tכ¹. 0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æ[þt

“ É

rEBôÇ כ `¦‚ÃÐ ¸ú˜ ‚ÃÐ_þvm. s:r`¦ Øæìry b”#Q"f x9“¦tכ¹; ¢¸ _d”•¸ Ø

æìry lM:ëH\ š¸ÀÓ +Ñ@&h`¦µ1Ï| “¦ ôÇ Û¼9\œ 8 "f Dh–Ðîr7ul

½

+É s:r`¦ëߖ[þt#Qè­sm. -Áº ´ú§s b”ܼ€ z´Ãº\¦˜Ðt 3lw½+Ëm. -Áº ´ú§s _

d” € rŒ••¸ 3lw “¦כ¹. l}Œ•˜2³ µ1ÏêøÍÛ¼\¦ €9כ¹–н+Ëm. @/ÂÒìr_ 0A@/ ô

Ç õ†<Æ[þt`¦= Õª[þt_ s:rs z´“t\¦¸ú˜ ·ú˜“¦ e”“¦כ¹ Õªo“¦ ¢¸ €•çߖ_

¸ ú

˜ ´út·ú§HÂÒìr•¸ ¸ú˜ ·ú˜“¦ e”“¦ Õªכ `¦ {9 t·ú§_þvm. ˜û¶(Darwin)s "f

„

\ /útכ¹, €9כ¹ 8“¦, l b”H?/6 xõ —¸íH÷&H—¸ŽH 7£x[þt`¦ {9{9 s

 l2Ÿ¤ H>, ÕªQt ·ú§Ü¼€ 6£§5Åq\"f \O#Q|9 כ s. "îÑþ˜ôÇ +Ñ@&h`¦µ1Ï|

€ yŒ™K4R ½+Ëm, Õªo“¦ Õª &h[þt`¦l2Ÿ¤ “¦, Õª &h[þt`¦#QbG> [O

"

î½+É Ãº e”Ht < ʓÉr#QbG> s:r`¦˨#Q"f Õªכ [þt`¦ ú6 x½+É Ãº e”Ht. Õª



 כ [þts ÅÒ 0A@/ôÇ /BN‰³s ÷&Hm. 0A@/ôÇ /BN‰³“Ér e”~כ \ ›¸FK»

·

¡

­sH כ `¦ €"fH ëߖ[þt#Qtl ×¼3pum. 6£§5Åqܼ–Е¸ ™D¥’`¦ K

÷

&Hm. @/ÂÒìr_ 0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æ[þt“ÉrÕª[þt_ ëH]j\¢-a„y ]t¿º½+Ëm.

Õ

ªXOt 3lwôÇ |ÃÐ[þt“Ér èH\`(H {9ÀÓ_ õ\¦ëߖ[þt#Q ?/H|  ×¼3pum.

Õ

ªX<, 6£§Ü¼–Е¸ ™D¥’_ ”¸§4`¦ H כ •¸ Øæìr t ·ú§_þvm. €9כ¹ôÇ

›

¸| “|  ìr"î½+Ëm. = €9כ¹ôÇtH ElK צ ú e”`¦כ °ú כ¹ ?/ ÒqtyŒ•\.

‚

½Ó_$í`¦ ƒ½¨ôÇ |ÃÐ[þts —¸¿º 6£§õ °ú s :r`¦ ?/o>|¨em. “‚½Ó_$í

“ É

rÁº_d”\"f “:r.” #Q~)a {9“t, °úšl l e”Hm. Õªzªœ  



Hm. /åJdכ¹, ĺoHÁº_d”\ @/K"f H> _ \O_þvm. HX< ôÇ

t ¸ú˜ ·ú˜“¦ e”Hכ “Ér ÀDK[þts ĺo_ Áº_d”\"f “:rH tכ¹. Œ™¸ú˜ M:



 H ÀDKs ã¶t\¦·ú˜tכ¹, Õª±ú˜ e”%3~ â+«>[þts r F ½¨$í)a“¦, ©œ{©œ y

 ·ú˜“¦ e”tכ¹. ëH]j\ U·s ]t¿º “¦ ™D¥’ܼ–Ð @/[þt€, ±ú˜ ±ú˜, Áº_ d”

s Õª ëH]j\ @/K"f ÒqtyŒ• > ÷&H כ sü@\H H{9s \O#Qttכ¹. Õª A

"f #QÖ¼±ú˜ gË> {9#Q"fH, < ʓÉr#QÖ¼±ú˜ š¸Êê\, ²úšs   l e”> ÷&



Hm. ‰&³F_ ëH]j\ ™D¥’ܼ–Ð \Pd”st ·ú§H|ÃÐ[þt\>HÁº_d”s 



Ér {9\ ˜Ð°ú s rçߖæ¼> ÷&€"f H õ\¦ ëߖ[þt#Q?/t 3lw H m. Õª

(12)

A

"f, ” ׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]j e”ܼ€ #Q‹" Ér כ •¸ ’âæ¼t ·ú§•¸2Ÿ¤ “¦ Õª ëH ]

j\ëߖ B²ú˜9"f ÒqtyŒ•`¦ |9׿ [jכ¹. Áº_d”s Ér> \O#Q"f ÏãU•¸2Ÿ¤,ÕªA"f Õ

ª ëH]j\ Áº_d”s ÒqtyŒ•½+É Ãº µ1Ú\ \O•¸2Ÿ¤. ÕªQ€ ¼# > “¦ gË>\ {9#Q



 ²úš`¦%3Hm. /BN–Ð.

· ú

˜½™ u”¸J?æ¼(Alan Chynoweth) ?/ Óüto†<Æ[þt&hd” _…s^¦\ "f "3

%

3“¦ Ùþ¡¸ú§כ¹. Õª „\Hú†<Æ[þt “¦ °ú s "3%3#Qכ¹ ÕªX< ?/ sp ú

†

<Æ_ ´ú§“Érכ `¦·ú˜“¦ e”Hכ `¦·ú˜>÷&%3#Qכ¹; z´ ?/ CĺH> ´ú§t ·ú§8



“¦כ¹. Óüto _…s^¦“ÉrÕª ´ú˜ôÇ@/–Ð ÅÒ ’H /BMs%3#Qכ¹, ÕªX< ?/ t

´ ú

§s /BN‰³Ùþ¡“¦ HX< ›¸FK õ©œ`¦ôÇ “¦ ^vm. 9þto(Shockley), ÚÔ Ï?

@_…“(Brattain), Ž(Bardeen), ]jsq ”>r’H(J. B. Johnsone), p АoHs(Ken McKay)ü< 1px1px Ér|ÃÐ[þt`¦ 1ps“¦ e”H> ÅÒ Fpe”%3#Qכ¹, ´ú§s C°?“¦ כ

¹. ÕªQ Ô¦'Ÿ >•¸ ”¸6\š©œs {Œ••2;m, Õªo“¦ 5px”[þts ÷&“¦, Õªo“¦ z

Œ

™“Érכ “ÉrÕªXOt 3lwôÇ  Qt[þts%3כ¹. Áº•¸ zŒ™e”>)a|ÃÐ[þt\ <ɪp

\O

%3tכ¹. /åJdכ¹, Õª |ÃÐ[þtõ °ú s &hd”`¦"3ܼ€"f Ä»6 xôÇ> \O8“¦כ¹!

{©œ_ Ér Aá¤\ o†<Æ[þts —¸sH_…s^¦s e”%3#Qכ¹. Õª ׿ôÇ|ÃГ X

<sÚÔ Ðoc+t(Dave McCall)õ {9Ùþ¡%3~ &hs e”%3tכ¹. 8çH ÕªH{©œr\ Ä

ºo q"fü< #QbG> K˜Ð9“¦ ÕªÏþ¡%3“¦כ¹. ?/ "f ´ú˜Ùþ¡tכ¹, “°ú s •¸|¨c



כ¹?” ·ú§)a“¦ ´ú˜ 3lw °¹, ÕªA"f ôÇ1lxîߖ o†<Æ[þtõ °ú s &hd”`¦"3> ÷&%3 _

þ

vm. ?/ ¶nsl rŒ•Ùþ¡#Qכ¹, “Õª ìr\"f ׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]j[þtsÿ.m?” {9ÅÒ {9

 &ñ•¸ Êê\H, “tFK#Q‹" ׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]j\¦ƒ½¨ “¦ e”_þvm?” ¢¸ 7á§t"f



H ÀҍH “ƒ½¨ Hכ s ׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]j m€, Õªo“¦ ׿כ¹ôÇ ã¶–Ð 

>

 ÷&e”“¦ ÒqtyŒ• t ·ú§H€, = 6\š ƒ½¨™è\ e”H {©œ’s Õªכ \ @/K ƒ

½

¨ H tכ¹?” Õª sÊê–ЍH \¦ ¨8Š%ò t ·ú§8½¨כ¹. Ér |ÃÐ`¦ ¹1Ô

"

f &hd”`¦"3#Q Ùþ¡#Qכ¹. Õª> 4Ÿ§s%3#Qכ¹.

`¦\, X<sÚÔ Ðoc+t(Dave McCall)s 4Ÿ¤•¸\"f \¦ ·¡­¸úš8m “Kbç, m

ô

Ç ´ú˜s _ `‚ÂÒ\¦ κr8. #Œ2£§?/?/ ÒqtyŒ•K K®o#Q, -$ ?/ ìr\"f ׿ כ

¹ôÇ ëH]j“t\¦. ?/ ƒ½¨\¦˨tH·ú§€Œ¤HX<” €"f ´ú˜ l\¦ “?/ ÒqtyŒ•\ Õ

ª |9ëH\ @/ôÇ “¦s t ue”%3~ כ °ú 8.” èߖ “X<sÚÔ, “¦´úš” “¦

“¦ yŒ¤tכ¹. 6£§Y> ²ú˜ Êê\ ?/ îߖ כ “ÉrÕª ÂÒ"f©œÜ¼–Ð 5px”`¦Ùþ¡8“¦ כ

¹. Õªo“¦ ¢¸ /BN†<Ɔ<ÆÕüt"é¶r"é¶s ÷&8“¦כ¹. $í/BN 8“¦כ¹. Õª _…s^¦\ e”

H|ÃÐ[þt ׿\ Õª sü@\H#Q‹" s2£§•¸ õ†<Æs Õª r\"f s2£§s :r

÷

&H 1pst 3lwÙþ¡#Qכ¹. Õª[þt“ÉrÛ¼Û¼–Ð\> ¶nst 3lwÙþ¡~ m. “?/ ìr\

"

f ׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]j Áº%Á {9?”

×

æכ¹ôÇ ëH]j\¦ ƒ½¨ t ·ú§Ü¼€ ׿כ¹ôÇ ƒ½¨õ\¦ ëߖ[þt> ÷&t ·ú§°¹. ¢-a

„

y {©œƒ tכ¹. 0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æ[þt“Ér ’[þt_ ìr\"f ׿כ¹ôÇ ´ú§“Ér ëH]j[þt

(13)

`

¦€x9 > U·s ÒqtyŒ•`¦½+Ëm, Õªo“¦ #QbG> @/[þt#Q ^¦t\¦ ÏãÎo HX< r

‚

`¦ |9׿½+Ëm. ⓦ tכ¹, “׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]j” ã¶tH›¸d”K"f slK

½

+Ëm. ?/ 6\š ƒ½¨™è\ e”`¦ M: Óüto\"f #Q‹" €\"f ˜Ð€ [jt ׿כ¹ôÇ ë

H]j e”HX< Õª|  ]X@/ ƒ½¨÷&t ·ú§€Œ¤#Qכ¹. ׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]jH כ “Ér ”¸6\š ©œ

`

¦~ÃÎ Ž7H`¦ÂÒtlú–Ð ~Ã΍H ƒ½¨\¦´ú˜ HX<כ¹, ĺo ƒ½¨ t ·ú§€Œ¤~ [

jt ëH]jH (1)rçߖ #Œ'Ÿ(time travel), (2) íHçߖ s1lx(teleportation),Õªo“¦ (3)ìøÍ׿§4(antigravity) s%3_þvm. sכ [þt“Ér ׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]j um. =

€ #QbG> /BN½+Ét éߖ"f \O#Qכ¹. ëH]j ׿כ¹  mHÕª \V©œ÷&H



:rs ׿כ¹  m m“¦, ĺo ´ú˜s÷&H /BN_ éߖ"f e” \O



Hm. s> ëH]j\¦ ׿כ¹ > ëߖ׼H m. @/ÂÒìr_ õ†<Æ[þts ׿כ¹ ô

Ç ëH]j\¦ƒ½¨ t ·ú§H“¦ ´ú˜ H כ “Ér,s _p\"f {9m. @/>h_ õ

†

<Æ[þt“Ér, ?/ El½+É Ãº e”HôÇ, @/ÂÒìr_ rçߖ`¦ ׿כ¹½+É “¦ b”t•¸ ·ú§

“

¦ ׿כ¹ôÇ ëH]j–Ð µ1τ½+É“¦ b”t•¸ ·ú§H ëH]j\¦ƒ½¨½+Ëm.

?

/ slÙþ¡~, ‚ÃÐÁº[þt–Ð >|¨c•¸žÐo\¦ d”HHכ . #Qn\ e”

#

Q Ht &ñSX‰yH—¸ØÔtכ¹ tëߖ ã¶ {9#Q±ú˜ 1pwôÇ /BM\"fÖ¸µ1Ïy ƒ

½

¨\¦½+É Ãº H e”tכ¹. 0A@/ôÇ õ†<Æs ĺƒ_ õ“¦ b”8•¸ íߖ=G@/l\

"

fe”`¦Ãº e”#Qכ¹, >h ?/ouH. îߖ„ôÇ >/BGܼ–Ð ?/9ü<"f ¸nu#Qe”#Q 



H|  um. ÕªX< ˜Ð:Ÿx_ õ†<Æ[þt“Ér _ †½Ó©œ îߖ„ “¦ Zþt Hƒ½¨

\

¦ °¹. ÕªA"f Z>–Ð ëߖ[þt#Q?/H> \O#Qכ¹. ÕªXO> çߖéߖôÇ m. 0A@/ôÇ {9

`¦ “¦ z·Ü¼€ ׿כ¹ôÇ {9`¦ K “¦ Õªo“¦ sn#Q\¦ t“¦ e”#Qt כ

¹.

”

>rÈÓv(John Tuckey) Ér|ÃÐ[þtôÇ_… FG~ÃÎ"f, “ HÒqtyŒ•_ rçߖ”s



“¦ ?/ ÂÒØÔHכ `¦gË>?/ z´…;\ `…l>÷&%3#Qכ¹. FKכ¹{9 &ñš¸\ &hd”"3 Ü

¼Q "fH HÒqtyŒ•\ @/K"f 7H_ Hכ ëߖ ’x. HÒqtyŒ•“Érstכ¹.

“AT&T7 „^‰\ e”H(ŽÉÓ'[þt_ %i½+ɓÉrÁº%Á {9?”, “(ŽÉÓ' õ†<Æ`¦#QbG

>

 ˨>|¨c?”. \V\¦ [þt#Q Õª {©œr ?/ 3lqôÇ , 10>h_ z´+«>׿\ 9>hH z

´+«>z´\"f ÷&“¦ e”%3“¦ ôÇ >hH(ŽÉÓ'\"f ÷&“¦ e”%3tכ¹. Âҁ©œ[þt\> s XO

> slÙþ¡#Qכ¹. ·ú¡Ü¼–ЍHìøÍ@/ |¨c כ s. 7£¤, 9>h_ z´+«>s (ŽÉÓ'\

"

f {9#Q±ú˜ כ s“¦ 1>h z´+«>z´\"f {9#Q±ú˜ כ s. Âҁ©œ[þt“Ér?/ p•2; ú

†

<Æ“¦, ‰&³z´ yŒ™yŒ•s „)€ \OH|ÃÐs“¦ ·ú˜€Œ¤tכ¹. HÕª[þts d¦§4“¦

· ú

˜“¦ e”%3“¦כ¹. Õª[þts d¦§4“¦ ?/ ´ú€Œ¤tכ¹. Õª |ÃÐ[þt“Ér(ŽÉÓ' €9כ¹\O

76\š ƒ¨™è(Bell Labs)H AT&Tíߖ _ ƒ¨>1Ï ›¸f”s%3. 1990¸@/ ׿ÊêìøÍ AT&T\"f Lucent Technologies ìro"f AT&T Research ü< Lucent Technologies íߖ _ Bell Labs–Ð



º#Q&’. tFÉr\_ ƒ¨×æd”¼–Ð"f_ Bell Labs_ "î$ís _ &’. &h#¸ (ŽÓ '

<Æ ìrHÕªXO. tߖ, pDGr\"H°ú “Ér%i+É`¦ HÉrƒ¨›¸f”[þts @Ç s î

r`¦‚½Óئ Hrҁ\"f †½Ó©œ ëߖ[þt#Q t¦ e”. Microsoft Google1px.

참조

관련 문서