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Canham, &#34;Visible light emission due to quantum size effects in highly porous crystalline silicon &#34;, Nature, vol. Herino, &#34;Exchange mechanism responsible for

Using RTM1688-2, Silicon Surface-Barrier Detector that can measure both Radon and Thorium at the same tome, Radon concentration was measured for 10 kinds of construction

그 결과 Silicon의 반도체 물성으로 광대역 RF 설계에 많은 어려움이 있는 Silicon Wafer 중에 Low Resistivity Silicon Wafer와 High Resistivity Silicon

Fluorescence Amplication and Development of VOCs Sensor Based on Anisotropic Porous Silicon Derivatives..

In this study very sensitive detection of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), DNT (2,4-dinitrotoluene), NB (nitrobenzene), and PA (picric acid) has been achieved in