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Phase Transformation of Materials Phase Transformation of Materials

Eun Eun Soo Soo Park Park

Office: 33-316

Telephone: 880-7221 Email: espark@snu.ac.kr

Office hours: by an appointment

2009 fall

12. 03. 2009

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Precipitate growth

1) Growth behind Planar Incoherent Interfaces

2) Diffusion Controlled lengthening of Plates or Needles

3) Thickening of Plate-like Precipitates

( / ) vD t Contents for previous class

Diffusion Controlled lengthening:

Diffusion-Controlled Thickening:

2 0

0

( )

2( e)( )

D C

v C C C C x

 

 

v   X

0

과포화도

( )

xDt

포물선 성장

0

1 *

(

r

) 1

D X r

v k X

X r r

  

       

V → constant

xt

선형 성장

Thickening of Plate-like Precipitates by Ledge Mechanism

0

,

0

(

e

) (

e

)

D X D X

u v

k X

X h k X

X

 

 

 

v uh

 

u : rate of lateral migration Half Thickness Increase

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Contents for today’s class

Overall Transformation Kinetics – TTT Diagram

- Johnson-Mehl-Avrami Equation

Precipitation in Age-Hardening Alloys

- GP Zones

- Transition phases

Quenched-in Vacancies

Age Hardening

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5.4 Overall Transformation Kinetics – TTT Diagram

The fraction of Transformation as a function of Time and Temperature

Plot the fraction of

transformation (1%, 99%) in T-log t coordinate.

f (t,T)

Plot f vs log t.

- isothermal transformation - f ~ β 체적분율; 0~1

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Three Transformation Types

(a) continuous nucleation

→ f depends on the nucleation rate and the growth rate.

(b) all nuclei present at t = 0

→ f depends on the number of nucleation sites and the growth rate.

(c) All of the parent phase is consumed by the transformation product.

→ pearlite, cellular ppt,

massive transformation, recrystallization

5.4 Overall Transformation Kinetics – TTT Diagram

일정한 속도로 성장, 생성상이 서로 만나 충돌 급냉시 많은 불균일 핵생성처 존재

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Johnson-Mehl-Avrami Equation :

변태속도 비교 Assumption:

- reaction produces by N + G

- nucleation occurs randomly throughout specimen - reaction product grows radially until impingement

5.4 Overall Transformation Kinetics – TTT Diagram

specimen of

Vol

phase new

of f Vol

.

 .

define volume fraction transformed

f

d

  + d

t

t

How much transformation occurred on time interval

d

specimen of

volume

d during formed

nuclei of

number t

time at

measured d

during

nucleated particle

one of vol df

.

0

0

3 ( )

)]

( 3 [

4

V

d NV t

v df

  

α→β

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7

 

 

  

3 4

exp 3

1 N v t

f

J-M-A Eq.

5.4 Overall Transformation Kinetics – TTT Diagram

4 3

0

3 3

0

3

) 3 (

ˆ 4

t v N f

d t

v N f

d

f

x t

  

do not consider impingement & repeated nucleation

only true for f ≪ 1

) 1 (

) exp(

1 z Z z

) (

exp

1 k t

n

f   

k : sensitive to temp. (N, v) n : 1 ~ 4

i.e. 50% transform

Exp (-0.7) = 0.5

kt

0n.5

 0 . 7

n

t

0.5

k 0

1

.

/

7

0.5 1

0

/4

. 9

3/4

v tN

Example above.

Growth controlled. Nucleation-controlled.

시간이 지날수록 충돌에 의한 변태속도 감소 증가 임의로 배열된 생성상의 충돌효과를 고려하면,

K 클때, 즉 핵생성 속도와 성장 속도가 클때 변태 속도가 빠름

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Precipitation in Aluminum-Copper Alloys

0

→ 

1

+GP zones

→ 

2

+ 

3

+

4

+

CuAl

2

)

5.5 Precipitation in Age-Hardening Alloys

< 고체에서 나타나는 여러 종류의 개별 변태 >

Al-4 wt%Cu (1.7 at %)

quenching

isothermal

Quenching + Isothermal

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The zones minimize their strain energy by choosing a disc-shape perpendicular to the elastically soft <100> directions in the fcc matrix.

5.5.1 GP Zones

두께: 1~2 개의 원자층, 지름은 대략 25개의 원자 직경거리

: 이러한 응집체는 완전한 석출 입자로 없으며, 때때로 석출대 (zone)로 명명함.

정합상태의 Cu 농축지역

*

*

( G

V

G

s

) G

zone

G      

석출에 대한 구동력

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GP zones of Al-Cu alloys x 720,000

Fully coherent, about 2 atomic layers thick and 10 nm in diameter with a spacing of ~ 10 nm

: 현미경 관찰 불가, 사진에 나타난 명암은 GP 대에 수직인 방향으로의 정합 불일치 변형 때문

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0

→ 

1

+GP zone→

2

+ → 

3

+ → 

4

+CuAl

2

)

Transition phases

같은 결정구조

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Low Activation Energy of Transition Phases

(a)

(b)

0

→ 

1

+GP zone→

2

+ → 

3

+ → 

4

+CuAl

2

)

천이상의 결정구조가 모상과 평형상 중간상태를 갖기 때문

천이상 : 정합 정도가 높고 ΔG*에 여하는 계면에너지는 작은 가짐.

평형상: 기지와 격자를 일치시킬 수 없는 복잡한 결정구조= 고 계면 E

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The Crystal Structures of ,  and 

Cu와 Al 원자가 (001) 면에

규칙적으로 놓여있는 변형된 fcc 구조

CuAl2 조성, 복잡한 bct 구조

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 of Al-Cu alloys x 63,000

Tetragonal unit cell, essentially a distorted fcc in which Cu and Al atoms are ordered on (001) planes, fully-coherent plate-like ppt with {001} habit plane. ~ 10 nm thick and 100 nm in diameter.

: 석출판상에 수직인 방향으로의 정합 불일치 변형 때문에 관찰 가능

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 of Al-Cu alloys x 18,000

 has (001) planes that are identical with {001} and forms as plates on {001} with the same orientation relationship as . (100), (010)incoherent , ~ 1 m in diameter.

: 판이 성장함에 따라 판의 모서리는 부정합이거나 복잡한 반정합구조의 계면을 갖게 됨.

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 of Al-Cu alloys x 8,000

CuAl2 : complex body centered tetragonal, incoherent or complex semicoherent

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Nucleation sites in Al-Cu alloys

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The Effect of Ageing Temperature on the Sequence of Precipitates

석출순서에 따라 미세조직 조대화 됨.

안정한 석출물이 안정한 석출물을 소비하면서 성장해 나가는 기구

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Precipitate-Free Zone(PFZ) due to Vacancy Diffusion during quenching

5.5.3. Quenched-in Vacancies

GB 농도 결정립 내부 농도와 거의 유사, 하지만 핵이 형성되려면 공공농도가 임계 과포화 공공농도를 초과해야만 하기 때문.

- 불균일 핵생성 위치 제공

- 원자의 확산속도 증가…핵생성 성장속도 증가 시효시에 Grain boundary를 따라

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5.5.3. Quenched-in Vacancies

용체화 처리 quenching 시에 G.B.를 따라 결정상이 형성되어 성장하는 경우, 시효시에 PFZ 가 생긴다.

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Hardness vs. Time by Ageing

Ageing at 130oC produces higher maximum hardness than ageing at 190oC.

At 130oC, however, it takes too a long time.

Double ageing treatment

first below the GP zone solvus

→ fine dispersion of GP zones then ageing at higher T.

How can you get the high hardness for the relatively short ageing time?

5.5.4. Age Hardening

Overaging

: 석출물간 간격 증대로 경도 감소 적정시효시간.

 

중간상 형성시 커다란 격자변형 수반하고, 소성 변형시 전위의 이동을 방해함

고용강화

최대경도 와  공존할때

미세한 석출물의 분포

참조

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