Vertical Articulation in Chemical Reaction
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(3) (2001. 7. 23 ) †. Vertical Articulation in Chemical Reaction ImKyu Park†, JongKeun Park, and SeongBae Moon* Changwon ChungAng High School, KyeongNam 641-842, Korea Department of Chemistry Education, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea (Received July 23, 2001) †. . , ! "#$ % &'( )*+,. ! "- 19$ ./0 12*3 4 ./56 75 89 1:; <= ; > &2?0 @A B@ 8C DE*+,. &' F5( G*3 5HI @A0 J*3 DE- K 2 & LM*+,. NOP 2 & QR STU VW PXY Z[, Z6 & \ QR STU ]^ _Z6 PXY,. U DEK0 U`*3 ! - a6b c` d?0 /e*+,. : fg &', $%d?, ! ABSTRACT. The contents of chemical reaction in the science textbooks, used by starting from elementary school to college level, were investigated how much closely connected with them. For this purpose, nineteen subjects of chemistry contents were selected and the articulation analysis, classified into 5 criteria, was carried out. The results indicated that the articulation from elementary school to middle school looked quite acceptable, but there was a big gap from middle school to high school and the articulation from high school to college exhibited a big overlap and gap. Finally, the flow map of chemical reaction was suggested. Keywords: Articulation, Flow Map, Chemical Reaction. h
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(19) 378. Table 1. Concerned chapter of each school level (by publisher) Elementary school. Publisher. Junior high school 2nd grade. 3rd grade. High school. Publisher. College. I. Science of Chemistry-Material 1. Atom and Molecule 2. Formular weight 3. Reaction formular Stoichiometry and the IV. Chemical bond atomic theory of material, 1. Type of chemical bond 2. Covalent bond and molecule III. Material change chemical equilibrium, acid3. Intermolecualar force I. Composition of Material 1. Electrolyte solution Ja-yu base equilibrium, chemical Dong-A 1. Compound and Element2. Acid-Base Reaction V. Element and compound Academy kinetics, polyelectronic 2. Element and Molecule 3. Oxidation-Reduction 1. metallic compound and nonmetallic compound atom and chemical bond, 2. carbon compound Reaction organic chemistry and bioVI. Chemical reaction chemistry 1. chemical reaction and energy 2. chemical equilibrium 3. acid-base reaction 4. oxidation-reduction reaction. <6-1> 3. Molecule <6-2> 3. Oxygen and Carbon dioxide. I. Science of Chemistry-Material 1. Atom and Molecule 2. Formular weight 3. Reaction formular atom, molecule and ion, IV. Chemical bond chemical reaction, stoichiII. Material change 1. Type of chemical bond 2. Covalent bond and molecule ometry, concept of bondI. Composition of Material 1. property of electrolyte 3. Intermolecualr force Tam-gu ing and chemical structure, Keum 1. Compound and Element solution V. Element and compound dang concept of chemical bond2. Regulations of material 2. Acid-Base Reaction sung 1. metallic compound and nonmetallic compound ing, chemical kinetics, 3. Oxidation-Reduction composition 2. carbon compound chemical equilibrium, acidReaction VI. Chemical reaction base, organic chemistry 1. chemical reaction and energy 2. chemical equilibrium 3. acid-base reaction 4. oxidation-reduction reaction. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society. I. Science of Chemistry-Material 1. Atom and Molecule 2. Formular weight 3. Reaction formular IV. Chemical bond 1. Type of chemical bond 2. Covalent bond and molecule I. Material change 3. Intermolecualr force I. Composition of Material 1. Electrolyte solution Kyo-hak 1. Compound and Element 2. Acid-Base Reaction V. Element and compound 2. Element and Molecule 3. Oxidation-Reduction 1. metallic compound and nonmetallic compound 2. carbon compound Reaction VI. Chemical reaction 1. chemical reaction and energy 2. chemical equilibrium 3. acid-base reaction 4. oxidation-reduction reaction. atom, molecule and ion stoichiometry, atomic structure, chemical bond, Ill-shin covalent bond, chemical Publisher kinetics, chemical equilibrium, acid-base, organic chemistry. . <5-2> 1. Acid and Base.
(20) 2003, Vol. 47, No. 4. Table 2. Analyzed chapter for the articulation of chemical reactions (example of each school level) Elementary school (Ministry of Education. Junior high school (Donga publisher). unit. <6-2> 3. oxygen and carbon dioxide. <Science 3> III. Material change 1. electrolyte solution 2. acid-base reaction 3. oxidation-reduction reaction. <Chemistry> I. Science of chemistry-material 1. atom and molecule 2. formular weight 3. reaction formular II. State of material and solution 1. gas, liquid, solid 3. solution III. Atomic structure and the periodic law 1. atomic structure 2. periodic law IV. Chemical bond 1. type of chemical bond 2. covalent bond and molecule 3. intermolecular force V. Element and compound 1. metallic compound and nonmetallic compound 2. carbon compound VI. Chemical reaction 1. chemical reaction and energy 2. chemical equilibrium 3. acid-base reaction 4. oxidation-reduction reaction. College (Ilshin publisher) <General chemistry> 1. the basis of chemistry 2. element, molecule, ion 3. stoichiometry 4. stoichiometry and chemical analysis 5. gas 6. thermochemistry 7. atomic structure and periodicity 8. chemical bond 9. covalent bond-orbital function 10. liquid and solid 11. property of solution 12. chemical kinetics 13. chemical equilibrium 14. acid-base 15. practice of equilibrium in aqueous solution 16. spontaneous entropy 17. electrochemistry 18. representative elements 19. representative element: 15-18 group 20. transition metal and coordination chemistry 21. view of nuclear chemist 22. organic chemistry 23. biochemistry 24. industrial chemistry.
(21) . <Science 1> <5-2> III. Physical property and separation 1. acid-base of the material (1) acidic solution and basic solution 1. property of compound (2) acid and base in life 2. separation of compound <6-1> <Science 2> 3. molecule I. Composition of material (1) molecule 1. compound and element (2) molecular movement 2. atom and molecule. High school (Donga publisher). 379.
(22) . 380 Table 3. Criteria referred to judge the articulation Type A B C D E. Criteria referred to the each type First introduction of the concept Same level compared to the former level Developed and understandable level compared to the former level Difficult understanding level due to the much introduction compared to the former level Impossible understanding level due to the big gap compared to the former level. *D-E type was classified with the medium level between D type and E.. 5, 6Â, 3· 3·£( ×Z6 DE*+,. 47 > è» ;c` &' ½( ê DE( z e*+,. 8C c` DE£ zeÓ, hÖ, zc` °2 DE^ UII Æ *+,. 2) 47 > fgm &'£( ½( êÓ Z[, X ¨ g &'^ ¯*I w,. 3) &' 2? ¼ · 8C ,ï RUH ( _U,..
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(25) 2003, Vol. 47, No. 4. Table 4. Comparison with objects and contents in compound Level Items. Elementary school. Junior high school. High school <Chemistry> 1. metal compound-ionic bonding material nonmetal compound-covalent bonding material 2. carbon compound. <6-2> 1. oxigen and carbon dioxide 2. combustion. object. 1-1. identify to the characteries, method and 1-1. explain and draw a comparison between 1-1. explain the principle of a chemical reaction by combustion use of the metallic and nonmetallic compound oxide and carbon dioxide 1-2. explain the difference between a compound and mixture 1-2. identify the class and structure of hydro2-1. identify the difference between reactants car bon, understand each property and reac 1-3. explain the principle of analysis and chemical combination and products by the combustion of a candle tion of hydrocarbon derivatives. contents. 1-1-1. alkali metals and compound the chloride of alkali metals, hydroxide, a carbonate 1-1-1. methanol + oxide ----> carbon dioxide + water 1-1-2. halogens and their compounds 1-2-1. We understand the difference between the mixture Hydrogen halides, Salt halides, Detection of and the compound in the reaction of an iron and a sulfur halides and the meaning of the compound. 1-1-1. Put manganese dioxide and hydrogen *compound : a substance composed of atoms of two or more 1-1-3. oxide peroxide in a bottle and then produce oxygen metal oxide, sulfuric oxide, nitrogen oxide, 1. ionic compound elements chemically united in fixed proportions gas. And then put a flame of match in the bottle 2. covalent compound 1-3-1. We realize the principle and general form of the resolution carbon oxide and identify the property of this gas. reaction through the resolution experiment of sodium chlorate 1-1-4. hydride-hydrogen sulfide, ammonia 3. inorganic compound 1-1-2. Drop diluted hydrochloric acid on a lime 4. carbon compound 2-1-1. carbon compound pyrolysis stone and produce carbon dioxide gas. And then saturated hydrocarbon-alkane, cycloalkane, (organic compound) combustion by the catalyst put in candle light and lime water and identify petroleum unsaturated hydrocarbon-alkene, 5. coordination comelectrolysis the property of this gas. pound 1-3-2. We understand the principle of the chemical combination alkyne, aromatic hydrocarbon 2-1-1. soot, water and carbon dioxide will be reaction through the synthesis experiment of the zinc iodide and 2-1-2. hydrocarbon derivative generated after combustion of a candle · alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic general form of the chemical combination reaction. acid, ester *chemical combination reaction: the reaction to be formed one kind material after the material · aromatic hydrocarbon derivative · phenol, aromatic carboxylic acid, aromatic over two kind reacts nitro compound, aromatic amine.
(26) . small unit. <2> 1. compound and element. College. . 381.
(27) 382. Table 5. Comparison with objects and contents in reaction equation and stoichiometrics Elementary school. High school. small unit. <2> 1. molecule. <chemistry> 1. formular weight 2. mole 3. reaction formular 4. stoichiometry. object. 1-1, 1-2 Interpret the mass relationship in a chemical reaction to use the atomic weight, molecular weight and chemical fomular weight, and the volume rela1-1 Representing chemical equation on the basis of atomic theory and understanding the meaning of chemi- tionship to use the concept of mole. 1-4. determine the exact chemical equation to use the chemical fomular and cal equation. understand the meaning of the chemical equation.. contents. 1-1. *atomic mass unit : a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom *molecular mass : the sum of the atomic mass *chemical fomular weight: the sum of masses in the ionic-compound 1-2. mole : 1 equal to 6.023×1023 particles. volume of gas 1 mole : 22.4L at standard state 1-1-1 *method of making reaction formular Determination of molecular weight by volume of gas 1 mole write reactants on the left and product on the right Begin balancing the equation by trying different coef-1-3. *method of making reaction formular identify all reactants and products ficients to make the number of atoms of each element the identify their chemical formular. if it’s necessary, write on right by same on both sides of the equation using the letters(solid), l(liquid), g(gas), aq(aqueous) *reaction formular reactants are written on the left, products are written on the right, con -the expression of the chemical change to use the cheminect the letter of --> or = cal fomular balance equation by trying different coefficients to make the number of atoms *things which are identified by reaction formular *law of balancing the chemical equation reactant and product Identify all reaction and product and write their correct fomulars. molecular number of reactant and product Being balancing the equation by trying different coefficients to make a law of conservation of mass and a law of definite the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the proportion are formed equation. a law of gaseous reaction is formed in case of gas’s Check your balanced equation to be sure that you have the same total reaction number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation arrow. 1-4. The meaning of chemical equation What means that the chemical reaction is. The basic rules of the reaction The chemical relationship of the reaction.. . Journal of the Korean Chemical Society. . . College. reaction formular Balancing chemical equations Meaning of chemical equations *%yield= actual yield ×100 theoretical yield. . Junior high school.
(28) 2003, Vol. 47, No. 4. Table 6. Comparison with objects and contents in hydrogen bond Elementary school. Junior high school. High School 1. formation of the hydrogen bond 2. physical properties of hydrogen bond. object. 1-1 Understand the hydrogen-bonding in polar molecules. 2-1 identify the general property of hydrogen bonding material. the strength of electronegativity FON, Cl H…. contents. 1-1-1 hydrogen bond : a formation of interaction between high electronega tive atom and non-covalent electron pair of the hydrogen atom It’s ever weaker than strength of the covalent bond, but it is strong as it can’t 1-1-1 formation of the hydrogen bond break in room temperature interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond, such F-(g) + HF(g) → (F…H…F)-(g) as F-H, N-H or O-H and an electronegative F, N or O atom ∆H= -162 kJ/mol ex) H-F…H-F 2-1-1 character of water by hydrogen bond: such nature gives the life big dimer are in the form of a hydrogen bond and the boiling influence point is higher than the molecule which the hydrogen does · water : H2O in each molecule takes part in four intermolecular hydrogen not combine. bonding. 2-1-1 The nature of a hydrogen bonding material tetragonal 1. high specific heat high molar capacity 2. high boiling point · ice : formation of hydrogen bond 3. high molar heat of vaporization hexagon ring shape 4. the water becomes the hexagon when it is frozen.. less dense then its liquid state. .
(29) . small unit. College. 383.
(30) . 384 Table 7. Stepwise analysis results of 19 subjects. Elementary school. School level Subject. 5. 1. Element 2. Atom 3. Molecule 4. Ion 5. Compound 6. Chemical Formula 7. Reaction equation and stoichiometrics 8. Chemical reaction (1) Heat of reaction (2) Reaction rate (3) Chemcial equilibrium 9. Ionic Bond 10. Covalent Bond 11. Coordination Bond 12. Metallic Bond 13. Hydrogen Bond 14. Dispersion Force 15. Dipole moment Force 16. Polarity of Bond 17. Molecular Shape 18. Acid and Bse 19. Oxidation and Reduction (1) Concept of Oxidation and Reduction (2) Oxidized agent and reduced agent (3) Oxidation-Reduction Equation (4) Application Electrolysis Electric cell. A. A A. ! LÙ Ç ! ,L- · ¨ ! £, Ö, LÙg & U 2-g @ /e B Á. /W 01 D¾Z 6 F5*+, Z6 !( , c` c` 2UP p$Ö 5 RUH yB Á. BѾZ6 F5*+,. C. · 9@A B · 98B · 9Y[ (* B, B,KL 98B) · * B C3 · 9DE8 · MN 98B (MN ,7 OP) · M · /DE8 · 9DE QR (, S, · B (/ FG,HI) T S) · 9DE8 · ·J,DE() · 9DE8 UVW . · 9DE8 \ · 9DE8 X · 9DE8 ]^, · 9DE8 YZ C3 · 9Y[ 3. ! !^ ()¤*( ÄZ6 *3 !¹, ! 4.. 2 A A D. College. C. chem. D D C B E C D D A A A A A A A A A A A D-E. general chem. D-E D D-E B C B B B D-E C D-E D-E D B C C C B D C. C. D. C. A A. C D A D. B C E D-E. 3. C A A A. A. 3.. E. 1. High school. A A. . C. 6. Middle school. =?, ¾Z6 $%( D*3 $%,. ! ¹ $% ÇH DѾ Z6 PXY#, U 34 Ö5 a6b $%U 6U ? B Á.m#, ¼- U Á ×¥´ ? yU 34 Ö5U ? B Á. nU U* # ¯å( 7B Á.UÓ,. !=? 2 8í ? a6b $%U 6¡ AѾZ6 PXY, ÇH D-EѾZ6 PXY,. N UÑ 2 !=? 2 =? U Bgm @ /e !=? jk( uv m - '. U *W ,I ZP, 2 =?Ö5U }D /e Z[ @? /e* _, 9: ]^ @ /e ,. {|, ¡;¤4 =? !R 5^ @ IPvW Ä© c`U<6 U pèD @Z6 =B _ Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.
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(37) . 387. Table 9. Curricular connection analysis between each school level School level Type B C D D-E E Total. Elementary school --> Junior high school 3(75%) 1(25%). 4(100%). H _Z6 PXY,. --> & BѾU 28%, CѾU 32%, DѾU 12%, D-EѾU 24%, EѾU 4%6 @ \m BѾU p 1/4U×( R I*, ¼- DѾ U×U p 40%6 PXY,. B ѾU U 2?6 6, _^ c`U P B /, N c`U \B Á.Z6 3@I,. N¸ DѾ U× STU ], ½^ p èì ,1 c`U @ ³ ´ _Z6 n4©,. @ \ c`^ U, , ! -Ù, !¹,. ã$%, K¦ ', û= K¦, /ã /U, QRH _Z6 ï, D, !=?, U K¦, èÑK¦, pBD, pI Z6 n4©,.. Junior high school --> High school. High school --> College. 1(7.7%) 3(23.1%) 7(53.8%) 1(7.7%) 1(7.7%). 7(28%) 8(32%) 3(12%) 6(24%) 1(4%). 13(100%). 25(100%). "U I0 1Z6 K*3 PXcÓ,. U _^ ï® ./6 è» ;c`UP "'U 2 ^ _( P¹*3 \]( pgZ6 À Z<6 Û p$ ?åU [, {| 47 > , c` \]( sä , H ,. G Fig. 1( Z6 ! " # 25$ ./ , K 8í ï$ _U 12$U, \ QRH Ä- $%( ¯*3 ! p - d0 sä a6b c` d?0 Fig. 2 /e*+,.. . , 3·, 3· 3· %& ,- ./0 & 1) ! "#© c`( DE*3 ,í Þ^ KÙ àá( ×Z6 * Aeg 'á ( ^( Ó,. ; ueg 'á ; "'U *,. 8C ®& &H Sg + U ; QR *3 m Aeg S I _Z6 PXYZ[ N¸ ueg S "#I I ( & & QRH _Z6 DEÓ,. eË _U ß*,. UO- L S( "eT & \ STU ] ;* Ö^ e½ eØ* _, W PXY#, U 2 & 0 »*3 ½R @( ]U \ I? @ SJU ÓB Á.U,. 8C h * _U >f _U,. 8C ]^ @
(38) 0 ß6 * ./ ! "# $%( Aeg S ueg S , _U >f _U,. ¼ Z6 D*, UO- $%U , , - & QR ST? c` W "#U I0 ]^ _Z6 PXY,. U @ 3.B G Fig. 1 ÞU PXcÓ,. UV Aeg S ¯b D^ pèD , _U à gª ueg S "# $%( 44 *P - _Z6 3@I,. h ¸PC WXZ[, *P × §¹^ , B D^ _Spè @ U<6 S gm $% GY Gv* _Z6 PXcÓ,. pè @ g¦- $U ßN ,í NZ Hb# /e© z/ 2 _Z6 n4©,. /e ;c`U Aeg, ueg S [ $% ./ëì QRH Ä- D _0 , ï 2003, Vol. 47, No. 4.
(39) 388. . Fig. 1. Macroscopic and microscopic aspects in chemical reaction.. c`^ c` S*3 a6b $% ? U 6¡ ¯`, 4 ï }}- {a, !, `?U P¹ p èjx , _U à g¦*¸C F®Ó,. { | §G¦à K¦UÙ^ } - ' yU DA?´ UÙ K2N UÙ ? . ^ gª*I Æ*<6 U ß- DZ6 3@I,. }D© 25$ ./ëì 8í ï $ _U 12$(48%)6 PXYZP, UBI a6b $% 0 gª*W §¹ 0 $* n W 8í ? $% D Z6; - b(c (_Z6 n4©,. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.
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(41) . Fig. 2. The flow map of chemical reaction. 2003, Vol. 47, No. 4. 389.
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(44) !"# . Phychology-A cognitive view 2nd Ed.; Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.: New York, 1968. 15. Novak, J. D.; Gowin, D. B. Learning How to Learn; Cambridge University Press: London, 1984. 16. Yeo, H.J.; Choi, J.H. Chem. Educ. 1977, 4(1), 31. 17. Park, J.Y.; Kim, S.H. Chem. Educ. 1988, 15(2), 137. 18. Kang, S.H.; Kim, D.Y. Chem. Educ. 1990, 17(2), 106. 19. Jeon, S.S. Chem. Educ. 1996, 23(2), 114. 20. Moon, J.D.; Lee, N.S.; Moon, S.B. Chem. Educ. 1996, 23(5), 345. 21. Lee, K.Y.; Moon, J.D.; Moon, S.B. Chem. Educ. 1997, 24(6), 359. 22. Kim, H.K.; Moon, S.B. J. Kor. Chem. Soc. 2000, 44(2), 145. 23. , 1997. 24. (a) 11 : 1997. (b) 3; 7 : 1997. (c) 3; 11 : 1997. 3; 25. (a) 3 ; : 1997. (b) 2 ; : 1997. (c) 2 ; : 1997. 26. (a) Kotz, J. C.; Purcell, K. F. ; : 1997. (b) Zumdahl, S. S. ; : 1997. (c) Oxtoby, D. W.; Nachtrieb, N. H. 2 ; : 1997.. $ %& ' ()*+ ,-./ 0 12 3
(45) / 0 . 45 / 0 67 89 / 0 12 :;/ 0 . 45/ 0 67 <=> .? %!2@AB. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.
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