Study on Landslide using GIS and Remote Sensing at the Kangneung Area (II)-Landslide Susceptibility Mapping and Cross-Validation using the Probability Technique

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(19) . Classification Geological Hazard. Basic Map. Image Data. Sub-Classification Landslide Topographic Map Geological Map Lineament Map Drainage Lineament Map Soil Map Forest Map Landsat TM Land Use Kompsat Satellite Image. Data Type Point coverage Line and point coverage Polygon coverage Line coverage Line coverage Polygon coverage Polygon coverage GRID GRID GRID. Scale 1 : 5,000 1 : 5,000 1 : 250,000 1 : 50,000 1 : 5,000 1 : 25,000 1 : 25,000 30 m×30 m 30 m×30 m 6 m×6 m.

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(27) 7 Technique. Landslide distribution analysis Landslide activity analysis Landslide density analysis Geomorphologic analysis Qualitative map combination Bivariate statistical analysis Multivariate statistical analysis Safety factor analysis Score method. Characteristics. Scale r,m,l m,l r r,m,l r,m m m l l. Analyze distribution and classification of landslide Analyze temporal changes in landslide pattern Calculate landslide density in terrain units or as isopleth map Use in-field expert opinion in zonation Use expert-based weight values of parameter maps Calculate importance of contributing factor Calculate prediction formula from data matrix Apply slope stability model Apply score table. U UHJLRQDO VFDOH P PHGLXP VFDOH O ODUJH VFDOH

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(30) ! "# $% &. Type Landslide. Seismic accelerations Forest. Attribute items Date, type, activity, depth, dimension Geomorphological description Altitude Slope angel Slope direction Slope length Concavity/convexity Lithology, rock strength, discontinuity spacing Material types, depth, USCS, classification, Parent material, soil drainage Fault type, length, dip, dip direction, fold axis, lineament length, direction, density Maximum seismic acceleration Wood type, age, diameter, density. Land Use. Land use map. Land use and cover type. Hydrology. Meterological station Drainage Groundwater table maps. Rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration Type, order, length, order, size Depth of groundwater table. Geomor phology. Engineering Geology. Forest. Layer Landslide Geomorphological units Altitude Slope angle Slope direction Slope length Curvature Lithology Soil Structural geology. Data source Field survey Topographic map, Soil map Topographic map Topographic map Topographic map Topographic map Topographic map Geological map Soil map Geological map, Airphoto, Satellite image, Field survey Observation data Forest map Topographic map Satellite image Report Topographic map Report.

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(37) Class. Domain (%). Landslide (%). Ratio. Slope. 0~5 6 ~ 10 11 ~ 15 16 ~ 20 21 ~ 25 26 ~ 30 31 ~ 35 36 ~ 40 41 ~ 90. 18 11 16 19 17 11 6 2 1. 0 0 3 11 20 34 22 6 3. 0.00 0.04 0.18 0.56 1.21 3.03 3.83 3.06 4.58. Aspect. Flat North Northeast East Southeast South Southwest West Northwest. 4 12 15 16 13 9 9 11 12. 0 7 12 17 11 14 10 17 13. 0.00 0.58 0.81 1.08 0.83 1.58 1.14 1.57 1.06. Concave Flat Convex. 29 41 30. 30 28 42. 1.02 0.69 1.40. Buffer (100 m) Buffer (200 m) Buffer (300 m) Buffer (400 m) Buffer (endm). 74 20 5 2 0. 72 22 4 2 0. 0.98 1.14 0.82 0.99 0.00. No data Lower hilly area Valley area Mountainous area Plains area Valley and alluvial fan Hilly and Mountainous area Vally and Piedmont area Lower hilly and Piedmont area. 2 0 15 77 3 0 0 1 1. 0 0 14 84 0 0 0 1 0. 0.19 0.00 0.90 1.10 0.00 1.60 1.10 0.76 0.00. 915636 8648 2625 35391 32060 27715 43180 627654 224294 271. 61 0 0 1 0 1 0 31 5 0. 1.28 0.00 1.60 0.48 0.00 0.76 0.19 0.94 0.45 0.00. Curvature. Distance from Drainage. Topographic Type. Soil Texture. Sandy loam Fine sandy loam Gravelly sandy loam Loam Silt loam Gravelly loam Overflow area Rocky sandy Rocky loam Gravelly sandy.

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(42). . &RQWLQXH. Soil Drainage. Soil Material. Soil Thickness. Forest Type. Forest Diameter. Forest Age. Forest Density Geology. Distance from Lineament. Land Cover. Class No data Poorly drained Somewhat poorly drained Moderately well drained Well drained Excessively drained No data Colluvium Valley alluvium Granite residuum Fluvial alluuium Pluton residuum No data Poorly shallow Shallow Normal Deep Non-forest Borad leaf tree Pine Cultivated Paper pulp Artificial pine Larch Korea nut pine Artificial rigida pine Mixing tree Non-forest Very small diameter Small diameter Medium diameter Non-forest 1st age 2nd age 3rd age 4th age 5th age Non-forest Loose Moderate Dense Grainte Alluvial deposit Buffer (100m) Buffer (200m) Buffer (300m) Buffer (400m) Buffer (500m) Buffer (endm) No data Water Urban Forest Grass Rice field Barren.

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(54) . Domain (%) 2 6 5 1 10 76 2 2 15 66 3 12 2 0 44 51 2 23 2 54 3 0 1 4 8 0 5 26 14 46 14 26 14 31 16 13 1 39 46 10 5 99 1 24 22 17 13 9 15 0 0 2 89 2 6 0. Landslide (%) 0 2 6 1 7 84 0 1 14 79 0 5 0 0 36 62 1 26 2 55 3 0 2 4 5 1 3 29 12 50 9 29 12 40 10 8 1 40 43 12 5 100 0 52 25 10 6 4 3 0 0 4 88 1 6 0. Ratio 0.19 0.34 1.12 0.66 0.70 1.11 0.19 0.59 0.90 1.21 0.00 0.45 0.19 0.00 0.82 1.21 0.57 1.14 1.06 1.03 0.90 0.00 2.18 0.90 0.57 2.31 0.67 1.11 0.87 1.09 0.64 1.11 0.87 1.30 0.66 0.61 1.18 1.02 0.94 1.13 1.07 1.01 0.00 2.12 1.15 0.57 0.47 0.47 0.21 0.00 0.87 2.10 0.95 0.55 1.07 1.80.

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(59). . . . 6SDWLDO UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ODQGVOLGH DQG UHODWHG IDFWRUV LQ 6DPN\RUL DUHD Class. Domain (%). Landslide (%). Ratio. Slope. 0~5 6 ~ 10 11 ~ 15 16 ~ 20 21 ~ 25 26 ~ 30 31 ~ 35 36 ~ 40 41 ~ 90. 20 11 18 20 17 9 4 1 0. 0 0 0 1 22 40 28 7 2. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 1.31 4.31 7.88 6.33 5.90. Aspect. Flat North Northeast East Southeast South Southwest West Northwest. 5 12 14 14 13 12 12 9 10. 0 20 17 18 8 11 11 10 5. 0.00 1.66 1.23 1.30 0.64 0.98 0.88 1.10 0.48. Concave Flat Convex. 27 44 29. 32 30 38. 1.16 0.69 1.33. Buffer (100m) Buffer (200m) Buffer (300m). 84 15 1. 87 13 0. 1.04 0.85 0.00. Topographic Type. No data Lower hilly area Valley area Mountainous area, Plains area Valley and alluvial fan Hilly and Mountainous area Vally and Piedmont area, Lower hilly and Piedmont area. 22 4 17 45 3 0 6 1 2. 26 1 11 59 0 0 1 1 0. 1.20 0.33 0.68 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.11 1.57 0.00. Soil Texture. No data Sandy loam Fine sandy loam Gravelly sandy loam Loam Silt loam Gravelly loam Overflow area Rocky sandy. 18 47 1 0 7 0 1 3 22. 23 28 0 0 2 0 1 3 42. 1.25 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 1.57 0.98 1.93. Curvature. Distance from Drainage.

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(61) . . &RQWLQXH Class. Soil Drainage. Soil Material. Soil Thickness. Forest Type. Forest Diameter. Forest Age. Forest Density. Geology. Distance from Lineament. Land Cover. No data Poorly drained Somewhat poorly drained Moderately well drained Well drained Excessively drained No data Colluvium Valley alluvium Granite residuum Fluvial alluuium No data Poorly shallow Shallow Normal Deep Non-forest Pine Artificial borad leaf tree Cultivated Korea nut pine Mixing tree Non-forest Very small diameter Small diameter Medium diameter Non-forest 1st age 2nd age 3rd age 4th age Non-forest Loose Moderate Dense Grainte Alluvial deposit Buffer (100 m) Buffer (200 m) Buffer (300 m) Buffer (400 m) Buffer (500 m) Buffer (endm) No data Water Urban Forest Grass Rice field Barren.

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(73) . Domain (%). Landslide (%). Ratio. 22 5 9 3 10 51 22 3 17 55 3 22 1 22 54 2 27 68 1 2 1 1 29 2 69 1 29 2 62 6 1 22 39 9 31 100 0 38 26 16 8 5 8 0 0 2 89 3 5 0. 26 0 8 1 5 59 26 1 11 61 0 26 0 42 30 1 13 82 0 1 2 1 14 2 81 3 14 2 68 14 3 22 55 7 16 100 0 59 24 5 5 3 4 0 0 1 90 6 2 1. 1.20 0.00 0.92 0.20 0.54 1.16 2.75 1.02 1.56 2.51 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.93 0.57 0.67 0.48 1.21 0.00 0.79 2.16 1.11 0.49 1.03 1.18 3.40 0.49 1.03 1.09 2.08 3.40 1.03 1.42 0.75 0.53 1.00 0.00 1.57 0.92 0.30 0.63 0.60 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.65 1.01 1.85 0.39 2.65.

(74) 528. 이사로·이명진·원중선. 인과의 관계인 빈도비 값을 각 요인에 등급값으로 하 여 식 (4)과 같이 각 요인에 대해 가중치를 1로 같이 주고 모두 더한 값이다. LSI = ∑Fir (Fir : 각 요인의 종류별 등급값). (4). 이렇게 계산된 산사태 취약성 지수값으로 강릉시 사 천면 사기막리와 주문진읍 삼교리지역에 대해 산사태 취약성도를 작성하였다(Fig. 1 and 2). 즉 Fig. 1은 사 기막리 지역의 빈도비를 사기막리 지역에 적용한 경우 이고, Fig. 2는 삼교리 지역의 빈도비를 삼교리 지역에 적용한 경우이다. 그리고 각각의 빈도비를 상대방에 적 용하여 취약성도를 작성하였다(Fig. 3 and 4). 즉 Fig 3은 삼교리 지역 빈도비를 사기막리 지역에 적용한 경 우이고, Fig. 4는 사기막리 지역의 빈도비를 삼교리에 적용한 경우이다. 취약성도에서 산사태 취약성 지수값 의 구분은 시각적으로 구분이 편리하게 하기 위해 지 수값이 분포하는 면적을 같게 하는 방법인 등간격 방 법을 사용하였다.. 5. 산사태 취약성도 검증 및 교차 검증 취약성도의 값들은 일종의 추정값에 해당되는데, 예 측을 위해서는 검증과정이 필요하다. 이러한 검증을 위 해 본 연구에서는 사기막리 지역의 산사태 등급값과 삼교리 지역의 등급값을 각각 적용하고, 또한 교차 적. Fig. 1. Landslide susceptibility map by applying frequency ratio of Sagimakri to Sagimakri.. Fig. 2. Landslide susceptibility map by applying frequency ratio of Samkyori to Samkyori..

(75) GIS 및 원격탐사를 이용한 2002년 강릉지역 태풍 루사로 인한 산사태 연구(II). Fig. 3. Landslide susceptibility map by applying frequency ratio of Samkyori to Sagimakri.. 529. 용함으로써 각각의 경우의 산사태 등급값이 얼마나 올 바른 추정치인지 여부를 검증하였다. 이러한 검증 및 교차 검증은 산사태 취약성도 작성에 사용된 산사태 위치의 정확성, 관련 요인자료들의 적절성, 적용된 기 법의 적절성 등을 검증하는데 꼭 필요한 절차이다. 특 히 교차 검증을 적용할 경우 적용된 기법의 적절성 뿐 아니라, 예측 정확도까지 객관적으로 평가할 수 있다. 기존 계산된 산사태 취약성 지수의 기존 산사태 발 생을 설명하는 능력을 정량적으로 표현하기 위하여 추 정능력을 계산하였다. 추정능력을 계산하기 위하여, 산 사태 취약성 지수 값을 그대로 사용하지 않고 상대적 순위(rank)를 계산하여 10% 별로 값을 재분류하여 그 범위에 포함되는 기존 산사태 발생 위치의 셀 수를 계 산하여 상대적 비율을 계산하였다. 이와 같이 계산하 여, 사기막리 및 삼교리 지역에 대해 분석된 취약성도 에서 얻어진 취약성 지수값을 단위 면적당 산사태 발 생 비율 값을 그래프로 나타내면 Fig. 5와 같다. 이 그래프는 Y축에는 산사태 취약성에서 작성된 위험성이 높은 지역을 상위 퍼센트로부터 나열한 값이고 X축은 산사태가 발생한 하위 퍼센트 값을 나타낸다. 예를 들 어, Y축의 값이 1%일 때 X축의 값이 100%라면 산사 태 취약성도에서 위험성이 높게 나타난 1%의 픽셀 안 에 산사태가 발생한 모든 위치가 속한다는 것을 의미 한다. 상대적 순위를 사용할 경우, 각 범위가 연구지역. Fig. 4. Landslide susceptibility map by applying frequency ratio of Sagimakri to Samkyori..

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