Maximizing (Non-)identity in Consonant Insertion

Young-ran An

(Korea Christian University)

An,Young-ran.(2013).Maximizing (Non-)identity in ConsonantInsertion.The LinguisticAssociationofKoreaJournal,21(3),79-95.Thispaperdiscussestheroleof vowelsandconsonantsintheconsonantinsertioninsuchareduplicativeform as allok-tallok‘dappled’inKorean.Generally,whenaconsonantistobeepenthesized intothereduplicantinthetotalreduplication,theconsonanttendstobedissimilar from theexistingbaseconsonants.Thiswasattestedinmydictionaryexamination andbehavioralexperiment,aswell.However,whentheexistingvowelsarealready identical,theinsertedconsonanttendstobeidenticaltooneofthebaseconsonants. ThisendsupproducingtwoidenticalstringsofCV intheform ofCVCVC,which showstheinfluenceofvowelsonthechoiceofinsertedconsonants.Theopposing tendenciesofthe inserted consonantsto be non-identicaland identicalto base consonantsisanontrivialfindingofthispaper.

KeyWords:consonantinsertion,totalreduplication,dissimilar,identicalstrings

1. Introduction

AnyKor e anc ons ona nt st ha tc a noc c uri nt heons e t ,/p,p

,p’ ,t ,t

,t ’ ,k,k

, k’ ,ʧ,ʧ

,ʧ’ ,m,n,s ,s ’ ,h,l ,w,j /,c an a l s o oc c ur i n t he r e dupl i c ant ( unde r l i ne d i n e xampl e s ) a s a c ons onant t ha t i s i ns e r t e d ( bol d f ac e d i n e xa mpl e s )i n t heKor e a n t ot alr e dupl i c a t i on i n whi c h t heba s es t ar t swi t h a vowe l .Thec ons ona ntt obei ns e r t e d i sabbr e vi at e d asCIi n mypa pe r ,f r om he r ef or t h.

*ThisworkwassupportedbytheNationalResearchFoundationofKoreaGrantfundedby the Korean Government (NRF-2012S1A5A8023952).I am indebted to the anonymous reviewersfortheirinsightfulcomments.Theusualdisclaimerapplies.

( 1 )a . a l l ok-

a l l ok ’ dappl e d’

b. ʌl mʌŋ-

ʌl mʌŋ ’ l umpy’

c . umul - ʧ’ umul ’ he s i t a nt l y’

d. os un-

os un ’ ongood t e r ms ’ e . ul ak-

a k ’ r oughl y’

f . a ki - ʧaki ’ c har mi ng’

I nt hee xampl e sabove ,t hede t e r mi na t i onoft hebas e si sgr ounde d i nJ un a nd Le e( 2 00 6)whe r et hec a s e soft ot a lr e dupl i c a t i onbe gi nni ngwi t havowe l ha vebe e nc l a s s i f i e di nt of ourt ype s ,TypeIwhe r eonl yt hes e c ondpor t i onc a n s t a nd al one ,TypeI Iwhe r eonl yt hef i r s tpor t i on c an beus e d i nde pe nde nt l y, Type I I Iwhe r e e i t he roft he t wo por t i ons has an i nde pe nde ntf or m a nd me ani ng,a ndTypeI V whe r ene i t he roft het wopor t i onsc a ns t a ndoni t sown.

( 2 )a .ol l ok- pol l ok,omi l - ʧomi l TypeI b.al l ok- t a l l ok,a oŋ- t a oŋ TypeI I c .as ak- pas ak,ukɨl - pukɨl TypeI I I d.ul a k- pul a k,os un- t os un TypeI V

Ac c or di ngt ot hi sc l as s i f i c a t i on,( 1 a- c )ar eofTypeI Iand ( 1d- f )ofTypeI V a ndIa m c onc e r ne dwi t ht he s et wot ype s ,a s s umi ngt ha tt hef i r s thal fi st heba s e a ndac ons ona nti si ns e r t e di nt hei ni t i alons e toft hes e c ondha l f .Whe nne i t he r oft het wopor t i onsi sa ni nde pe nde ntf or m asi nTypeI V,Ic ons i de rt heone wi t houta nons e tt obet hebas ea ndt heonewi t hanons e tt obet her e dupl i c a nt i na c c or dwi t ht heuni ve r s alpr i nc i pl et ha tt heunma r ke d,i . e . ,t heonewi t han ons e ti nt hi sc a s e ,wi l le me r gei nt her e dupl i c a nt .

Wi t h r e s pe c t t o t he c hoi c e of CI s ,an i nve s t i gat i on of t he di c t i ona r y

( Ey s s e yns uKwuk eSa c e n[ Es s e nc eKo r e a nDi c t i o na r y] ,2 00 6)r e ve a l e d t ha tva r i ous

c ons ona nt sc anbei ns e r t e di nt her e dupl i c at e dwor dsandi na ddi t i ont hec hoi c e

a mongpos s i bl eCI si snota r bi t r ar y.

Figure 1. The frequency of inserted consonants in the dictionary

Ass e e n i n Fi gur e1 ,wedonots e er a ndom c hoi c e s ,buts omepa t t e r ns .For i ns t a nc e ,/t ,p,ʧ/ a r emuc h mor ef r e que ntt ha n /k,s ,m,j / a sCI s .Thi s i ndi c a t e st ha ta l lt hepos s i bl eons e tc ons onant sdonothavee ve n c hanc e sof be i ngc hos e na sCI s .The r emus tbear e a s ont ha tc anac c ountf ort hi spat t e r n.I a r guet ha tt hec hoi c eofCI si spr e di c t abl et os omee xt e nt ,al t houghi tmaynot bec ompl e t e l ypr e di c t a bl e .

I nwhatf ol l ows ,Ie xa mi nes omepl aus i bl ef a c t or s ,amongot he r s ,t ha tappe a r t oaf f e c tt hec hoi c eofCI s ,di s s i mi l ar i t y,akanon- i de nt i t y( OCP) ,ands i mi l ar i t y ori de nt i t y.Fordi s s i mi l ar i t y t he i nt e r a c t i on be t we e n a CIa nd t he e xi s t i ng c ons ona nt si sc r uc i a lwhe r e a sf ori de nt i t yi ti st hec ont e xt ualvowe l st hatc ome i nt opl a y.Se c t i on2s howst heme t hodofr e s e ar c h.Se c t i on3pr ovi de st her e s ul t s . Thel as tt wos e c t i onsgi ves omedi s c us s i onandc onc l us i on,r e s pe c t i ve l y.

2. Method

Ie xami ne d a Kor e a n di c t i onar y ( Eys s e y ns u Kwuk eSa c e n [ Es s e nc eKo r e a n Di c t i o na r y ] ,20 06 ;Appe ndi xA) ,whi c h r e ve a l e d 1 50e nt r i e st ha ta r eV- i ni t i al . Amongt he s eV- i ni t i alr e dupl i c a t e dwor ds ,Il ooke di nt ot hef or msofJ una nd Le e ’ sTypeI IandI V t hata r emadeupofVCVC bas e s .

I naddi t i on,Ic onduc t e dar e a lt i mebe ha vi or ale xpe r i me nt ,i nwhi c hKor e a n

s pe a ke r swe r eas ke dt oc r e at et hemos tna t ur a lr e dupl i c a t e dwor dwi t hanonc e

bas e( wor d c r e a t i ont as k;Appe ndi xB) .The r ewe r e5 5par t i c i pa nt sa l t oge t he r ,

a ge sr angi ng f r om 2 0 ’ st o 6 0’ s ,who we r er e c r ui t e d i n Se oul .The r ewe r e4 0 s i mul ii nt het a s k,and1 5outoft he m c ons i s t e dofVCVCba s e s .Ii nc l ude dot he r f or mswi t havi e w t oi nve s t i gat i onofot he rf ac t or s ,andIa m f oc us i ngont he15 f or mswi t hVCVCbas e si nt hi spape r .Thepa r t i c i pant swe r eas ke dt opr onounc e a l oud t hef or mst he y we r ej us tma ki ng up,a nd Ias s ume d t hatt hec r e a t e d wor dswe r es poke nf or ms ,r a t he rt hanwr i t t e nf or ms .Anye r r one ousr e s pons e s we r er e move d,a ndIe nde dupwi t h47 2r e s pons e s .

3. Results: Dissimilarity vs. Identity

3.1. Dissimilarity Preferred

I n t he pr e c e di ng s e c t i on,i t was s hown t ha t c e r t a i n c ons ona nt s we r e pr e f e r r e d a sCI s .I n e xpoundi ng t her e as on f ort hi ss e e mi ngl y non- a r bi t r a r y phe nome non,Ipos t ul a t et hef ol l owi nghypot he s i sandc onduc t e da ne xpe r i me nt .

( 3 )Hypot

CI sa r edi s s i mi l a rf r om t hee xi s t i ngba s eCs .

Ther e s ul tofabe ha vi or a le xpe r i me nt( wor dc r e a t i ont as k,N=5 5,4 72t oke ns , VCVC bas e s ,CI =/p,t ,ʧ/) ,a l ongwi t ht hee xami nat i onoft hedi c t i onar ydat a , s howe dt ha tt he r ei sat e nde nc yt oi ns e r tac ons onantwhi c hi sdi s s i mi l a rf r om t hee xt a ntba s ec ons ona nt s ,c onf i r mi ngHypot he s i s1 .

Figure 2. Identity relationship of inserted consonants and Cs in VCVC-bases with CI=/p, t, ʧ/

I e xc l us i ve l y l ooke d i nt o t he t ot a l r e dupl i c at i on wi t h a f or m of VC

VC

-

VC

i n or de r t o s e e a n e xha us t i ve e f f e c t of t he t wo bas e c ons ona nt s .Fi gur e2s howst ha tt he r ei snoi de nt i c a lpa i rofCIa ndt hes e c ond C ( C

)i nt hebas e ,whe r e ast he r ear es omei de nt i c a lpa i r sofCIa ndt hef i r s tC ( C

)i n t he ba s e ,bot h i n t he da t a f r om t he di c t i onar y and t he be havi or a l e xpe r i me nt .Tha ti s ,aCIi sne ve ri de nt i c alt ot hes e c ond ba s eC ( 0 % i n t he di c t i ona r yandt hee xpe r i me nt ) .I nt hec as eofaCIa ndt hef i r s tba s eC,t he r e a r es omei ns t a nc e si nwhi c ht heCIi si de nt i c alt ot hef i r s tba s eC,i . e . ,1 1. 1 1%

oft het i mei n t hedi c t i ona r yda t aand 17 . 58 % oft het i mei n t hee xpe r i me nt r e s pons e s .

Thi st e nde nc yt opr e f e ranon- i de nt i c alordi s s i mi l a rC f r om t hee xi s t i ngCs ha sbe e n a t t e s t e d i n many ot he rl angua ge s .Fori ns t anc e ,Tur ki s h e mpha t i c r e dupl i c at i on pr e f e r st oc hoos e/p/ unl e s sal abi a lC,i nc l udi ng/p/,al r e a dy e xi s t si nt heba s e( We de l ,19 99 ;Yi p,1 99 5 ;Yu,1 9 99 ) .

( 4 )Tur ki s he mpha t i cr e dupl i c a t i on

a.ka r a ‘ da r k’ kapka r a ‘ pi t c hbl ac k’

b.be l l i ‘ c l e ar ’ be s be l l i ‘ obvi ous ’ c .be j a z ‘ whi t e ’ be mbe j a z ‘ br i ghtwhi t e ’ d.t e mi z ‘ c l e a n’ t e r t e mi z ‘ s pot l e s s ’

We de l( 1 99 9,20 00 )a r gueont heba s i soft her e s e ar c hont heonl i neTur ki s h l a nguagel e xi c on t hatt hee pe nt he t i cC i n t heTur ki s h r e dupl i c a t i on doe snot r e pe a tt hes ames e gme nta soneoft hebas eCs .Hea l s o f ound t ha twhe n Tur ki s hs pe ake r swe r ea s ke dt oc r e a t ear e dupl i c a t e dve r s i onofadj e c t i ve st hat nor ma l l y a r enots ubj e c tt o e mpha t i cr e dupl i c a t i on i n Tur ki s h,t he y avoi de d i ns e r t i ngac ons onanti de nt i c a lt oabas ec ons ona nt .Fore xa mpl e ,bodur‘ s qua t ’

→ bos bodur ( f or al lpar t i c i pa nt s ) ,me s t ‘ e nc hant e d’→ me

s t ( f or a l l pa r t i c i pa nt s ) ,pi nt i‘ ve r ys t i ngy’ → pi

nt i~ pi

pi nt i .Wha ti si nt e r e s t i ngi s t ha tt hes ugge s t e d i de nt i t yavoi danc ec ons t r a i ntwa smor es t r i c t l yobs e r ve di n t hee l i c i t e ddat at ha ni nt heat t e s t e ddat a .

The a voi da nc e ofha vi ng i de nt i c a lc ons ona nt si sa l s o obs e r ve d i n s ome

Engl i s h da t a.I n a we l l - f or me dne s s j udgme nt e xpe r i me nt wi t h t he nat i ve

s pe a ke r sofEngl i s h,Ha y,Pi e r r e humbe r t ,a ndBe c kman( 2 00 4)f oundt ha tnonc e

f or ms l i ke /s t ɹi ms i /,whi c h c ont a i ns t wo s t r i de nt s ,we r e r at e d l owe rt han s i mi l a r f or ms l i ke /s t ɹi mpi /,e ve n t hough wor ds c ont ai ni ng t wo s t r i de nt obs t r ue nt sar ec e r t a i nl y al l owe d i n Engl i s h asi n ‘ s pa c e ’/s pe ɪs / or‘ s t ar c h’

/s t ɑɹʧ/.Engl i s h i sa l s o known t o haver e s t r i c t i onsaga i ns tc o- oc c ur r e nc eof homor ga ni ci de nt i c a lc ons onant swi t hi nawor d;t ha ti s ,i nawor dwi t haf or m ofs CVCi nwhi c ht heCsar es t ops ,t wo/k/’ sort wo/p/’ sa r enotal l owe d,e . g.

* s k e a k ,* s p e a p .Howe ve r ,t wo /t /’ sa r ea l l owe d,e . g.s t a t e ,s t o a t ,s t e t( Coe t ze e , 2 00 5,2 00 8;Da vi s ,19 9 1;Fudge ,1 9 69 ) .Coe t z e e( 2 00 5)f ound t ha tl i s t e ne r si na pe r c e pt i on t a s kt e nde d t ope r c e i vean a mbi guouspe r c e pta sa n OCP- obe yi ng i t e m.Thi ski nd ofpe r c e pt ua lbi a swasal s o f ound f ort hef or mswi t h t wo c or onals t ops ,al t houghwor dswi t ht wo/t /’ sac t ual l ye xi s ti nt hel e xi c on.

Thi s OCP- l i ke t e nde nc y ofdi s s i mi l ar i t y be t we e n t he CIand t he bas e c ons ona nt si nt heKor e a nda t ac e r t ai nl ya ppe ar st obegr ounde di nl anguage si n ge ne r al .Howe ve r ,i nt e r e s t i ngl y,t hi st e nde nc ydoe snots e e m t obec at e gor i c a l . Ac c or di ngt oFi gur e2 ,t het e nde nc yofCI sbe i ngdi s s i mi l arf r om t hee xi s t i ng bas ec ons onant sdoe snotappl yac r os st heboa r d;r a t he r ,t he r ewe r es omec as e s i n whi c h a CIa nd C1 ar e i de nt i c a l .The r e mus tbe s ome ot he rf ac t or si n ope r at i oni nt hec hoi c eofCI s ,a ndIa r guef ors i mi l a r i t yori de nt i t ybe t we e na CIa ndt heba s eCsa mongs uc hf a c t or s ,unde rs pe c i f i cc i r c ums t a nc e s .

3.2. Identity Preferred

The r ei sat e nde nc yt ha ts t r i ngsi ns yl l abl e sbe c omes i mi l ar ,andt hi ski ndof t e nde nc yha sbe e nf oundi nt hel i t e r a t ur e( Zur a w,20 02 ) .Iar guet ha tt hec hoi c e ofCI si n t heKor e an r e dupl i c a t i on a l s o i ns t ant i at e si t .Whe n ac ons onanti s c ons i de r e df oraCI ,i ti sge ne r a l l ypr e f e r r e dt obedi s t i nc tf r om t hee xi s t i ngba s e c ons ona nt s .Howe ve r ,aCIi ss ome t i me sl i ke l y t o bei de nt i c alt o oneoft he e xi s t i ngc ons ona nt swhe nc e r t a i nc ondi t i onsar es at i s f i e d.

La nguage sha ve s hown t hi st e nde nc y ofhavi ng s i mi l ars e gme nt sa c r os s

s yl l a bl e s :f ore xa mpl e ,i nEngl i s haki ndofar e pai rs t r at e gyhasbe e nobs e r ve d

i nt henon- s t a nda r ds pe l l i ngs ,i nwhi c hi nt r a - wor ds i mi l a rs yl l a bl e sge tr e pai r e d

t oye tgr e at e rs i mi l a r i t y.

( 5 )a . pompon → pompom b. s he r be t → s he r be

t c . or a ngut an → or a ngut a

d. ha r a - ki r i → har

- kar i e . pe r s e ve r e → pe r s

ve r e

Thi st e nde nc yt opr e f e rout putf or mst oc ont ai nar e dupl i c at i on- l i kes t r uc t ur e i sc a pt ur e dbyt hea nal ys i swi t hac ons t r ai ntt ha t“ awor dmus tc ont ai ns ome s ubs t r i ngst hatar ec oupl e d”( Zur a w,20 02 ) .

Pe r uvi an Ayma r a a l l ows onl y one e j e c t i ve pe r mor phe me ,unl e s s t he e j e c t i ve sa r ei de nt i c a l ,and onl yonea s pi r at e d s t op pe rmor phe me ,unl e s st he a s pi r at e ds t opsa r ei de nt i c a l( deLuc c a ,1 9 87 ;Ma c Eac he r n,19 9 9;Ros e& Wa l ke r , 2 00 4;Zur a w,20 02 ) :

( 6 )a . [ k’ i nk’ u] ‘ c l ay’

b. [ p

us p

u] ‘ boi l e d be a ns ’ c . * [ t

a t a]

d. * [ t ’ a t a]

Thet woe j e c t i ve sa nd t het woas pi r at e d s t opsc a nc o- oc c urs i nc et he ya r e i de nt i c a li n t he i rf e at ur e s ,i n ( 6a )a nd ( 6 b) ,r e s pe c t i ve l y,whe r e a sl ar ynge a l l y di s s i mi l arhomor ga ni cc ons onant s ,a si n ( 6c ,d)a r eha r dl ya l l owe d s i nc et he y c a nnotbedi s s i mi l a ri n gl ot t a lpr ope r t i e sa nd i de nt i c ali n ot he rf e at ur e s ,e . g. , [ t

]and [ t ] ,[ t ’ ]and [ t ] .I n Sundane s e t wo/r /’ s i n t he ons e t s ofa dj ac e nt s yl l a bl e sc a nnotbedi s s i mi l a t e d,i . e . ,r … rc annotbe c omel … r( Suzuki ,19 99 ; Zur aw,20 02 ) .

The a nal ys i s ofhavi ng i de nt i c a ls e gme nt s i n adj ac e ntdi s t i nc ts yl l abl e s

pr e di c t st ha tt hei de nt i c a le j e c t i ve sora s pi r a t e ds t opsi nPe r uvi anAyma r aa nd

t he r hot i c s i n Sunda ne s e s houl d be f ol l owe d by i de nt i c al vowe l s mor e

f r e que nt l yt ha nnon- i de nt i c a ls t opsorr hot i c swoul dbe ,whi c hha sbe e nbor ne

outac c or di ng t o t he l e xi c als t at i s t i c s i n bot h l angua ge s .Ac c or di ng t o a

di c t i ona r y s t udy ( De z aGa l i ndo,1 98 9) ,“ t hevowe l sa r ei de nt i c a li n 2 1of2 5

C

V

( C) C

V

. . .r oot s ( 84 %) ,and i n 18 of2 3 C’

V

( C) C’

V

. . .r oot s ( 78 %) ”

( Zur a w,20 02 ,p.43 2 ) .Tha ti s ,t he r es houl dbemanyf or msl i ke( 6b)i nwhi c h

Vsa r ei de nt i c a la nd f e w f or msl i ke( 6a )i n whi c h Vsa r enoti de nt i c a l .The e xa mi na t i onofaSunda ne s edi c t i onar y( Ba s a& Sunda ,19 85 )s howe dt hati nt he 1 05r oot swi t hmor et hanone/r /t hevowe l sV

a ndV

a r ei de nt i c a li n5 7of 6 7r V

r V

… r oot s ,e . g. ,[ r or od]‘ pul li n, ’andt hes ubs t r i ngsV

C

a ndV

C

ar e i de nt i c a li n 19of2 0r V

C

r V

C

r oot s ,e . g. ,[ r i br i b]‘ ar msove r l y f ul l ’( Cohn, 1 99 2;Zur aw,20 02 ) .

Ba s e d on t het e nde nc yoff a vor i ngi de nt i c a ls ubs t r i ngsi n awor d i n t he s e l a ngua ge s ,Imot i va t et hef ol l owi nghypot he s i sf ort heKor e a nr e dupl i c a t i onda t a :

( 7 )Hypot

I fvowe l sa r ei de nt i c a l ,t he nc ons onant swi l lal s obei de nt i c a l .

Tha ti s ,whe nvowe l se xi s t i ngi nac ont e xta r eal r e a dyi de nt i c a l ,ac ons ona nt ye tt obei ns e r t e d i spr e di c t e d t obet heonei de nt i c a lt oa n e xi s t i ngc ont e xt c ons ona nt :i naf or m ofV

C

V

C

-

C

V

C

,i fV

=V

,t he nCV

=C

V

.

I n t hepr e c e di ng s e c t i on weha ves e e n t ha tt he r ei sat e nde nc y t o a voi d i de nt i c a lc ons ona nt si nt hec hoi c eofCI s :t heCI st e ndt odi f f e rf r om t hee xi s t i ng ba s eCs .Howe ve r ,nota l lCI swe r edi f f e r e ntf r om e xi s t i ngCs ,a nd s omeCI s we r ei de nt i c a lt ooneoft hee xi s t i ngCsi nt heba s e .Ac c or di ngt oFi gur e2 ,t he CI st e ndt odi f f e rf r om t heba s eCs .The r ea r enoi ns t a nc e si nwhi c ht heCI sa r e i de nt i c a lt oC

;howe ve r ,t he r ea r es o mec a s e si nwhi c ht heCI sa r ei de nt i c a lt o C

.I nf a c t ,t hes t a t i s t i c ss howe dt ha tt heCI sdi dnots i gni f i c a nt l ydi f f e rf r om C

bot hi nt hedi c t i ona r ya nd t hee xpe r i me nt a lda t a .Thi si ndi c a t e st ha tt he r ea r e mor ec ha nc e soft heCI sbe i ngi de nt i c a lt oC

t ha nt oC

f orar e a s on.Whya r e t he r ec a s e si nwhi c hCI sa r et hes a mea se xt a ntCs ?Mor es pe c i f i c a l l y,whyi si t C

,notC

t ha tCI sa r ec hos e nt obei de nt i c a lt o?

I ar gue t ha tt he r e ar e t wo oppos i ng f or c e s i n t he f i e l d,di s s i mi l a r i t y

pr e f e r e nc ea nd i de nt i t ypr e f e r e nc e ,ac c or di ngt ot hef or me rofwhi c hCI st e nd

t obedi s s i mi l a rt oe xi s t i ngCsl i ket hes e c ondC oft hebas e ,whe r e a sac c or di ng

t ot hel a t t e rCI sar epr e f e r r e d t obei de nt i c alt ot hef i r s tC oft hebas e .Thi s

i de nt i t ypr e f e r e nc er e qui r e st ha tCI ss houl dbei de nt i c alt oC

whe nt hee xi s t i ng

bas eVsar ea l r e a dyi de nt i c al .Thati s ,i nt hef or m ofVC

VC

-

VC

,t he r e

a r egr e a t e rc ha nc e sf ort heCIt obei de nt i c alt oC

whe nt het woVshappe nt o

bei de nt i c a la l r e ady.

Sour c e

V=C

V whe nCI =C

V=V whe nCI ≠ C

8 0 % 4 1. 3 0%

Corpus

10 0% 5 0%

Experiment

7 8 . 3 1 % 4 1. 1 3%

Wec a n ac c ountf ort hedat aba s e d on REDUP a nd CORR- κκ c ons t r ai nt s whi c hr e qui r ec oupl e ds t r i ngst obes i mi l a r .Idonotgoove rf or ma la na l ys e s wi t ht he s ec ons t r ai nt s ,and i ts uf f i c e st ome nt i ont ha tt hei nt e r ac t i onoft he s e t wo c ons t r ai nt s a nd t he i nput - out put c ons t r ai nt s ( CORR- I O) r e s ul t s i n t ypol ogi c a ldi f f e r e nc ei nt heout putf or ms( modi f i e df r om Zur aw,20 0 2,p.4 06 ) :

( 8 )a .R

,I

- I O >> I

- κκ

c oupl i ngde s pi t ei mpe r f e c ts i mi l ar i t y b.R

,I

- κκ >> I

- I O

pe r f e c tc oupl i ng c .I

- I O,I

- κκ >> R

noc oupl i ng

The hypot he s i s t ha t t he i de nt i c a lpa i r s of CI a nd C

i n t he Kor e an r e dupl i c at i on t e nd t o be f ol l owe d by i de nt i c alVs was c onf i r me d by t he e xpe r i me nt alda t a ofwor d c r e a t i on t a s k.Tha ti s ,t hepar t i c i pa nt ss howe d a t e nde nc yt oi ns e r taC t hati si de nt i c a lt oC

whe nt her e s ul t i ngout putf or ms c a met oha vet woi de nt i c a ls ubs t r i ngsofCV.Thenumbe rofi de nt i c alpai r sof CIandC

wa se ve ngr e a t e rwhe nt het wonuc l e usVswe r ei de nt i c a lt ha nwhe n Vswe r enon- i de nt i c a l( 2 8. 8 9% vs .7 . 29 %) .Toputi tanot he rwa y,i twasmor e l i ke l y t o have i de nt i c alVsi n t he c a s e si n whi c h CIa nd C

ar e i de nt i c a l ( 7 8 . 3 1 %) ,t ha ni nt hec ont r olc as e s( 4 1 . 1 3 %) .Theda t af r om t hedi c t i ona r yand t hec or pus( Se j o ngBa l a nc e dCo r pus ,2 00 7)al s oc or r obor a t et hi st e nde nc y;i . e . ,i t wasmor el i ke l yt hatwehavei de nt i c alVswhe nCIa ndC

a r et hes amet han whe nt he yar enot ,i nt hedi c t i ona r yda t a( 80 % vs .4 1. 3 0%)a nd i nt hec or pus ( 1 0 0% vs .50 %) .

Table 1. Dictionary, Corpus (Sejong), and Experiment results with regard to identical CV strings (CIV and C1V): VCVC-bases, CI=/p, t, ʧ/

The t e s tr e s ul t ss how t ha ti n f ac tf ort he di c t i onar y dat a t he r e wa sno s i gni f i c anta s s oc i a t i on be t we e n t he s a me ne s s ofVs and whe t he r a CI i s i de nt i c a lt o C

.

Howe ve r ,t he r e wa s a s i gni f i c antas s oc i at i on be t we e n t he s ame ne s sofVsandwhe t he raCIi si de nt i c a lt oC

i nt hec or pus χ

( 1 ,N =19 1)

=4 . 87 ,p<. 0 5,andi nt hee xpe r i me nt χ

( 1,N =4 7 2)=37 . 91 ,p<. 00 1 .Thati s , bot hi nt hec or pusand t hee xpe r i me nt a lr e s ul t s ,CIa nd C

we r es i gni f i c a nt l y mor el i ke l yt obei de nt i c ali fVswe r ei de nt i c alt ha ni fVswe r enon- i de nt i c a l , whi c ht he r e f or ec onf i r msHypot he s i s2.

Thet e nde nc yt oi ns e r tac ons onantt ha ti si de nt i c alt oane xi s t i ngc ons ona nt i nt heba s eoft heKor e anr e dupl i c a t i on,i ns pi t eofage ne r a loppos i ngt e nde nc y t oavoi di ns e r t i ngas i mi l arc ons ona nti nt hes amepos i t i on,hasbe e nc a pt ur e d by t hea r gume ntf orat e nde nc yt oha vei de nt i c a ls ubs t r i ngsa c r os ss yl l a bl e s . The r e f or e ,t hec ons t r ai ntofi de nt i t yi nc oupl e ds t r i ngsc a nbeoneot he rf a c t or t ha ti si nf l ue nt i a li n t hec hoi c eofCI s ,i n whi c h s e ns et heKor e a n da t aa r e di f f e r e nt i a t e df r om ot he rda t awhi c he xc l us i ve l ys how a voi danc eofi de nt i t y.

4. Discussion

Thus f ar i n t he pr e c e di ng s e c t i ons ,we ha ve s e e n t ha ti n t he Kor e an r e dupl i c at i ont he r ei sat e nde nc yt oha veani ns e r t e dc ons ona ntt hati sdi s s i mi l a r t ot hee xi s t i ngba s ec ons ona nt s .Thi st e nde nc yofa voi di nga ni de nt i c a lC i nt he c hoi c eofCI swasc r uc i a l l ya t t e s t e dbot hi nt hedi c t i ona r yda t aa ndt hene wl y c r e a t e dr e dupl i c a t i vef or msi nt hee xpe r i me nt .

I n t heme a nt i me ,t het e nde nc y ofha vi ng s i mi l a rCV s t r i ngsi n a wor d, whi c hhasbe e nobs e r ve di nl angua ge s ,wasal s of oundt os e r veasanont r i vi a l f a c t ori n de t e r mi ni ng a CI .Whe n t he r ewe r et wo vowe l st ha ta r ei de nt i c a l a l r e ady,t he y pr e f e r r e d t o a ppe ar as t wo i de nt i c a lCVs i n t he f or m of

1)Thismaybeinterpretedasthattherewasapositiveassociationbetweenthesamenessof VsandwhetheraCIisidenticaltoC1sincethesignificancelevelcanbecalledmarginal χ²(1,N =51)=2.73,p=.099.Hence,basedontheoddsratio,CIandC1were5.25times morelikelytobeidenticalifVswereidenticalthan ifVsweredifferent.Thestatistical non-significancecouldbeascribedtothefactthatthedictionary,asopposedtotheother sources(corpusandexperiment),actuallydoesnotdealwithtokenfrequency,butitonly showstypefrequency.

r e dupl i c ant ,CVCVC.

Thet e ns i onbe t we e nt he s et wof a c t or s ,di s s i mi l a r i t ypr e f e r e nc eandi de nt i t y pr e f e r e nc e ,s e e mss ur e l y t o beatwor k,and wi t h r e ga r d t o t het e nde nc y of ha vi ng i de nt i c alCV s t r i ngsi n t he Kor e an r e dupl i c at i on we c an f i nd s ome s uppor t i vee vi de nc ef ort hec l os er e l a t i ons hi pbe t we e naC a ndi t sf ol l owi ngV.

I ts e e mst hatt he r ei si ndi s pe ns i bl er e l a t i ons hi pbe t we e nac ons ona nta nda vowe l ,t ot hee xt e ntt ha tC a ndV t e ndt obe ha vei nt a nde m,whi c hha sbe e n f ound c r os s - l i ngui s t i c a l l y.Iar guet hatt hec l os e - kni tr e l at i ons hi pofCV i nt he Kor e a nr e dupl i c at i oni sal s omot i va t e df r om t hel a nguagei nt e r nals t r uc t ur e .

I nmye xa mi na t i onoft heCV c ombi na t i onpat t e r ni nt hes pe ake r s ’be havi or a ndi nt hel e xi c on,t her e dupl i c at i on- onl yc or pus( Se j o ngBa l a nc e dCo r pus ,2 00 7) i npa r t i c ul a r ,If ounds i gni f i c antc or r e l at i onbe t we e nt het wopat t e r ns ,r

=. 79 7, p < . 01 .Thi ss howst hatt he f r e que nc y ofCIa nd V c ombi nat i onsi n t he e xpe r i me nt r e f l e c t s t he f r e que nc y of C and V c ombi na t i ons i n t he r e dupl i c at i on- onl yc or pus .

Figure 3. CV combinations in the experiment and the reduplication-only corpus (Sejong Balanced Corpus, 2007): VCVC-bases, C=/p, t, ʧ/, V=/a, o, u, ʌ/

Thi sr e pl i c a t i on oft heCV c ombi ni ng pa t t e r n i n t hee xpe r i me ntand t he

c or pusi mpl i e st ha tt heCVc ombi nat i oni nt hee xpe r i me ntmaybes i mpl yduet o

t hee xi s t i ngpat t e r ni nt hel e xi c on,ore l s et he r emaybeade e pe rr e as onf ort he

pa r al l e lbe t we e nt het wopa t t e r ns .Ihypot he s i zet hatt he r ei sc l os er e l at i ons hi p

be t we e n ons e tC and nuc l e usV i n t hec hoi c ede c i s i on ofCI si n t heKor e a n

r e dupl i c at i on.Mor es pe c i f i c a l l y,s pe a ke r sa r ea war eoft hec l os er e l a t i ons hi p be t we e nons e tC a ndnuc l e usV whe nt he yc hoos eaC f orCI .

Be havi or a le xpe r i me nt sha ves hownt hatKor e ans pe a ke r st e ndt ogr oupC

a nd V,r a t he rt ha n V a nd C

,a sauni ti n as yl l a bl eofC

VC

,c ont r a r y t o pr e di c t i on t hatV a nd C

wi l lf or m a s ub- s yl l a bi cuni ton t he ba s i soft he t r a di t i ona ls yl l a bl es t r uc t ur e ,ons e t+ r i mewhi c hs ub- hi e r a r c hi c a l l yc ons i s t sof nuc l e usV a nd c odaC ( Che n e tal . ,20 04 ;De r wi ng e tal . ,19 93 ;Le e ,2 0 06 ) .I ma i nt a i n t hatt hi ss e e mi ngl y l a nguage - s pe c i f i cpr ope r t y ofKor e an c a nnotbe s i mpl ya t t r i but e d t oan abs t r ac tr e pr e s e nt a t i on ofas yl l a bl e ,whi c h i sus ua l l y dubbe das“body( =ons e t+nuc l e us )+c oda. ”Rat he r ,Is ugge s tt hatt he r ei sa s ub- s yl l abi ct e mpl a t et ha tr e qui r e si nt e r de pe nde nc y be t we e n C a nd V,notV a nd C,t owhi c hs pe a ke r soft hel angua gemaker e f e r e nc ei nt he i rbe havi or .

Wi t h r e s pe c tt ot heCIc hoi c ei n t her e dupl i c a t i on,Ipr opos et hatKor e an s pe a ke r sa r ei mpl i c i t l yawa r et ha tons e ta ndnuc l e usa r emor et i ght l yc onne c t e d t ha nnuc l e usand c odaa tt hes ub- s yl l abi cl e ve l .TheCV c ombi na t i onpat t e r ns bot hi nt hewor d- c r e a t i one xpe r i me ntandt her e dupl i c at i on- onl yc or pust e s t i f y t ha te xi s t i ngVsaf f e c tt hec hoi c eofCI s ,whi c h i ndi c at e sa n i nt i ma t er e l at i on be t we e nons e tC and nuc l e usV.Thi sc l os er e l at i ons hi p be t we e nons e tC a nd nuc l e usV e xpl a i nswhyaCIt e ndst or e f e rt ot hef ol l owi ngV i nt hes e l e c t i on pr oc e s s .He nc e ,Ia r guet hatt he na t i ve s pe a ke r s ’be havi ordoe snotme r e l y mi r r orwhate xi s t si nt hel e xi c onf orCV c ombi nat i ons ,buti ti nf a c tr e f l e c t st he s pe a ke r s ’phonot a c t i c a lknowl e dgeoft hes ub- s yl l abi ct e mpl at e .

I ta ppe a r st hatt he phonot ac t i cpr obabi l i t i e si n s pe a ke r s ’mi nd a f f e c tt he c hoi c eofCI si nt hec as eoft heKor e anr e dupl i c at i on.Spe a ke r smayr e me mbe r f r e que ntr e dupl i c a t e df or mswhos eCV c ombi na t i onsar ea l s oi ns t or ef ort he m t o us ei n c r e a t i ng ne w r e dupl i c a t e d f or ms ,whi c h me anst hatmor ef r e que nt f or msa r emor ei nf l ue nt i a li nc r e at i ngnove lf or ms .Fori ns t a nc e ,Fi gur e3s hows t ha tt hes pe ake r si n t hee xpe r i me ntc hos e/pu/,/t o/,/ʧo/ mos tf r e que nt l y, a mong ot he rCV c ombi na t i onsofpV,t V,ʧV,r e s pe c t i ve l y,whi c h i sa c t ua l l y c onf i r me dbyt hef a c tt hatt hemos tf r e que nts i ngl er e dupl i c a t e df or mswi t hpV, t V,ʧV ar e ul t

uŋ-

t

uŋ ‘ bumpy, ’os on-

os on‘’ ha r moni ous l y, ’oŋki - ʧoŋki

‘ t hi c kl y’( c l os e l yaf t e rumul - ʧ’ umul‘ he s i t ant l y’a nda ki - ʧaki‘ c ha r mi ng’ )i nt he

c or pus .Thi smay s ugge s tt ha tt he mos tf r e que ntCV c ombi nat i ons ,nott he

e nt i r e CV c ombi na t i ons ,have s ome i mpa c ton t he e s t a bl i s he d phonot a c t i c s .

Howe ve r ,t hi sc onj e c t ur ei sye tt obec onf i r me dt hr oughmor ec a r e f uls c r ut i ny a nd Il e a vei tf orf ur t he rr e s e a r c h.

5. Conclusion

Thear gume nti nt hi spape rc a pt ur e st woki ndsoft e nde nc yi nt hec hoi c eof i ns e r t e d c ons ona nt si nt heKor e a nt ot a lr e dupl i c at i on.Thei ns e r t e d c ons ona nt s ge ne r al l yt e ndt obenon- i de nt i c a lt ot hee xt a ntba s ec ons ona nt s .Me a nwhi l e ,i t i nc l i ne st obei de nt i c a lt o oneoft hee xi s t i ng ba s ec ons onant sunde rs pe c i f i c c ondi t i ons .He nc e ,t hi spa pe ra c c ount sf ort hede vi antbe ha vi oroft heKor e an r e dupl i c at i ondat awhi c hwoul dot he r wi s epa r a l l e lot he rl a nguage st ha ts how a n e xc l us i vet e nde nc yofi de nt i t ya voi da nc e .

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AppendixA.Di

c t i ona r y( Eys s e y ns uKwuk eSa c e n20 06 )

Re dupl i c a t i onwi t hVCVC- bas e s

1 . 우물쭈물 _{umul - ʧ’ umul}

2 . 오목조목 omok- ʧomok

3 . 우묵주묵 umuk- ʧumuk

4 . 어빡자빡 ʌp’ a k- ʧap’ a k

5 . 우걱지걱 ukʌk- ʧi kʌk

6 . 이판사판 i p

a n-

a p

a n

7 . 오톨도톨 _ot

_{ol -}

_ot

_ol

8 . 우툴두툴 ut

ul -

ut

ul

9 . 어정버정 ʌʧʌŋ-

1 0. 아장바장 aʧa ŋ-

ŋ

1 1. 어런더런 ʌl ʌn-

ʌl ʌn

1 2. 어룽더룽 ʌl uŋ-

ʌl uŋ

1 3. 어영부영 _{ʌj ʌŋ-}

_ʌŋ

1 4. 아롱다롱 al oŋ-

al oŋ

1 5. 오손도손 os on-

os on

1 6. 오순도순 os un-

os un

1 7. 이몽가몽 i moŋ-

moŋ

1 8. 애동대동 e t oŋ-

e t oŋ

1 9. 어근버근 _ʌkɨn-

2 0. 어금버금 ʌkɨm-

2 1. 아근바근 akɨn-

kɨn

2 2. 알록달록 al l ok-

al l ok

2 3. 어룩더룩 ʌl uk-

ʌl uk

2 4. 얼럭덜럭 ʌl l ʌk-

ʌl l ʌk

2 5. 얼룩덜룩 _{ʌl l uk-}

_{ʌl l uk}

2 6. 우락부락 ul a k-

ak

2 7. 아록다록 al ok-

a l ok

2 8. 알락달락 al l a k-

a l l ak

2 9. 어뜩비뜩 ʌt ’ ɨk-

t ’ ɨk

AppendixB.Expe

r i me nt( wor dc r e a t i ont a s k)

Directions:Eac

h oft hef ol l owi ngmor phe me si spar tofar e dupl i c at i vef or m.

Bas e d on your i nt ui t i on a s a na t i ve s pe ake r of Kor e an,pl e a s e c r e a t e a r e dupl i c at e dwor dbya ddi ngac ons ona ntt ot hegi ve ni t e m.Whe nyouc r e a t ea r e dupl i c ant ,pl e a s ema kes ur et ha tas e gme nta tt heout s e ts houl dbedi f f e r e nt f r om t hec or r e s ponde nti nt hegi ve nmor phe me .Al s oma kes ur et or e ad ne w f or msal oudwhe nyouar ec r e a t i ngt he m.

StimuliwithaVCVC base

1 . 우술 us ul

2 . 오독 _{ot ok} 3 . 오작 oʧa k 4 . 아식 a s i k 5 . 아달 a t al 6 . 우칠 uʧ

i l 7 . 어중 ʌʧuŋ 8 . 오삼 _{os am} 9 . 우끈 uk’ ɨn 1 0. 아장 a ʧaŋ 1 1. 우설 us ʌl 1 2. 오공 okoŋ 1 3. 아밤 a pa m 1 4. 오감 _{oka m} 1 5. 오롱 ol oŋ

2)ThestimuliweregiveninKoreantotheparticipants.Thestimuliwerenewlymadeupfor thesakeoftheexperiment,exceptforafew whichhappentobeidenticaltothoseina dialectthatarenotknownwell.

Young-ran An

De par t me ntofEngl i s h

Col l e geofFor e i gnLangua ge s ,Kor e aChr i s t i anUni ve r s i t y 2 4gi l4 7Kka c hi s a n- r oGa ngs e o- gu

Se oul15 7- 72 2,Kor e a Phone :8 2- 2- 26 00 - 2 54 2

Emai l :youngr a n. an@gma i l . c om

Received on June 28, 2013

Revised version received on August 23, 2013 Accepted on September 5, 2013