Application of K-DRUM Model for Pakistan Kunhar River Basin Considering Long-term Snow Melt and Cover

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**** ⦽ǎᙹᯱᬱŖᔍ K-waterᩑǍᬱ ₦ᯥᩑǍᬱ ([email protected]) Received March 8, 2013/ revised April 30, 2013/ accepted August 28, 2013

Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹ͸ͷʹȀǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵Ǥ͸Ǥʹʹ͵͹ ǤǤǤ

ⵣᏮ#ⳳ· ⶿⛢ⴂ#ኞᷢ㬚#㣊㙢⡢㚂#Kunharᇓ#Ⳟ⮫#K-DRUM⁦㯓#ጪ㍓#

⇍#⶿Ⱨ

ࢮ஼෭ȵෛઽ೿ȵڋஜ૴ȵ׌প଀

Park, Jin Hyeog, Hur, Young Teck, Noh, Joon Woo, Kim, Seo-Won****

Application of K-DRUM Model for Pakistan Kunhar River Basin Considering Long-term Snow Melt and Cover

ABSTRACT

In this study, physics based K-DRUM(K-water Distributed RUnoff Model) using GIS spatial hydrologic data as input data was developed to account for the temperature variation according to the altitude change considering snow melt and cover. The model was applied for Pakistan Kunhar River Basin(2,500km

²

) to calculate long-term discharge considering snow melt and cover. Time series analysis of the temperature and rainfall data reveals that temperature and rainfall of the river basin differs significantly according to altitude change compared to domestic basin. Thus, applying temperature and altitude lapse rate during generate input data generation.

As a result, calculated discharge shows good agreement with observed ones considering snow melt and accumulation characteristic which has the difference of 4,000 meter elevation above sea level. In addition, the simulated discharge strongly showed snow melting effect associated with temperature rise during the summer season.

Key words : K-DRUM, Snow melt and cover, Kunhar river, Discharge

Ⅹಾ

ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵GIS Ŗeᙹྙᯱഭෝ᯦ಆᯱഭಽ⪽ᬊ⦹۵ྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶vᬑᮁ⇽༉⩶(K-DRUM, K-water Distributed RUnoff Model)ᮥŁࠥᇥ⡍ᨱ঑ෙʑ᪉ᄡ⪵᪡ᮖ읆ᱢᖅ༉᮹aa܆⦹ࠥಾ⪶ᰆ}ၽ⦹ᩍ❭┅ᜅ┥Kunharvᮁᩎ(2,500km

²

)ᮥݡᔢᮝಽᮖ읆ᱢᖅᮥ

Łಅ⦽ᰆʑᮁ⇽ప༉᮹đŝෝእƱᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. ʑ᪉ၰvᬑ᜽ĥᩕᯱഭᇥᕾđŝ࠺ᯝ⦽ᮁᩎԕ⢽Łᨱ঑ෙʑ᪉ၰvᬑ₉aǎԕᮁᩎŝ ۵ݍญๅᬑᝍ⦹íӹ┡ӹʑ᪉ၰŁࠥqᮉᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ༉⩶᮹᯦ಆsᮝಽᔑᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. ⧕ၽŁࠥ4,000m₉ᯕ᮹ᮖ읆ᱢᖅ✚ᖒᮥၹᩢ⦽ᮁ⇽

పᰍ⩥ᖒᮡእƱᱢ᧲⪙⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᩑᵲᮁ⇽➉▕ᮡᩍ෥℁ʑ᪉ᔢ᜚ᨱ᮹⧕ᮖᖅಽᯙ⦽ᮁ⇽ᯕv⦹íӹ┡ӹŁᯩᨩ݅.

áᔪᨕ ᇥ⡍⩶༉⩶(K-DRUM), ᮖ읆ᱢᖅ, Kunharv, ᮁ⇽ప

սėॡ

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Fig. 1. Structure of the K-DRUM

1. ᕽು

⍕⥉░ʑၹ᮹ᙹྙ༉ߙยᨱݡ⦽⦥᫵ᖒᯕݡࢱࡽᯕ௹ᙹྙ༉

ߙยᮡḡӽ30֥eᬕᩢ༊ᱢŝᔍ⫭ᱢ᫵Ǎᨱ฿íḡᗮᱢᮝಽ

}ၽࡹᨕ᪵݅. }ၽⅩʑᇡ░⩥ᰍʭḡeᗭ⦽᯦ಆᯱഭ᪡዁ෙ

Ǎ࠺᜽e, e݉⦽⧕ᕾ᦭Łญ᷹॒ᮝಽᯙ⧕Ḳᵲ⩶, }ֱᱢ, đᱶ

ುᱢ ᙹྙ༉⩶ॅᯕ ฯᯕ ᔍᬊࡹŁ ᯩ݅(Kim, 1998). ə్ӹ ᯕ్⦽

༉⩶ᮡ ḡᩎᨱ✚⪵ࡽ Ğ⨹ᱢᯙ ᔢᙹ᮹ᔑ⇽ ၰ ᱢᬊᮥ⦥᫵ಽ

⦹໑ḡᩎᱢ✚ᖒ᮹ᇩɁḩᖒᮥŁಅ⦹ḡ༜⦽݅۵݉ᱱᯕᯩ݅.

↽ɝᱥᖙĥᱢᮝಽGIS ၰ᭥ᖒᩢᔢᮥᯕᬊ⦽ᮁᩎᨱݡ⦽ᔢᖙ⦽

ᙹྙๅ}ᄡᙹᙹḲᯕa܆⦹íࡹŁ⍕⥉░᮹ʑ܆⨆ᔢŝᅖᰂ⦽

ᙹ⊹༉᮹ʑᚁ᮹ၽݍಽᯙ⧕vᬑ᪡ᙹྙ✚ᖒ᮹Ŗeᇥ⡍᪡እɁ ḩᖒᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍᮁᩎᮁ⇽ᮥĥᔑ⧁ᙹᯩ۵ྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶

ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᨱݡ⦽⪽ᬊࠥa׳ᦥḡŁᯩ݅(Park and Hur, 2008a;

2008b; 2009; Chung et al., 2010). ǎԕ}ၽࡽ݅ᙹ᮹ྜྷญᱢ

ʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶༉⩶ᵲᨱᕽᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ⪽ᬊ⦽K-DRUM༉⩶ᮡ

ᬕ࠺❭ᯕುŝᮁ⦽₉ᇥჶᮥ ᯕᬊ⦽ྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹Ċᯱᇥ⡍⩶

ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝಽݚⅩ⪮ᙹʑݱᮁ᯦పᔑᱶᮥ༊ᱢᮝಽ}ၽࡹᨕ

ᬊݕݱᮁᩎᨱᱢᬊ(Park and Hur, 2008b)⦽äᮥ᜽᯲ᮝಽ, ᯥḥ v(Park and Hur, 2009), ɩv(Park and Hur, 2010) ၰӺ࠺v

ᙹĥ(Park et al., 2011) ॒ݡᮁᩎᨱᕽ᮹ᮁ⇽పᰍ⩥ᖒᮥ⠪a⦹ᩡ

ᮝ໑, əđŝᝅྕᨱᕽࠥ∊ᇥ⦽ᱢᬊ܆ಆᯕᯩᮭᮥ⪶ᯙ⦹ᩡ݅.

ə్ӹᮖ·ᱢᖅᯕၽᔾ⦹ḡᦫ۵⪮ᙹʑᮁ⇽పᔑᱶᨱ۵ᱢᬊᯕ

a܆⦹ӹ, ĉᬙᇡ░ ݅ᮭ⧕ ᅥʭḡ ᮖ·ᱢᖅᯕ ၽ⧪⦹۵ Łࠥa

׳ᮡᔑᦦḡ⩶ᨱ۵ᱢᬊᯕᨕಅᬭ᷾ၽᔑၰᮖ·ᱢᖅ༉ऩᮥ⇵a⦹

ᩍ ᰆʑ ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝಽ ⪶ᰆ }ၽ⦹ᩡᮝ໑ ᅥ℁ ᮖᖅ᮹ ᩢ⨆ᯕ

ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ ⓑ Ų࠺ݱ ᮁᩎᮥ ݡᔢᮝಽ ᮁ⇽ప ༉᮹ෝ ᙹ⧪⦽

ၵ ᯩ݅(Kim et al., 2012).

ᮖᖅၰᱢᖅᨱ᮹⦽ᮁ⇽ᮥ༉᮹⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽŝÑᇡ░ฯᮡ

ᮖᖅ ༉⩶ᯕ }ၽࡹᨕ ᪵۵ߑ }ၽࡽ ༉⩶ॅᮡ ݉ᙽ⦽ ☖ĥᱢ

༉⩶(Zuzel and Cox, 1975)ᨱᕽ ᅖᰂ⦽ ᇥ⡍⩶ ༉⩶(Morris, 1985)ᨱ ᯕ෕ʑʭḡ ə ⩶┽a ݅᧲⦹Ł, ༉⩶᮹ ⩶᜾ᨱ ঑௝

᫵Ǎࡹ۵᯦ಆᯱഭࠥ݅෕݅. ༉⩶᮹⩶᜾ᯕᮖᖅ᮹ྜྷญᱢŝᱶᮥ

⢽⩥⧁ᙹᯩŁ, ᯦ಆᯱഭa⣮ᇡ⦹Łᱶ⪶⦹݅໕༉⩶᮹đŝ۵

ᱶ⪶⧁äᯥᮡᇥ໦⦹ӹ, ǎԕ᮹ᮖᖅᨱš⦽ᩑǍ⩥ᝅᮥqᦩ⦹໕

}ֱᱢᮖᖅ༉⩶ᯕᱢᱩ⦹݅Ł❱݉ࡽ݅(Bae, 1998). }ֱᱢᮖᖅ

༉⩶ᮥᯕᬊ⦽Bae (1998)۵ၙǎǎพʑᔢℎ᮹᪉ࠥḡᙹᮖᖅ༉

⩶ᮥᔍᬊ⦹Łvᬑ-ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝಽSAC-SMA༉⩶ᮥᔍᬊ⦹ᩍᬑ ญӹ௝ ᇢᇡᔑe ḡᩎᯙ ԕฑ⃽ ᮁᩎᨱ ᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. Lee et al.

(2003)᮹ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵vᬑ-ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝಽᙹᱶ3݉╒Ⓧ༉⩶ᮥᮖ ᖅ༉⩶ᮝಽSugawara et al.(1984)᮹ᮖᖅ༉⩶ᮥᔍᬊ⦹ᩍᗭ᧲v ݱŝ∊ᵝݱᮁᩎᨱݡ⧕ᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ੱ⦽Kim et al.(2006)ᮡ

∊ᵝݱᮥݡᔢᮝಽSWAT༉⩶ᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍᮖᖅ༉᮹ᨱ঑ෙᮁ⇽

ၰ ᙹྙᖒᇥ᮹ ᩢ⨆ᮥ ᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. ǎԕ ᮁᩎᨱ ᱢᬊࡽ ᔍಡෝ

ᅕ໕ݡᇡᇥᮖᖅ༉᮹ෝŁಅ⦽Ğᬑ᮹༉᮹ᮁపᯕš⊂ᮁపŝ

޵ɝᔍ⦹݅Ł ၾ⩡ Łࠥa׳ᮡ ᔑᦦḡ⩶᮹ Ğᬑĉᬙŝ ᅥ᮹

ᮖ·ᱢᖅᨱݡ⦽Łಅa⦥ᙹᱢᯕ௝⧁ᙹᯩ݅. ⪮ᙹʑ᮹Ğᬑ۵

Ḣᱲᮁ⇽పᯕʑᱡᮁ⇽ᨱእ⧕ᔢݡᱢᮝಽⓍʑ ভྙᨱ᷾ၽᔑ

Łಅ⦽Ğᬑa ᝅᱽ ᮁ⇽పŝɝᔍ⦹í ӹ┡ӹŁ ᯩᮭᮥ᦭ ᙹ

ᯩ݅.

ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ Łࠥa ׳Ł ⧕ၽŁࠥ ₉ᯕa ⓑ ḡ⩶✚ᖒᮥ

aḥ❭┅ᜅ┥ Kunharv ᮁᩎᮥݡᔢᮝಽ ᩑe ᮁ⇽పᮥᅕ݅

ᱶ⪶⯩ᰍ⩥⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹K-DRUM༉⩶ᨱSugawara et al.(1984)ᯕᱽᦩ⦽}ֱᱢᮖᖅ༉⩶ᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩍš⊂ʑ᪉ŝ

vᙹపᮥŁࠥᨱ঑௝ᱢᖅੱ۵ᮖᖅಽᄡ⪹⦹ᩍᮖ·ᱢᖅᮥŁಅ⦽

ᮁ⇽పᮥ ༉᮹⦹ᩡ݅.

2. K-DRUM༉⩶᮹Ǎᖒ

2.1 K-DRUMࡦ෴ଭԹ૬

K-DRUM ༉⩶ᮡᯱℕ}ၽ⦽ྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝ ಽb Ċᯱษ݅ ྜྷญᱢ✚ᖒsᮥ ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ vᬑᨱ঑ෙ ᮁᩎ᮹

ᮁ⇽పᮥĊᯱᄥಽᙽ₉ĥᔑ⦹۵Ǎ᳑ಽࡹᨕᯩ݅. ᩑḢǍ᳑۵

A~B⊖᮹ ᙹ⠪ᮁ⇽పᮡ ⦹⃽ᮝಽ ᮁ᯦⦹Ł, C⊖ᮡ ⦹⃽ᮁపᨱ

ᩢ⨆ᮥ ၙ⊹ḡ ᦫ۵ ḡ⦹ᙹ⊖ᮝಽ aᱶ⦹ᩡ݅(Fig. 1).

ᅙ༉⩶᮹✚ᖒᮝಽᕽ۵DEMᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍĊᯱʑၹᮝಽḡ⩶ᱶ

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ᅕෝᙹ⊹⪵⦹ŁGISෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ᭥ᖒᩢᔢᮥ☖⦽ᝅᱽ☁᧲ၰ

☁ḡ⦝ᅖᨱݡ⦽ๅ}ᄡᙹॅᮥ⇵⇽⦹Ł, ᝅᱽ᪡ɝᔍ⦽⦹⃽⮱෥

ࠥෝ⇵⇽⦹ᩍᬕ࠺ᩎ⦺ᱢᯙᯕುᮥʑၹᮝಽྜྷ᮹⮱෥ᮥᙹญ⦺

ᱢᮝಽ⇵ᱢ⦹۵äᯕ݅. ੱ⦽, ⋉⚍܆Ŗɚᮥ☖⦽⮱෥ŝᱶᮝಽ

ᔑᱶ⦹Ł⪮ᙹ᜽༉᮹ᨱᕽ۵౩ᯕ޵vᬑ॒᮹Ċᯱʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶

vᬑෝ᯦ಆ⧁ᙹᯩࠥಾᖅĥࡹᨕᯩ݅(Park and Hur, 2010).

ḡ⢽⮱෥ၰA⊖(᧶ᮡ໕⮱෥)ᮡᵲeᮁ⇽ᮥŁಅ⦽ᬕ࠺❭ჶ

ᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩡŁ, B⊖(ḡ⢽⦹⮱෥)ŝC⊖(ḡ⦹ᙹ⮱෥)ᮡᖁ⩶ᱡඹ ჶᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. b⊖ᨱᕽ᮹ᮁ⇽⧕ᕾᮥ᭥⦽ḡ႑ႊᱶ᜾ŝbb ᮹ ᄡᙹᨱ ݡ⦽ ԕᬊᮡ ݅ᮭŝ z݅(Beven, 1979).

ć ŞƆ â ć Şƒ ŞƖ ŞƏ áƐì Ɛá«â®

à Ƅ (1)

Ə á Þ ^{ķÞƆ à Ƃ} ^ķƆ

^ß

^Ƌ

^âĸƆ ß ^{ì ƕƆƃƌ} Þ ^{Ɔ > Ƃ} ^{Ɔ ï Ƃ}

ß ^{ì Ƃ}

^{á Ł}

^{ì Ƌ á ćÐ} ^Ò

(2)

ķ á ć ƌ

ö ^ć ľ Þ¦ſƌƌƇƌƅ ƒƗƎƃßì ĸ á ć Ł

Ɖ

ľ

ÞſƐƁƗ ƒƗƎƃß (3)

®

á Þ ^¬

^{à Ƃ} ×

ß ^{ì ƕƆƃƌ} Þ ^¬ ^¬

^{à Ƃ} ^{à Ƃ}

^{> ×} ^{ï ×} ß ^{ì Ƃ}

^{á Ł}

⁽⁴⁾

ć Ƃƒ Ƃ¬

á ¢

à ¨

ì ¢

á Ƅ

â®

ì ¨

á ¨

_Ɔ

â¨

_Ɣ

ì

¨

_Ɔ

á Ɖ

_Ɔ

¬

ì ¨

_Ɣ

á Ɖ

_Ɣ

¬

(5)

®

á Þ ^¬

^{à Ƃ} ^×

ß ^{ì ƕƆƃƌ} Þ ^¬ ^¬

^{à Ƃ} ^{à Ƃ}

^{> ×} ^{ï ×} ß ^{ì Ƃ}

^{á Ł}

⁽⁶⁾

ć Ƃƒ Ƃ¬

á ¢

à ¨

ì ¢

á ¨

_Ɣ

â¨

_{® ©}

ì ¨

á ¨

_Ɔ

ì

¨

_Ɔ

á Ɖ

_Ɔ

¬

(7)

ᩍʑᕽ, Ɔ : ᙹᝍ(m), Ə : ݉᭥⡎ݚᮁప(m2/sec), « : vᬑvࠥ

(m/sec), _Ƅ : Green-Ampt᜾ᮝಽᔑ⇽⦽⋉⚍vࠥ(m/sec), ľ : ᔍ໕ Ğᔍb, ƌ : Manning᮹᳑ࠥĥᙹ, Ɖ

: A⊖᮹⚍ᙹĥᙹ(m/sec), Ł

, Ł

, _Ł

: A, B, C⊖᮹Ŗɚᮉ,

,

: A, B, C⊖᮹ᮁ⬉☁ᝍ (m), _Ƃ

, _Ƃ

: A, B, C ⊖᮹⡍⪵ᱡඹa܆ప(m), ®

: B⊖ᨱᕽA⊖

ᮝಽᅖȡ⦹۵ᮁపvࠥ(m/sec), ®

: C⊖ᨱᕽB⊖ᮝಽᅖȡ⦹۵ᮁ

పvࠥ(m/sec), ¬

, _¬

: B, C⊖᮹ᱡඹప(m), ¢

, _¢

: B, C⊖᮹ᮁ᯦

vࠥ(m/sec), ¨

, _¨

: B, C ⊖᮹ᮁ⇽vࠥ(m/sec), ¨

_Ɔ

, _¨

_Ɔ

: B, C

⊖ᨱᕽ᮹⬂ႊ⨆ᮁ⇽vࠥ(m/sec), ¨

_Ɣ

: B⊖ᨱᕽ᮹᳦ႊ⨆ᮁ⇽v

ࠥ(m/sec), Ɖ

_Ɔ

, _Ɖ

_Ɔ

: B, C ⊖ᨱᕽ᮹⬂ႊ⨆⚍ᙹĥᙹ(m/sec), Ɖ

_Ɣ

: B

⊖ᨱᕽ᮹᳦ႊ⨆⚍ᙹĥᙹ(m/sec), ¨

_{® ©}

: C⊖᮹ᔢඹĞĥಽᮁ᯦⦹

۵ᮁ᯦ᮁపvࠥ(m/sec)

vᬑၽᔾ᜽☁᧲ԕᇡಽ᮹⋉⚍vࠥෝĥᔑ⦹ʑ᭥⦽Green-Ampt

᜾᮹ ᙹ᜾ᮡ ݅ᮭŝ z݅.

ƒ

á Ɖ

_Ƒ

Ģƒâō Þľ

Ƒ

à ľ

_×

ß Þ ^{Îí× â ć} ^{ō Þľ}

^Ƒ

^{à ľ}

^ƒ ^×

^ß ß ^ì

Ƅ

ƒ

á Ɖ

_Ƒ

Þ ^{Îí× â ć} ^{ō Þľ}

^Ƒ

^{à ľ}

^ƒ ^×

^ß ß ⁽⁸⁾

ᩍʑᕽ,

_ƒ

: _ƒ ᜽eᨱᕽ᮹ ٥a⋉⚍ప(m), Ɖ

_Ƒ

: ᮁ⬉⚍ᙹĥᙹ (m/sec), _Ģƒ : ĥᔑ᜽eeĊ(sec), ō : ᜖ᮅᖁ⯂᯦ᙹࢱ(m), ľ

Ƒ

:

⡍⪵⧉ᙹእ, ľ

_×

: Ⅹʑ⧉ᙹእ, Ƅ

_ƒ

: _ƒ ᜽eᨱᕽ᮹⋉⚍vࠥ(m/sec)

2.2 ଜ·ୡডॺ୨׆࣑

ᅙ༉⩶ᮡݚⅩ⪮ᙹᇥᕾ༉⩶ᮝಽ}ၽ⦹ᩡᮝӹ, ↽ɝᨱ᷾ၽᔑ,

Ǎᇥ⦹۵ʑᵡ᪉ࠥᨱ঑௝ݡʑ᪉ࠥaᔢݡᱢᮝಽԏᮝ໕ᱢᖅ,

׳ᮝ໕ᮖᖅಽ❱݉⦹۵e݉⦽Ǎ᳑ಽ⢽⩥ࡽ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ

Degree-day ႊჶᨱĞ⨹ᱢᔢᙹa⡍⧉ࡽ᪉ࠥḡᙹჶ(Temperature Index) ᮝಽvᙹపŝݡʑ᪉ࠥ᪡ʑᵡ᪉ࠥ₉ᯕෝŁಅ⦹ᩍ݅ᮭ

ŝ zᯕ ӹ┡ԕᨩ݅.

Ē ē Ĕ

ĕ ĕ

¬ á «Þƒß ì

_ſ

=

_ƀ

¬ á Þ ^{¬¦¥ â ć} ^Õ× ^{Î «Þƒß} ß ^{Z Þ}

^ſ

^{Þƒß à}

^ƀ

^Þƒßßì

^ſ

^ð

^ƀ

(9)

ᩍʑᕽ, ¬ ۵᜽eݚᱢᖅప( ƋƋîƆƐ ), _«Þƒß ۵᜽eݚvᙹ ప( ƋƋîƆƐ ),

_ſ

Þƒß ۵᜽݉᭥⠪Ɂݡʑ᪉ࠥ( ),

_ƀ

Þƒß ۵ʑᵡ ᪉ࠥ( ), _¬ ۵ ᜽eݚ ᮖᖅప( ƋƋîƆƐ ), _¬¦¥ ۵ ʑ᪉ߑ

঑ෙ ᜽eݚ ᮖᖅప( ƋƋîƆƐî )ᯕ݅.

݅෕íᇥ⡍ࢁᙹᯩᮝ໑, Yun et al.(2000)ᮡᔑᦦḡݡ᮹ʑ᪉qශ

ᮥᔑᱶ⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍᦥ௹᜾ŝzᯕᩑᵲԁḽᨱ঑ෙʑ᪉qශ

(4)

Fig. 2. Study Area Fig. 3. Comparison of Observed Rainfall (2006.9~2007.8) ᱩݡs ᄡ⪵Ğ⨆ᮥ 365ᯝ ᵝʑ᮹ ⧉ᙹಽ ⢽⩥⦹ᩡ݅.

çġ çá ×í××ÓÕÒâ ×í××ÎÐÒå×í×ÎÔÏÞƇà ÎÒßæ (10)

ᩍʑᕽ, ġ ۵ʑ᪉qශ(ⳃ), Ƈ ۵Julian day,

ſ

۵Łࠥᨱ঑ෙ

ʑ᪉qශᮥ Łಅ⦹ᩍ ᔑᱶࡽ ݡʑ᪉ࠥ(ⳃ),

_Ƒƒſ

۵ ʑᔢš⊂ᗭ

š⊂ ݡʑ᪉ࠥ(ⳃ) ᯕ݅.

Eq. (10)ᨱ᮹⧕⇵ᱶࡹ۵Łࠥ100m ᔢ᜚ᨱ঑ෙʑ᪉qශᮡ

7 ᬵ᮹0.55ⳃᇡ░1ᬵ᮹0.82ⳃಽᕽ⠪Ɂsᮡ⢽ᵡݡʑ᮹⠪Ɂq ශ0.65ⳃ᪡Ⓧí݅෕ḡᦫ݅(Yun et al., 2000). Sugawara et al.(1984) ࠥŁࠥa100m ׳ᦥḱᨱ঑௝ʑ᪉ᯕ0.5ⳃ~0.6ⳃᱡ⦹

⦽݅Łၾ⯭ၵᯩᨕ᭥᜾ᮡᱢᬊ⦹ʑᨱᱢ⧊⧁äᮝಽ❱݉ࡽ݅.

᪉ᮥ☁ݡಽ༉ुĊᯱᨱŁࠥᨱ঑ෙʑ᪉qශᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩍĊᯱᄥ

ࡽ݅.

3. ᩑǍݡᔢḡၰGIS ᙹྙๅ}ᄡᙹǍ⇶

3.1 ઴֜۩ঃ஺

ᅙᩑǍݡᔢḡ۵❭┅ᜅ┥᮹❭✙ฑऽḡᩎᨱᯩ۵Kunharv

ᮁᩎᮝಽ⯩ัญ᧝ᔑๆᨱ᭥⊹⦹Łᯩᨕ⧕ၽŁࠥa800~4,900m

ಽ᧞4,000m ᯕᔢ᮹⢽Ł₉aᇥ⡍⦹۵॒Łࠥa׳ŁŁࠥ₉ᯕ aⓍ໑Ğᔍaɪ⦽ḡ⩶✚ᖒᮥaḡŁᯩ݅. ᯕ۵Łࠥᨱ঑ෙ

ʑ᪉₉aๅᬑⓍíӹ┡ԁᙹᯩᮝ໑, ✚⯩ᯝᱶŁࠥᯕᔢᨱᕽ۵

vᙹa٩᮹⩶┽ಽ᳕ᰍ⦹အಽᩑeᮁ⇽ᯕᮖ·ᱢᖅᨱ᮹⧕ḡ႑ᱢ ᮝಽӹ┡ӹ۵ᮁᩎᯕ݅. ᯕᮁᩎᯕ᭥⊹⦹Łᯩ۵❭✙ฑऽḡᩎᮡ

K-waterᨱᕽᯕḡᩎ᮹ᱥಆӽ⧕ᗭෝ༊ᱢᮝಽ150MWȽ༉᮹

ᙹಆၽᱥᗭෝÕᖅ⦹۵ݡȽ༉⥥ಽ᱾✙ෝᔍᨦᮥḥ⧪ᵲᨱᯩ݅.

KunharvᮡJhelumv᮹ḡඹಽᕽ᧞126km᮹ᮁಽᩑᰆᮥaḡ ໑ ᱥℕ ᮁᩎ໕ᱢᮡ ᧞ 2,500km

²

ᨱ ݍ⦽݅. Kaghan Valleyಽ

ࢹ్᝙ᯙBabusar Pass ᇥᙹĥ᮹ԉ἞ᇡ░᜽᯲ࡹ໑, ኺ⦹ಽߏᯙ

⧕ၽ4,900m ḡᩎ᮹ྜྷᯕvᮝಽ⮹్ԕฑ݅. ᔢඹ᮹ᮁᩎᮡ25km ᨱᕽ30kmಽ݅᧲⦹Łԉ἞ᦥ௹ಽԕಅ᪍ᙹಾ᳢ᦥḥ݅(No et al, 2012).

ᩑǍݡᔢḡᯙɝᨱ᭥⊹⧕ᯩ۵š⊂ᗭ۵Fig. 2᪡zᯕᇥ⡍ࡹ

ᨕᯩŁ, ʑᔢš⊂ᗭ۵2}ᗭ(Naran, Domel), ᮁపš⊂ᗭ۵1}ᗭ (Partrind Dam Site)a ᭥⊹⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

3.2 ւ౸ୀ߹ंজ

ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ᮁᩎᨱᕽ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶vᬑ-ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮥᱢᬊ⧉ᨱ

ᯩᨕ༉⩶᮹ᵲ᫵᯦ಆᯱഭᯙvᬑᨱݡ⦹ᩍ᜽Ŗeᱢᯙvᬑᇥ⡍

ෝᮁ⇽ĥᔑᨱ༉᮹⦹ʑ᭥⧕Kunharvᮁᩎᨱ᭥⊹⦽2}vᬑš

⊂ᗭ᮹᜽vᬑᯱഭෝᔍᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ʑᔢš⊂ᗭᨱᕽš⊂⦽ᱶᅕෝ

ᇥᕾ⦽đŝ↽ɝ(2006~2007֥)᮹ᯱഭa݅ෙ֥ࠥᨱእ⧕እƱ ᱢđ⊂sᯕᱢᨕᯕʑeᨱݡ⦽š⊂ᗭᄥš⊂sᮥእƱ·ᇥᕾ

⦹ᩡ݅. Fig. 3ᮡݡᔢḡԕᨱ᭥⊹⦽2}ᗭʑᔢš⊂ᗭ᮹ᯝ݉᭥

š⊂ᬑపᮥ እƱ⦽ äᮝಽ ࢱ š⊂ᗭ᮹ š⊂ᬑపᯕ ᕽಽ ๅᬑ

ᔢᯕ⦽⩶┽ಽӹ┡ӹŁᯩᮭᮥ᦭ᙹᯩ݅. ᯕ۵Domel᮹Ğᬑ

⇵ᱶđŝ⧕ၽŁࠥ800m ᯕ⦹ᨱ᭥⊹⦹Łᯩḡอ, Naran᮹Ğᬑᨱ ۵᧞2,000m ᯕᔢᨱ᭥⊹⦹Łᯩᨕࢱš⊂ᗭᔍᯕ᮹Łࠥ₉a

ๅᬑⓍʑভྙᯙäᮝಽ❱݉ࡽ݅. ࢱš⊂ᗭᨱᕽ1֥e᮹٥ᱢv ᬑపᮡNaran᮹Ğᬑ2,110.8⽅ᯕŁDomel᮹Ğᬑ1,457.6⽅ಽ

Naran᮹ ᩑ٥ᱢ vᙹపᮡ Domelᨱ እ⧕ ᧞ 145% ᱶࠥ Ⓧí

ӹ┡ӹŁᯩ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ࢱš⊂ᗭ᮹vᬑᱶᅕෝᅕeʑჶ(ᩎ

(5)

Fig. 4. Recalculated Temperature Lapse Rate

Fig. 5. Temperature Change According to Altitude

Fig. 6. Comparison Between Yearly Observed and Temperature at Naran

Ñญaᵲჶ, IDW)ᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍᱥℕᮁᩎᨱvᬑෝᇥ⡍᜽⍽ᔍᬊ

⦹ᩡ݅.

Ɛ á ć

ā

Ƈ á Î ƌ

°

_Ƈ

ā

Ƈ á Î ƌ

Þ°

_Ƈ

«

_Ƈ

ß

ì °

_Ƈ

á ć ¥ Î

ƇÏ

(11)

ᩍʑᕽrᮡĊᯱᱱᨱᕽ᮹vᬑప, Nᮡݡᔢš⊂ᗭᙹ, °

Ƈ

۵ š⊂ᗭ Ƈ ᮹Ñญᨱ᮹⦽aᵲĥᙹ, «

_Ƈ

۵š⊂ᗭ Ƈ ᮹š⊂vᬑప,

¥

Ƈ

۵ ᔑᱶ⧁ ᱱᮝಽᇡ░ š⊂ᗭʭḡ᮹ Ñญᯕ݅.

ᯕෝ ᭥⧕ š⊂ᗭ᮹ ᭥⊹ᱶᅕ(X, Y, Z)a ⦥᫵⦹í ࡹ໑ ࢱ

š⊂ᗭ᪡ݡᔢĊᯱ᮹ᔢݡÑญၰ⢽Ł₉ෝŁಅ⦹ᩍᔑᱶ⦹í

ࡽ݅. ᮁᩎᮁ⇽ᮥ᭥⧕ǎᱽᱢᮝಽ⇵⃽ࡹŁᯩ۵ᬑపš⊂ᗭ᮹

ၡࠥ۵1}ᗭݚ᧞200⽋ಽᕽ⦽ǎ᮹Ğᬑ۵144⽋, ᯝᅙ᮹Ğᬑ۵

56 ⽋ᯕḡอ ᅙ ᩑǍݡᔢḡᯙ ❭┅ᜅ┥ Kunharᮁᩎ᮹ Ğᬑᨱ۵

᧞1,100⽋ᨱݍ⦹Łᯩᨕᮁᩎ໕ᱢᨱእ⧕ๅᬑᇡ᳒⦽ᔢ⫊ᯕ໑

ᯕಽᯙ⧕ᮁᩎᨱၽᔾ⦽vᙹ᮹ᱶ⪶⦽Ŗeᇥ⡍aᨕಖíࡹŁ

ᮁ⇽పᱶ⪶ࠥᨱᩢ⨆ᮥၙ⊹íࡽ݅. ᔑᱶࡽĊᯱvᬑపᮡASCII

⡍๘᮹⩶᜾ᮝಽᄡ⪹⦹ᩍᇥ⡍⩶༉⩶᮹᯦ಆᯙᯱಽᔍᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.

᷾ၽᔑၰᮖ·ᱢᖅᮥŁಅ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ᮁᩎԕvᬑᱶᅕᐱอ

ᦥܩ௝ʑᔢᱶᅕ(ʑ᪉, ᔢݡ᜖ࠥ, ⣮ᗮ, ᯝ᳑᜽e)a⦥᫵⦹݅. ʑ᪉

ᮡ š⊂ᗭ᮹ ⧕ၽŁࠥ ᱶᅕෝ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ ᮁᩎ᮹ ݅᧲⦽ ⢽Łᨱ

ݡ⧕ᰍᔑᱶ⦹Ł, ӹນḡᱶᅕᨱݡ⧕ᕽ۵ᮁᩎᱥℕᨱ࠺ᯝ⦽

sᮝಽaᱶ⦹íࡽ݅. ᅙᩑǍݡᔢᮁᩎ᮹ᩑeᮁ⇽✚ᖒᮡᵝಽ

׳ᮡ Łࠥᨱ ᭥⊹⦽ ḡᩎᨱ ᳕ᰍ⦹۵ ᱢᖅᯕ ʑ᪉ᔢ᜚ᨱ ᮹⧕

ᮖᖅࡹ۵⩶┽ෝӹ┡ԕʑভྙᨱᮖ·ᱢᖅᨱaᰆⓑᯙᯱᯙʑ᪉ᯕ

ࡹíࡽ݅. ʑ᪉ᮡ⧕ၽŁࠥa׳ᦥḩᙹಾᯝᱶ⦽ʑ᪉qශᨱ᮹⧕

ԏᦥḡí ࡽ݅. ᅙ ᩑǍݡᔢḡ᮹ Ğᬑᨱ۵ ⧕ၽŁࠥa 3,000m ᯕᔢ᮹ḡݡaๅᬑմíᇥ⡍⦹ŁᯩŁ, ☖ᔢ⧕ၽŁࠥ3,000m ᯕᔢ᮹ Ğᬑ ݡʑᔢ┽a Õ᳑⦽ ᔢ┽ಽ ᇥ⡍ࡹʑ ᛞ݅. ঑௝ᕽ

ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵əฝFigs. 4 and 5ᨱӹ┡ӹᯩ۵äŝzᯕÕ᳑᪡

᜖ᮅʑ᪉qශ᮹ᵲeᙹᵡᮝಽᄡᙹෝ᳑ᱶ⦹ᩍᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ᔩಽ

᳑ᱶࡽ ʑ᪉qශ ᜾ᮡ ᦥ௹᪡ z݅.

çġ çá ×í×ÎÎâ ×í××Ñå×í×ÎÔÏÞƇà Ï×ßæ (12)

Eq. (12) ෝ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ Domel ḡᩎ᮹ ᯝ⠪Ɂʑ᪉ᮥ ʑᵡᮝಽ

Naran š⊂ᗭ᮹⧕ၽŁࠥᨱݡ⦽ʑ᪉ᮥᰍᔑᱶ⦽đŝෝFig.

6 ᨱӹ┡ԕᨩ݅. Domel š⊂ᗭ᮹š⊂ʑ᪉ᮥ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍᰍᔑᱶࡽ

ʑ᪉ᮥ Naran š⊂ᗭᨱᕽ š⊂⦽ ʑ᪉ŝ እƱ⦽ đŝ 2007֥

5 ᬵŝ6ᬵᔍᯕᨱᕽ۵ᝅᱽš⊂⦽ʑ᪉ᨱእ⧕ԏíᔑᱶࡹŁ

ᯩḡอᱥℕᱢᮝಽᮁᔍ⦽⩶┽ಽӹ┡ӹŁᯩᮭᮥ᦭ᙹᯩ݅.

3.3 GIS৤ࢂ࠻Թ࣡৤֜ౠ

K-DRUM ᮥᯕᬊ⦽ᮁ⇽ᇥᕾᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ۵᯦ಆᯱഭಽʑᔢᱶ ᅕၰvᬑᱶᅕᐱอᦥܩ௝ᮁᩎ᮹ᙹྙ✚ᖒᮥđᱶ⧁ᙹᯩ۵

Ŗeᱢᮁᩎ✚ᖒᱶᅕa⦥᫵⦹݅. ᮁᩎ᮹ᙹྙ⦺ᱢᯙ✚ᖒᮡḡ⩶,

☁ḡ⦝ᅖ, ☁᧲॒ᨱ᮹⧕Ⓧí᳭ᬑࡽ݅. ᖙᇡᱢᮝಽᮁᩎ᮹⢽Łᇥ

⡍ࠥ, ⮱෥ႊ⨆ࠥ, ᔍ໕Ğᔍࠥ, ☁ḡ⦝ᅖࠥ, ☁᧲᳦ඹ॒ࠥᯕᯩᮝ ໑ᯕ్⦽ᯱഭ۵GIS ⩶┽᮹ᱶᅕෝaŖ⦹ᩍᔾᖒ⧁ᙹᯩ݅.

ᱥǎᱢᮝಽDEMᯕǍ⇶ࡹᨕᛞí᯦ᙹaa܆⦽ᬑญӹ௝᪡۵

ݍญ❭┅ᜅ┥ŝzᮡᱽ3ᖙĥǎaᨱݡ⦽DEMᯱഭᙹḲᇡ░

Ņ௡⦽ྙᱽaၽᔾ⦹ᩡ݅. USGSᨱᕽᱽŖ⦹Łᯩ۵ᯙ░֘ᔍᯕ

(6)

Fig. 7. Extraction of Watershed Boundary and Stream in Kunhar River Basin

DEM Flow direction Slope

Fig. 8. Topographic Characteristics Using DEM

✙(http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org)ෝ☖⦹ᩍ100m Ċᯱ⧕ᔢࠥෝaḥ

⧕ݚᮁᩎԕ2}ᩢᩎჵ᭥᮹DEMᮥ᯦ᙹ⦹ᩍArcGISෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ

⦹ӹ᮹DEMᩢᩎჵ᭥ಽ⧊⊽⬥, ݅᜽Kunhar Riverᮁᩎ᮹᳭⢽

᭥⊹ෝ⪶ᯙ⦹ᩍ1}ಽđ⧊ࡽĊᯱDEMᩢᩎᮥᔾᖒ⦹ᩍ⚍ᩢ

ၰ᳭⢽ᄡ⪹॒᮹ᱥ⃹ญŝᱶᮥÑ⊽⬥Fig. 7ŝzᯕᮁᩎĞĥᖁ

ၰ⦹⃽ᖁᮥ⇵⇽⦹ᩡ݅. ੱ⦽, K-DRUM᮹᯦ಆๅ}ᄡᙹಽ⢽Ł ᇥ⡍ࠥ, ⮱෥ႊ⨆ࠥ, ᔍ໕Ğᔍࠥ(Fig. 8) ॒᮹Ŗeᇥ⡍⩶ḡ⩶✚ᖒ

sᮥASCII⡍๘ᮝಽᔾᖒ⦹ᩡ݅. ⮱෥ႊ⨆ࠥ۵HEC-GeoHMS

extention ᮥᔍᬊ⦹ᩍᮁࠥ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᮁᩎĞĥᖁ᮹ᖡsᮥᮁᩎԕ

ᙹᱶ⦽↽ݡ⢽Łsᅕ݅޵׳ᩍᕽᙹྙ⦺ᱢᯙDEMᮥᔾᖒ⦹ᩡŁ,

⦹⃽᮹⮱෥ᯕᮁᩎĞĥᖁၷᮥჸᨕӹḡᦫࠥಾ⦹ᩍᮁᩎĞĥ

ၰ ⦹⃽฾ᮥ ᬱ⪽⦹í ⇵⇽⦹۵ ʑჶ(Charleux-Demarge and Peuch, 2000) ᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. Flow direction᮹ჵಡᚌᯱ۵⮱෥

ႊ⨆(1: ⳥, 2: Ⳬ, 4: ⳦, 16: ⳧, 32: Ⳮ, 64: ⳨, 128: ⳮ) ᮥ

ӹ┡ԙ݅.

᳑ࠥĥᙹᨱ ᩢ⨆ᮥ ၙ⊹۵ ☁ḡ⦝ᅖࠥ᪡ ⋉⚍ĥᙹᨱ ᩢ⨆ᮥ

ၙ⊹۵☁᧲ࠥ۵ၙǎFAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) ⪩⟹ᯕḡᨱᕽᯱഭෝ᯦ᙹ⦹ᩍá☁⦽

đŝ⧕ᔢࠥaᙹ⊹⢽Łᇥ⡍ࠥᨱእ⧕ๅᬑԏᮡšĥಽ}ఖᱢᯙ

Defaultsᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ᅕ☖ᮁᩎᮁ⇽ᮡḡ⩶✚ᖒᨱᵝಽᩢ⨆ᮥ

ၼíࡹḡอ, ᅕ݅ᱶၡ⦽ᮁ⇽పᔑᱶᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ۵⧕ݚᮁᩎᨱ

ݡ⦽ᅕ݅ᱶၡ⦽☁ḡ⦝ᅖၰ☁᧲✚ᖒᱶᅕෝ᯦ಆ⦹ᩍᔍᬊ⦹۵

äᯕ ᳬ݅.

4. ᱢᬊၰđŝ

ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽᔍᬊ⦽vᬑᔍᔢᮡእƱᱢᝁ഑⧁อ⦽ᯱഭෝᅕᮁ

⦹Łᯩ۵2006֥ᇡ░2007֥ʭḡ1֥eᮖ·ᱢᖅᮥŁಅ⦽ᰆʑ

ᮁ⇽పᮥ ᔑᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. ĊᯱeĊᮡ 500mಽ ᖅᱶ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᯕ۵

ŝÑǎԕᩑǍᔍಡෝɝÑಽݡᔢᮁᩎ᮹ḡ⩶✚ᖒᮥ↽ݡ⦽ၹᩢ

⦹໕ᕽĥᔑ᜽eᮥᱩ᧞⧁ᙹᯩ۵ᙹᵡᮝಽ❱݉ࡹᨩ݅. ᮁᩎᨱ

ݡ⦽ⅾĥᔑĊᯱᙹ۵ⅾ14,221}ಽaಽ201}, ᖙಽ240}᮹

ĊᯱಽǍᖒࡹᨕᯩ݅. ᮁ⇽ᇥᕾᮥᙹ⧪⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ᬑᖁݡᔢʑ e࠺ᦩ᮹š⊂vᙹෝvᬑੱ۵ᱢᖅ᮹⩶┽ಽᄡ⪹⦹۵ᱥ⃹ญa

⦥᫵⦹݅. ᯕෝ᭥⧕ᮖ·ᱢᖅᔑᱶ᜾ᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍbĊᯱᱱᨱᕽ᮹

vᙹ᪡ʑᔢᱶᅕᨱ঑௝bbᔑᱶ⦹íࡹ໑ᔑᱶࡽđŝෝᮁᩎ

(7)

Fig. 9. Accumulated Snow Depth (m) and Converted Rainfall (mm/day)

Fig. 10. Calculated and Observed Hydrograph

ᱥℕᨱݡ⧕⠪Ɂ⦹ᩍFig. 9ᨱӹ┡ԕᨩ݅. ᄡ⪹⦹ʑᱥ᮹vᙹ۵

ʑeᨱ ঑௝ⓑ ⡎ᮝಽ ᄡ⪵⦹Łᯩᮝӹ ᄡ⪹ࡽ ᯕ⬥᮹vᙹ۵

ʑ᪉ᯕԏᮡʑe࠺ᦩᨱ۵ᱢᖅ᮹⩶┽ಽ᳕ᰍ⦹ᩍᮁ⇽ᯕࡹḡ

ᦫíࡹ໑, ʑ᪉ᯕᔢ᜚⧉ᨱ঑௝ᕽᕽ⯩ᮖᖅࡹᨕᮁ⇽ᨱʑᩍ⧁

ᙹ ᯩí ࡽ݅.

ᄡ⪹ࡽvᙹෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍᩑeᮁ⇽పᮥᔑᱶ⦹Łš⊂ᮁ⇽పŝ

እƱෝ ⦽ đŝෝ Fig. 10ᨱ ӹ┡ԕᨩ݅. ⩥ᰍ ᮁᩎ ԕ aᬊ⧁

ᙹᯩ۵2}š⊂ᗭෝ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍ⧕ၽŁࠥ4,000m ₉ᯕ᮹ᮖᱢᖅ

✚ᖒᮥၹᩢ⦽ᮁ⇽ప༉᮹đŝ۵š⊂sᨱእ⧕ᄡ࠺⡎ᯕⓍí

ӹ┡ӹŁ ᯩᮝ໑ ʑeᨱ ঑௝ᕽ۵ ᮁ⇽ప ₉ᯕa ᧞ 300CMS ʭḡӹ┡ӹŁᯩḡอ, ᱥℕᱢᯙĞ⨆ᮡእƱᱢᮁᔍ⦹íӹ┡ӹŁ

ᯩ݅. ✚⯩Ⅹʑ᮹ᮁ⇽పᰍ⩥ᖒᮡ᧲⪙⦹í༉᮹ࡹᨩᮝ໑, ᩑᵲ

ᮁ⇽➉▕ᮡᩍ෥℁ʑ᪉ᔢ᜚ᨱ᮹⧕ᮖᖅಽᯙ⦽ᮁ⇽ᯕv⦹í

ӹ┡ӹŁ ᯩ۵ äᮥ ⪶ᯙ⧁ ᙹ ᯩᨩ݅.

5. đು

ᅙ םྙᨱᕽ۵ Łࠥa׳Ł⧕ၽŁࠥ₉ᯕaⓑḡ⩶✚ᖒᮥaḥ

❭┅ᜅ┥KunharvᮁᩎᮥݡᔢᮝಽGIS Ŗeᙹྙᯱഭෝ᯦ಆ

ᯱഭಽ⪽ᬊ⦹۵ྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶vᬑᮁ⇽༉⩶ᯙK-DRUM

ᮥŁࠥᇥ⡍ᨱ঑ෙʑ᪉ᄡ⪵᪡ᮖ·ᱢᖅ༉᮹aa܆⦹ࠥಾ⪶ᰆ

}ၽ⦹ᩍᮖ·ᱢᖅᮥŁಅ⦽ᰆʑᮁ⇽ప༉᮹đŝෝእƱᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅.

ᅙ ᩑǍෝ ☖⦹ᩍ ᨜ᮡ đŝ۵ ݅ᮭŝ z݅.

(1) USGS ᨱᕽᱽŖ⦹Łᯩ۵᭚ᔍᯕ✙ෝ☖⦹ᩍ100m Ċᯱ⧕ᔢ

ࠥෝ aḥ DEMᮥ ᯦ᙹ⦹ᩍ ArcGISෝ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ ⚍ᩢ ၰ

᳭⢽ᄡ⪹॒᮹ᱥ⃹ญෝÑℱ⦹⃽ᖁၰᮁᩎĞĥᖁᮥ⇵⇽⦹

ᩡᮝ໑, K-DRUM༉⩶᮹ḡ⩶ๅ}ᄡᙹᯙ⢽Ł, ⮱෥ႊ⨆ࠥ,

⦹⃽ᖡ, ⦹⃽Ğᔍࠥ ॒ᮥ ASCII⡍๘ᮝಽ ᔾᖒ⦹ᩍ ༉⩶᮹

᯦ಆ ᯱഭಽ Ǎ⇶⦹ᩡ݅.

(2) ⧕ၽŁࠥ₉ᯕa4,000mᯕᔢᯕࡹ۵ᮁᩎᮥݡᔢᮝಽ}ֱᱢ

ᮖᖅ༉⩶ᮥ ᔍᬊ⦹ᩍ ʑ᪉qශ ၰ Łࠥᇥ⡍ᨱ ঑ෙ Ŗeᱢ

ᮖ·ᱢᖅ ༉᮹ෝ ᙹ⧪⦹ᩡᮝ໑ ᩑᵲᮁ⇽➉▕ᮡᩍ෥℁ ʑ᪉ᔢ᜚

ᨱ᮹⧕ᮖᖅಽᯙ⦽ᮁ⇽ᯕḡ႑ᱢᮝಽӹ┡ӹ۵Ğ⨆ᖒᮥ

እƱᱢ ᧲⪙⦹í ᰍ⩥⧁ ᙹ ᯩᨩ݅.

(3) ⩥ᰍaᬊ⧁ᙹᯩ۵vᬑၰʑᔢš⊂ᱶᅕ۵ᩑࠥᄥ٥௞

sᯕ݅ᙹ᳕ᰍ⦹အಽ⨆⬥vᬑၰʑᔢš⊂ᗭ᮹᷾ᖅᮥ☖⦽

ᝁ഑⧁อ⦽ vᬑ ၰ ʑᔢᯱഭa ⇵a ᯦ᙹࡽ݅໕ ᮁ⇽ప᮹

ᝁ഑ࠥෝᅕ݅⨆ᔢ᜽┍ᙹᯩᮥäᮝಽᔍഭࡽ݅. ੱ⦽, ᮁᩎᨱ

ݡ⦽ᅕ݅ᱶ⪶⦽☁᧲✚ᖒၰ☁ḡ⦝ᅖᱶᅕ⫮ाᮝಽᅕ݅

ᰍ⩥ᖒ ׳ᮡ ᮁ⇽ ༉᮹a a܆⧁ äᮝಽ ʑݡࡽ݅.

References

Bae, D. H. (1998). “A fundamental study on the snowmelt effects for long-term runoff analysis.” Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 833-844 (in Korean).

Beven, K. (1979). “On the generalized kinematic routing method.”

Water Resources Research, Vol. 15, pp. 1238-1242.

Charleux-Demargne, J. and Puech, C. (2000). “Quality assessment for drainage networks and watershed boundaries extraction from a Digital Elevation Model(DEM).” Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems in Washington D.C., November 10-11, pp. 89-94.

Chung, S. Y., Park, J. H., Hur, Y. T. and Jung, K. S. (2010). “The parallelization effectiveness analysis of K-DRUM model.” Journal of the Korean Society for GeoSpatial Information System, The Korean Society for GeoSpatial Information System, Vol. 18, No.

4, pp. 21-30 (in Korean).

Kim, N. W., Lee, B. J. and Lee, J. E. (2006). “An evaluation of snowmelt effects using swat in chungju dam basin.” Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 833-844 (in Korean).

Kim, S. J. (1998). “Grid-based klnematic wave STOrmRunoff model (KIMSTORM)(I).” Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 303-308 (in Korean).

Lee, S. H., An, T. J., Yun, B. M. and Shim, M. P. (2003). “A tank

model application to Soyanggang dam and Chungju dam with

snow accumulation and snow melt.” Journal of Korea Water

Resources Association, Korea Water Resources Association, Vol.

(8)

36, No. 5, pp. 851-861 (in Korean).

Morris, E. M. (1985). Hydrological forecasting, Chap. 7. Edited by M.G. Anderson and T.P. Burt, John Wiley&Sons, pp. 153-182.

No, J. U., Park, J. H., Sin, J. G. and Park, W. C. (2012). “Research status of hydro power business and sediment attenuation in pakistan patrind.” Magazine of Korea Water Resources Association, Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 45, No. 9, pp. 15-20 (in Korean).

Park, I. H., Park, J. H. and Hur, Y. T. (2011). “Flood runoff analysis of multi-purpose dam watersheds in the han river basin using a grid-based rainfall-runoff model.” Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, Korean Society on Water Environment, Vol.

27, No. 5, pp. 587-596 (in Korean).

Park, J. H. and Hur, Y. T. (2008a). “Water engineering : Analysis of runoff sensitivity for initial soil condition in distributed model.”

Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers B, Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 375-381 (in Korean).

Park, J. H. and Hur, Y. T. (2008b). “Development of kinematic wave-based distributed model for flood discharge analysis.”

Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 455-462 (in Korean).

Park, J. H. and Hur, Y. T. (2009). “Flood runoff simulation using physical based distributed model for imjin-river basin.” Journal

of Korea Water Resources Association, Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 51-60 (in Korean).

Park, J. H. and Hur, Y. T. (2010). “Application of flood discharge for gumgang watershed using GIS-based K-DRUM.” Journal of the Korean Society for GeoSpatial Information System, The Korean Society for GeoSpatial Information System, Vol. 18, No.

1, pp. 11-20 (in Korean).

Park, J. H. and Kang, B. S. (2006). “Comparison of runoff analysis between GIS-based distributed model and lumped model for flood forecast of dam watershed.” Journal of The Koran Association of Geographic Information Studies, The Koran Association of Geographic Information Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 171-182 (in Korean).

Sugawara, M., Watanabe, I. Ozaki, E. and Katsuyama. (1984).

“Tank model with snow somponent.” National Research Center for Disaster Prevention, No. 65, Japan.

Yun, J. I., Choi, J. Y., Yoon, Y. K. and Chung, U. R. (2000). “A spatial interpolation model for daily minimum temperature over mountainous regions.” Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 2, No.4, pp. 175-182 (in Korean).

Zuzel, J. F. and Cox, L. M. (1975). “Relative importance of meteorological variables in snowmelt.” Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No.

1, pp. 174-176.

Application of K-DRUM Model for Pakistan Kunhar River Basin Considering Long-term Snow Melt and Cover

**** ⦽ǎᙹᯱᬱŖᔍ K-waterᩑǍᬱ ₦ᯥᩑǍᬱ ([email protected]) Received March 8, 2013/ revised April 30, 2013/ accepted August 28, 2013

Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)

 ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹ͸ͷʹȀ ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵Ǥ͸Ǥʹʹ͵͹ Ǥ ǤǤ

ࢮ஼෭ ȵෛઽ೿ ȵڋஜ૴ ȵ׌প଀

Park, Jin Hyeog*, Hur, Young Teck**, Noh, Joon Woo***, Kim, Seo-Won****

Application of K-DRUM Model for Pakistan Kunhar River Basin Considering Long-term Snow Melt and Cover

ABSTRACT

Key words : K-DRUM, Snow melt and cover, Kunhar river, Discharge

Ⅹಾ

ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵GIS Ŗeᙹྙᯱഭෝ᯦ಆᯱഭಽ⪽ᬊ⦹۵ྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶vᬑᮁ⇽༉⩶(K-DRUM, K-water Distributed RUnoff Model)ᮥŁࠥᇥ⡍ᨱ঑ෙʑ᪉ᄡ⪵᪡ᮖ읆ᱢᖅ༉᮹aa܆⦹ࠥಾ⪶ᰆ}ၽ⦹ᩍ❭┅ᜅ┥Kunharvᮁᩎ(2,500km

)ᮥݡᔢᮝಽᮖ읆ᱢᖅᮥ

పᰍ⩥ᖒᮡእƱᱢ᧲⪙⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᩑᵲᮁ⇽➉▕ᮡᩍ෥℁ʑ᪉ᔢ᜚ᨱ᮹⧕ᮖᖅಽᯙ⦽ᮁ⇽ᯕv⦹íӹ┡ӹŁᯩᨩ݅.

áᔪᨕ ᇥ⡍⩶༉⩶(K-DRUM), ᮖ읆ᱢᖅ, Kunharv, ᮁ⇽ప

 սėॡ

Fig. 1. Structure of the K-DRUM

1. ᕽು

⍕⥉░ʑၹ᮹ᙹྙ༉ߙยᨱݡ⦽⦥᫵ᖒᯕݡࢱࡽᯕ௹ᙹྙ༉

ߙยᮡḡӽ30֥eᬕᩢ༊ᱢŝᔍ⫭ᱢ᫵Ǎᨱ฿íḡᗮᱢᮝಽ

}ၽࡹᨕ᪵݅. }ၽⅩʑᇡ░⩥ᰍʭḡeᗭ⦽᯦ಆᯱഭ᪡዁ෙ

Ǎ࠺᜽e, e݉⦽⧕ᕾ᦭Łญ᷹॒ᮝಽᯙ⧕Ḳᵲ⩶, }ֱᱢ, đᱶ

ುᱢ ᙹྙ༉⩶ॅᯕ ฯᯕ ᔍᬊࡹŁ ᯩ݅(Kim, 1998). ə్ӹ ᯕ్⦽

༉⩶ᮡ ḡᩎᨱ✚⪵ࡽ Ğ⨹ᱢᯙ ᔢᙹ᮹ᔑ⇽ ၰ ᱢᬊᮥ⦥᫵ಽ

⦹໑ḡᩎᱢ✚ᖒ᮹ᇩɁḩᖒᮥŁಅ⦹ḡ༜⦽݅۵݉ᱱᯕᯩ݅.

↽ɝᱥᖙĥᱢᮝಽGIS ၰ᭥ᖒᩢᔢᮥᯕᬊ⦽ᮁᩎᨱݡ⦽ᔢᖙ⦽

ᙹྙๅ}ᄡᙹᙹḲᯕa܆⦹íࡹŁ⍕⥉░᮹ʑ܆⨆ᔢŝᅖᰂ⦽

ᙹ⊹༉᮹ʑᚁ᮹ၽݍಽᯙ⧕vᬑ᪡ᙹྙ✚ᖒ᮹Ŗeᇥ⡍᪡እɁ ḩᖒᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍᮁᩎᮁ⇽ᮥĥᔑ⧁ᙹᯩ۵ྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶

ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᨱݡ⦽⪽ᬊࠥa׳ᦥḡŁᯩ݅(Park and Hur, 2008a;

2008b; 2009; Chung et al., 2010). ǎԕ}ၽࡽ݅ᙹ᮹ྜྷญᱢ

ʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶༉⩶ᵲᨱᕽᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ⪽ᬊ⦽K-DRUM༉⩶ᮡ

ᬕ࠺❭ᯕುŝᮁ⦽₉ᇥჶᮥ ᯕᬊ⦽ྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹Ċᯱᇥ⡍⩶

ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝಽݚⅩ⪮ᙹʑݱᮁ᯦పᔑᱶᮥ༊ᱢᮝಽ}ၽࡹᨕ

ᬊݕݱᮁᩎᨱᱢᬊ(Park and Hur, 2008b)⦽äᮥ᜽᯲ᮝಽ, ᯥḥ v(Park and Hur, 2009), ɩv(Park and Hur, 2010) ၰӺ࠺v

ᙹĥ(Park et al., 2011) ॒ݡᮁᩎᨱᕽ᮹ᮁ⇽పᰍ⩥ᖒᮥ⠪a⦹ᩡ

ᮝ໑, əđŝᝅྕᨱᕽࠥ∊ᇥ⦽ᱢᬊ܆ಆᯕᯩᮭᮥ⪶ᯙ⦹ᩡ݅.

ə్ӹᮖ·ᱢᖅᯕၽᔾ⦹ḡᦫ۵⪮ᙹʑᮁ⇽పᔑᱶᨱ۵ᱢᬊᯕ

a܆⦹ӹ, ĉᬙᇡ░ ݅ᮭ⧕ ᅥʭḡ ᮖ·ᱢᖅᯕ ၽ⧪⦹۵ Łࠥa

׳ᮡᔑᦦḡ⩶ᨱ۵ᱢᬊᯕᨕಅᬭ᷾ၽᔑၰᮖ·ᱢᖅ༉ऩᮥ⇵a⦹

ᩍ ᰆʑ ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝಽ ⪶ᰆ }ၽ⦹ᩡᮝ໑ ᅥ℁ ᮖᖅ᮹ ᩢ⨆ᯕ

ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ ⓑ Ų࠺ݱ ᮁᩎᮥ ݡᔢᮝಽ ᮁ⇽ప ༉᮹ෝ ᙹ⧪⦽

ၵ ᯩ݅(Kim et al., 2012).

ᮖᖅၰᱢᖅᨱ᮹⦽ᮁ⇽ᮥ༉᮹⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽŝÑᇡ░ฯᮡ

ᮖᖅ ༉⩶ᯕ }ၽࡹᨕ ᪵۵ߑ }ၽࡽ ༉⩶ॅᮡ ݉ᙽ⦽ ☖ĥᱢ

༉⩶(Zuzel and Cox, 1975)ᨱᕽ ᅖᰂ⦽ ᇥ⡍⩶ ༉⩶(Morris, 1985)ᨱ ᯕ෕ʑʭḡ ə ⩶┽a ݅᧲⦹Ł, ༉⩶᮹ ⩶᜾ᨱ ঑௝

᫵Ǎࡹ۵᯦ಆᯱഭࠥ݅෕݅. ༉⩶᮹⩶᜾ᯕᮖᖅ᮹ྜྷญᱢŝᱶᮥ

⢽⩥⧁ᙹᯩŁ, ᯦ಆᯱഭa⣮ᇡ⦹Łᱶ⪶⦹݅໕༉⩶᮹đŝ۵

ᱶ⪶⧁äᯥᮡᇥ໦⦹ӹ, ǎԕ᮹ᮖᖅᨱš⦽ᩑǍ⩥ᝅᮥqᦩ⦹໕

}ֱᱢᮖᖅ༉⩶ᯕᱢᱩ⦹݅Ł❱݉ࡽ݅(Bae, 1998). }ֱᱢᮖᖅ

༉⩶ᮥᯕᬊ⦽Bae (1998)۵ၙǎǎพʑᔢℎ᮹᪉ࠥḡᙹᮖᖅ༉

⩶ᮥᔍᬊ⦹Łvᬑ-ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝಽSAC-SMA༉⩶ᮥᔍᬊ⦹ᩍᬑ ญӹ௝ ᇢᇡᔑe ḡᩎᯙ ԕฑ⃽ ᮁᩎᨱ ᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. Lee et al.

(2003)᮹ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵vᬑ-ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝಽᙹᱶ3݉╒Ⓧ༉⩶ᮥᮖ ᖅ༉⩶ᮝಽSugawara et al.(1984)᮹ᮖᖅ༉⩶ᮥᔍᬊ⦹ᩍᗭ᧲v ݱŝ∊ᵝݱᮁᩎᨱݡ⧕ᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ੱ⦽Kim et al.(2006)ᮡ

∊ᵝݱᮥݡᔢᮝಽSWAT༉⩶ᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍᮖᖅ༉᮹ᨱ঑ෙᮁ⇽

ၰ ᙹྙᖒᇥ᮹ ᩢ⨆ᮥ ᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. ǎԕ ᮁᩎᨱ ᱢᬊࡽ ᔍಡෝ

ᅕ໕ݡᇡᇥᮖᖅ༉᮹ෝŁಅ⦽Ğᬑ᮹༉᮹ᮁపᯕš⊂ᮁపŝ

޵ɝᔍ⦹݅Ł ၾ⩡ Łࠥa׳ᮡ ᔑᦦḡ⩶᮹ Ğᬑĉᬙŝ ᅥ᮹

ᮖ·ᱢᖅᨱݡ⦽Łಅa⦥ᙹᱢᯕ௝⧁ᙹᯩ݅. ⪮ᙹʑ᮹Ğᬑ۵

Ḣᱲᮁ⇽పᯕʑᱡᮁ⇽ᨱእ⧕ᔢݡᱢᮝಽⓍʑ ভྙᨱ᷾ၽᔑ

Łಅ⦽Ğᬑa ᝅᱽ ᮁ⇽పŝɝᔍ⦹í ӹ┡ӹŁ ᯩᮭᮥ᦭ ᙹ

ᯩ݅.

ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ Łࠥa ׳Ł ⧕ၽŁࠥ ₉ᯕa ⓑ ḡ⩶✚ᖒᮥ

aḥ❭┅ᜅ┥ Kunharv ᮁᩎᮥݡᔢᮝಽ ᩑe ᮁ⇽పᮥᅕ݅

ᱶ⪶⯩ᰍ⩥⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹K-DRUM༉⩶ᨱSugawara et al.(1984)ᯕᱽᦩ⦽}ֱᱢᮖᖅ༉⩶ᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩍš⊂ʑ᪉ŝ

vᙹపᮥŁࠥᨱ঑௝ᱢᖅੱ۵ᮖᖅಽᄡ⪹⦹ᩍᮖ·ᱢᖅᮥŁಅ⦽

ᮁ⇽పᮥ ༉᮹⦹ᩡ݅.

2. K-DRUM༉⩶᮹Ǎᖒ

2.1 K-DRUMࡦ෴ଭԹ૬

K-DRUM ༉⩶ᮡᯱℕ}ၽ⦽ྜྷญᱢʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶ᮁ⇽༉⩶ᮝ ಽb Ċᯱษ݅ ྜྷญᱢ✚ᖒsᮥ ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ vᬑᨱ঑ෙ ᮁᩎ᮹

ᮁ⇽పᮥĊᯱᄥಽᙽ₉ĥᔑ⦹۵Ǎ᳑ಽࡹᨕᯩ݅. ᩑḢǍ᳑۵

A~B⊖᮹ ᙹ⠪ᮁ⇽పᮡ ⦹⃽ᮝಽ ᮁ᯦⦹Ł, C⊖ᮡ ⦹⃽ᮁపᨱ

ᩢ⨆ᮥ ၙ⊹ḡ ᦫ۵ ḡ⦹ᙹ⊖ᮝಽ aᱶ⦹ᩡ݅(Fig. 1).

ᅙ༉⩶᮹✚ᖒᮝಽᕽ۵DEMᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍĊᯱʑၹᮝಽḡ⩶ᱶ

ᅕෝᙹ⊹⪵⦹ŁGISෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ᭥ᖒᩢᔢᮥ☖⦽ᝅᱽ☁᧲ၰ

☁ḡ⦝ᅖᨱݡ⦽ๅ}ᄡᙹॅᮥ⇵⇽⦹Ł, ᝅᱽ᪡ɝᔍ⦽⦹⃽⮱෥

ࠥෝ⇵⇽⦹ᩍᬕ࠺ᩎ⦺ᱢᯙᯕುᮥʑၹᮝಽྜྷ᮹⮱෥ᮥᙹญ⦺

ᱢᮝಽ⇵ᱢ⦹۵äᯕ݅. ੱ⦽, ⋉⚍܆Ŗɚᮥ☖⦽⮱෥ŝᱶᮝಽ

ᔑᱶ⦹Ł⪮ᙹ᜽༉᮹ᨱᕽ۵౩ᯕ޵vᬑ॒᮹Ċᯱʑၹ᮹ᇥ⡍⩶

vᬑෝ᯦ಆ⧁ᙹᯩࠥಾᖅĥࡹᨕᯩ݅(Park and Hur, 2010).

ḡ⢽⮱෥ၰA⊖(᧶ᮡ໕⮱෥)ᮡᵲeᮁ⇽ᮥŁಅ⦽ᬕ࠺❭ჶ

ᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩡŁ, B⊖(ḡ⢽⦹⮱෥)ŝC⊖(ḡ⦹ᙹ⮱෥)ᮡᖁ⩶ᱡඹ ჶᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. b⊖ᨱᕽ᮹ᮁ⇽⧕ᕾᮥ᭥⦽ḡ႑ႊᱶ᜾ŝbb ᮹ ᄡᙹᨱ ݡ⦽ ԕᬊᮡ ݅ᮭŝ z݅(Beven, 1979).

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹ͸ͷʹȀǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵Ǥ͸Ǥʹʹ͵͹ ǤǤǤ

ࢮ஼෭ȵෛઽ೿ȵڋஜ૴ȵ׌প଀

Park, Jin Hyeog, Hur, Young Teck, Noh, Joon Woo, Kim, Seo-Won****

áᔪᨕ ᇥ⡍⩶༉⩶(K-DRUM), ᮖ읆ᱢᖅ, Kunharv, ᮁ⇽ప

սėॡ

Ə á Þ ^{ķÞƆ à Ƃ} ^ķƆ

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ö ^ć ľ Þ¦ſƌƌƇƌƅ ƒƗƎƃßì ĸ á ć Ł

ľ

ÞſƐƁƗ ƒƗƎƃß (3)

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á Þ ^¬

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(m/sec), _Ƅ : Green-Ampt᜾ᮝಽᔑ⇽⦽⋉⚍vࠥ(m/sec), ľ : ᔍ໕ Ğᔍb, ƌ : Manning᮹᳑ࠥĥᙹ, Ɖ