The prevalence of swine influenza viral antigens and serum antibodiesin Piglets in Jeju
6
0
0
전체 글
(2) Ê]ö5.7]Ú`Ò. *ÏÆÁ·;+Á·¾ÁBÏ ÁBÒîÁ8«\*
(3). *L >~ *ÞL >~ (²Òß: 2004j 5ú 23¢) 1. The prevalence of swine influenza viral antigens and serum antibodies in Piglets in Jeju Yong-chul Jun, Hyoung-seok Yang, Na-yeoun Yang, Dae-yong Kim1, Jae-hoon Kim and Jong-hee Bae* Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Korea College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea (Accepted= May 23, 2004). 1. Abstract : Ninety pigs under the age of 120-day-old requested at the diagnostic laboratory of animal diseases in Cheju National University were evaluated for the prevalence of tissue antigen and serum antibody to swine influenza virus (SIV). For histopathologic examination there was sampled at the consolidated area in cranioventral or dorsocaudal lobes of lungs. Lung tissues from all pigs were tested for the antigen of SIV type A by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Sera from 56 pigs were used for the antibody detection to SIV type A (subtype H1N1 and H3N2) by haemagglutinin inhibition test. Pneumonic lesions were observed in 72 cases (80%) of 90 pigs. Broncho-interstitial or interstitial pneumonia were more prevalent than suppurative or fibrinous bronchopneumonia. According to HI test, 46.4% of the tested sera showed seropositive. Positive sera were consisted with 5.3% for SIV H1N1, 28.6% for SIV H3N2, and 12.5% for both subtype to be tested, respectively. SIV antigens were detected in 51 cases(56.6%) of 90 pigs. Most SIV antigens were presented in the epithelium of the bronchi and bronchiole. Necrotizing bronchitis or bronchiolitis were observed in 28(31.1%) cases of all inspected pigs. These results suggested that SIV might be an important role to induce swine pneumonia in Jeju. Also IHC was very useful for the detection of SIV in the lung. Key words : swine influenza virus, pneumonia, immunohistochemistry, haemagglutinin inhibition test. * . ö V¢ j;b ¾ . 2ú¶ A; : ʺ *ç~ .w÷²f ªUη~ ¢ î jB 2«~~ òV& ®b, © f ²>W j Ö Bj Ï~ :Êæîïö ¦O>Ú ® . ï Úöº VîWî ® nöº 8B~ ª.; ¢ stranded RNA ª¶& ® [19]. *Òræ "æöB F¯B swine influenza(SI)º " ö; A~ j; H1N1" H3N2 ôb, H1N1f " öB, H3N2º F#öB F¯~ ® . "æº . º ö ³~ º ¢ :Ê ²®f ª.; º öB WB º · ;¢ ¾æ Ú Vº çã r Òç;j ¾æ ÚVê 2ú¶ :ʺ "V îWî~ öW Nö V¢ &æ ;b ª> ;f .w÷²f ¢ î jB~ ßW Swine influenza virus(SIV) Orthomyxoviridae stranded RNA RNA . SIV 80~120 nm . nucleoprotein A, B, C 3 , A. This research was funded by Problem Oriented Technology Development Project for Agricultural and Forestry in the Republic of Korea *Corresponding author: Jong-hee Bae Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea [Tel: +82-64-754-3364, Fax: +82-64-725-3380, E-mail: [email protected]]. 449.
(4) 450. *ÏÆÁ·;+Á·¾ÁBÏÁBÒîÁV«\. *; H1N1 2ú¶ :Ê¢ j öW ~ f FÒ H1N1 :Ê, Ò Ò² ªÒ"f FÒ H1N1 5 H3N2 :Ê ö 6>W ® [5, 12, 23]. SIVº "æöB ç7 öZj ¢bʾ ÷öÚ f b 6">Ú öZj à ʺ ©b rJ^ ®. [6, 20]. jGîöB WË &~ [14]f Îîö 6" î~ ÂÖ 5 F .ÒÖj ¢bÎ º ê ® [7]. SIVº " "æ V ^V Ãê : Ê, JBÊÊ÷ :Ê, "æ ^V z¾ : Ê " þ ^B> ®º "æ ^V î÷ Ú ~ öÚ Îæ ®b, z® Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillosis pleuoropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Hemophillus parasuis, Salmonella [8]. cholerasuis SIV . , [4]. , , , [15],. ~ ^ "ê b 6"j ¢bÎ. ~ " 6" 㺠jêv¢ Û "æöB " æ 6">º ç7*2 rJ^ ® 6"f ^Vê ö >Ú B~ :Ê.Ãf b² ¾æÂ. :Ê~ Bº j; 6ï Þê V& V&V& æâ*. 5 öËöB Úæ ß® :Ê º V&æ 5 ^V&æ çb^
(5) ö ¸f zWj æîº ©b C&^ ® . SIV¢ 6"Î "æöB Ö "6 ELISA¢ Ï ãÖ .Ó" j; 6ïÚ / j&¦böB '' 7« 3¢ 5 4¢¦V ß Ú¢ ¦Â > ® [16]. Ú ¦Ò O»bº .w÷ÛB >w" ELISA [17] rJ^ ®, ö ¦Òº : Ê~ ªÒ, çz"ï [21], ç .*7;7 Ú» [3] 5 7βê>w [22] Ï> ® . SI~ ÷Òç' ²Òbº V&æ 5 ^V&æ ç b~ 7º* æW" ZÒ& ¢Ú¾, ^Vê Úö º î£B çb^
(6) f ^7 ~ âÂb &V>, V&æ 5 .&"*ö ^
(7) ~ Jj [11]. $ Î^.&~ {Ë" Â., â*, ç 5 ;î ^
(8) & ö
(9) ãö J>º *îW öZ~ ßûj ¾æ Þ [4]. Þ "öº " ÷æ"º ² ç ÃW ZÒW öZj ¢bʺ îÚ SIV æ" ö & ê ®º ; [9, 18]. º B"æöB î÷ê ~ÖB "æ 7 ^ V î÷ö ~B BÚöB Ú ¦Ò¢ j~ ö Ë Ú B öZ~ ÷Òç' ;f öËöB SIV ö~ ¦Âj ÷¯~ B"êöB SI~ B ·ç" ßWj Ò~¶ ~& .. Òò 5 O». þÿ> 1997j¦V 1999j Ò î÷ê ~ÖB 120¢_ . ~~ "æ 90v(1~120¢_)¢ &çb öËö & ÷ Ò' ¦Òf SIV A;ö & çz' ö ¦ Ò¢ ~& . $ 7 .Ó &>Ú ®º 56 vö &~ A; SIV~ j; H1N1 5 H3N2ö & Ú ¦Ò¢ >¯~& . ÷Ò`ç ¦Ò öËö & ç' ¦Òº *G#(Î#, #, ¦ #)" êVG#(ÇÏï#)~ ãz²¢ j~ 10% 7W
(10) öÖö ; ê ¢>' ç ¾Ò ";j ö 2 ¢f :j B·~& . 3~5 µm vþ çj .Þ~ , hematoxylin-eosin(H&E) "ï ê Jubb [13]~ ª~ ö V¢ V&æ*îW öZ, *îW öZ, z³W V&æ öZ 5 RF²W V&æ öZ b ª~ ¦Ò ~& . `çz"ï ÷æ &VB öËj 3~5 µm vþ .Þ~ 0.01% poly-L-lysine ¾ÒB Ò¢ö ¦O~ 2¢fj B ê, 3% H O & Î&B zêRö 30ª * >w Vb, proteinase K 37 CöB 30ª* ¾Ò~& . 10% "².Ób NöB 30ª* >wÊ, avidinbiotin blocking kit(Vector Lab., USA) 15ª* NöB ¾Ò ê, SIVö & Ú(hybridoma 65, ATCC)¢ 1:2000b C~ 37 CöB 1* >w V . NÚº biotinylated anti-mouse IgG(1:200)¢. NöB 45ª * >w ê avidin-biotin complex(Vector Lab., USA) 37 CöB 30ª * >wVb, 3,3'diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride Ïb Bï. r Harris hematoxylinb "ï~ 7* ãb & V~& . SIV ö 5 Ú& ìº "æ~ öËj r W&b ~& ·W&f >~"¦öb ¦V BAf Ò¢¢ ÒÏ~& . .ÓÚ ¦Ò SIV Ú ¦Ò¢ *~ .w÷ÛB>wj ~ & . Î .Óf 56 CöB 30ª * jÿz Î ê, .Ó Úö Ò > ®º jß O bî j B ~V *~ 0.01M KIO ¢ 0.3 ml O 0.1 ml .Óö I , 15ª* Nö ;~Î ê 1% glycerol-saline Ï 0.3 ml, PBS 0.3 ml 5 50% chicken RBC 0.1 mlj Î &~ 4 CöB 1* ÿn >wj ~&b, ' .º öªÒ B~& . þf 96 s U¶ ; î 2.ÞöB 0.5% '.¢ ÒÏ~. ~& . 25 µl PBS¢ 2.Þö Î& ê, Ñ sö * ¾ÒB 50 µl~ .Ój IÚ2V Cj ê 2. 2. o. o. o. o. 4. o.
(11) B"æ æö* Influenza :
(12) Ê ]ö 5 .7 ]Ú Ò. ~ :Ê¢ 8 .w÷* &¢ .~ 2.Þö Î&~& . .Ó" :Ê Cj ¾ D f ê 2.Þ¢ 30ª ÿn NöB >wÊ, 0.5% '.¢ Î&~& . :ʾ .Ó 5 :Ê b *& &ææ pf &~ '.& j *® &¢o~j r¢ V&b Ö"¢ 6ë~& . 25 µl. Ö . öZ~ ÷Ò`ç ª~ "æ öËö & ÷Òç' ¦Ò Ö", 90v 7 72vöB öZ &V>Ú 80%~ Bj ¾æÚî. . öZ~ F;êº V&æ*îW öZ 34v (37.8%) &Ë ô~, *îW öZf 27v, z³W V&æ öZf 8v, RF²W öZf 3v ª~~ & . öË~ 4*7 ö ª
(13) çz' ¦Òö ~ öËÚ SIV öf 90 v 7 51vöB ¦Â>Ú 56.6%~ ·Wj ¾æÚî. . SIV öf &¦ª V&æf ^V&æ çb^
(14) ~ ^
(15) îöB 7º*~² ª
(16) ~& (Fig. 1). ¢¦ .öB º ö
(17) ã, ö
(18) ; 5 ^V&æ ;Úö JB
(19) ^
(20) öBê "ãç~ öj ¦Â > ®î . 4*7 ~ Ú ª
(21) .Ó ¦Ò Ö" 56v 7 26v& ·Wj ¾æÚÚ 46.4% ~ Ú ·WNj ¾æÚ ®î . :Ê~ j;ê H1N1ö & Úò ¦ÂB ãÖº 5.3%(3v), H3N2 ö & Úò ¦ÂB ãÖ& 28.6%(16v) 5 v &æ Îv ¦ÂB ãÖº 12.5%(7v) {>î .. 451. 6" .~ ß9 ö ·W .~ ÷Òç' ²Ò ö ·W "æ 51vöB ÷Òç' öZ ÷æf " *G#öB &V>î . ö
(22) ãf B 2; ö
(23) çb^
(24) ~ Ã, â* 5 ^
(25) ~ Jb jê >Ú ®îb, ¢¦ ö
(26) ;Úöº "Ã^
(27) f î£ç b J>Ú ®î . V&æf ^V&æ~ ;Úö º òWb â*, ^
(28) , ; W. 5 î £B çb^
(29) WB âÂb jò^ ®îb ^ V&æ çb^
(30) º æW, ZÒ 5 î£>Ú «Oz $º Þïz>Ú ®î (Fig. 2). ZÒW V&æ" $º ^V&æ"f C 28v(31.1%) öB &V>î . ÷Òç'b ZÒW V&æ"~ B" SIV ö~ B* nê¢ ÚÚ Ö" ZÒW V&æ"" ö Îv ·W .º 22v(24.4%), ZÒ W V&æ"f ®b¾ ö rW .º 6v(6.7%), öf ·W¾ V&æ" ìº .º 29v(32.2%) ¾æÒ (Table 1). 4*7. (1) SIV. Fig. 2. Pig’s lung. There were necrotic bronchitis characterized by degeneration, necrosis, and exfoliation of epithelial cells with lots of inflammatory cell infiltration in endo- and peribronchial area. H&E. × 200. Table 1. Incidence of necrotizing bronchitis/bronchiolitis and swine influenza viral antigens in the lungs of pigs NEBa). IHCb). + +. + + Total. Fig. 1. Pig’s lung. Swine influenza viral antigens (arrows) were lined in the cytoplasms of bronchial epithelial cells. Avidin-Biotin Complex, × 200.. a). No. of pigs examined 33 6 29 22. (36.7)c) (6.7) (32.2) (24.4) 90. NEB : Necrotizing bronchitis/bronchiolitis. IHC : Immunohistochemistry. c) No. of pigs (%). b).
(31) *ÏÆÁ·;+Á·¾ÁBÏÁBÒîÁV«\. 452. Table 2. Relation between the incidence of swine influenza viral antigens in pulmonary lesions and seropositivities to swine influenza virus in pigs HIa). IHCb). + +. + + Total. No. of pigs with different age groups <30 days 30-120 days 3 13 4 7. c). (11.1) (48.1) (14.8) (26.0). 7 7 4 11. 27. (24.1) (24.1) (13.8) (38.0) 29. Total 10 20 8 18. (17.9) (35.7) (14.3) (32.1) 56. a). HI : Haemagglutination inhibition test. b) IHC : Immunohistochemistry. c) No. of pigs (%).. ö" Ú~ ª
(32) jv "æ BÚê ö 5 Ú~ ·W ¦¢ Ò Ö", *Ú 56v 7 ö" Ú Îv ·W .º 18 v(32.1%), Úò ·W .º 8v(14.3%), öò · W .º 20v(35.7%), ö 5 Ú Îv rWf 10v (17.9%)öB &V>î (Table 2). (2) SIV. V. "æ& SIVö 6"> 1% ò~ öÒNj ¾æÚ æò, 100%ö &rÚ ~Nj [10]. ªçÃçf Î ¢_~ "æöB ~ ÿö ¾æ¾, ã"&. Ö f © ßû . ^¾ :Ê& b 6">æ pf ãÖ 2~6¢ ÿn · ªçã"¢ & ² ²B . ¾ öZb ê¯> ª çã"º z× ^Úæ, Væ 2N' ^ 6" Ï ^B r öÒö Vê [10]. öB î÷ê ~ÖB "æöB öZ B ; êf öZ~ ÷Òç' F;j ¦Ò Ö" C 90v 7 72v(80%)öB öZ ²Òj ¾æÚ ®îb, V &æ*îW öZ 5 *îW öZ~ jN 68% ;ê¢ Næ~ ®Ú z³W V&æ öZ $º RF²W öZ ö j~ ú® ô~ . V¢B B"êöBº
(33) FV öB GWVræ~ "æöB *îW öZj FB > ®º ÷öÚ& "æ ^V î÷ö ôf 'Ëj " ® rj Ò~ ®î . "æöB SIV 6" ßû' ÷Òç' ÷æ f ZÒW $º ÃW ZÒW V&æ" 5 ^V&æ" j ¾æÚº ©b rJ^ ® [9, 11, 18]. ö B öZ ²Ò ®º "æöB ZÒW V&æ"~ B ;ê¢ ÚÚ : 28v(39%)öB &V>Ú SIV 6"" ~ ç&W ®rj ;~² º; > ®î . $ . çz"ï V»j Ï~ * v>~ öËöB SIV ö~ Â* ;ê¢ ¦Ò Ö" 51v(56.6%)& · W >wj ¾æÚÚ Ö ¸f SIV 6"j {~&. . ß® 30¢_ ~~
(34) FV ¶î 27v 7 20v(74.0%) & ·W >wj &b, º SIV& B"êöB
(35) F Vö &Ë z~² 6">º ÷öÚ ·Ï~ ®î. . ZÒW V&æ" &VB . 7 22vº SIV ö j &æ ®îb¾ 6vöBº ö ¦Â>æ p~. . V¢B B"êöBº SIV 6"b V&æ $º ^ V&æ~ çb^
(36) ~ ZÒ¢ FB~ 6ªj ^
(37) f RÎ~ ¶ç ÿ>>Ú :Ê $º N' ^ 6"j Ï~² ~ § 'b "æ^V Ãê" ?f ^V î÷j à ʺ ¶ ·Ï &ËW 6>î [4]. Væ ö ·W . 7 ZÒW V&æ" &V>æ pf ãÖº ÷æ ; W>V *~ .V 6" ç º;>î . ¾ SIV ö ìb¾ ZÒW V&æ"j ¾æÚº .ê ®bæ Væ ÷öÚö & «' ¦Ò& ® Ú¢ ©b ÒòB . öB SIV ö ·Wb ¾æ öË~ ÷Ò ç' ²Òf " V&æf ^V&æ ; Úö â* , ^
(38) , ; W. 5 î£B çb^
(39) WB âÂb J>Ú ®îb, ^V&æ çb^
(40) º æW 5 ZÒ>º ·çj ¾æÚÚ Gian" Norman [11]~ f &Ú ¢~~& . ÚöB ~f f [1]f · _~ "æ¢ &çb B"ê æj B *' Î SIVö & .Ó¦Ò¢ >¯~ ï 59%~ Ú ·WNj & b, H1N1" H3N2 v &æ j;ö & Ú¢ Îv &æ ®rj ~& . $ B"êöB ê»"æ ¢ &çb SIVÚ ¦Ò¢ : H1N1 5 H3N2 Ú ·WNf '' 47% 5 78.3% Ò>î [2]. öB ¦¦ ~ÖB 120¢_ ~~ "æö &~ SIV Ú¦Ò¢ Ö" ·WNf 46.4% { >îb, :Ê j;êº H1N1 5.3%, H3N2 & 28.6%&, v &æ Ú¢ Îv &æ ®º ã Öº 12.5% ¾æÒ . V¢B B"êöBº SIV~ v &æ j; Îv B~ ®b H1N1ö j~ H3N2~ 6" z× nB~ ®rj *7'b { > ®î . V¢B B"ê~ æ~ ï Ú ·WN"º N& ìî . ¾ B"êÚö B ê»B "æö j~ þöB~ ·WN ² Ô² ¾æ ©f ¦Ò BÚ~ _ 120¢ ~ jv' ÚÒV r^ö ç&'b :Êö ÂF V²& 'î~ ©b 6>î . ¢ Û~ SIVöj ¦Â~V * ê V.
(41) B"æ æö* Influenza :
(42) Ê ]ö 5 .7 ]Ú Ò. »b çz"ï V» Ö FÏ {> î, B"êöBº SIV& "æ ^V î÷ö ô & ~ ®j öò jî¢ jv' ÚÖ _öB¦V 6 " Úæ ®rj «Ã > ®î . V¢B "æ ³ËöB î÷~ 6"j N~V * ³Ë Ú N O, îÒ Ú Æ& *&Ò, all-in all-out ~ «' OB &k ;z>Ú¢ ~Ò¢ 6>î .. Ö . B" æöB 1997~1999j Ò B"&v ÷Ò v ö î÷ ê ~ÖB 120¢_ ~~ "æ 90v¢ &çb ÷Òç' ¦Ò, çz"ï 5 . Ó ¦Ò¢ ~& . ÷Òç' ¦Ò Ö" 72vöB öZ &V>Ú 79.8%~ Bj ¾æÚî V&æ*îW öZ & Ë ô &V>î . SIV öj ¦Â~V * çz' ¦Ò 56.6%~ ¸f ·WNj ¾æÚî b, öf V&æf ^V&æ çb^
(43) ~ ^
(44) îö B " &V>î . ZÒW V&æ" $º ^V&æ" f C 28v(31.1%)öB &V>î 7 22vöB SIV öj ¦Â > ®î . SIVö & .Ó ¦Ò Ö" ·WNf 46.4% {>îb, :Ê j;êº H1N1 5.3%, H3N2& 28.6%, v &æ Ú¢ Îv & æ ®º ãÖº 12.5% ¾æÒ . ç~ Ö"¢ « " r, B"êöB SIV& "æ öZ~ 7º ö Ú ·Ï~ ®rj r > ®î . $ "æ öË öB çz"ï V»f SIV ö¦Âj * F Ï ê V»b ÒòB .. ^^ò. ~>, BR . æ 2ú¶ :
(45) Ê~ .Ó ' Ò 5 F*' ª+. >~²æ. 1998, 38,53-63. ~ > ;R, BR , ?\, Rç^, B9¢, 8 2. «\ , . B"æö æ "º *"÷~ .Ó' Ò. >~²æ. 1997, 37, 756-772.. 1.. 3. Barigazzi, G., Foni, E., Candotti, P. and Cataldi, M. Antigenic analysis of swine influenza viruses isolated in Italy from 1976 to 1995. p. 100, in Proceedings, The 14th IPVS Congress, Bologna, Italy. 1996. 4. Brown, I. H., Done, S. H., Spencer, Y. I., Cooley, W. A., Harris, P. A. and Alexander D. J. Pathogenicity of a swine influenza H1N1 virus antigenically distinguishable from classical and European strains. Vet. Record. 1993a, 132, 598-602.. 453. 5. Brown, I. H., Harris, P. A. and Alexander, D. J. Serological studies of influenza viruses in pigs in Great Britain 1991-2. Epidemiol. Infect. 1995, 114, 511-520. 6. Brown, I. H., Manvell, R. J., Alexander, D. J., Chakraverty, P., Hinshaw, V. S. and Webster, R. G. Swine influenza outbreaks in England due to a new H1N1 virus. Vet. Record. 1993b, 132, 461-462. 7. Brown, T. T., Mengeling, W. L., Paul, P. S. and Pirtle, E. C. Porcine fetuses with pulmonary hypoplasia resulting from experimental swine influenza virus infection. Vet. Pathology. 1980, 17, 455-468. 8. Christensen, G., Sorensen, V. and Mousing, J. (ed), Disease of swine. pp. 913-940, 8th ed. Iowa state university press. Ames, 1999. 9. Dea, S., Bilodeau, R., Sauvgeau, R., Montpetit, C. and Martineau, G. P. Antigenic variant of swine influenza virus causing proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia in pigs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1992, 4, 380392. 10. Easterday, B. C and Van Reeth, K. (ed), Disease of swine, 8th ed., Iowa state university press. Ames, 1999, pp. 277-290. 11. Gian, C. W. and Norman, F. C. Ultrastructural morphometric investigation of early lesions in the pulmonary alveolar region of pigs during experimental swine influenza infection. Am. J. Pathol. 1986, 122, 541-552. 12. Ito, T., Kawaoka, Y., Vines, A., Ishikawa, H., Asai, T. and Kida, H. Continued circulation of reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses in pigs in Japan. Arch. Virol. 1998, 143, 1773-1782. 13. Jubb, K. V. F., Kennedy, P. C. and Palmer, N. (ed), Pathology of domestic animals. 4th. ed., Vol. 2, Academic press, Inc. San Diego, 1997, 539-699. 14. Kay, R. M., Done, S. H. and Paton, D. J. Effect of sequential porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and swine influenza on the growth and performance of finishing pigs. Vet. Record. 1994, 135, 199-204. 15. Lanza, I., Brown, I. H. and Paton, D. J. Pathogenicity of concurrent infection of pigs with porcine respiratory coronavirus and swine influenza virus. Res. Vet. Sci. 1992, 53, 309-314. 16. Lee, B. W., Bey, R. F., Baarsch, M. J. and Larson, M. E. Class specific response to influenza A H1N1 infection in swine. Vet. Microbiology. 1995, 43, 241250. 17. Lee, B. W., Bey, R. F., Baarsch, M. J., Morrison, R..
(46) 454. *ÏÆÁ·;+Á·¾ÁBÏÁBÒîÁV«\. B. and Freese, W. Determination of hemagglutination inhibition titers to influenza A virus in porcine sera by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993, 54, 1270-1276. 18. Morin, M., Girad, C., Eiazhary, Y., Fajardo, R., Drolet, R. and Lagace, A. Severe proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia in pigs: A newly recognized disease. Can. Vet. J. 1990, 31, 837-839. 19. Murphy, B. R and Webster, R. G. (ed), Influenza viruses. In Fields Virology. 2nd ed. Raven Press, New York, 1990, 1091-1154. 20. Pol, J. M. A., Van Leengoed, L. A. M. G., Stockhope, N., Kok, G. and Wensvoort, G. Dual infections of PRRSV / influenza or PRRSV/ Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the respiratory tract. Vet. Microbiology. 1997, 55, 259-264. 21. Renee, L., Rene, S. and Ronald, M. Immunohistochemical detection of swine influenza virus in porcine proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia cases from Quebec. Can. Vet. J. 1994, 35, 513-515. 22. Schorr, E., Wentworth, D. and Hinshaw, V. S. Use of polymerase chain reaction to detect swine influenza virus in nasal swab specimens. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1994, 55, 952-956. 23. Stech, J., Xiong, X., Scholtissek, C. and Webster, R. G. Independence of evolutionary and mutational rates after transmission of avian influenza viruses to swine. J. Virology. 1999, 73, 1878-1884. 24. Yewdell, J. W., Frank, E. and Gerhard, W. Expression of influenza A virus internal antigens on the surface of infected P815 cells. J. Immunology. 1981, 126, 1814-1819..
(47)
관련 문서