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IBD 증례공부

이화여자대학교 의과대학/의학전문대학원

정 성 애

(2)

증례 1

1. 27세 남자

2. 2006. 2. CD 진단(당시 21세) 3. At diagnosis:

CDAI: 165(Hb 13.9, CRP 4.9, ANCA-negative) Viennal Classification: A1, L1, B1

4. PD+5-ASA

1. 2007. 8 relapse

2. CDAI:172(Hb 15.3, CRP 3.3) Vienna classification: A1, L1, B2(?) 3. Corticosteroid+AZA

2006

2007

2009 1. AZA maintain중 no bowel symptom

2. CDAI: 20(Hb 15.8, CRP 0.65)

(3)

Question

본 환자의 치료에서 옳은 것은?

1) 처음부터 면역억제제를 썼으면 재발하지 않았을 것이다 2) 면역억제제는 크론병 유지치료에 도움이 된다.

3) 스테로이드 치료로 치료를 지연시켰다.

4) 젊은 환자이므로 처음부터 생물학적 제제를 쓰는 것이 좋다.

5) 점막에 상처가 있으므로 항생제를 같이 쓰는 것이 좋다.

(4)

크론병은…

Chornic…life long

Wide spectrum of clinical presentation and unpredictable disease course

(5)

크론병은…

• Remains medically and surgically incurable

• Faced with a lifetime of recurrent disease flare-up and remission

Must be targeted toward lifelong management

(6)

• Although CD has been recognized as having a chronic relapsing course, it is evident that the majority of patients remain in clinical remission at any particular time.

• Overall, the majority of patients would progress from inflammatory to complicated

fistulizing or penetrating disease over time.

크론병의 자연경과는…

(7)

Cosnes J. Inflammatory Bowel Disease 2002;8:244-250

2,002 CD, 1974-2000

Stricturing or perforation complication 40% in 5 years

70% in 20 years

Long-term evolution of disease behavior of Crohn’s disease

5 yrs 20 yrs

(8)

Behaviour of Crohn’s disease according to Viena classification : changing pattern over course of the disease

292 CD, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 25 years of F/U

Location - stable (15.9% of patients change in location)

Behaviour – more rapid and prominent change (45.9% of patients in behavior)

Ileal CD-more often stricture

Colonic & ileocolonic CD –more often penetrating

Louis E. Gut 2001;49:777-782

L1:TI L2: Colon L3: Ileocolon L4: uppergaastrointestinal

B1: non-stricturing, non-penetrating B2: stricturing B3: penetrating

(9)

Age at diagnosis A1 < 40 yr

A2 >40 yr Montreal classification(<16, 17~40, >40)

Location L1 Terminal ileum lower 1/3 spill over cecum L2 Colon no small bowel or UGI involve L3 Ileocolon

L4 Upper GI any proximal to ileum, excluding mouth Behavior B1 Non-stricturing, non-penetrating

B2 Stricturing

B3 Penetrating Montreal classification(p perianal disease)

A Simple Classification of CD

(10)

현재 IBD치료에 사용되는 약물은…

1

st

line therapies

5-ASA (not approved US FDA for CD) Antibiotics (not approved FDA for CD)

Controlled release corticosteroid budesonide

2

nd

line therapies

Corticosteroid

3rd line therapies

Immunomodulate (AZA, 6MP, MTX)

4

th

line therapies- Biologic agent

Infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol Natalizumab, anti- integrin Ab (FDA approved)

(11)

5-ASA

(12)

Steinhart AH, et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:1389-1399.

medically induced remission

 Further trials of pH 7-dependent mesalamine formulations are warranted

in the maintenance of remission in CD.

Systematic review- 13 randomized controlled trials - various mesalamine formulations

 Controlled-release (Pentasa)

 pH 6-dependent (Eudragit-L coating; Salofalk, Mesasal)  pH 7-dependent (Eudragit-S coating; Asacol)

5-ASA

(13)

0 100 200 300

Relapse rate (%)

3 months 6 months 12 months Placebo

Budesonide 3 mg

Median time to relapse (days)

154

170

268

Meta-analysis of 4 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials

380 mild to moderate CD pts with medically induced remission

Oral budesonide 3 mg vs 6 mg vs placebo for 12 months

Budesonide 6 mg

0 20 40 60 80 100

Placebo

Budesonide 3 mg Budesonide 6 mg

*

*

Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1780

Budesonide

(14)

Beaugerie L. gastroenterology 2006;130:650-656

Corticosteroid

Associated with increased risks of subsequent 5-year disabling clinical course

Not beneficial in maintaining remission or preventing new flare

Does not alter the natural history

1,526 CD 1985-1998, 5 yr F/U

Disabling

- symptomatic inflammation - frequent clinical relapse

- irreversible lesions & resection

Disabling CD factors

- Age below 40 years

- presence of perianal disease - Initial requirement for steroids

Corticosteroid-maintenance

(15)

Prefontine E, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010

Azathioprine-maintenance

(16)

AZA : Long-term F/U

Bouhnik Y, et al. Lancet 1996;347:215-218.

 less than 4 yrs treatment – higher risk of relapse

 after 4 years – similar relapse whether the therapy was maintain or stopped

 potential risks of long-term immunosupressive therapy

 Usefulness of maintaining azathioprine or 6MP who have been in remission

for more than 4 years is questionalble

Relapse

rate stop

maintain

(17)

AZA : withdrawal

 83 CD clinical remission > 42 months

 multicenter, double blind, noninferiority withdrawal study

 randomized AZA and placebo for 18 Mo

Lemann M, et al. Gastroenterol 2005;128:1812-1818

8%

21%

 relapse predictor - CRP > 20 mg/L

- time without steroid < 50 month - Hb <12 g/dL

 AZA withdrawal is not equivalent to continued therapy with AZA for

maintenance of remission

 AZA maintenance therapy should be beyond 3.5 years

8% azathioprine

21% placebo

(18)

573 active CD pts received 5 mg/kg of IFX at wk 0, 54 wks

Group I (placebo weeks 2, 6, and every 8 weeks)

Group II (IFX 5 mg/kg, weeks 2, 6, and every 8 weeks)

Group III (IFX 10 mg/kg, weeks 2, 6, and every 8 weeks)

Hanauer SB, et al. Lancet 2002;359:1541-1549 Patients with CD who respond to an initial dose of infliximab are more likely to be in remission at weeks 30 and 54, to discontinue corticosteroids and to maintain their response for a longer

period of time, if infliximab treatment is maintained every 8 weeks

Infliximab

ACCENT I

(19)

Question

본 환자의 치료에서 옳은 것은?

1) 처음부터 면역억제제를 썼으면 재발하지 않았을 것이다 2) 면역억제제는 크론병 유지치료에 도움이 된다.

3) 스테로이드 치료로 치료를 지연시켰다.

4) 젊은 환자이므로 처음부터 생물학적 제제를 쓰는 것이 좋다.

5) 점막에 상처가 있으므로 항생제를 같이 쓰는 것이 좋다.

(20)

Int Res 2012

(21)

Int Res 2012

(22)

Case 2

• 32세 여자환자가 1999년 크론병 진단받고 항-TNF제제 유지요법 시행중인 분으로 임신 20주로 정기 산전진찰위해 내원하였다. 환자는 2004년 두 번 에 걸쳐 좌측대장절제술과 S자결장절제술을 받았고 2009년 직장상부 협착 으로 회장루를 만드는 수술을 받았고 인공항문을 가진채로 임신이 되었다.

내원 당시 CDAI는 36점으로 관해 상태였고 알부민이 2.8로 낮은 것 외에는 혈액검사에서 특이 소견은 없었다. 환자의 다음 치료로 적당한 것은?

1) 약의 안전성이 확인되지 않았으므로 즉시 유산시킨다.

2) 스테로이드로 약을 바꾸어 쓰고 출산 후 다시 항-TNF제제 치료한다 3) 태아에 미칠 영향을 고려하여 모든 약을 중단한다.

4) 병의 악화를 막기 위해서 면역조절제를 추가한다.

5) 감염의 위험이 있으므로 항생제를 같이 사용한다.

(23)

CDAI(Crohn’s disease activity index)

1주일간 설사횟수 0 X2 0

복통의정도(최근 7일 동안 총계) (0=없음, 1=경증, 2=중등증,3=

중증)

0 X5 0

일반적 전신 안녕감(최근 7일 동안 총계) (1=평균이하, 2=나쁨, 3=매우나쁨,4=극도로나쁨)

0 X7 0

크론병과 연관된 것으로 추측되는 증상(0=없음,1=있음) A.관절염 또는 관절통 B. 홍채염 또는 포도막염

C. 결절홍반, 괴저농피증, 아프타구내염, D. 항문 열창, 치루 또는 농양 E. 기타 누공

F. 최근 7일 동안 37.8(구강)/38.3(항문) 이상의 열

0 0 1 0

X 20 20

최근 7일 동안 환자는 적어도 한번 이상 지사제 치료를 받은 적 이 있는 경우(0=없음, 1=있음)

0 X30 0

복부종괴(0=없음, 2=의심됨,5=확정적) 0 X10 0

Hematocrit: 여성 : 42-환자의 Hct( )=2.8 2.8 X6 16.8

표준체중-환자체중/표준체중 x100 -14 X1 0

합계 36.8

(24)

Mayo score : Ulcerative Colitis Disease Activity Index

Stool frequency 0 Normal No. of stool 1 1-2 stools more than nl 2 3-4 stools more than nl 3 ≥ 5 stools more than no Rectal bleeding 0 No blood seen

1 Streaks of blood with stool less than half the time 2 Obvious blood with stool most of the time

3 Blood alone passed Findings of proctosigmoidsopy 0 NL or inactive dz

1 Mild dz(erythema, decreased vascular pattern, mild friability) 2 Mod dz(Marked erythema, abscent vascularity, friability, erosion) 3 Sev dz(spontaneous bleeding, ulceration)

Physician’s global assessment 0 Normal 1 Mild

2 Moderate 3 Severe

(25)

Clinical severity (Truelove and Witt’s classification)

• Mild – < 4/day with or without blood

no fever, no tachycardia, mild anemia and normal ESR

• Moderate – Intermediate between severe and mild

• Severe – Diarrhea : 6 or more motion per day, with blood

Fever: mean evening temp over 37.5

o

C, or over 37.7

o

C on at least 2 out of 4 days at any time of day Tachycardia >90/min, Anemia < 75%

ESR >30 mm/hr

(26)

Chron’s disease

진단

Ileosto -my

Ileosto -my repair

F/U loss

perianala bscess I

& D Ileosto-

my

2009/5/7~2012/1/26 Remicade 투여

malfun ction Ileosto-

my repair

임신

C/sec 50cm/

2.59kg

2012/4/30~

Remicade 투약 재개

BCG 2012 /5/4

(27)

27

염증성 장질환 환자들의 임신

• Inheritance of IBD : 유전 (IBD환자의 5-10%는 가족력) 가족력은 질환 발생의 가장 중요한 위험인자

네덜란드 지역 코호트 연구- 직계가족은 10배 위험도 염증성 장질환 환자의 직계 2-12 배 위험도 증가

• Fertility : 임신율

병이 전신에 미치는 영향– 피로감, 빈혈 코르티코스테로이와 같은 약물– 성욕 감소 남자에서 sulfasalazine

Voluntary childlessness (스스로 임신 기피)– 병이 유전될까봐 두려움 염증성장질환 약물들이 태아에게 미치는 악영향 우려

Dubinsky M. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:1736-1750

(28)

염증성 장질환 환자들의 임신

• Impact of Pregnancy on IBD : 병에 미치는 임신의 영향

Neilsen et al. (1983) 임신 중 병의 악회 26-34%

• Impact of IBD on Pregnancy : 임신에 미치는 병의 영향

Kaiser North California population study (2007): 461 IBD vs 496 control 병의중증도와 임신결과에 차이 없음

Population based study from Denmark (2007)

병의 중증도와 임신결과에 차이 없음

조산율 위험도 증가 3.4배 (CI 95% 1.1-10.6)

• 임신결과

Kaiser North California population study (2007);

자연유산/사산/조산/저체중아/선천성기형-조산제외하고는 차이 없음

28

(29)

29

FDA Class Medications

B

(동물실험 안전)

5-ASA (sulfasalazine, mesalazine, balsalazide);

metronidazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; infliximab;

adalimumab C

(동물실험에서 부작용,명

백한 유익이 있을 때만)

5-ASA (Olsalazine); fluoroquinolone; corticosteroids;

bisphosphonate; cyclosporine; tacrolimus

D

(태아에 위험성 있지만 산

모에게 유익하다면)

Azathioprine and 6-MP X

(금기)

Methotrexate; Thalidomide

약제가 임신에 미치는 영향

Habal F. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:1326

(30)

30

약제가 임신에 미치는 영향

 Biologic Therapy: 생물학적 제제

Infliximab- Pregnancy category B

IgG1 antibody –

제1주산기에 태반을 통과하지 못함 제3주산기에는 태반을 쉽게 통과

출생 후 수개월간 신생아 혈액에서 발견

2 largest study: 대규모 연구

TREAT Registry

(Lichenstein GR, 2006) 5,807 pts, 66 preg, 36 with Infliximab 임신결과에 차이 없음

Infliximab Safety Database

(Katz, 2004) 96 with Infliximab 일반인과 차이없음

Case report

(Vasiliauska EA, 2006)– Infliximab maintain mother 출생 후 4주까지– 남아있음

모유수유– 6개월에 걸쳐 감소

제3주산기– 스테로이드로 교체– 출생 후 인를릭시맵 유지치료

(31)

Case 2

• 32세 여자환자가 1999년 크론병 진단받고 항-TNF제제 유지요법 시행중인 분으로 임신 20주로 정기 산전진찰위해 내원하였다. 환자는 2004년 두 번 에 걸쳐 좌측대장절제술과 S자결장절제술을 받았고 2009년 직장상부 협착 으로 회장루를 만드는 수술을 받았고 인공항문을 가진채로 임신이 되었다.

내원 당시 CDAI는 36점으로 관해 상태였고 알부민이 2.8로 낮은 것 외에는 혈액검사에서 특이 소견은 없었다. 환자의 다음 치료로 적당한 것은?

1) 약의 안전성이 확인되지 않았으므로 즉시 유산시킨다.

2) 스테로이드로 약을 바꾸어 쓰고 출산 후 다시 항-TNF제제 치료한다 3) 태아에 미칠 영향을 고려하여 모든 약을 중단한다.

4) 병의 악화를 막기 위해서 면역조절제를 추가한다.

5) 감염의 위험이 있으므로 항생제를 같이 사용한다.

(32)

증례3

• 22세 남자환자가 2달간의 복통을 주소로 내원하였다. 복통은 점점 심해지고 하루에 열 번 이상 설사가 있었고 밤마다 고열이 동반되었다. 2달 동안 8kg의 체중감소가 있었다. 혈액검사에서 CBC 9020/mm3 – 13.5 g/dL - 362K/mm3 이었고 Protein/Albumin 6.4/2.8 g/dL, ESR 60 mm/hr, CRP 6.7 mg/dL 이었다.

(33)

Initial colonoscopy-1

Terminal ileum Cecum Ascending colon

Transverse colon Descending colon Rectum

(34)

Pathology; colonoscopic biopsy

Cecum and ascending colon;

→ Chronic ulcerative inflammation

Transverse colon;

→ Chronic nonspecific inflammation

(35)

Abdominopelvic CT scan

 Diffuse layered wall thickening from ascending to descending colon

 Mild wall thickening in the small bowel

 Multiple enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes

 Mesenteric vessel engorgement

(36)

Tests for tuberculosis

• Tuberculin skin test: (-); induration 0 mm

• QuantiFERON-TB gold test: intermediate

– interferon [IFN]-γ release assay after stimulation in vitro by MTB antigens

• Chest PA: normal

(37)

What is your impression?

1. Crohn’s disease 2. Ulcerative colitis

3. Intestinal tuberculosis

4. Intestinal Behcet’s disease

(38)

Lee YJ et al., Endoscopy, 2006

Colonoscopic findings ITB Crohn dis.

Fewer than 4 segments involved 81.8% 18.2%

Patulous IC valve 40.0% 9.3%

Transverse ulcers 65.9% 25.0%

Scars or pseudopolyps 52.3% 27.3%

Anorectal lesions 9.1% 84.1%

Longitudinal ulcers 2.3% 40.9%

Aphthous ulcers 20.5% 81.8%

Cobblestone appearance 6.8% 34.1%

Analysis of colonoscopic findings in the Ddx.

between intestinal TB & Crohn’s disease

(39)

What is your next approach?

1. Treat Crohn’s disease

2. Treat intestinal tuberculosis

3. Anti-TB medication for therapeutic trial (2-3 months) and follow-up colonoscopy

4. Observation without specific treatment

(40)

Tuberculosis in Korea

• Tuberculosis is still prevalent in Korea.

• Incidence of pulmonary TB in 2011: 80.7 / 100,000

• Prevalence of Crohn’s disease: about 20-30 / 100,000

 Tuberculin skin test, QuantiFERON-TB gold test for TB

Lee et al. Eur Respir J 2006

About 30% false (-)

in active TB

(41)

Interferon- Assay

(42)

Progress (1)

• Anti-TB medication for therapeutic trial (2

months) and follow-up colonoscopy

(43)

Follow-up colonoscopy-1;

2 months later

Terminal ileum Cecum Ascending colon

Transverse colon Descending colon

Ascending colon

(44)

Pathology; colonoscopic biopsy (2)

Ascending colon;

→ Chronic ulcerative inflammation

Transverse colon;

→ Chronic granulomatous inflammation

(45)

What is your diagnosis?

1. Crohn’s disease 2. Ulcerative colitis

3. R/O Multi-drug resistant intestinal tuberculosis

4. Intestinal Behcet’s disease

(46)

Lee YJ et al., Endoscopy, 2006

Colonoscopic findings ITB Crohn dis.

Fewer than 4 segments involved 81.8% 18.2%

Patulous IC valve 40.0% 9.3%

Transverse ulcers 65.9% 25.0%

Scars or pseudopolyps 52.3% 27.3%

Anorectal lesions 9.1% 84.1%

Longitudinal ulcers 2.3% 40.9%

Aphthous ulcers 20.5% 81.8%

Cobblestone appearance 6.8% 34.1%

Analysis of colonoscopic findings in the Ddx.

between intestinal TB & Crohn’s disease

(47)

Progress (2)

 Treat Crohn’s disease with

– Corticosteroid – Mesalamine – Azathioprine

Clinical remission was induced.

(48)

염증성 장질환 공부하기

• Epidemiology (Age, sex, geograpgic, socioeconomic..)

• Etiology-Pathogenesis ( risk factor, genetic…)

• Diagnosis- Differential diagnosis (UC-CD, CD-TB, other infection…serologic marker)

• Clinical menifestation – severity

• Treatment (fistulizing CD, surgery, guideline

• Special problem (toxic megacolon, EIM-PSC,

pregnancy, cancer surveillance)

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