해외플랜트 공사 벤치마킹 프로그램 개발

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Received July 17 2012, Revised December 22 2012, Accepted February 27 2013

Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹ͸ͷʹȀǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵Ǥ͵Ǥͳͳ͸ͷ

ǤǤǤ

㬲ⰶ㫊ᵚ㡶#ኳ♪#≢㐖ᾆ㙷#㫂ḚᎶᵦ#ᇚ⇚

ࢮ็ন

Park, Hee-Sung*

Development of Construction Benchmarking for Oversea Industrial Projects

ABSTRACT

The oversea construction contract amount has sharply increased since 2003. The contractor's capability for EPC and project management is a key factor for a successful industrial construction project. Construction performance measurement and evaluation is needed to improve contractor's project management capability. Therefore, this paper proposes the construction performance benchmarking program for oversea industrial projects. Performance metrics consists of project cost, schedule, quality, and safety. Data from 10 oversea industrial projects were collected and analyzed. Also, this paper describes the process for development of the benchmarking program and lessons learned from industry are summarized. Finally, this paper recommends how sustainable benchmarking program should be established and implemented.

Key words : Industrial Project, Benchmarking, Performance Analysis

Ⅹಾ

2003֥ᯕ⬥ǎԕÕᖅ⫭ᔍ᮹⧕᫙ÕᖅᙹᵝᧂᯕɪĊ⯩۹ᨕӹŁᯩ݅. ⧕᫙⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ۵᜽Ŗᔍ᮹EPC᪡ᔍᨦšญ܆ಆᯕᖒ➉ෝ᳭ᬑ⦽

݅. ᜽Ŗᔍ᮹ᔍᨦšญ܆ಆᱽŁ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵Õᖅᖒŝෝ⊂ᱶ⦹Ł⠪a⦹۵ŝᱶᯕ⦥᫵⦹݅. ঑௝ᕽᅙםྙᮡ⧕᫙⥭௽✙ₙᩍᔍॅ᮹Õ ᖅᖒŝᄅ⊹ษ┚ᮥ᭥⦽⥥ಽəఉᮥ}ၽ⦹ᩡ݅. Õᖅᖒŝḡ⢽۵ᔍᨦእ, Ŗʑ, ⣩ḩ, ᦩᱥ॒ᮝಽǍᖒࡹᨕᯩ݅. əญŁ⧕᫙ᨱᕽᙹ⧪ࡽ⥭

௽✙Ŗᔍ10}᮹ᯱഭෝ᯦ᙹ⦹ᩍᖒŝෝᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. ⧕᫙⥭௽✙Ŗᔍᄅ⊹ษ┚⥥ಽəఉᮥ}ၽ⦹۵ŝᱶᨱᕽᨦĥ᮹⦝ऽ႒ŝƱ⬩ᮥᱽ᜽

⦹ᩡ݅. əญŁᅙ⥥ಽəఉᯕḡᗮᱢᮝಽ⪽ᬊࡹʑ᭥⧕Łಅ⧕᧝⧁ᔍ⧎ᮥᱽᦩ⦹ᩡ݅.

áᔪᨕ ⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ, ᄅ⊹ษ┚, ᖒŝᇥᕾ

1. ᕽು

1.1 ઴֜ଭࢼլࢫࡧୡ

2003֥ 36.7ᨖᇩ ⧕᫙Õᖅ ᙹᵝ ᯕ⬥ ᙹᵝྜྷపᯕ ɪ᷾⦹Ł ᯩᮝ໑, 2009֥ 491ᨖᇩ ᙹᵝᨱ ᯕᨕ 2010֥ᨱ۵ 700ᨖᇩᮥ չᮥ

ᱶࠥಽ እ᧞ᱢᯙ ᷾aᖙෝ ᅕᯕŁ ᯩ݅. əญŁ ⅾ ⧕᫙Õᖅ ᙹᵝɩᧂ᮹ 82% ᯕᔢᯕ ⧕᫙Õᖅ ⥭௽✙ ᙹᵝᧂᮝಽ ⥭௽✙ ᇡᇥ᮹

እᵲᯕḡᗮᱢᮝಽ᷾a⦹۵⇵ᖙᯕ݅. ᯕ۵ǎԕÕᖅᨦℕ᮹EPC(Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) ၰᔍᨦšญᙹ⧪܆ಆ᮹

⨆ᔢᮝಽᯙ⦽aĊĞᰢಆŝ⣩ḩᙹᵡၰ┢ᬵ⦽Ŗʑᵡᙹ܆ಆ॒ᯕၙǎ, ᮁ౞, ᯝᅙ॒ᖁḥǎŝ᮹ᙹᵝĞᰢᨱᕽʑᚁಆŝaĊ⠪aᨱ ᕽ ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ ׳ᮡ ⠪aෝ ၼŁ ᯩ۵ ᵝࡽ ᫵ᯙᯕ݅.

֨ėěν

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ə్ӹ⨆⬥⧕᫙Õᖅ᜽ᰆᮡၙǎ, ⥥௲ᜅ, ᯝᅙ॒ᖁḥǎ᮹

čᱽ᪡ᵲǎ, ᯙࠥ, ░┅॒᮹ᱡa᯦ₑಽᯙ⧕޵ᬒ⊹ᩕ⦽Ğᰢᯕ

ᩩᔢࡽ݅. ⩥ᰍ᮹ᬑญ⧕᫙Õᖅᙹᵝ⇵ᖙෝḡᗮᱢᮝಽᮁḡ⦹Ł

ၽᱥ᜽┅ʑ ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ ⧕᫙ ḡᩎᄥǎaᄥŖ᳦ᄥ ᙹᵝ ݡ₦ŝ

ᱥఖᮝಽaĊĞᰢಆᱽŁ᪡ ǎᔑ⪵ᮉ⨆ᔢᮥ⡍⧉⦽⧕᫙Õᖅ

ᙹᵝᝅ⧪ᨱᯕᮅɚݡ⪵ෝ᭥⦽יಆᯕᱩᝅ⯩᫵Ǎࡽ݅. ᷪ, ᙹᵝ᷾

ݡෝ☖⦽᧲ᱢᖒᰆŝ޵ᇩᨕĞᰢಆ⪶ᅕෝ᭥⧕ᕽ۵⬉ŝᱢᯙ

ᔍᨦšญ܆ಆᯕ⦥᫵⦽᜽ᱱᯕ݅. ᯕෝ᭥⧕ᕽ۵Õᖅŝᱶ᮹ᖒŝ

ෝᇥᕾ⧉ᮝಽ៉Ŗᔍŝᱶ᮹ྙᱽᱱᮥ❭ᦦ⦹Ł⇵⬥ᮁᔍŖᔍ

ĥ⫮ၰᙹ⧪᜽⦝ऽ႒ᱽŖ⦹۵ŝᱶᯕ⦥᫵⦹݅. ✚⯩⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ ᮹Ğᬑ۵Ŗᔍ᮹ݡ⩶⪵ᅖᰂ⪵ᨱ঑௝ᔍᨦšญ܆ಆᯕᵲ᫵⦽

ʑᚁ܆ಆᮝಽ ŁಅࡹŁ ᯩ݅.

ੱ⦽ÕᖅᔑᨦᯕᱥℕǎaĞᱽᨱၙ⊹۵ᩢ⨆ᮡḡݡ⦹݅.

ə్ӹÕᖅᔑᨦ᮹ᖒŝӹᔾᔑᖒ⊂ᱶŝšಉࡽᩑǍӹיಆᮡ

ၙ⯂⦽ᝅᱶᯕ݅. əญŁÕᖅᔑᨦ᮹ᖒŝᨱݡ⦽໦⪶⦽ᱶ᮹ࠥ

ᨧ݅. ᯝၹᱢᮝಽᖒŝෝ}ᖁ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ᖒŝෝ⊂ᱶ⧕᧝⦽݅.

঑௝ᕽᱽ᳑ᨦᮥᵲᝍᮝಽᖒŝᵲᝍ᮹ᄅ⊹ษ┚ᩑǍaḥ⧪ࡹᨩ ᮝ໑ Õᖅ ᔑᨦᨱ۵ 1990֥ݡ ᵲၹᨱ ᯦ࠥࡹᨩ݅(Fischer ॒

1995). əᯕ⬥ၙǎ, ᩢǎ॒ᮥᵲᝍᮝಽÕᖅᔑᨦ᮹ᖒŝၰ

ᄁᜅ✙⥥௺❑ᜅෝ⊂ᱶ⦹Łᖒŝ}ᖁᮥ᭥⦽ᄅ⊹ษ┚ᩑǍ᪡

ᔍಡෝ ၽ⢽⦹Ł ᯩ݅(Meade ॒ 2006, Costa ॒ 2006). ᯕᨱ

ǎԕᨱᕽ۵500ᨖᬱᯕᔢ᮹ŖŖÕᖅᔍᨦᮥݡᔢᮝಽᩩእ┡ݚᖒ

᳑ᔍ᪡ እƱ ⠪aෝ ᭥⦽ ‘ᔍ⬥⠪a’ ᱽࠥෝ Õᖅʑᚁšญჶᨱ

໦᜽⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ə్ӹ ၽᵝᯱ᮹ ྕšᝍ, ᯱഭ ฾ᝅ, ᩩᔑ ᇡ᳒

॒᮹ ྙᱽಽ ⪽ᖒ⪵ࡹḡ ༜⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

ᯕᨱ⧕᫙⥭௽✙ᔍᨦᨱₙᩍ⦹۵ǎԕ᜽Ŗᔍෝᵲᝍᮝಽ⧕᫙

⥭௽✙ᔍᨦᮥݡᔢᮝಽÕᖅᖒŝ⊂ᱶၰᇥᕾᮥ☖⧕ᖒŝᱽŁෝ

᭥⦽ᄅ⊹ษ┚⥥ಽəఉᮥ}ၽ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᅙᩑǍෝᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅.

ᄅ⊹ษ┚ᮥ☖⧕ǎԕÕᖅᔍeəญŁ⧕᫙ĞᰢÕᖅᔍ᪡ǎԕ

Õᖅᔍe᮹ÕᖅᖒŝෝእƱ ⠪a⦹ᩍᰆ݉ᱱᮥ❭ᦦ⦹Łᯕෝ

☖⧕ ⧕᫙ ⥭௽✙ ᇥ᧝᮹ ǎᱽ Ğᰢಆ ⪶ᅕෝ ə ༊⢽ಽ ⦽݅.

ᅙᄅ⊹ษ┚⥥ಽəఉᮡÕᖅᖒŝෝ⊂ᱶ⦹ʑ᭥⦽ᖒŝᇥ᧝᪡

ḡ⢽ෝ}ၽ⦹Łšಉߑᯕ░ෝᙹḲ⦹ᩍᔑᨦĥ᪡⦺ĥᨱᕽ⪽ᬊ

⦹ᩍÕᖅᔑᨦ᮹ḡᗮᱢᯙĞᰢಆ⪶ᅕෝ᭥⧕⪽ᬊ⧁ᙹᯩࠥಾ

ߑᯕ░ෝᱽŖ⧁ᩩᱶᯕ݅. ᅙᩑǍ۵ᱥᚁ⦽ၵ᪡zᯕ⥭௽✙

Ŗᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽ᜽᯲⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ⇵⬥☁༊ၰÕ⇶Ŗᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽ

⪶ݡ⧁ ᙹ ᯩᮥ äᯕ݅.

ᅙםྙᮡÕᖅᖒŝᄅ⊹ษ┚ᮥǍᖒ⦹۵Õᖅᖒŝᇥ᧝᪡ḡ⢽

᮹đᱶŝᱶ॒ᄅ⊹ษ┚⥥ಽəఉ}ၽŝᱶᮥᖅ໦⦹ᩡ݅. əญŁ

❭ᯝౠ ߑᯕ░ᙹḲ ŝᱶŝ ᙹḲࡽߑᯕ░᮹ ☖ĥ ᇥᕾđŝෝ

ᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ੱ⦽ ᯕ ŝᱶᨱᕽ ᱽ᜽ࡽ ᮹čŝ Ʊ⬩ᮥ ᱽ᜽⦹ᩍ

ᖒŖᱢᯙÕᖅᖒŝᄅ⊹ษ┚ᮥࠥ༉⦹ᩡᮝ໑ษḡสᮝಽđುŝ

⇵⬥ ᩑǍႊ⨆ᮥ ᨙɪ⦹ᩡ݅.

2. Õᖅᖒŝᇥᕾྙ⨭Łₑ

ᖁḥǎᮥᵲᝍᮝಽᖒŝᵲᝍ᮹ᔍᨦšญℕĥᨱݡ⦽ʑᅙᱥఖ ᯕ ᙹพࡹᨩ݅(ᯕĥ᜾, ྙ⩶⢽ 1995). ə్ӹ Õᖅᔑᨦ᮹ Ğᬑ

ฯᮡᩩᔑᯕ⚍᯦ࡹḡอ, ᔑ⇽ྜྷŝ↽᳦ᩢ⨆ᮥ⠪a⦹ʑᨕಅᬕ

ᝅᱶᮝಽ↽᳦ᖒŝᅕ݅۵⚍᯦ྜྷᮥᵲᝍᮝಽᖒŝšญෝᙹ⧪⦹

Ł ᯩ݅.

Costa(2006) ॒ᨱ᮹⦹໕ᔍᨦᙹ⧪ᖒŝᇥ᧝ෝᖅᱶ⦹Ł, ᖒŝ

⠪aŝᱶŝℕĥෝǍᖒ⦽⬥↽᳦ᱢᮝಽᖒŝḡ⢽ෝᖁᱶ⦹۵

ŝᱶᮥ☖⧕ᖒŝ⠪a⥥౩ᯥᬭⓍෝᙹพ⦹۵äᮝಽᱽᦩ⦹ᩡ݅.

əญŁOECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1999)ᨱ঑෕໕ᔍᨦ⠪a۵‘✚ᱶᔍᨦ᮹ᵲ᫵⦽

ᱽၹ⊂໕ŝəa⊹ෝℕĥᱢᯕŁᇥᕾᱢᮝಽ⠪a⦹Ł⠪ađŝ ᮹ ᝁ഑ᖒŝ ᮁᬊᖒᮥ ⇵Ǎ⦹۵ ᯝ’ᯕ௝Ł ᱶ᮹⦹ᩡ݅.

ੱ⦽ᖒŝḡ⢽۵ᔍᨦᯕ༊ᱢ⦹۵↽᳦ᖒŝ᮹༊ᱢᨱᇡ⧊⦹í

ᖅᱶ⦹۵äᯕ⦥᫵⦹݅. əญŁᖒŝᇥ᧝ᖅᱶᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ۵Focus Group ໕ݕ, ᫙ᇡᱥྙa᮹čℎ≉, ᔍᨦݕݚᯱᩎ⧁༉ᔍ, םญ༉

⩶॒᮹ႊჶುᮥ⪽ᬊ⦽݅. ÕᖅŖᔍ᮹ᵲ᫵⦽ᖒŝᇥ᧝۵Ŗʑ, ᔍᨦእ, ⣩ḩಽ᫵᧞⧁ᙹᯩ݅(Brown and Adams 2000). ঑௝ᕽ

ᯕᖙaḡᖒŝᇥ᧝ෝiron triangle (Atkinson 1999) ੱ۵eternal triangle(Newcombe 2000) ᮝಽ໦໦⦹ᩡ݅. Ŗʑ, Ŗᔍእ, ⣩ḩᮥ

ᵲᝍᮝಽÕᖅᔍᨦ᮹⬉ᮉᖒᱽŁෝ᭥⧕ᖙᇡᖒŝḡ⢽}ၽŝ

⠪aႊჶᨱ ݡ⦽ ᩑǍa ᦥ௹᪡ zᯕ ᙹ⧪ࡹŁ ᯩ݅.

Shenhar ॒(1997)ᮡ ÕᖅŖᔍ᮹ ᖒŝᇥᕾᮥ ᭥⦽ ႊᦩᮝಽ

⥥ಽ᱾✙⬉ᮉᖒ, ᗭእᯱᩢ⨆, ᔍᨦᖒŖ, ၙ௹ݡእ᮹4}ᇥ᧝᮹

ᇥᕾႊჶᮥᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ᯕ۵݉᭥ᔍᨦ᮹ᖒŝ⠪aᙹᵡᯕᦥܩŁ

ᔍᨦᖒᮥá☁⦹۵݉ĥᨱᕽᙹ⧪ࡹ۵ᖒŝᇥᕾᮝಽ❱݉ࡽ݅.

əญŁAtkinson(1999)۵᜽Ŗ݉ĥ᮹⠪a᪡޵ᇩᨕᮁḡšญ݉

ĥ᮹⠪a᮹ᵲ᫵ᖒᮥᵝᰆ⦹ᩡ݅. ၶ⯍ᖒ(2007)ŝCox ॒(2003)

ᮡ⩥ᰍÕᖅᔍᨦᮥݡᔢᮝಽ⪽ᬊᵲᯙKPI(Key performance indicators) ෝ ᱶపᱢḡ⢽᪡ ᱶᖒᱢ ḡ⢽ಽ Ǎᇥ⦹ᩍ ᱥྙa᮹

᮹čᮥၵ┶ᮝಽḡ⢽᮹ᵲ᫵ࠥಽᔑᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. Chan ॒(2002)ᮡ

ʑ᳕ᔍಡෝᇥᕾ⦹ᩍŖʑ, ᔍᨦእ, ⣩ḩ, ᦩᱥ, ᔾᔑᖒ॒ʑᅙᱢᯙ

ᖒŝᇥ᧝᪡ᙹᯖᖒ, ʑᚁᱢᖒ܆, ᪥ᖒࠥ, ʑ܆ᖒ, ⪹Ğḡᗮa܆ᖒ

॒݅᧲⦽šᱱᨱᕽÕᖅᔍᨦ᮹ᖒŝෝ⠪a⦹ʑႊᦩᮥᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅.

Naoum (1994)ᮡ ĥ⫮ ݡእ ᝅᱽ Ŗᔍእ ᷾q እᮉᮥ ☖⧕

Ŗᔍእᖒŝ⠪aෝᱽ᜽⦹۵ᩑǍෝᙹ⧪⦹ᩡŁ, ݉᭥᯲ᨦݚ⚍᯦

ࡽŖᔍእᇥᕾ(Chan, 1996) ၰĥ⫮ݡእᝅᱽŖᔍእᩩ⊂ᮉᨱ

ݡ⦽ᇥᕾ(Songer, 1997)ᨱš⦽ᩑǍaḥ⧪ࡹᨩ݅. Chan(2000)

ᮡ᜽Ŗ݉ĥᨱ⦽ᱶࡽᦩᱥšಉᖒŝෝ⠪a⦹۵ᅕ᪥⧁⦥᫵ᖒᮥ

ḡᱢ⦹ᩡ݅. əญŁBubshait ॒(1994)۵ᵝ᫵⦽ᔍŁ᮹ၽᔾᮁྕ

ෝ ❱ᱶ⦹ᩍ ᅕÕ ၰ ᦩᱥšಉ ᖒŝෝ ⦹ࠥಾ ᱽᦩ⦹ᩡ݅.

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⣩ḩᇡྙ᮹ᖒŝ۵ᯝၹᱢᮝಽᱶᖒᱢੱ۵ᵝšᱢᯙ⠪aa

ᯕ൉ᨕḩᙹᯩ۵ᇥ᧝ᯕ݅. ᷪ, ᯕᬊᯱ᮹อ॒᳒ࠥᮡᱥ⩶ᱢᯙ

ᱶᖒᱢᖒŝᯕ݅. ə్ӹ᜽Ŗ⣩ḩྙᱽၽᔾᮝಽᯙ⦽ᰍ᜽Ŗᮉ, ᰍ᜽Ŗእᬊ॒᮹⪽ᬊᮥ☖⧕⣩ḩᖒŝෝᱶప⪵⦹ᩍ⪽ᬊ⦹Ł

ᯩ݅. Hatush(1997)۵⣩ḩ᮹ᖒŝšญෝၽᵝᯱᵲᝍ᮹᜽ႊᕽ

ᖅĥࠥ໕ᨱᇡ⧊ࡽ᜽ᖅྜྷ⩶┽ӹʑ܆ᯕอ᳒ࡹ۵ḡᩍᇡෝ❱݉

⦹۵ ႊᦩᮥ ᱽᦩ⦹ᩡ݅.

ə్ӹ⧕᫙᮹ᩑǍᔍಡ᮹ĞᬑǎԕÕᖅ⫭ᔍ᮹ᔢ⫊ᯕၹᩢࡹ

ḡᦫᦥᕽəݡಽᔍᬊ⧁ᙹᨧ۵ᝅᱶᯕ݅. əญŁǎԕᨱᕽᱽ᜽ࡽ

Õᖅᖒŝḡ⢽۵ǎԕᨱᕽᙹ⧪ࡽ ☁༊ၰÕ⇶Ŗᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽ

}ၽࡹᨕǎԕÕᖅ⫭ᔍaᙹ⧪⦹۵⧕᫙⥭௽✙ᔍᨦ᮹ᖒŝᇥᕾ

ᮥ ᭥⦹ᩍ ᔍᬊ⧁ ᙹ ᨧ۵ ᔢ⫊ᯕ݅.

3. ᖒŝ⠪aḡ⢽ࠥ⇽ŝᱶ

⧕᫙⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ᮹ᖒŝᄅ⊹ษ┚ᮥ᭥⦽ᖒŝḡ⢽đᱶᮡຝᱡ

Õᖅᔑᨦᨱᕽ⪽ᬊࡹŁᯩ۵šಉḡ⢽᪡šಉࡽྙ⨭ᮥᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ

Ł, šಉᇥ᧝ᱥྙaॅŝ⫭᮹᪡ᖅྙᮥ☖⧕≉⧊ࡽ᮹čŝᅙ

ᩑǍḥ᮹ šಉ ᇥ᧝ Ğ⨹ᮥ ၵ┶ᮝಽ ⦹ᩡ݅.

Õᖅᖒŝᄅ⊹ษ┚᮹ʑᅙ༉ߙᮡPark(2002, 2005)ŝၶ⯍ᖒ (2007) ᯕ ᱽ᜽⦽ }ֱ༉ߙᮥ ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ᯱᰍ, ᯙಆ, ᰆእ ॒

ᮁ᯦ྜྷᯕÕᖅŝᱶᮥÑℱ⥭௽✙᜽ᖅಽᄡ⪹ࡹ۵ŝᱶᨱᕽԁᦉ

॒⪹Ğᱢ᫵ᯙŝ᯲ᨦ᮹ӽᯕ॒ࠥᨱᩢ⨆ᮥၼ۵äᮝಽaᱶ⦹ᩡ

݅. ᯝၹᱢᮝಽÕᖅŝᱶ᮹ᖒŝእƱ⠪aෝ᭥⧕ᄅ⊹ษ┚ᮥᙹ⧪

⦹໑ᔍᨦእ, Ŗʑ, ᦩᱥ, ⣩ḩ॒ᯕᵝ᫵⠪aݡᔢᯕ݅. əญŁ

Õᖅŝᱶ᮹⬉ᮉᖒ᮹⠪aෝ᭥⧕ᄁᜅ✙⥥௺❑ᜅෝ⠪a⦽݅.

ə్ӹ ᅙ ᩑǍ۵ ᖒŝḡ⢽ }ၽᯕ ༊ᱢᯕŁ ⩥ᰍ ⧕᫙⥭௽✙

ᔍᨦ᮹⥥௺❑ᜅaᱽ᜽ࡹḡ ᦫᮡᝅᱶᯕအಽ⥥௺❑ᜅᇡᇥ᮹

⠪a۵ ⡍⧉⦹ḡ ᦫᦹ݅.

⧕᫙⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ᮹ᖒŝḡ⢽đᱶᮥ᭥⧕ᩢǎ᮹KPI ᖒŝ⊂ᱶ ḡ⢽, ၙǎCII(Construction Industry Institute) ᄅ⊹ษ┚ๅ✙ฎ ᜅ, ၙǎ ⋹ญ⡍ܩᦥ Ʊ☖ǎ ᔍᨦᖒŝḡ⢽, ǎԕ ᔍ⬥⠪aḡ⢽

॒ᮥእƱ ⠪a⦹ᩡ݅. əđŝ ᖒŝ⠪a⥥ಽəఉᄥಽᔍᨦእ, Ŗʑ, ⣩ḩḡ⢽᮹ᖙᇡ⢽⩥ႊ᜾ᮡᔢᯕ⦹ḡอʑᅙ}ֱᮡᮁᔍ⦽

ḡ⢽ಽǍᖒࡹᨕᯩ݅. əญŁᦩᱥ, ᖅĥᄡĞ, อ॒᳒ࠥŝzᮡ

⧎༊ᯕ ᵝ᫵ ᖒŝ⠪a ᇥ᧝ಽ ⡍⧉⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ǎԕ ŖŖŖᔍ᮹

ᔍ⬥⠪a᮹Ğᬑ۵ᔍᨦ⬉ᮉ, ᔍᨦᙹ⧪ᖒŝ, ❭ɪ⬉ŝಽǍᇥ⦹ᩍ

ᔍᨦ⬉ᮉᮡᩩእ┡ݚᖒ᳑ᔍ᜽ᩩ⊂⦽ᙹ᫵᮹ᱶ⪶ᖒᮥ⠪a⦹Ł

ᯩ݅. əญŁᔍᨦᙹ⧪ᖒŝ۵ᔍᨦእ, ᔍᨦʑe, ᦩᱥᮥ⠪a⦹Ł,

❭ɪ⬉ŝᨱᕽ۵ᖅĥᄡĞ, ၝᬱ, ⦹ᯱ, ḡᩎĞᱽ᪡ᔍ⫭ᨱၙ⊹۵

ᩢ⨆ ॒ᮥ ⠪a⦽݅.

bǎ᮹Õᖅᔍᨦ⠪aℕĥ᮹እƱᇥᕾᮥ☖⦹ᩍ, ⩥ᰍǎԕ

⠪a᜽ᜅ▽᮹ ᭥⊹ෝ ⪶ᯙ⦹Ł, ǎ᫙᮹ ᖁḥ⪵ࡽ ⠪a᜽ᜅ▽᮹

᯦ࠥᮥ☖⦽⨆⬥⧕᫙⥭௽✙ᔍᨦ᮹Õᖅᖒŝᇥᕾၰ⥥౩ᯥᬭⓍ

}ၽᨱ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ᩢǎ, ၙǎ, ᯝᅙbǎ᮹⠪aℕĥ۵⠪ađŝ

ෝ ⇵⬥ ᮁᔍ⦽ ÕᖅŖᔍ᮹ ⬉ᮉᱢᯙ ᙹ⧪ᮥ ᭥⦹ᩍ ⪹ඹ᜽⍽

⬉ᮉᖒᮥ׳ᯕŁᯱ⦹۵Ŗ☖ᱢᯙ༊ᱢᮥaḡŁᯩᮝ໑, ᖙᇡᱢᯙ

⠪aℕĥᨱ۵݅ᗭ₉ᯕᱱᯕᯩ݅. Ŗʑၰᔍᨦእ᮹ᱶపᱢ⠪aa

a܆⦽⠪a⧎༊ᮡbǎษ݅࠺ᯝ⦽ᖙᇡᱢᯙ⠪a⧎༊᮹ℕĥෝ

w⇵Łᯩᮝӹ, ⣩ḩᨱš⦽⠪a۵ᱶᖒᱢᯙᖒĊᯙ⠪a⧎༊ᯕʑ

ভྙᨱbʑšษ݅₉ᯕaᯩ݅. ᩢǎ᮹KPI ၰ⋹ญ⡍ܩᦥƱ☖ǎ ᮹Ğᬑᔍᬊᯱอ᳒ࠥᨱݡ⦽ᖅྙᮥ☖⦹ᩍᯕෝᱱᙹಽ⢽᜽⦹ᩍ

ӹ┡ԕ໑, ၙǎCII᮹Ğᬑᰍ᜽Ŗᨱݡ⦽⠪aෝ⦹Łᯩ݅. ᯝᅙŝ

ǎԕ᮹Ğᬑ⦹ᯱၰၝᬱ॒ᮥ☖⦹ᩍeᱲᱢᮝಽ⣩ḩᮥ⠪a⦹Ł

ᯩ۵ ᝅᱶᯕ݅.

ǎԕ᫙ᔍಡᇥᕾŝᩑǍḥ᮹ቭ౩ᯙᜅ☁ၮđŝࠥ⇽ࡽᖒŝ⊂

ᱶḡ⢽(ᦩ)ෝݡᇥඹ(ᔍᨦእ, ᔍᨦʑe, ⣩ḩ, ᦩᱥ, ᖅĥᄡĞ), ᵲ ᇥඹ(ᔍᨦእ᷾a, ݉ĥᄥᔍᨦእ, ᔍᨦʑe᷾a, ݉ĥᄥᔍᨦʑe, ᰍ᜽Ŗ, ʑ܆ᖒ, ᦩᱥ, ᖅĥᄡĞ)ŝTable 1ᨱᕽTable 6ᨱᱽ᜽ࡽ

26}ᖙᇡᖒŝḡ⢽ಽǍᇥ⦹ᩍšಉᇥ᧝ᱥྙa⫭᮹᪡ᖅྙ᳑ᔍ

ෝᝅ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ᩑǍḥᨱ᮹⧕ᱽᦩࡽᖒŝḡ⢽᮹ᱢᱶᖒᮥᱱá⦹

ʑ᭥⧕ᔑᨦĥᱥྙa16໦ŝÕᖅᖒŝᩑǍᯱ3໦ᮥݡᔢᮝಽ

ᖒŝḡ⢽᮹šಉᖒ, ໦⪶ᖒ, ᱢ᜽ᖒ, እƱa܆ᖒ, ᯱഭ⫮ाa܆ᖒ ᨱ ݡ⧕ ᖅྙᮥ ᝅ᜽⦹ᩡ݅.

3.1 ॷડण஺ඝ

ᔍᨦ݉ĥᄥᔍᨦእ᷾aᮉᨱݡ⧕ᕽᱥℕᔍᨦᵲᔢݡᱢᮝಽ

እᵲᯕ ᱢᮡ ᜽ᬕᱥእ ᷾aᮉŝ ᖅĥእ ᷾aᮉᯕ ༉ु ᇡᇥᨱ

Ùℱ݅ෙᯱഭᨱእ⧕ԏᮡᱱᙹෝၼᦹ݅. ə్ӹᱥℕᔍᨦእ

ᵲǍๅ᳑ݍእᬊእᮉᯕⓑ⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ᮹✚ᖒᮥၹᩢ⦹ᩍǍๅ᳑

ݍእ᷾aᮉᨱݡ⦽ᱱᙹa׳íӹ┡ԍ݅. ᱥℕᱢᮝಽ5ᱱ⃺ࠥ

ᱱᙹ ᵲ ⠪Ɂ 3.5ᱱ ᯕᔢᮥ ӹ┡ԕŁ ᯩ݅. ə్ӹ ‘ᱢ᜽ᖒ’ŝ

‘ ᯱഭ⫮ाᖒ’ ᱱᙹෝŁಅ⧁ভᔍᨦᙹ⧪ᵲੱ۵ᔍᨦ᪥ഭ⬥

ḡ⢽ĥᔑᮥ᭥⦽ᱢᱩ⦽ᬱᯱഭ᯦ᙹᨱݡ⦽Łಅa⦥᫵⦹݅.

ᔍᨦ݉ĥᄥᔍᨦእḡᙹ۵ᱥℕᔍᨦእݡእ⧕ݚᔍᨦ݉ĥ᮹

ᔍᨦእእᮉᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ᔍᨦእ᷾aᮉŝእ᜘⦽Ğ⨆ᮥᅕᯕ໑

ᱥℕᔍᨦ ᵲ ᔢݡᱢᮝಽእᵲᯕ ᱢᮡ ᜽ᬕᱥእḡᙹ᪡ ᖅĥእ

ḡᙹa༉ुᇡᇥᨱÙℱ݅ෙḡ⢽ᨱእ⧕ԏᮡᱱᙹෝၼᦹ݅.

ə్ӹ⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ᮹✚ᖒᮥၹᩢ⦹ᩍǍๅ᳑ݍእḡᙹaÕᖅ݉

ĥእᬊḡᙹ᪡እ᜘⦽ᙹᵡᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅. ᱥℕᱢᮝಽ5ᱱ⃺ࠥ

ᱱᙹᵲ⠪Ɂ3.5ᱱᯕᔢᮥӹ┡ԕŁᯩ݅. ə్ӹᔍᨦእ᷾aᮉŝ

࠺ᯝ⦹í‘ᱢ᜽ᖒ’ŝ‘ᯱഭ⫮ाᖒ’ ᱱᙹෝŁಅ⧁ভᔍᨦᙹ⧪

ᵲ ੱ۵ ᔍᨦ ᪥ഭ ⬥ ḡ⢽ ĥᔑᮥ ᭥⦽ ᱢᱩ⦽ ᬱᯱഭ ᯦ᙹᨱ

ݡ⦽ Łಅa ⦥᫵⦹݅.

(4)

Table 3. Schedule Growth Metrics

Relevancy Logidity Timeliness Compara- bility

Attaina- bility Engineering 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 Procurement 4.5 3.9 4.2 4.1 3.6 Construction 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.1 3.8 Start-Up 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.4 Total Cost 4.5 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.6

Table 4. Phase Schedule Metrics

Relevancy Logidity Timeliness Compara- bility

Attaina- bility Engineering 3.9 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.6 Procurement 4.4 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.7 Construction 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.9 Start-Up 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4

Table 5. Quality Metrics

Relevancy Logidity Timeliness Comparability Attainability

Rework

Re-design 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2

Re-procurement 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.3

Re-construction 4.3 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.6

Total rework cost 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.4

Table 1. Cost Growth Metrics

Relevancy Logidity TimelinessCompara- bility

Attaina- bility Engineering 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.7 3.6 Procurement 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.2 3.6 Construction 4.2 4.3 3.6 4.1 3.4 Start-Up 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.5 3.2 Total Cost 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.8 3.7

Table 2. Phase Cost Metrics

Attaina- bility Engineering 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.5 Procurement 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.5 Construction 4.3 4.2 3.7 4.1 3.8 Start-Up 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5

3.2 ॷડ׆ԩ஺ඝ

ᔍᨦ݉ĥᄥ ᔍᨦʑe ᷾aᮉ᮹ Ğᬑ ⧕ݚḡ⢽a Õᖅᖒŝ᪡

šಉᖒᯕaᰆ׳ᮡäᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅. ə్ӹ᜽ᬕᱥʑe᷾aᮉᮡ

݅ෙ݉ĥ᪡እƱ⧩ᮥভ༉ुᇡᇥᨱᕽԏᮡᱱᙹෝᅕᯕŁᯩ݅.

ᯕ۵⥭௽✙Ŗᔍᨱᕽ᜽ᬕᱥᯕ݅ෙŖᔍᨱእ⧕ᕽᵲ᫵⦹ḡอ,

᜽ᬕᱥ ʑeᯕ ⪶ᱶᱢᮝಽ đᱶࡹᨕ ᯩᨕᕽ ݅ෙ ᔍᨦ ݉ĥᨱ

እ⧕ᕽ۵እᵲᯕԏᮡäᮝಽ❱݉ࡽ݅. ᔍᨦ݉ĥᄥᔍᨦʑe᷾a ᮉḡ⢽᮹Ğᬑᱥℕᱢᮝಽ5ᱱ⃺ࠥᱱᙹᵲ⠪Ɂ3.5ᱱᯕᔢᮥ

ӹ┡ԕŁᯩ݅. əญŁ‘ᱢ᜽ᖒ’᮹ĞᬑŖᔍእᅕ݅׳ᮡᱱᙹෝ

ӹ┡ԩ݅. ə్ӹ‘ᯱഭ⫮ाᖒ’ᮡᱥၹᱢᮝಽԏᮡᱱᙹෝӹ┡ԕ Łᯩ۵ߑᯕ۵ḡ⢽ĥᔑᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ⦥᫵⦽ᬱᯱഭ᮹༊ಾᮥᱽ᜽⦹

ḡ ᦫŁ ᖅྙᮥ ḥ⧪⧕ᕽ ᱥၹᱢᮝಽ ᯱഭ⫮ा a܆ᖒᯕ ԏí

ӹ┡ӽ äᮝಽ ❱݉ࡽ݅.

ᔍᨦ݉ĥᄥᔍᨦʑeḡᙹ᮹ĞᬑǍๅ᳑ݍʑeḡᙹ᪡Õᖅʑ eḡᙹa5}ḩྙᨱᕽŁ෕í׳ᮡᱱᙹෝၼᦹ݅. ə్ӹ᜽ᬕᱥ ʑe᮹Ğᬑᱥℕᔍᨦʑeᵲ↽᳦݉ĥ໨}ᬵᨱÙℱḥ⧪ࢉᮝಽ

᜽ᬕᱥʑeḡᙹ۵ԏᮡ⠪aෝၼᦹ݅. ə్ӹ݉ĥᄥᔍᨦʑe

ḡ⢽۵ᱥℕᱢᮝಽ5ᱱ⃺ࠥᱱᙹᵲ⠪Ɂ3.5ᱱᯕᔢᮥӹ┡ԕŁ

ᯩ݅. Õᖅʑe᮹Ğᬑ5}ḩྙ༉ࢱ׳ᮡᱱᙹෝၼᮡäᮝಽ

ᅝভᱥℕᔍᨦʑeᵲÕᖅʑeᯕ₉ḡ⦹۵እᵲᯕŖʑ₉ᬱ᮹

ᖒŝ⠪a ᜽ ᵲ᫵⦽ ᫵ᯙᮝಽ ❱݉ࡽ݅.

3.3 ඨா஺ඝ

Ŗᔍ᮹⣩ḩŝšಉࡽ5}᮹ḡ⢽ෝᱽ᜽⦹Łᖅྙᮥᙹ⧪⦽

đŝ5}ḡ⢽༉ࢱšಉᖒŝ໦⪶ᖒᮡᦥᵝ׳ᮡäᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅.

እƱa܆ᖒ᮹ Ğᬑ Ŗᔍᄥಽ ၽᔾ⦽ ⣩ḩ᮹ ྙᱽ᪡ ə ᱶࠥa

ᔢᯕ⧉ᮝಽᯕෝእƱ⦹۵äᯕ┡ݚ⦽ḡᨱݡ⦽᮹čᯕᱽ᜽ࡹᨩ

݅. ə్ӹᅙḡ⢽ෝ⪽ᬊ⦹໕ᱥℕᔍᨦእݡእb݉ĥᄥᰍ᯲ᨦᮝ ಽᯙ⦽ᔍᨦእ᷾aᱶࠥ᪡Ŗʑḡᩑᱶࠥෝ❭ᦦ⧁ᙹᯩ݅.

ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ⫭ᔍᨱᕽᰍ᯲ᨦᮝಽᯙ⦽እᬊ᷾aᯱഭෝᙹḲ⦹

Łᯩḡᦫᦥᕽᯱഭ⫮ाᖒᨱᕽaᰆԏᮡᱱᙹෝၼᦹ݅. ⧕᫙

ݡ⩶Õᖅᔍ᮹Ğᬑ⣩ḩšಉḡ⢽ĥᔑᮥ᭥⦽ᰍ᜽Ŗᯱഭෝ

ℕĥᱢᮝಽᙹḲ⦹Łᇥᕾ⦹Łᯩ݅. ঑௝ᕽᅙᩑǍෝ☖⧕ᱽ᜽ࡹ

۵ ⣩ḩḡ⢽ ⪽ᬊᮥ ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ ǎԕ Õᖅ⫭ᔍࠥ ⣩ḩŝ šಉࡽ

Ǎℕᱢᯙ ᯱഭ ᙹḲ᮹ ⦥᫵ᖒᮥ v᳑⦹ᩡ݅.

ᱥၹᱢᮝಽᔍᨦእ᪡Ŗʑᨱእ⧕ᕽԏᮡᱱᙹෝ⫮ा⦹ᩡ݅.

(5)

Table 6. Safety and Change Metrics

Attaina- bility S

a f e t y

TRC

Rate 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.4

DART

Rate 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3

Change Order 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.3 3.3

Fig. 1. Pilot Result of Cost Growth

Fig. 2. Pilot Result of Phase Cost

⣩ḩḡ⢽᮹Ğᬑᝅ➉ᔍಡෝ ʑᵡᮝಽ⦹۵ᇡᱶᱢḡ⢽ᯕအಽ

ᯕᨱݡ⦽ᇡݕࠥᯩ݅. ᷪ, ᔍᨦᄥ⫭ᔍᄥ⣩ḩྙᱽಽᯙ⦽ྙᱽᱱ

ᮥᱽ᜽⦹ᩍ᧝⧉ᮝಽၝq⦽ᔍᦩᮝಽᅝᙹᯩᮝӹᯕ్⦽ḡ⢽᮹

⪽ᬊᮥ ☖⧕ ⣩ḩ }ᖁᮥ ࠥ༉⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

3.4 ੲୢࢫডծ࣡լ஺ඝ

ᦩᱥŝᖅĥᄡĞ᮹Ğᬑ݅ෙḡ⢽ᨱእ⧕aᰆԏᮡᱱᙹෝ

ၼᦹ݅. ᦩᱥšಉḡ⢽۵ၙǎOSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration) ᨱᕽ⪽ᬊ⦹Łᯩ۵ᦩᱥᮉḡ⢽ෝᱽ᜽⦹

ᩡᮝӹᅙḡ⢽᮹ᯙḡࠥaԏᦥᕽᱥၹᱢᮝಽԏᮡᱱᙹaӹ᪵݅.

ᖅĥᄡĞ᮹ĞᬑᖅĥᄡĞᮝಽᯙ⦽ᔍᨦእ᪡Ŗʑ᮹ᩢ⨆ᱶࠥ

ෝ❭ᦦ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ᯱഭᙹḲᮥ᭥⦽⇵aיಆᯕ⦥᫵⦹޵௝ࠥ

ᱢᬊ⦹۵ äᯕ ᱢᱩ⦽ äᮝಽ ❱݉ࡽ݅.

4. ❭ᯝౠߑᯕ░ᇥᕾ

4.1 ൞ଵߍ܁ଲഉԹ૬

ᅙ ᩑǍෝ ☖⧕ ᱽ᜽ࡽ ᖒŝ ᖅྙḡ᪡ ᖒŝḡ⢽᮹ ┡ݚᖒᮥ

á᷾⦹ʑ᭥⧕⧕᫙⥭௽✙ෝᙹ⧪⦽⫭ᔍᨱᖅྙ᳑ᔍෝ☖⧕10}

᮹⧕᫙⥭௽✙ᔍᨦ᮹ᖒŝᖅྙ᮲ݖᮥၼᦥᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. ᔹ⥭ಽ

ᙹḲࡽ 10} ⧕᫙⥭௽✙ Ŗᔍ۵ ༉ࢱ ᝁȽ Ŗᔍಽ ၽᵝႊ᜾ᮡ

▕┅ᯕ໑, Ŗᔍእḡɪႊ᜾ᮡⅾᧂĥ᧞ᯕᨩ݅. 10}ᔍᨦᵲ1}อ

ၝeၽᵝᯕŁ9}۵ŖŖၽᵝᔍᨦᯕᨩᮝ໑, ⠪Ɂᔍᨦእ۵8ᨖ

5849อ ݍ్ᯕᨩ݅.

⥥ಽ᱾✙ӽᯕࠥ۵↽ᱡ5ᨱᕽᇡ░9ʭḡ݅᧲⦹íӹ┡ԍᮝӹ

10}ᔍᨦᵲ7}ᔍᨦᯕ7ᱱᯕᔢ᮹Łӽᯕࠥᔍᨦᯕ௝Ł᮲ݖ⦹ᩍ

ӽᯕࠥa ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ ׳ᮡ ᔍᨦॅಽ ⇵ᱶࡽ݅.

ᔍᨦእ᪡ᔍᨦʑeᨱݡ⦽ᯱഭ۵እƱᱢ∊ᝅ⯩᮲ݖࡹᨩᮝӹ

ᖅĥᄡĞ, ᰍ᜽Ŗ, ᦩᱥᔍŁšಉᯱഭ۵᮲ݖእᮉᯕԏᦥ᜽⨹

ᇥᕾᨱᕽ ᱽ᫙⦹ᩡ݅.

4.2 ൞ଵߍ܁ଲഉंজէր

ᙹḲࡽ10}⧕᫙⥭௽✙ŖᔍᯱഭᵲⅾᔍᨦእᯱഭෝᱽŖ⦽

9}Ŗᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽⅾᔍᨦእ᷾aᮉᮥĥᔑ⦹ᩡ݅. b݉ĥᄥ

ĥ⫮ၰᝅᱽᔍᨦእෝᱽŖ⦽7}Ŗᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽᔍᨦ݉ĥᄥ

ᔍᨦእ ᷾aᮉᮥ ĥᔑ⦹ᩡ݅. 10} ⥥ಽ᱾✙۵ ḡᩎ, ⥥ಽ᱾✙

᳦ඹ, ᔍᨦȽ༉, Ŗᔍ᳦ඹಽᇥඹ⦹ḡᦫŁ☖⧊⧕ᕽᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅.

ⅾᔍᨦእ᷾aᮉᮡFig. 1ŝzᯕ↽ᗭ-0.097ᇡ░↽ݡ0.360ᔍᯕ ᨱᇥ⡍⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᯕ۵ⅾᔍᨦእa9.7% qᗭ⦽Ŗᔍᇡ░↽ݡ

36% ʭḡ᷾a⦽Ŗᔍaᯩ݅۵᮹ၙᯕ݅. əญŁⅾᔍᨦእ᷾aᮉ

ᮡ ⠪Ɂ 0.099(9.9%) ᷾a⦹۵ äᮝಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.

ᙹḲࡽ 10} ⧕᫙⥭௽✙ Ŗᔍ ᯱഭ ᵲ b ݉ĥᄥ ᔍᨦእෝ

ᱽŖ⦽7}Ŗᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽᔍᨦ݉ĥᄥᔍᨦእḡᙹ۵Fig. 2᪡

z݅. ⅾᔍᨦእݡእᖅĥእ۵⠪Ɂ6.6%, Ǎๅ᳑ݍእ۵58.3%, Õᖅእ۵ 32.7%, ᜽ᬕᱥእ۵ 2.4% ᗭ᫵ࡹ۵ äᮝಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.

Ǎๅ᳑ݍእḡᙹ᮹Ğᬑ↽ݡ91.4%ᇡ░↽ᗭ45.7%ʭḡ₉ḡ⦹

۵äᮝಽӹ┡ӹ⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ᮹✚ᖒᔢ☁༊ᯕӹÕ⇶Ŗᔍᅕ݅

Ǎๅ᳑ݍᨱᗭ᫵ࡹ۵እᬊᯕⓍŁ᜽Ŗ݉ĥ᮹እᬊᯕᔢݡᱢᮝಽ

ᱢᮡ äᮝಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.

ᙹḲࡽ10}⧕᫙⥭௽✙ŖᔍᯱഭᵲⅾᔍᨦእᯱഭෝᱽŖ⦽

ŖᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽFig. 3ŝzᯕᔍᨦʑe᷾aᮉᮥĥᔑ⦹ᩡ݅.

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Fig. 3. Pilot Result of Schedule Growth

Fig. 4. Pilot Result of Phase Schedule

ᖅĥʑeᮡ⠪Ɂ21.3%, Ǎๅ᳑ݍʑeᮡ⠪Ɂ14.7%, Õᖅʑeᮡ

19.1%, ᜽ᬕᱥʑeᮡ ⠪Ɂ 58.6% ᷾aࡹ۵ äᮝಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.

ə్ӹ ᜽ᬕᱥʑe ᷾aᮉ᮹ Ğᬑ⦽} ᔍᨦ᮹ ߑᯕ░ಽ⠪Ɂ

᷾aᮉᯕ۹ᨕӽĞᬑᯕ݅. ⇵⬥ߑᯕ░᮹ᙹa۹ᨕӹ໕☖ĥᱢᯙ

ʑჶᮥ ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍ ᯕᔢᱱ(outlier)ᮥ ❱ᄥ⦹ᩍ ᱽ᫙⦽ ⬥ ᇥᕾᮥ

ᝅ᜽⦹ᩍ ᯕᔢᱱᮝಽ ᯙ⦽ ᪽łᮥ ႊḡ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

ᙹḲࡽ10}⧕᫙⥭௽✙ŖᔍᯱഭᵲⅾᔍᨦእᯱഭෝᱽŖ⦽

9}Ŗᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽᔍᨦʑeḡᙹෝĥᔑ⦹ᩡ݅. ᱥℕᔍᨦʑe

ᵲᖅĥʑeᮡ⠪Ɂ42.6%, Ǎๅ᳑ݍʑeᮡ⠪Ɂ52.8%, Õᖅʑe

ᮡ80.5%, ᜽ᬕᱥʑeᮡ⠪Ɂ27.2% ₉ḡ⦹۵äᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅.

Ǎๅ᳑ݍʑeḡᙹ᮹⢽ᵡ⠙₉a0.301ಽ݅ෙ݉ĥᨱእ⧕ᄡ࠺ᯕ

ⓑäᮝಽӹ┡ԍᮝ໑, ᜽ᬕᱥʑeḡᙹ᮹Ğᬑ9}Ŗᔍᵲ↽ݡ

0.464ᇡ░ ↽ᗭ 0.103ʭḡ ᇥ⡍⦹ᩡ݅.

4.3 ൞ଵߍ܁ଲഉंজ֗ผ

ᖒŝḡ⢽᪡ᖅྙḡ᮹┡ݚᖒá᷾ᮥ᭥⧕ᙹ⧪ࡽ❭ᯝౠߑᯕ░

ᙹḲ ၰ ᇥᕾ đŝ᮹ ᜽ᔍᱱᮡ ᦥ௹᪡ z݅.

 ᔍᨦእ᪡Ŗᔍʑeᨱݡ⦽ᯱഭ۵ʑ᳕ᨱ⫭ᔍ₉ᬱᨱᕽšญ⦹

Łᯩᨕᕽᄥࠥ᮹יಆᨧᯕݡᇡᇥ᮹ĞᬑᯱഭᱽŖᯕᬊᯕ⧉.

ə్ӹᯝᇡ۵ᔍᨦ݉ĥᄥᔍᨦእ᪡Ŗᔍʑeᯱഭ۵ᨧŁᱥℕ

ᔍᨦእ᪡ Ŗᔍʑeᨱ ݡ⦽ ᯱഭอ ᱽŖ⧉

 ⣩ḩᖒŝᇥᕾᮥ᭥⦽ᔍᨦ݉ĥᄥᰍ᯲ᨦḡᙹෝĥᔑ⦹ʑ᭥⦽

ᯱഭ۵᜽Ŗ݉ĥ᮹ĞᬑᯝᇡŖᔍᯱഭa᯦ಆࡹᨩŁ, ݡᇡᇥ᮹

⫭ᔍᨱᕽšಉᯱഭෝǍℕᱢᮝಽ⪶ᅕ⦹Łᯩḡᦫᮡäᮝಽ

❱݉ࢉ

 ᦩᱥᖒŝᇥᕾᮥ᭥⧕ᕽᅙᩑǍ۵ၙǎOSHAᨱᕽ⪽ᬊ⦹Ł

ᯩ۵ḡ⢽ෝᱽ᜽⦹ᩡᮭ. ə్ӹᅙḡ⢽ĥᔑᨱ⦥᫵⦽ᦩᱥᔍŁ

ᯱഭෝᯩᮥäᮝಽᔍഭࡹӹᦩᱥᔍŁᇥඹႊჶᨱ₉ᯕಽᯙ⧕

šಉᯱഭ᮹ᱽŖᯕၙ⯂⧉. ᯕ۵ᦩᱥᔍŁᇥඹᨱݡ⦽ᯕ⧕ࠥa

׳ᦥḡ໕ šಉ ᯱഭ᮹ ᯦ᙹa a܆⧁ äᮝಽ ᩩᔢࢉ. ə్ӹ

ᦩᱥᔍŁၽᔾᨱšಉࡽᯱഭ۵ᯩᮝӹḡ⢽ĥᔑᮥ᭥⧕⦥᫵⦽

᯲ᨦᯱ ⅾ ᯲ᨦ᜽eᨱ ݡ⦽ ᮲ݖᯕ ԏᮡ ᝅᱶᯥ

 ᖅĥᄡĞ᮹Ğᬑ10}Ŗᔍݡᇡᇥᯕᯱഭෝ᯦ಆ⦹ᩡᮝӹᦩᱥ ḡ⢽᪡zᯕ⫭ᔍᨱᕽšญ⦹۵ʑᵡŝᖅྙḡ᮹ᇥඹaᔢᯕ⦹

ᩍḡ⢽ĥᔑၰᇥᕾᮥ᭥⧕⦥᫵⦽ᯱഭ᮹ᱽŖᯕᯕ൉ᨕḡḡ

ᦫᦹᮭ. ə్ӹᖅĥᄡĞŝšಉࡽʑⅩᯱഭ۵⫭ᔍᨱᕽšญ⦹

Ł ᯩᮝအಽ ⇵⬥ ᇥᕾᯕ a܆⧁ äᮝಽ ❱݉ࢉ

4.4 ஺ুୡ଴নրंজฆ૳ࢺੲ

⧕᫙Õᖅ ᜽ᰆᨱᕽ ǎԕ ⥭௽✙Õᖅ ᨦℕ᮹ ᭥ᔢᮡ ၽᱥ ၰ

ᕾᮁ⪵⦺ᇥ᧝ᨱᕽᔢݚ⦽ᯙḡࠥෝ᝴ᮡᔢ┽ᯕ໑, 2009֥ࠥᇡ░

ᱶᮁᗭᇥ᧝ᨱᕽࠥᖙĥᖁࢱᨦℕॅᮥ᭥⩲⧁ᱶࠥಽᔢ᜚⦹Ł

ᯩ݅. əญŁᖙĥᖁࢱ⥭௽✙ᨦℕ᪡᮹ᙹᵝĞᰢᨱᕽ᜚ญෝ

Ñࢱ۵॒ᔢݚ⦽ᖒŝෝ᝴Łᯩ݅. ə్ӹᬑญᨦℕӝญ᮹ŝݚ

Ğᰢᮝಽ ᙹᯖශᯕ ᦦ⪵ࡹ۵ ॒᮹ ྙᱽa ၽᔾ⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

əญŁᅙ❭ᯝౠߑᯕ░ᙹḲၰᇥᕾŝᱶᨱᕽӹ┡ӽၵᨱ

᮹⦹໕⥭௽✙⥥ಽ᱾✙᮹ᖒŝ⠪ađŝ᪡ᔍᨦእšಉԕᬊᮡ

ݡ᫙እಽšญࡹŁᯩᮝ໑, b⥥ಽ᱾✙᮹đŝၰᖒŝෝእƱ

⠪aෝ᭥⦽~šᱢʑᵡᯕӹእƱ⠪aᇥᕾ᜽ᜅ▽ᯕᨧ۵ᝅᱶᯕ݅.

঑௝ᕽ⧕᫙Õᖅ⩲⫭ᨱᕽᬕᩢᵲᯙ⧕᫙Õᖅ⥭௽✙ᇥ᧝ᄥ

⩲᮹⫭(⪹Ğ, ᕾᮁ⪵⦺, ၽᱥ, ᬱᱥ, aᜅ, ᔑᨦ⥭௽✙॒)ෝ☖⦹ᩍ

⥥ಽ᱾✙ᖒŝᇥᕾᯱഭෝᙹḲ⦹Ł, ᙹḲࡽᯱഭෝᖒŝᇥᕾ⥥౩ ᯥᬭⓍෝǍ⇶⦹ᩍ~šᱢᯙᖒŝᇥᕾᔢݡ⠪aḡ⢽ෝᱽŖ⧉ᮡ

ྜྷು⨆⬥ᖒŝᇥᕾ᮹ࠥǍಽᔍᬊ⧁ᙹᯩ۵äᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅.

⧕᫙⥭௽✙ᖒŝ⠪a᮹ᖒŖᱢᯙᙹ⧪ᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ۵a܆⦽݅ᙹ ᮹Õᖅ⫭ᔍaᅙ⥥ಽəఉᨱₙᩍ⦹ᩍᖒŝ⠪aᨱݡ⦽Ŗqݡෝ

⩶ᖒ⦹ᩍᙹḲa܆⦽ᙹᵡ᮹ߑᯕ░ᄁᯕᜅෝǍ⇶⦹ᩍእƱ⠪a

⦹۵äᯕ⦥᫵⦹݅. əญŁᖒŖᱢᯙᔍᨦᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ʑ᳕ᔍᨦ᮹

lessons learnedෝ⇵⬥ᔍᨦᵡእၰᙹ⧪᜽ᱢᬊ⦹۵äᯕ⦥᫵⦹

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໑, ⨆⬥ߑᯕ░ᄁᯕᜅǍ⇶ᮥ☖⦽ᄅ⊹ษ┚ႊ⨆ᱽ᜽a⦥᫵⦹݅.

əญŁ⥭௽✙ᔍᨦ᮹ᖒŝḡ⢽ෝʑ᳕ᔍᨦŝእƱ⦹ᩍbᔍᨦᄥ

ᖒŝᇥᕾᅕŁᕽ᧲᜾ᮥᱽ᜽⦹ᩍᖒŝእƱ⠪aႊᦩᱽŖ⦹ᩍ᧝

⦽݅. ᯕෝ᭥⧕ÕᖅᖒŝᱽŁෝ᭥⧕⦥᫵⦽ᄁᜅ✙⥥௺❑ᜅ

ၽǕ ᩑǍa ḡᗮᱢᮝಽ ᙹ⧪ࡹᨕ᧝ ⦽݅.

5. đು

ᅙᩑǍෝ☖⧕⧕᫙⥭௽✙ŖᔍᨱₙᩍᵲᯙǎԕÕᖅᔍॅ᮹

Õᖅᖒŝ⠪aෝ᭥⦽ᄅ⊹ษ┚᮹ḡᗮᱢᯙᙹ⧪ᮥ᭥⦽⥥ಽəఉ ᯕᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ❭ᯕౠߑᯕ░ᇥᕾᮥ☖⧕ᅙÕᖅᖒŝᇥᕾ᮹

ᱢᬊ a܆ᖒᮥ ⠪a⦹ᩡ݅. ᯕ ŝᱶᨱᕽ ᱽ᜽ࡽ Ʊ⬩ŝ ᮹čᮥ

ၹᩢ⦹ᩡ݅.

❭ᯝౠᇥᕾđŝⅾᔍᨦእ᮹Ğᬑ᧞10% ᷾aࡹ۵äᮝಽ

ӹ┡ԍᮝ໑, Ǎๅ᳑ݍŝ ᜽Ŗ݉ĥ᮹ ᔍᨦእ ᷾aᮉᯕ ᖅĥእ᪡

᜽ᬕᱥ݉ĥ᮹ᔍᨦእ᷾aᮉᅕ݅ᔢݡᱢᮝಽᱢᮡäᮝಽӹ┡ԍ

݅. əญŁ⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ᮹✚ᖒᔢᱥℕᔍᨦእݡእǍๅ᳑ݍእa

⠪Ɂ 58.3% ₉ḡ⦹۵ äᮝಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.

ᅙ⥥ಽəఉ᮹ḡᗮᱢᯙᬕᩢᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ߑᯕ░᮹᯦ᙹᨱݡ⦽

ݡᦩᯕ⦥᫵⦹݅. ⫭ᔍᨱᕽᙹḲ⦹۵ʑ᳕᮹ߑᯕ░᪡ᅙ⥥ಽəఉ ᮹ߑᯕ░aᯝ⊹⦹ḡᦫ۵Ğᬑaᯩ݅. əญŁ⫭ᔍᨱᕽᅕᦩᔢ᮹

ᯕᮁಽߑᯕ░᮹ᱽŖᮥ༜⦹۵Ğᬑ᪡⧕ݚߑᯕ░᮹ᙹḲ⦹ḡ

ᦫ۵Ğᬑࠥᯩ݅. ᯕ్⦽ྙᱽෝ⧕đ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ߑᯕ░ᅕᦩᨱ

ݡ⦽ႊᦩᯕᱽ᜽ࡹᨕ᧝⧁äᯕ݅. əญŁÕᖅᖒŝᱽŁ⧁ᙹ

ᯩ۵ᄁᜅ✙⥥௺❑ᜅᱽ᜽ෝ᭥⦽ᩑǍෝᙹ⧪⦹ᩍÕᖅᖒŝ᪡᮹

ᔢššĥෝ Ƚ໦⦹۵ ⇵a ᩑǍa ⦥᫵⦹݅.

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Park, H. S., Thomas, S. R., and Tucker, R. L. (2005). “Bench- marking of construction productivity.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 131, No. 7, pp.

772-778.

Shenhar, A. J., Levy, O., and Dvir, D. (1997). “Mapping the dimensions of project success.” Project Management Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 5-13.

Songer, A. D., and Molenaar, K. R. (1997). “Project characteristics for successful public-sector design-build.” Journal of Constru- ction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp.

34-40.

해외플랜트 공사 벤치마킹 프로그램 개발

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ࢮ็ন

Park, Hee-Sung*

Development of Construction Benchmarking for Oversea Industrial Projects

ABSTRACT

Key words : Industrial Project, Benchmarking, Performance Analysis

Ⅹಾ

2003֥ᯕ⬥ǎԕÕᖅ⫭ᔍ᮹⧕᫙ÕᖅᙹᵝᧂᯕɪĊ⯩۹ᨕӹŁᯩ݅. ⧕᫙⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ۵᜽Ŗᔍ᮹EPC᪡ᔍᨦšญ܆ಆᯕᖒ➉ෝ᳭ᬑ⦽

௽✙Ŗᔍ10}᮹ᯱഭෝ᯦ᙹ⦹ᩍᖒŝෝᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. ⧕᫙⥭௽✙Ŗᔍᄅ⊹ษ┚⥥ಽəఉᮥ}ၽ⦹۵ŝᱶᨱᕽᨦĥ᮹⦝ऽ႒ŝƱ⬩ᮥᱽ᜽

⦹ᩡ݅. əญŁᅙ⥥ಽəఉᯕḡᗮᱢᮝಽ⪽ᬊࡹʑ᭥⧕Łಅ⧕᧝⧁ᔍ⧎ᮥᱽᦩ⦹ᩡ݅.

áᔪᨕ ⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ, ᄅ⊹ษ┚, ᖒŝᇥᕾ

1. ᕽು

1.1 ઴֜ଭࢼլࢫࡧୡ

2003֥ 36.7ᨖᇩ ⧕᫙Õᖅ ᙹᵝ ᯕ⬥ ᙹᵝྜྷపᯕ ɪ᷾⦹Ł ᯩᮝ໑, 2009֥ 491ᨖᇩ ᙹᵝᨱ ᯕᨕ 2010֥ᨱ۵ 700ᨖᇩᮥ չᮥ

ᱶࠥಽ እ᧞ᱢᯙ ᷾aᖙෝ ᅕᯕŁ ᯩ݅. əญŁ ⅾ ⧕᫙Õᖅ ᙹᵝɩᧂ᮹ 82% ᯕᔢᯕ ⧕᫙Õᖅ ⥭௽✙ ᙹᵝᧂᮝಽ ⥭௽✙ ᇡᇥ᮹

እᵲᯕḡᗮᱢᮝಽ᷾a⦹۵⇵ᖙᯕ݅. ᯕ۵ǎԕÕᖅᨦℕ᮹EPC(Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) ၰᔍᨦšญᙹ⧪܆ಆ᮹

⨆ᔢᮝಽᯙ⦽aĊĞᰢಆŝ⣩ḩᙹᵡၰ┢ᬵ⦽Ŗʑᵡᙹ܆ಆ॒ᯕၙǎ, ᮁ౞, ᯝᅙ॒ᖁḥǎŝ᮹ᙹᵝĞᰢᨱᕽʑᚁಆŝaĊ⠪aᨱ ᕽ ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ ׳ᮡ ⠪aෝ ၼŁ ᯩ۵ ᵝࡽ ᫵ᯙᯕ݅.

ə్ӹ⨆⬥⧕᫙Õᖅ᜽ᰆᮡၙǎ, ⥥௲ᜅ, ᯝᅙ॒ᖁḥǎ᮹

čᱽ᪡ᵲǎ, ᯙࠥ, ░┅॒᮹ᱡa᯦ₑಽᯙ⧕޵ᬒ⊹ᩕ⦽Ğᰢᯕ

ᩩᔢࡽ݅. ⩥ᰍ᮹ᬑญ⧕᫙Õᖅᙹᵝ⇵ᖙෝḡᗮᱢᮝಽᮁḡ⦹Ł

ၽᱥ᜽┅ʑ ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ ⧕᫙ ḡᩎᄥǎaᄥŖ᳦ᄥ ᙹᵝ ݡ₦ŝ

ᱥఖᮝಽaĊĞᰢಆᱽŁ᪡ ǎᔑ⪵ᮉ⨆ᔢᮥ⡍⧉⦽⧕᫙Õᖅ

ᙹᵝᝅ⧪ᨱᯕᮅɚݡ⪵ෝ᭥⦽יಆᯕᱩᝅ⯩᫵Ǎࡽ݅. ᷪ, ᙹᵝ᷾

ݡෝ☖⦽᧲ᱢᖒᰆŝ޵ᇩᨕĞᰢಆ⪶ᅕෝ᭥⧕ᕽ۵⬉ŝᱢᯙ

ᔍᨦšญ܆ಆᯕ⦥᫵⦽᜽ᱱᯕ݅. ᯕෝ᭥⧕ᕽ۵Õᖅŝᱶ᮹ᖒŝ

ෝᇥᕾ⧉ᮝಽ៉Ŗᔍŝᱶ᮹ྙᱽᱱᮥ❭ᦦ⦹Ł⇵⬥ᮁᔍŖᔍ

ĥ⫮ၰᙹ⧪᜽⦝ऽ႒ᱽŖ⦹۵ŝᱶᯕ⦥᫵⦹݅. ✚⯩⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ ᮹Ğᬑ۵Ŗᔍ᮹ݡ⩶⪵ᅖᰂ⪵ᨱ঑௝ᔍᨦšญ܆ಆᯕᵲ᫵⦽

ʑᚁ܆ಆᮝಽ ŁಅࡹŁ ᯩ݅.

ੱ⦽ÕᖅᔑᨦᯕᱥℕǎaĞᱽᨱၙ⊹۵ᩢ⨆ᮡḡݡ⦹݅.

ə్ӹÕᖅᔑᨦ᮹ᖒŝӹᔾᔑᖒ⊂ᱶŝšಉࡽᩑǍӹיಆᮡ

ၙ⯂⦽ᝅᱶᯕ݅. əญŁÕᖅᔑᨦ᮹ᖒŝᨱݡ⦽໦⪶⦽ᱶ᮹ࠥ

ᨧ݅. ᯝၹᱢᮝಽᖒŝෝ}ᖁ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ᖒŝෝ⊂ᱶ⧕᧝⦽݅.

঑௝ᕽᱽ᳑ᨦᮥᵲᝍᮝಽᖒŝᵲᝍ᮹ᄅ⊹ษ┚ᩑǍaḥ⧪ࡹᨩ ᮝ໑ Õᖅ ᔑᨦᨱ۵ 1990֥ݡ ᵲၹᨱ ᯦ࠥࡹᨩ݅(Fischer ॒

1995). əᯕ⬥ၙǎ, ᩢǎ॒ᮥᵲᝍᮝಽÕᖅᔑᨦ᮹ᖒŝၰ

ᄁᜅ✙⥥௺❑ᜅෝ⊂ᱶ⦹Łᖒŝ}ᖁᮥ᭥⦽ᄅ⊹ษ┚ᩑǍ᪡

ᔍಡෝ ၽ⢽⦹Ł ᯩ݅(Meade ॒ 2006, Costa ॒ 2006). ᯕᨱ

ǎԕᨱᕽ۵500ᨖᬱᯕᔢ᮹ŖŖÕᖅᔍᨦᮥݡᔢᮝಽᩩእ┡ݚᖒ

᳑ᔍ᪡ እƱ ⠪aෝ ᭥⦽ ‘ᔍ⬥⠪a’ ᱽࠥෝ Õᖅʑᚁšญჶᨱ

໦᜽⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ə్ӹ ၽᵝᯱ᮹ ྕšᝍ, ᯱഭ ฾ᝅ, ᩩᔑ ᇡ᳒

॒᮹ ྙᱽಽ ⪽ᖒ⪵ࡹḡ ༜⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

ᯕᨱ⧕᫙⥭௽✙ᔍᨦᨱₙᩍ⦹۵ǎԕ᜽Ŗᔍෝᵲᝍᮝಽ⧕᫙

⥭௽✙ᔍᨦᮥݡᔢᮝಽÕᖅᖒŝ⊂ᱶၰᇥᕾᮥ☖⧕ᖒŝᱽŁෝ

᭥⦽ᄅ⊹ษ┚⥥ಽəఉᮥ}ၽ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᅙᩑǍෝᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅.

ᄅ⊹ษ┚ᮥ☖⧕ǎԕÕᖅᔍeəญŁ⧕᫙ĞᰢÕᖅᔍ᪡ǎԕ

Õᖅᔍe᮹ÕᖅᖒŝෝእƱ ⠪a⦹ᩍᰆ݉ᱱᮥ❭ᦦ⦹Łᯕෝ

☖⧕ ⧕᫙ ⥭௽✙ ᇥ᧝᮹ ǎᱽ Ğᰢಆ ⪶ᅕෝ ə ༊⢽ಽ ⦽݅.

ᅙᄅ⊹ษ┚⥥ಽəఉᮡÕᖅᖒŝෝ⊂ᱶ⦹ʑ᭥⦽ᖒŝᇥ᧝᪡

ḡ⢽ෝ}ၽ⦹Łšಉߑᯕ░ෝᙹḲ⦹ᩍᔑᨦĥ᪡⦺ĥᨱᕽ⪽ᬊ

⦹ᩍÕᖅᔑᨦ᮹ḡᗮᱢᯙĞᰢಆ⪶ᅕෝ᭥⧕⪽ᬊ⧁ᙹᯩࠥಾ

ߑᯕ░ෝᱽŖ⧁ᩩᱶᯕ݅. ᅙᩑǍ۵ᱥᚁ⦽ၵ᪡zᯕ⥭௽✙

Ŗᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽ᜽᯲⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ⇵⬥☁༊ၰÕ⇶Ŗᔍෝݡᔢᮝಽ

⪶ݡ⧁ ᙹ ᯩᮥ äᯕ݅.

ᅙםྙᮡÕᖅᖒŝᄅ⊹ษ┚ᮥǍᖒ⦹۵Õᖅᖒŝᇥ᧝᪡ḡ⢽

᮹đᱶŝᱶ॒ᄅ⊹ษ┚⥥ಽəఉ}ၽŝᱶᮥᖅ໦⦹ᩡ݅. əญŁ

❭ᯝౠ ߑᯕ░ᙹḲ ŝᱶŝ ᙹḲࡽߑᯕ░᮹ ☖ĥ ᇥᕾđŝෝ

ᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ੱ⦽ ᯕ ŝᱶᨱᕽ ᱽ᜽ࡽ ᮹čŝ Ʊ⬩ᮥ ᱽ᜽⦹ᩍ

ᖒŖᱢᯙÕᖅᖒŝᄅ⊹ษ┚ᮥࠥ༉⦹ᩡᮝ໑ษḡสᮝಽđುŝ

⇵⬥ ᩑǍႊ⨆ᮥ ᨙɪ⦹ᩡ݅.

2. Õᖅᖒŝᇥᕾྙ⨭Łₑ

ᖁḥǎᮥᵲᝍᮝಽᖒŝᵲᝍ᮹ᔍᨦšญℕĥᨱݡ⦽ʑᅙᱥఖ ᯕ ᙹพࡹᨩ݅(ᯕĥ᜾, ྙ⩶⢽ 1995). ə్ӹ Õᖅᔑᨦ᮹ Ğᬑ

ฯᮡᩩᔑᯕ⚍᯦ࡹḡอ, ᔑ⇽ྜྷŝ↽᳦ᩢ⨆ᮥ⠪a⦹ʑᨕಅᬕ

ᝅᱶᮝಽ↽᳦ᖒŝᅕ݅۵⚍᯦ྜྷᮥᵲᝍᮝಽᖒŝšญෝᙹ⧪⦹

Ł ᯩ݅.

Costa(2006) ॒ᨱ᮹⦹໕ᔍᨦᙹ⧪ᖒŝᇥ᧝ෝᖅᱶ⦹Ł, ᖒŝ

⠪aŝᱶŝℕĥෝǍᖒ⦽⬥↽᳦ᱢᮝಽᖒŝḡ⢽ෝᖁᱶ⦹۵

ŝᱶᮥ☖⧕ᖒŝ⠪a⥥౩ᯥᬭⓍෝᙹพ⦹۵äᮝಽᱽᦩ⦹ᩡ݅.

əญŁOECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1999)ᨱ঑෕໕ᔍᨦ⠪a۵‘✚ᱶᔍᨦ᮹ᵲ᫵⦽

ᱽၹ⊂໕ŝəa⊹ෝℕĥᱢᯕŁᇥᕾᱢᮝಽ⠪a⦹Ł⠪ađŝ ᮹ ᝁ഑ᖒŝ ᮁᬊᖒᮥ ⇵Ǎ⦹۵ ᯝ’ᯕ௝Ł ᱶ᮹⦹ᩡ݅.

ੱ⦽ᖒŝḡ⢽۵ᔍᨦᯕ༊ᱢ⦹۵↽᳦ᖒŝ᮹༊ᱢᨱᇡ⧊⦹í

ᖅᱶ⦹۵äᯕ⦥᫵⦹݅. əญŁᖒŝᇥ᧝ᖅᱶᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ۵Focus Group ໕ݕ, ᫙ᇡᱥྙa᮹čℎ≉, ᔍᨦݕݚᯱᩎ⧁༉ᔍ, םญ༉

⩶॒᮹ႊჶುᮥ⪽ᬊ⦽݅. ÕᖅŖᔍ᮹ᵲ᫵⦽ᖒŝᇥ᧝۵Ŗʑ, ᔍᨦእ, ⣩ḩಽ᫵᧞⧁ᙹᯩ݅(Brown and Adams 2000). ঑௝ᕽ

ᯕᖙaḡᖒŝᇥ᧝ෝiron triangle (Atkinson 1999) ੱ۵eternal triangle(Newcombe 2000) ᮝಽ໦໦⦹ᩡ݅. Ŗʑ, Ŗᔍእ, ⣩ḩᮥ

ᵲᝍᮝಽÕᖅᔍᨦ᮹⬉ᮉᖒᱽŁෝ᭥⧕ᖙᇡᖒŝḡ⢽}ၽŝ

⠪aႊჶᨱ ݡ⦽ ᩑǍa ᦥ௹᪡ zᯕ ᙹ⧪ࡹŁ ᯩ݅.

Shenhar ॒(1997)ᮡ ÕᖅŖᔍ᮹ ᖒŝᇥᕾᮥ ᭥⦽ ႊᦩᮝಽ

⥥ಽ᱾✙⬉ᮉᖒ, ᗭእᯱᩢ⨆, ᔍᨦᖒŖ, ၙ௹ݡእ᮹4}ᇥ᧝᮹

ᇥᕾႊჶᮥᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ᯕ۵݉᭥ᔍᨦ᮹ᖒŝ⠪aᙹᵡᯕᦥܩŁ

ᔍᨦᖒᮥá☁⦹۵݉ĥᨱᕽᙹ⧪ࡹ۵ᖒŝᇥᕾᮝಽ❱݉ࡽ݅.

əญŁAtkinson(1999)۵᜽Ŗ݉ĥ᮹⠪a᪡޵ᇩᨕᮁḡšญ݉

ǤǤǤ

áᔪᨕ ⥭௽✙Ŗᔍ, ᄅ⊹ษ┚, ᖒŝᇥᕾ