Design of Manganese Nodule Beneficiation Process on Ship

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Vol. 49, No. 4G O2012PG pp. 531-536

࠷ԩۚ֏টঃট࣢վ୨ଭডծ

ଗ౿෹

Â ਑็ઽ

Â କլֽ

Design of Manganese Nodule Beneficiation Process on Ship

Chi Ho Yoon, Hee Young Shin and Kyoungkeun Yoo

Abstract : The beneficiation system on ship for pre-pilot lifting test (PPLT) was designed for efficient management of the process and prevention of ocean contamination in the course of development for manganese nodule. The beneficiation process was designed to consider discharging pressure and wide particle size distribution of slurry lifted from deep seabed, operating condition under salty atmosphere, and limited space and energy on ship. The beneficiation system consists of vibrating screen (1^st separation equipment), 15-inch hydrocyclone (2^nd separation equipment), and 0.5-2 inch hydrocyclone. The target particle sizes are 6.25 mm in vibrating screen, 75 Gin 15-inch hydrocyclone, and 2-10 G in 0.5-2 inch hydrocyclone.

Key words : Deep-seabed mineral resources, Manganese nodule, Beneficiation system on ship, Hydrocyclone څ أ ֮३۹ġНۙڙۍϐÂɳĨÒьę܁قԴমڱۺۍė܁ڏٖę३ت١ّѓݓεڦॢPPLT(pre-pilot lifting test)śԸԜԸѻߌνۤ࠘ÀČ؋ʼؽɰ. ֮३۹Ϳҙࢢتġʼə֢͠νۆࢹ߻ؓͳ, ȉڹۓʪѩڦф

ّқں॥ڮॢ३Ԝڏۻܓæęॢ܁ʽėÂęقȃݓεČͲॠيԺćʼؽɰ. ԸԜԸѻȬ߹ۤ࠘əݕʴ֟ࡾο ڷͿĵՁʽ1޲қνۤ࠘, 15ۍ֥࠘֩Ԑۋࢁ΁ڷͿĵՁʽ2޲қνۤ࠘, 2ۍ࠘ۋॠۆ֥֩Ԑۋࢁ΁ڷͿ

ĵՁʽ܁нқνۤ࠘ͿĵՁʼؽڷ϶1޲ߌνۤ࠘ə6.25 mm ۓۙۆқν, 2޲ߌνۤ࠘ə75 ۆcut sizeε

ǣࢍǴ϶, ܁нқνۤ࠘ۆcut size ѩڦə2-10 G ѩڦεǣࢍǶɰ.

ܳڅر ֮३۹ġНۙڙ, ϐÂɳĨ, ԸԜԸѻۤ࠘, ֥֩Ԑۋࢁ΁

2012ț3ښ27ێۿս, 2012ț4ښ20ێ֮ԐٰΒ 2012ț8ښ23ێóۦঝ܁

1) ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵڙġНۙڙٍĵ҆ҙ

2) ॢĶ३تʂॡİقȃݓۙڙėॡę

*Corresponding Author(ڮąŖ) E-mail; [email protected]

Address; Department of Energy & Resources Engineering, Korea Maritime University

Դ΁

֮३۹ġНۙڙڹĶÀěॣńٽࠑۍė३Ԝۆ३۹, ३Ԝфॠࠗࢹقҙܕॠəۙڙںߪࠡॠ϶, ϐÂɳĨ

(manganese nodule), Čࡑь࣡ϐÂÁ(cobalt-rich manganese crust)ę३۹َսডজġԜ(hydrothermal sulfide deposit) ˣڷͿʂѻʽɰ(ڮąŖˣ, 2011). ϐÂɳĨəϐÂ, ɦ ࡃ, ࡑь࣡εܳͿ॥ڮॠČەڷ϶, Čࡑь࣡ϐÂÁڹ

ێъϐÂɳĨقҼॠيࡑь࣡॥ڮ͟ۋȭČ३۹ԓश ϸؒԵقक़҄ʽ঍ࢗͿьþʼČەɰ. ३۹َսġԜڹ

؉ٍ, ʴ, ߏ, ڹ, ࡑь࣡ˣں॥ڮॠ϶, ३۹ݓÁǴٽ ҙق ҝő࠙ॠó қपॢɰ(ڮąŖ ˣ, 2011).

ϐÂɳĨəս֮4,000 mقԴ5,000 m ܁ʪۆ३۹ق ԴÇۙϿتۆʗرνͿқपॠČەş˺ЛقϐÂɳĨ قěॢٍĵəϐÂɳĨεϿڷəݚġşց(̚ə޽ġ şց), սϸūݓǓر٤νəتġşց, ŔνČϐÂɳĨ Ϳҙࢢज़څॢŚ՚ںধսॠə܃ʹşցقݚܼʼرٵ ɰ. ϐÂɳĨə४ںܼ֮ڷͿǣИۆǣۋࢬٮÏڹϿ تںǣࢍǴ϶Ձۤॠ϶, 100G- 500ۆۓۙͿĵՁ ʼرەرşܕۆНνۺԸѻȬ߹şցںۺڌॣսػ ɰČ؎Ͳܐş˺Лق(Fuerstenau and Han, 1983) ϐÂ ɳĨ Ըġė܁ق ʂॢ ٍĵə ҙܔॢ֬܁ۋɰ.

३ت࣊şεѓݓॠəЀۺڷͿߕĀʽ‘दşНфşࢍН ݗۆ࣊şقۆॢ३ت١ّѓݓقěॢঊأ(أࠡ͢ʏঊ أ, Convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matters, London convention)’

ڹ1996țő܃ѓ֩ں࣊şŚݓुЀő܃قԴ࣊şॴÀ

ुЀő܃ͿѺąॠəˣ३تঞą҃঒εڦॢěʹő܁

ۋÌজʼČەڷ϶, ঞąЛ܃قʂॢĶлۺě֮ۋݒ Àॠي३تġНۙڙÒьę܁قԴьԦॣսەə١ّ

ں ߯ՙজॠə ѓ؋ۋ ٍĵʼرٵɰ(ڮąŖ ˣ, 2011).

şց҃Č

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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of beneficiation system on ship.

əٍĵÀݕॱʼؽɰ(ڰ࠘঒ˣ, 2004; Park et al., 2005 and 2007). ̚ॢ३تġНۙڙۆߌνÀԸԜقԴݕॱ ʼرॢ܁ʽėÂęقȃݓεমڱۺڷͿটڌॠşڦॢ

ġНߌνşցۋٍĵʼرٵɰ(܁Лٖˣ, 2004, 2005, and 2008; Ito et al., 2008a and 2008b).

۹ۙ˞ڹϐÂɳĨۆتġşցфԸԜԸѻߌνşց ںٍĵ३ٵڷ϶(ڰ࠘঒, 2001), ԸԜԸѻߌνşցڹϐ ÂɳĨˣڮڌġНۆধսٮ١ّڍͲČ঍Ձқۆ३ت

ڮ߻ѓݓقߣ۾ںϑ߸رşցںÒьॠٕɰ. ۋŘق ԴəݓŚūݓÒьʽPre-pilot lifting test(PPLT) śۆ

تġ֨֟ࢰܼԸԜԸѻۤ࠘ۆԺćфۤ࠘܃ۚǴڌ ںԺϼॠČॳ঳֮३۹ġНۙڙÒьقşցÒьѓॳ ں ܃֨ॠČۙॠٕɰ.

ԺćČͲԐ२

PPLTśϐÂɳĨԸԜԸѻۤ࠘ə֮ۤ͒३۹قҙ ܕʽϐÂɳĨεتġॠəė܁قԴϐÂɳĨٮࣅۺࢹ

ф३սεқνॠيԸчۆॢ܁ʽėÂںমڱۺڷͿ

ۋڌॠČԸѻė܁قज़څॢقȃݓε߯ՙজॠşڦॢ

ϐÂɳĨتġ֨֟ࢰۆज़սۺۍۤ࠘ۋ϶, ϐÂɳĨۆ

تġܓæ(تġ՚ʪ, ČؚҼ, تġěۆࡾşˣ), ϐÂɳ Ĩ, ࣅۺࢹ, ३սۆНνۺজॡۺՁݗۆ޲ۋεČͲ ॠي Ժćॠəìۋ ц͊ݔॠɰ.

ۋεڦ३şܕٍĵЛॶںêࢹॠČٚҼ֬ॹںࣀॠ

ߒݫ, تġʼرԸԜԸѻۤ࠘قࢹ߻ʼə֢͠νۆࢹ

߻ؓͳںČͲॠٕɰ. ইۦPPLTśتġė܁قԴۆߌν ڌ͟ڹқɾ23 m³ͿԺćʼرەڷ϶, تġěڹ30 cm ݔąڷͿ ܃ۚʼČەر, ֢͠νə أ 5.4 ۆ ՚ʪε

Íóʽɰ. تġė܁ܼ֢͠νۆČ঍НȬʪə10-20%

ͿٚԜʼČەر֢͠νÀࢹ߻ʼəڏʴقȃݓεÇՙ

֨ࢅ϶ қνÀ Àɠॠʪ΀ ۤ࠘À Ժćʼرآ ॢɰ.

ˆݫ, ֢͠ν Č঍Нۆ ȉڹ ۓʪѩڦε ČͲ३آॢ

ɰ. ێъۺڷͿϐÂɳĨəێ܁ॢࡾşۋԜۆɳĨ঍

ࢗͿܕۦॠݓχݚġфتġɳćقԴঔۓʼəࣅۺ ࢹۆࡾşəսقԴս֯قҝęॠɰ(ݓԜѩˣ, 2003). ̚ॢ ϐÂɳĨʪ تġę܁قԴ ऒ॒ۆ ࡀۋ֟

фࢢҾę߿ʮॠäǣتġࣷۋ॒قԴԜ֧ॠəʪܼࣷ

ۋ॒ۆѹߕ̚əۓۙÂۆ߿ʮقۆ३ۓʪÇՙইԜۋ

ьԦॢɰ(Tomishima et al., 1988; Yamazaki, 1984 and 1985). ˰͆Դۋεտ޲ۺڷͿߌνॠşڦॢ֨֟ࢰۋ

ĵՁʼرآॠ϶, ߯ܛԓНۆЀश࠘εɵՁॣսەʪ΀

Č؋ʼرآॢɰ. ͢ʏঊأقÀۓʼرەəĶÀ˞ںܼ

֮ڷͿ३ت١ّѓݓѪۋ܃܁ʼČەڷǣইۦūݓ֮

३۹ġНۙڙقԴьԦॣսەə١ّقʂ३ő܃εĵ ߕۺڷͿő܁ॢѪέڹػɰ. ˰͆ԴۋŘقԴ܃֨ʼ ə ԸԜԸѻۤ࠘ə υݓφ ԸԜԸѻė܁قԴ ѕ߻ʼə

३սقČ঍Н ॥͟ں߯ՙজॠəìں ЀशͿॢɰ.

Չݫ, Ͽ˜ۤ࠘əԸԜقԺ࠘ʼдͿॢ܁ʽėÂę

ۻͳںۋڌॠيڏڌॣսшقػɰ. ˰͆ԴԸԜԸѻ

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Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of vibrating screen system.

ۤ࠘əۋ۾ںČͲॠيԺćʼرآॠ϶, ۤşÂ३Ԝ قԴۚغॣąڍۚغʪّܼқں॥ڮॢ३ॄقȤ߻

ʼəҙ֩ۆڍͲÀܕۦॠдͿۋٮÏڹঞąقþ˩

ս ەəՙۦͿ ܃ۚʼرآ ॢɰ.

҆֨֟ࢰۆĵՁڹࡾóتġěڷͿҙࢢࢹ߻ʼəت ġ֢͠νۆĺڹϐÂɳĨۓۙٮϐÂɳĨ/ࣅۺࢹ/३ս ۆ֢͠νεқνॠşڦॢ1޲қνۤ࠘, 1޲қνۤ࠘

قԴصرݕ֢͠νͿҙࢢϐÂɳĨйςۙٮࣅۺࢹ/३ ս֢͠νεқνॠş ڦॢ2޲ қνۤ࠘, ŔνČ 2޲

қνۤ࠘قԴصرݕࣅۺࢹ/३ս֢͠νͿҙࢢČ঍қ ں߯ʂॢ܃äॢ঳३սεцɰͿѕ߻ॣսەʪ΀

Č؋ʽ ܁нيęۤ࠘ ˣ 3Ò ҙқڷͿ ǣɄ ս ەɰ.

֮३ًتġ֨֟ࢰࢬ֟࣡֨, 1޲қνۤ࠘əқɾ

23 m³ۆ֢͠νεߌνॣսەʪ΀Č؋ʼؽڷ϶, 2޲

қνۤ࠘ф܁нيęۤ࠘ə1޲қνۤ࠘Ϳҙࢢصر ݕ֢͠νۆێҙε֨Âɾ80 m³ۆڌ͟ںߌνॣս

ەʪ΀Č؋ʼؽɰ. 1޲қνۤ࠘ق࣊ۓʼəتقҼॠ ي2޲қνۤ࠘ۆߌνڌ͟ۋۺڷǣ2޲қνۤ࠘ə

ѿ͵ٍĀߌνÀÀɠॠيߌνڌ͟ںݒÀ֨࢈սە ر֬܃३ً ֬ॹقԴۆ ۺڌۋ Àɠॠʪ΀ ॠٕɰ.

ԺćǴڌф܃ۚ

֮३ًϐÂɳĨتġ֨֟ࢰࢬ֟࣡֨, تġԓНں

মڱۺڷͿߌνॠşڦ३Č؋ʽÁҙқۆԺćф܃

ۚڹ ɰڼę Ïɰ.

1޲қνۤ࠘

1޲ қνۤ࠘ə تġěڷͿҙࢢ ࢹ߻ʼə ֢͠νۆ

قȃݓεÇՙ֨ࡈࢹ߻ؓڷͿҙࢢԸԜқνۤ࠘ε҃

঒ॠČйςজʼݓ؍ڹϐÂɳĨεধսॠʪ΀Č؋ʼ ؽɰ. 1޲қνۤ࠘əԜşۆЀशεɵՁॠşڦ३ڮ ۓқѕĵ(distributor), ݕʴ֟ࡾο(Vibrating screen), Դप࣡

(ݓݓʂ, support) ҙқڷͿ ĵՁʼؽɰ.

تġ֢͠νəأ5.4 GۋԜۆ՚ʪεÍóʼдͿڮ ۓқѕĵə֢͠νۆڏʴقȃݓεÇՙ֨ࢅəĵܓͿ

Ժćʼؽڷ϶, 2ʂۆ ݕʴ֟ࡾοق ֢͠νε қѕॠʪ

΀Č؋ʼؽɰ. ǴĵՁںÌজॠşڦ३SS400 ۦݗͿ

܃ۚʼؽڷ϶३սقۆॢҙ֩ںѓݓॠşڦ३Ǵҙ֩

ڌ गۍ࣡Ϳ ʪۤॠٕɰ.

ݕʴ֟ࡾοڹتġěںäߝࢹ߻ʼəϐÂɳĨۆࡾş қपٮ2޲қνۤ࠘قԴۆ߯ʂࡾş(maximum particle size)εČͲॣ˺6.25 mmۆࡾşεߕݗͿ܃äॠə

ìۋज़څॠɰ. ̚ॢߌν͟ۋқɾ23 m³Ϳॠǣۆݕ ʴ֟ࡾοڷͿߌνॣąڍقȃݓমڱՁۋϔڍǰ؉܋

Ҽমڱۺۋɰ. ˰͆ԴFig. 2ٮÏۋݕʴ֟ࡾοں2ʂ Ϳǣɀرߌνॠʪ΀Ժćʼؽڷ϶՚ʪεݓɨۓۙÀ

ߕɂقчঅߌνমڱںǰ߸ݓ؍ʪ΀ݕʴ֩ڷͿ܃ۚ

ʼؽɰ(Fig. 3). ݕʴںÀॠşڦ३ԴϿࢢə4 kW(440 V, 3Ԝ, 60 Hz)ۆϿࢢÀԺ࠘ʼؽڷ϶, ֟ࡾοۆࡾş ə 4’ × 8’ۋ϶ ڍͪ࢏ ۦݗۆ Flat঍ڷͿ ܃ۚʼؽɰ.

ݕʴ՚ʪə߯ʂ1800 rpmۋČǴĵՁںڦ३SS400Ϳ

܃ۚ঳Ǵҙ֩ڌगۍ࣡Ϳʪۤॠٕɰ. Ͽࢢε࠸࣡΂

ॠşڦॢःȇ(MCC panel)ڹۤ࠘قҙ޳ʼرڏۻۋ

ڌۋॠʪ΀ ॠٕɰ.

Դप࣡ҙқڹݕʴ֟ࡾοॠҙقԺ࠘ʼر֟ࡾοں

ࣀęॢ֢͠νۆҼԓںѓݓॠə֟࠶ً࣡ॣęݕʴ֟

ࡾοںݓݓॠəЀۺڷͿ܃ۚʼؽČ(Fig. 4), ࡾşə

4896(W) × 2612(d) × 1821(h)ͿSS400ںԐڌॠي܃

ۚॢ ঳ ѓҙ֩ڌ गۍ࣡Ϳ υÇʼؽɰ.

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Fig. 3. Photo of vibrating screen.

Fig. 4. Photo of vibrating screen with support.

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of 15 inch hydrocyclone system.

Fig. 6. Photo of 15 inch hydrocyclone system.

2޲қνۤ࠘

2޲қνۤ࠘ə1޲қνۤ࠘قԴè͠ݓݓ؍Čߕ εࣀęॢ6.25 mm ۋॠۆۓۙͿҙࢢйՃϐÂɳĨۓ

ۙεধսॠşڦॢЀۺڷͿԺć܃ۚʼؽɰ. 2޲қ νۤ࠘ə֥֩Ԑۋࢁ΁(hydrocyclone) ѓ֩ڷͿϐÂۓ

ۙशϸقҙ޳ॢڮşНфйՃࣅۺࢹՁқںқśՃ ߍۚڌڷͿқνॠيϐÂुڦεȭۋşڦ३Ժ࠘ʽ ɰ. ֥֩Ԑۋࢁ΁ڹڿڌѩڦÀɰتॠ϶, ė܁ۋҼİ ۺÂɳॠČ۹Àۋ϶, ߌνڌ͟قҼॠيėÂমڱՁۋ

ȭş˺Лقٍ҆ĵقԴۆЀۺقҙ०ॠيԸ࢘ʼؽɰ

(Svarovsky, 1984). ֥֩Ԑۋࢁ΁ۤ࠘əʫςԺҼͿԴ

ॢ Òۆ Bed ɳڦε Í߸϶ ۙʴ܃رࣺȓ(ऒ॒Àʴࣺ

ȓ) ێߕ঍ڷͿ܃ۚʼؽɰ. 2޲қνۤ࠘ə15ۍ࠘қ śڌ֥֩Ԑۋࢁ΁(15 inch hydrocyclone), ֢͠νėś ڌऒ॒(pump), ۙʴјֱ࢟͢ࡾ(auto balancing tank) ͿĵՁʽɰ.

֥֩Ԑۋࢁ΁ڹۓۙ߿ʮقۆॢٖॳڷͿҙࢢ҃঒ॠ şڦ३Ś՚ॠڍݜقǴυϿ͆ۋȃεǴۤॠəѓ֩ڷ Ϳ܃ۚʼؽڷ϶, ۤşÂԐڌقۆ३͆ۋȃÀυϿʾ

ąڍεʂҼॠي͆ۋȃÀİߕÀɠॠʪ΀܃ۚʼؽɰ.

ߌνڌ͟ڹ֨Âɾ80 m³ۋ϶, Pressure dropۋ1 kg/cm² ۋɰ. Ś՚ॠڍݜڹSTS316 ۦݗۋ϶, ͆ۋȃəڍͪ࢏

ۦݗۋԐڌʼؽɰ. cutting sizeə1 kg/cm² pressure drop ęҼܼ2.7ۆܓæقԴ75 ۋ϶, ߯ʂॴڌۓۙԐۋ݋

ə ۤѓ঍ ۓۙۆ ࣀęε ČͲॠي 10 mmͿ ॠٕɰ (Fig. 5 and 6).

ऒ॒əԐۋࢁ΁ق֢͠νεÀؓॠ϶ėśॠəЀۺ ڷͿ Ժ࠘ʼؽڷ϶ սथ঍ۆ ڙ֮֩ ऒ॒À Ԑڌʼؽ ɰ. ڌ͟ڹ 80 m³/hr, 20 mAqۋɰ. Ͽࢢə 440 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz, 15 υͳۋ϶, ۦݗڹCD4MCUÀԐڌʼ ؽɰ.

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Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of 0.5-2 inch hydrocyclone system.

܁нيęۤ࠘(Micro-filtering system)

܁нيęۤ࠘əFig. 7ęÏۋ2޲қνۤ࠘ۆѕ߻ս قԴČ঍Нں܃äॢ߯ܛڮ߻սÀцɰͿѕ߻ʼʪ΀

ॠşڦ३ԺćॠيɰتॢԐۋ݋ۆۓۙقʂڿॣս

ەʪ΀3ÒԐۋ݋(2 inch, 1 inch, 0.5 inch)ۆ֥֩Ԑۋ

ࢁ΁ۋԐڌÀɠॠʪ΀܃ۚʼؽɰ. ܁нيęۤ࠘əԐ ۋࢁ΁ ҆ߕ, ऒ॒, ֢͠ν࢟ࡾͿ ĵՁʽɰ.

Ԑۋࢁ΁ڹ ͆ۋȃε ǴυϿ ڍͪ࢏ۦݗͿ ܃ۚʼؽ Č, 2޲ߌνۤ࠘قԴߌνʽ֢͠νÀɰتॢۓʪқप εǣࢍǷąڍεʂҼॠيՃÀݓࡾşۆ֥֩Ԑۋࢁ

΁ۋİঞÀɠॠʪ΀Ժćʼؽɰ. ÁԐۋࢁ΁ۆࡾş ə0.5 inch, 1 inch, 2 inchۋ϶Č঍НۆҼܼں2.7Ϳ

Ԝ܁॰ں˺, ÁԐۋࢁ΁ۆߌνڌ͟0.008-0.25 m³/hr, 0.5-1.4 m³/hr, 0.9-4 m³/hrقԴcut point ѩڦə2-5 , 4-7 , 5-10 ۋɰ.

ऒ॒əࢬ֟࣡Ԑۋࢁ΁ܼ߯ʂڌ͟, ߯ʂت܁ڏۻܓ æںχܔॠʪ΀Ը܁ʼؽڷ϶, ڏۻۋڌۋॠʪ΀ɳԜۻ ڙϿࢢεԐڌॠٕɰ. ڌ͟ڹ4 m³/hr(4 kg/cm² pressure drop ܓæ), ۻڙԐتڹ 220 V, 60 Hz, 2 υͳۋČ, STS304 ۦݗۋɰ. ֢͠ν࢟ࡾə40 L ڌ͟ڷͿėśॠ ə֢͠νε҃ěॠəًॣںॢɰ. Ͽ˜ۤ࠘əSTS304 ۦݗۆࣷۋ॒ͿٍĀʼ϶ڮ͟ܓۼںڦ३ܳѕěقј ҵф࢟ࡾͿڍধॠəјҵÀԺ࠘ʼؽɰ. ̚ॢڏۻܓ æؓͳۆঝۍںڦ३ؓͳćÀҙ޳ʼؽڷ϶, ؓͳć əČ঍Нقۆॢφ৪ںѓݓॠşڦ३üφ֩(diaphram type)ۋ Ԑڌʼؽɰ.

Ā΁

ٍ҆ĵقԴə֮३ًPPLT ֨ॹںڦॢϐÂɳĨԸ

ԜԸѻۤ࠘Òьقज़څॢ߯ۺԺćşցںঝ҃ॠşڦ ॠيϐÂɳĨԸԜԸѻۤ࠘ĵ߹ںڦॢٍĵεսॱॠ

ٕڷ϶ Ŕ Āęε څأॠϸ ɰڼę Ïɰ.

1.֮३ًPPLTśتġԓНۆߌνεڦॠي1޲қν

ۤ࠘, 2޲қνۤ࠘, ܁нيęۤ࠘ۆ3 ɳćͿĵՁʽ

ϐÂɳĨ ԸԜԸѻۤ࠘ε Ժć܃ۚॠٕɰ.

2. ٍ҆ĵقԴսॱॢPPLTśϐÂɳĨԸԜԸѻۤ࠘

ۆԺć܃ۚۚغڹॳ঳Ԝغڌتġ֨֟ࢰԺćۆ

ş҆ۙΒͿটڌʾսەڷ϶, ϐÂɳĨԸԜԸѻۤ

࠘ق ۆ३ صرݕ ۙΒə ३تঞą١ّں ߯ՙজॠ

϶, Ըчۆॢ܁ʽėÂфۻͳںমڱۺڷͿۋڌॠ يą܃ۺۍتġ֨֟ࢰۋʼʪ΀ܼڅॢًॣںॣ

ìۋɰ.

ÇԐۆŘ

ٍ҆ĵəĶࢹ३تҙ३تęॡşցٍĵÒьԐغۆٍ

ĵę܃ۍ“֮३۹ġНۙڙتġ֨֟ࢰÒьٍĵ”ۆێ ঞڷͿ սॱʼؽڷ϶, ڙটॢ ٍĵݕॱں ڦ३ ݓڙں

३֪ܳ ěćۙ˞ƍ ÇԐ˚ςɦɰ.

޷ČЛॶ

କլֽ, ࢮก׆, ଲֈজ, ଗ౿෹, Գணজ, ֫জ׆, 2011, “ਕ

ැୠֈࢄୀ଀ଭࢄࠤୡট࣢׆২઴֜ܛේ,”෉֝஺֜ਏ ਆഗվ෈ฎ஺, ୪48֫ 6෹ pp. 821-828.

ଗ౿෹, 2001, ਕැୠ࠷ԩۚ֏ઑֈਏਆഗԹࢳ઴֜,෉֝

஺ாୀ଀઴֜଀, pp. 1-93.

ଗ౿෹, ࢮ૳ఛ, ଲܛ׊, ֫জ׆, 2004, “਌ਐॷଲ೨ߨଡଲ

૳෉࠷ԩۚ֏ਉ߇ࠤଭճઁंࠤ,” ෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ෈

ฎ஺, ୪41֫ 4෹, pp. 327-332.

୨ࢂઽ, ଲլ૳, ࢂ୍૶, 2008, “ැ৤ࢫࡿ׆ୢැா৤૳ઁ

ଭඑ࠱൉ন,”෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ෈ฎ஺, ୪45֫5෹, pp.

474-483.

୨ࢂઽ, ଲլ૳, ਑็ઽ, 2005, “ැୠવ৤จฃֈࢄଭऀକট

࣢ଡ଍෉จశֈրࢺ઴ֈଭܛୢ׆൉ন,”෉֝஺֜ਏਆ ഗվ෈ฎ, ୪42֫ 6෹, pp. 566-574.

୨ࢂઽ, ଲլ૳, ਑็ઽ, 2007, “ୂপଲൈऀটծ઩ছจశֈ րࢺ઴ֈଭऀକ൉ন,” ෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ෈ฎ஺,୪44֫

1෹, pp. 46-52.

஺ঃ࣐, ૈ୍լ, ଲ෮࣫, ׌׆෮, 2003, “ँܛ೾ඌઑ೨ޭࠤ

૊-೨ࠤ൵ഢ஺લਕැୠඝ౾ബୡࢄଭ஺લୡ஺ாվ෈

ୡ൉ন઴֜,” Ocean and Polar Research, ୪25֫2෹, pp. 1-13.

Fuerstenau, D. W. and Han, K. H, 1983, “Metallurgy and processing of marine manganese nodules,” Mineral

(6)

ଗ౿෹

ইۦ ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵڙ ޾ےٍĵڙ (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧48嘳G 缧6埲G 垾畢)

କլֽ

ইۦॢĶ३تʂॡİ३تęॡşցʂॡقȃݓۙڙėॡęܓİս (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧48嘳G 缧6埲G 垾畢)

਑็ઽ

ইۦ ॢĶݓݗۙڙٍĵڙ ġНۙڙٍĵ҆ҙ ޾ےٍĵڙ (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧49嘳G 缧3埲G 垾畢)

International Workshop and Conference on Earth Resources Technology, pp. 38-41.

Ito, M., Tsunekawa, M., Yamaguchi, E., Sekimura, K., Kashiwaya, K., Hori, K. and Hiroyoshi, N., 2008b, “Estimation of degree of liberation in a coarse crushed product of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust/nodules and its gravity separation,” International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol. 87, pp. 100-105.

Park, Y.-C., Yoon, C.-H., Lee, D.-K. and Kwon, S.-K., 2005, “Design of hydrocyclone for solid separation,”

Proceedings of the Sixth ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, pp. 119-123.

Winston, London, pp. 1-4.

Tomishima, Y., Yamazaki, T., Saito, T., and Handa, K., 1988, “ᡞ陬࿒᰹зЖНїҨҽѶҽ嫞ကкἬ簐ᚽз馝Хї

ྒྷᶎ-ҨҽѶҽ嫞ကкἬ簐ᚽз馝Хї簏၆(᱗4ᔓ),” ᶷ陬д ᔑ᠌, Vol. 34, pp. 1-8.

Yamazaki, T., Saito, T., Handa, K., Usami, T., and Miyashita, Y., 1985, “ҧҽҡҴҟҒзєїҨҽѶҽ嫞ကкἬ簐ᚽз馝 Хї簏၆-ҨҽѶҽ嫞ကкἬ簐ᚽз馝Хї簏၆(᱗3ᔓ),” ᶷ 陬дᔑ᠌, Vol. 31, pp. 561-567.

Yamazaki, T., Saito, T., Usami, T., Handa, K., and Miyashita, Y., 1984, “ѲѬҴҟҒҧҽҡзєїҨҽѶҽ嫞ကкἬ簐 ᚽз馝Хї簏၆- ҨҽѶҽ嫞ကкἬ簐ᚽз馝Хї簏၆(᱗ 2ᔓ), ᶷ陬дᔑ᠌, Vol. 30, pp. 1-8.