&0)ZQFSJPOొۗंֈনઽঃଡଲԳܑલজฎ
෮ఢ
 ࢮ෴ܛ
Limestone Mapping in Gangwon Area, South Korea Using EO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral Satellite Imagery
Chang-Uk Hyun and Hyeong-Dong Park
Abstract : This study presents approaches for limestone mapping in Gangwon area using EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral satellite imagery. Limestone potential index formula was developed for fast and effective limestone detection, with utilization of intrinsic spectral absorption features within short-wave infrared wavelength region selected in reflectance spectra of carbonate minerals and spectra measured on samples collected in field. The limestone potential index was mapped on water, vegetation and snow land-covers removed area, and limestone open-pit mining sites, exposed slopes around road, vegetation removed construction sites, and few bare ground areas showed high index values. To apply partial unmixing matched filtering method for sub-pixel abundance mapping, spectrally pure end-member was extracted from the imagery. The partial unmixing result showed similar limestone distribution to the limestone potential index mapping result but slightly improved, with verification using high-spatial-resolution aerial photographs.
Key words : Remote sensing, Hyperspectral, Limestone, Satellite imagery, Spectral reflectance
څ أ ٍ҆ĵقԴəEO-1 Hyperion ߣɰқġڦՁٖԜںԐڌॠيÌڙʪݓًںʂԜڷͿԵধؒݓε
սॱॠٕɰ. ݓशԵধؒݓεڦॠيԓّġНқġъԐʪۆɳࣷۤۺٽԸًٖقԴǣࢍǣəČڮॢ
ড়ġՁںۋڌॠي֪՚ॠČমęۺڷͿԵধؒқपεÌܓॣսەəԵধؒ۠ۦݓսεÒьॠٕɰ. ٖԜ ۆۻߌνɳćقԴսć, ֩Ԧфɂक़҄ۋ܃äʽًٖقॢ܁ॠيԵধؒ۠ۦݓսݓʪεۚՁॢĀę
ԵধؒȤߎġইۤ, ʪͿѺؒъȤԐϸ, ֩Ԧۋ܃äʽæԺইۤфێҙǣʂݓقԴȭڹ۠ۦݓսÀ
ǣࢍǮɰ. қġॡۺڷͿտսॢԵধؒъԐʪεٖԜقԴ߸ॠČݓʂԜۆজՙǴқपҼڱںԓ܁ॣ
սەəҙққġঔ०қԵşѪۍ܁०ज़ࢢτۆşܵۙΒͿԐڌॠٕɰ. ҙққġঔ०қԵĀęقԴԵধؒ
۠ۦݓսқԵĀęٮڮԐॢݓ۾قԴԵধؒۆқपÀÌܓʼؽݓχČ३Ԝʪ२ėԐݕęۆҼİқԵںࣀॠ يԵধؒ۠ۦݓս҃ɰ܁нॢݓÀսॱʼؽڼںঝۍॠٕɰ.
ܳڅر ڙüԐ, ߣɰқġ, Եধؒ, ڦՁٖԜ, қġъԐʪ
2012ț12ښ4ێۿս, 2013ț1ښ2ێ֮ԐٰΒ 2013ț2ښ14ێóۦঝ܁
1) Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada
2) Դڐʂॡİقȃݓ֨֟ࢰėॡҙ
*Corresponding Author(чʴ) E-mail; [email protected]
Address; Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
ISSN 2287-4321(Online) Vol. 50, No. 1 O2013PGpp. 44-55
Դ
ߣɰқġ(hyperspectral) ڙüԐقԴəіيÒÀȊ əܙČٍ՚ʽًٖࣷۤقԴʂԜߕͿҙࢢъԐʽۻۙ
şࣷقȃݓεࠑ܁ॠČқԵ॥ڷͿ׆ĵՁНݗۆܛΪ قʂॢ܁Ձۺۍ܁҃ٮ॥͟قʂॢ܁͟ۺۍ܁҃ε
҄०ۺڷͿőϼॣսەɰ. ݓݗںĵՁॠəġНęؒ
Եܼԓজߏۋǣԓّ, սԓজН, ۾ࢹΪˣںप॥ॠ əąڍÀ֨ġ, ŖۺٽԸфɳࣷۤۺٽԸۍ400-2500 nmۆًٖࣷۤقԴқۙݕʴфۻۙۻۋ, ۻॠۋʴˣ ۆইԜڷͿۍॠيĵՁġНѻͿČڮॢقȃݓড়ս
ՁۋǣࢍǣČ(Clark et al., 1990) ۋ͠ॢČڮড়ġ
Ձۆݓεࣀॠي܁ġНфؒԵقʂॢқԵę
ԐÀۋΘرݕɰ. २ėşǣۍėڦՁقۦॢՅԴق Դন˛ʽߣɰқġٖԜںটڌॠϸȉڹԐʂԜٖ
ًǴۆজՙͿशইʼəϿ˜ݓ۾قԴ֬ॹ֬قԴÒ
ٍĵȦЛ
ѻ֨ΒεԐڌॢĀęٮڮԐॠó܁Ձۺф܁͟ۺ܁
҃ۆ şę қԵۋ Àɠॢ ۤ۾ۋ ەɰ.
ݓݗںʂԜڷͿڙüԐşѪںۺڌॠəąڍݓश ق˚͠ǣەəşъؒۋǣȤ˃قʂॢԐεսॱॠ Čܳ܃ʪεۚՁॠəѓ֩ۋԐڌʼرٵČ, ݓݗۆݓ शȤ܁ʪقҼͻॠيݓݗقʂॢ܁҃Àন˛ۋʽ ɰ. ˰͆ԴæܓݓًۋǣԐφęÏۋ֩ԦфսćÀä ۆܕۦॠݓ؍əйĶȐцɰۆCuprite ݓًںʂԜڷ ͿAVIRIS(Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) २ėşۦՅԴقԴন˛ʽٖԜںԐڌॠäǣ(Kruse et al., 2003) ܳҚҙۆMordor Pound ݓًںʂԜڷ ͿHyMap(Hyperspectral Mapper) २ėşۦՅԴε
Ԑڌॢ ąڍ(Rowan et al., 2004), ̚ə ࠪǣɰ Қҙ (Harris et al., 2005, 2010) фŔο͈˚(Bedini, 2009) ˣ֩Ԧۋ˚ЛČڦʪݓًقԴߣɰқġڙüԐş Ѫں ۺڌॢ ݓݗԐÀ মęۺڷͿ սॱʽц ەɰ.
ĶǴقԴʪߣɰқġڙüԐşѪںۺڌॠيؒԵ
֨ΒεʂԜڷͿݓԜইۤقԴқԵںսॱॢԐͻÀ
ەČ(Chi and Lee, 2007; Hyun and Park, 2007, 2010), ASTER(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) ɰܼқġ(multispectral) ڦՁٖ
ԜںԐڌॠيۻ͆ǫʪٰʪķȤজʪۆǬԵġԜқġ
ՁқԵ(Son et al., 2011), تԓɳࠗܳѺَսѺݗʂ
Ǵ۾ࢹġН߸(Lee et al., 2009) ф३ǫݓًÌČͺ ࢹѺݗؒԵ֩ѻ(Lee et al., 2011)قʂॢٍĵԐͻÀ
ەɰ. ॠݓχĶǴقԴəݓशεʙČەəԓρक़҄ۋ
ڙüԐşѪںۋڌॢݓݗԐεѓ३ॠəڅۍڷͿ
ۚڌॠČەɰ. ̚ॢؘԴسśॢ३ٽۆݓݗԐԐͻ
˞قԴə२ėşۦՅԴεԐڌॠيėÂ३ԜʪÀČ ३Ԝʪۋ϶֪ʂۡڼҼÀȭڹČुݗۆٖԜںন
˛ॠČқԵقۋڌॢъϸĶǴقəؒԵфġН˞ۆ
ܳڅқġՁۋɰսڦ࠘ॢɳࣷۤۺٽԸًٖںݓ
ॣ ս ەə ߣɰқġ २ėՅԴۆ ҙۦͿ ۍॠي ݓǦ
2000țҙࢢԐڌۋ֨ۚʽйĶ२ėڍܳĶۆEO-1 (Earth Observing-1) ڦՁقۦʽHyperion ߣɰқġ
ՅԴͿҙࢢন˛ʽٖԜۋইۦۋڌÀɠॢߣɰқġ
ٖԜۙΒۋɰ. ॠݓχ Hyperion ٖԜڹ À֨ġ ٖࣷۤ
ًقԴ֪ʂۡڼҼ(signal to noise ratio)À߯ʂأ
190ۍՁںÀݓ϶(Pearlman et al., 2003), २ėş
ۦߣɰқġՅԴۍAVIRISǣHyMapۆąڍ߯ʂ֪
ʂ ۡڼҼÀ ÁÁ أ 1100ę(Green et al., 1998) 1700ۍìęҼİॠٕں˺(Cocks et al., 1998) Ԝʂۺ ڷͿψڹȤۋÀٖԜقप॥ʼرەş˺ЛقқԵ
ę܁قԴȤۋ܃äقʂॢČͲфȤۋÀқԵĀ ęقй࠘əٖॳقʂॢथÀÀज़սۺۋɰ. EO-1 ڦՁ
ڹݓԜ705 kmۆňʪԜقԴڏڌʼş˺Лق(Pearlman et al., 2003) ࣀԜۺڷͿ20 km ۋॠۆČʪقԴ20 m ۋॠۆėÂ३ԜʪͿٖԜںࠄ˛ॠə२ėşۦՅԴ قҼॠيԜʂۺڷͿ۹३ԜʪۍėÂ३ԜʪÀ30 mۍ
ٖԜۋɰ. ˰͆ԴজՙۆࡾşՁڷͿۍॢݓशक़҄
˞ۆÒѻজՙǴঔ०মęقʂॢČͲً֨ज़څॠɰ.
҆ ٍĵقԴə Hyperion ՅԴقԴ ࠄ˛ॢ ߣɰқġ
ٖԜںԐڌॠيÌڙʪݓًقԴԵধؒ ݓε֨ʪॠ
ٕɰ. ĶǴۆݓशक़҄ՁфٖԜন˛֨şͿҙࢢĀ
܁ʼəćۼۺڅۍںČͲॠي܃ۚॢսć, ԓρфɂ قʂॢυ֟ࡾεۋڌॠيқԵʂԜۋ؉ɨݓशक़҄ں
ڍԸۺڷͿ܃äॢ, Եধؒ ĵՁġНČڮۆقȃݓ
ড়սࣷۤںۋڌॠيԵধؒۆқġъԐՁںÌܓॣ
սەʪÒьॢԵধؒ ۠ۦݓսٍԓ֩ںۋڌॠي
Եধؒ қपݓʪεۚՁॠٕɰ. ̚ॢɰتॢݓशक़҄˞
ۆ Òѻ জՙ Ǵ ঔ०ں ČͲॢ ҙқ қġঔ०(partial spectral unmixing) қԵѪں ۋڌॠي Եধؒ ݓε
սॱॠٕɰ.
ʂԜݓًڦ࠘фݓݗ
қԵʂԜݓًڹʴ३؋قۍۿॢÌڙʪʴ३֨ҙࢢ
ԘߍфіݓًںÀͿݓβ϶ąԜҚʪҋজķێҙ εप॥ॠəफ7.5 km, ţۋأ50 kmۆًٖۋɰ(Fig.
1). ݓशۆʂҙқڹԓρڷͿक़҄ʼرەČȬÀ, ąۚ
ݓ, ʪͿ, ʪ֮ݓ, Եধؒ ȤߎġԓфՙőϿǣʂݓÀ
ʂԜݓًǴق қपॠČ ەɰ.
Ìڙʪ ݓًقə ČԦʂ ҵν؉şҙࢢ ١βʪҼ֟
şق ۋβə ܓԸɀࠗķقԴ Եধؒۋ ԓʽɰ(Noh and Oh, 2005). қԵʂԜݓًǴقԴԵধؒۆқपε
ঝۍॠşڦॠي1:50,000 ߹ߍۆԘߍ, ČԐνфۤՁ
ʪफս࠘ݓݗʪقşʽԵধؒںप॥ॠəࠗԴۆқ पεʪ֨ॠٕɰ(Fig. 1). ʂԜݓًقəܓԸɀࠗķॠҙ
ࠗҙࢢԜҙࠗۆտڷͿГҋࠗ, ॄߥࠗ, জۼࠗ, ˃Иʴ
ࠗфφĐࠗقԴԵধؒۋԓʼəìڷͿঝۍʽɰ.
ČुڦԵধԵۆąڍܳͿܓԸɀࠗķۆॠҙࠗۍʴ۾
ࠗॠڦۆॄߥࠗقܳͿҙܕॠəìڷͿ؎Ͳ܋ەɰ (Noh and Oh, 2005).
ߣɰқġڦՁٖԜфқġъԐՁࠑ܁ۙΒ
қԵق Ԑڌʽ ߣɰқġ ڦՁٖԜڹ EO-1 Hyperion ՅԴقԴ 2012ț 2ښ 17ێق ࠄ˛ʼؽɰ. ٖԜڹ
355.6-2577.1 nmۆًٖࣷۤقԴأ10 nmۆࣷۤफڷ Ϳࠄ˛ʽߪ242Òۆї˚قʂॢÒѻٖԜ˞ۋ30 m
Fig. 1. Location, true color composite image and geology of study area.
Fig. 2. Workflow chart for the processing used during this study.
ۆėÂ३Ԝʪٮ16 bitۆѓԐ३ԜʪͿşʼرەČ, L1Gst սܵۆş҆ۺۍѓԐ҃܁фşॠ҃܁ۋսॱʽ
ۙΒۋɰ. ٖԜۆफڹأ7.5 km, ţۋəأ100 kmۋ
϶ٖԜǴقप॥ʽцɰق३ɾॠəًٖڹқԵقԴ
܃ٽॠٕɰ(Fig. 1).
Եধؒں ĵՁॠə ԓّ ġНۍ ѓ३Ե(calcite)ę
іڏԵ(dolomite)قʂॠيйĶݓݗܓԐՙ(U.S. Geological Survey)قԴĵ߹ॢқġ͆ۋҵ͠ν(spectral library)ق ԴқġъԐʪεԸ࢘ॢߣɰқġٖԜںĵՁॠə
ї˚ۆ ًٖࣷۤق ॢ܁ॠي қԵں սॱॠٕɰ. ̚ॢ
ÌڙʪԘߍę܁ԸݓًقԴսݚॢԵধؒ֨Βقʂ ॠيASD(Analytical Spectral Devices)ԐۆFieldSpec®3 қġć(spectrometer)εԐڌॠي350-2500 nmۆࣷۤ
ًٖقԴъԐʪ܁҃εࠑ܁ॠČԵধؒۆқġъԐ
ՁқԵق Ԑڌॠٕɰ.
ߣɰқġڦՁٖԜқԵѓѪ
ߣɰқġٖԜۆۻߌνфԵধؒݓę܁ںप॥ॠ ə Ͽ˜ қԵę܁ڹ Fig. 2ٮ Ïɰ. ٖԜۆ қԵقə
ExelisԐۆENVI 4.8 (ENvironment for the Visualization of Images) ՙ॒࣡ڟرεԐڌॠٕɰ.
Եধؒ۠ۦݓսÒь
йĶݓݗܓԐՙۆқġ͆ۋҵ͠νقԴԸ࢘ॢԓ
ّġНфÌڙʪݓًۆؒԵ֨ΒقԴࠑ܁ॢқġъ ԐʪۙΒقʂॠيथŒъԐʪεćԓॠي܁őজε
սॱॢ, Àۤ˃˚͠ݕড়ġՁںԸ࢘ॠيԵধؒ
۠ۦݓս(limestone potential index) ÒьقԐڌॠٕɰ.
Եধؒ۠ۦݓսəъԐʪčԸܼԵধؒĵՁġНۆ
قȃݓড়սՁڷͿۍॠيьԦॠə߯۹ъԐʪф
߯۹ъԐʪݓ۾ۻقۍۿॢًٖࣷۤقԴş҆ۺۍ
ѕąъԐʪۍٰχॠČȭڹъԐʪčԸε̤ॠ óǣࢍǴə˃ݓ۾(shoulder)ںԸ࢘ॢ˃ݓ۾Ԑ ۋقڦ࠘ॢড়ġՁęۆъԐʪۋεÌܓ॥ڷͿ׆
ԵধؒĵՁġНقۆॢقȃݓড়սՁںŕʂজॣս
ەʪս֩ڷͿÒьॠČ, ս֩ڷͿҙࢢԓʼəս࠘
εԵধؒۆԜʂۺқपÀɠՁںݓ֨ॠə۠ۦݓսͿ
Ԑڌॠٕɰ. ş҆ۺڷͿї˚ҼڱٍԓşѪقşߣε˅
ݓսԓ܁Ѫۋݓχқġ३ԜʪÀڍսॢߣɰқġٖԜ ںԐڌ॥ڷͿ׆ܙڹًٖࣷۤقǣࢍǣəԵধؒġН ۆČڮॢقȃݓড়սՁχںॢ܁ॠي֪՚ॠČমڱ ۺۍ ٍԓڷͿ Ìܓॣ ս ەəìۋۤ۾ۋɰ.
ߣɰқġڦՁٖԜۻߌν
қԵقԐڌʽHyperion ߣɰқġٖԜڹߪ242Òۆ
ї˚قʂॢÒѻٖԜ˞ͿĵՁʼرەɰ. ۋܼقԴ҃
܁ۋۋΘرݓݓ؍ڹ44Òї˚фܼ҄ʽًٖࣷۤق Դন˛ʽ2Òї˚εڍԸۺڷͿ܃äॠČ(Beck et al., 2003), ʂşܼսݒşˣսқقۆॢড়ġইԜۋǣࢍ
ǣəًٖࣷۤۍ1400 nm ф1900 nm ҙŖقڦ࠘ॢ
Table 1. Water, vegetation and snow indices for masking of water, vegetation and snow land-covers
Index Original formula Reference Hyperion band input
Normalized difference
water index (NDWI) NDWI = (Green - NIR*) / (Green + NIR) Xu, 2006 Green: 569.3 nm, NIR: 823.7 nm Normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) NDVI = (NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red) Tucker, 1979;
Jackson et al., 1983
NIR: 962.9 nm, Red: 630.3 nm Normalized difference
snow index (NDSI) NDSI = (Green - SWIR**) / (Green + SWIR) Hall et al., 1995 Green: 569.3 nm, SWIR: 1648.9 nm
*near infrared
**short-wave infrared
ї˚قʂॠيDatt ˣ(2003)ۋ܃֨ॢʂşܼսқڷ Ϳҙࢢٖॳںыəї˚εČॠي߸ÀۺڷͿ܃äॢ
, Ըѻʽ176Òۆї˚ͿĵՁʽٖԜقʂॠيʂş
҃܁ں սॱॠٕɰ. ʂş҃܁ Āę ٖԜقə 10,000ۆ
ս࠘À100%ۆъԐʪεǣࢍǴʪ҃܁ćսεĕॠ
ٕɰ.
սć, ֩ԦфݓݗڹÀ֨ġфۺٽԸًٖقԴԴͿ
ԜۋॢъԐՁںǣࢍǶɰ. ݓݗٽۆًٖڹ҆üۺ ۍԵধؒݓεڦॢқԵۋۻقÁÁۆक़҄قজ ʽݓս(index)εۋڌॠي३ɾक़҄χںÌܓॠəυ
֟ࡾε ܃ۚॠČ қԵ ًٖقԴ ܃ٽ֨ࡎɰ(Table 1).
Ԑڌʽݓսənormalized difference water index(NDWI), normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) фnormalized difference snow index(NDSI)Ϳ ş҆ۺڷͿ ߣɰқġ
ٖԜ҃ɰї˚फۋȉڹɰܼқġٖԜںʂԜڷͿÒь ʼؽɰ. ٍ҆ĵقԴəÁݓսقۓͳۙΒͿԐڌʼر
٣ ɰܼқġ ٖԜ ї˚ۆ ًٖࣷۤ Ǵق प॥ʼə
Hyperion ٖԜї˚εԸ࢘ॠيݓսćԓقۓͳॠٕ
ČÁݓսѻՃҙۓͳї˚əTable 1ق܃֨ॠٕɰ.
ԴقԴسśॢцٮÏۋHyperion ٖԜۆ֪ʂ
ۡڼҼڱڹɰδɰܼқġڦՁٖԜۋǣ२ėՅԴقԴ
ࠄ˛ॢۙΒقҼॠيǰڹ190قԴ40 Ԑۋۋ϶ࣷۤ
ۋţرݓəąڍ֪ʂۡڼҼڱڹ۾۾ǰ؉ݓə
ąॳں҃يԴ2000 nm ۋԜۆɳࣷۤۺٽԸًٖقԴ ə50 ۋॠۆ֪ʂۡڼҼڱۋǣࢍǦɰ(Pearlman et al., 2003). ࣷۤѻٖԜقԴʪԸфɰսۆҝő࠙
Ȥۋεگ؋ڷͿঝۍॣսەČۋ͠ॢȤۋۆ܃
äεڦॠيMNF(minimum noise fraction) Ѻঞںս ॱॠٕɰ. MNF Ѻঞڹ ٍ՚ʽ 2ধۆ ܳՁқѺঞڷͿ
ĵՁʼ϶Ȥۋ܃äфї˚ۆսεÇՙ֨ࡈٍԓ՚
ʪٮ মڱں ȭۋə ۤ۾ۋ ەɰ(Green et al., 1988;
Boardman and Kruse, 1994).
ԵধؒқपݓʪۚՁ
ԵধؒқपݓًںÌܓॠيݓʪজॠşڦॠيϤ۹
Եধؒ۠ۦݓսεۺڌॠٕɰ. Եধؒ۠ۦݓսə܁
ʂԜۆқġՁںÌܓॣսەʪՙսۆї˚εԐ ڌॠيԓցٍԓںսॱॠəї˚ҼڱşъۆşѪۋş
˺ЛقÒѻজՙυɰԵধؒĵՁġНۆݜۺۍড়ġ
ՁۋÌܓʽݓսÀ֪՚ॠóݓ܁ʼČս࠘ۆࡾČ
ۚڼق˰δэşۋͿٖԜজÀۋΘرݙڷͿ׆Եধ
ؒۆԜʂۺқपÀɠՁфėÂۺқपąॳںঝۍॣ
սەɰ. ї˚ҼڱşъۆşѪڹܳͿɰܼқġٖԜۆ
қԵںЀۺڷͿÒьʼČԐڌʼرٵݓχܙڹफڷͿ
ǣࢍǣəʂԜѻČڮॢড়ġՁں҃ɰՃнॠóݓ
ॣսەəߣɰқġٖԜقۺڌॣąڍ܁ʂԜق
ॢ܁ʽ মڱۺۍ ݓε սॱॣ ս ەɰ.
қԵقԐڌॢٖԜڹėÂ३ԜʪÀ30 mۋş˺Лق
ÒѻজՙǴقࢹتۋǣؒԵęÏڹݓݗϔߕӼχ؉
ɦ͆֩Ԧ, ʪͿ, æ߹НфսćˣɰتॢܛΪۆݓश
क़҄ۋঔۦʼرەɰ. ۋٮÏڹԜডقԴÒѻজՙǴ قێҙܕۦॠəʂԜںݓॠşڦॠيқġঔ०қ Եںۺڌॠٕɰ. қġঔ०қԵقۓͳʾşܵъԐʪ ə PPI(pixel purity index) қԵѪę n-ڙ À֨জ (n-dimensional visualization) şѪںۋڌॠي߸ॠٕ
ɰ. PPI қԵڹ ٖԜں ĵՁॠə জՙ˞ں ъ҄ۺڷͿ
ےۆѓॳۆѯࢢقٖ࣊ॠČѯࢢԜقԴŕʂ̚əŕ ՙۆ ݓ۾ق ٖ࣊ʽবսε ݓսͿԴԓ܁ॢɰ. PPIÀ
ࢀս࠘ۆজՙێսজՙ˞ͿĵՁʽķݚقԴцŶޅ قڦ࠘ॠ϶, ɰδक़҄ęঔ०ʼݓ؍ڹԜʂۺڷͿտս
ॢ ɳێ क़҄ڷͿχ ĵՁʽ জՙͿ Âܳʽɰ(Boardman, 1994; Boardman et al., 1995). n-ڙÀ֨জقԴəPPI
ٍԓĀęقԴԸ࢘ʽԜڦۆPPI ս࠘εÍəজՙ˞ں
n-ڙ(n: ї˚ս)ۆėÂԜقʪ֨ॢজՙ˞ͿĵՁ ʽķݚۆεşъڷͿқԵۙÀķݚǴজՙڦ࠘
ۆۺۼՁںࣺɳॠي߯ܛۺڷͿқΪşܵজՙεԸ࢘
Table 2. Positions and widths of spectral absorption features of calcite and dolomite in SWIR region (Gaffey, 1985, 1986) Carbonate
band
Calcite Dolomite
Position () Width () Position () Width ()
1 2.530-2.541 0.0223-0.0255 2.503-2.518 0.0208-0.0228
2 2.333-2.340 0.0154-0.0168 2.312-2.322 0.0173-0.0201
3 2.254-2.720 0.0121-0.0149 2.234-2.248 0.0099-0.0138
4 2.167-2.179 0.0170-0.0288 2.150-2.170 0.0188-0.0310
5 1.974-1.995 0.0183-0.0330 1.971-1.979 0.0206-0.0341
6 1.871-1.885 0.0190-0.0246 1.853-1.882 0.0188-0.0261
7 1.753-1.885 0.0256-0.0430 1.735-1.740 0.0178-0.0395
ॠó ʽɰ.
ٍ҆ĵقԴəқġঔ०қԵѪܼҙққġঔ०қ ԵѪۍ܁०ज़ࢢτ(matched filtering)ںԐڌॠٕɰ. À
ۤş҆ۺۍқġঔ०қԵѪۍԸқġঔ०қԵۋ
জՙǴقܕۦॠəϿ˜ݓशक़҄ۆܛΪфқġՁ قʂॢ܁҃εज़څͿॠəìęəɵν, Ը࢘ʽʂԜۆ
қġ܁҃εÌܓॠČѕą֪εز܃॥ڷͿ׆ʂԜں
ݓॠČ̚ॢজՙǴқपϸۺںĀ܁ॣսەɰ. জ ՙυɰݓ܁ʼə܁०ज़ࢢτқԵĀę(matched filtering score)əқΪşܵъԐʪٮ܁ঝ০ێ࠘ॠəজՙێą ڍ1ۋݓ܁ʼČজՙǴقݓʂԜक़҄ۋݓॠə
Ҽڱق ˰͆Դ 0ę 1Ԑۋۆ ս࠘À ݓ܁ʽɰ(Harsanyi and Chang, 1994; Boardman et al., 1995). ܁०ज़ࢢτ ڹÒѻজՙǴҝŒݗқपʂԜۆ܁͟ݓɠͳф
ۓͳۙΒۆÂՙ॥ڷͿۍॠيݓशݓݗܓԐεЀۺڷ ͿমęۺڷͿۺڌʼرٵɰ(Rowan et al., 2004; Vaughan et al., 2005; Bedini, 2011).
Եধؒ۠ۦݓսф ܁०ज़ࢢτں ۋڌॠيۚՁʽ
ԵধؒқपݓʪۆêݒęथÀεڦॠيڦՁٖԜęŖ ۿॢ ֨şق ন˛ʽ Č३Ԝʪ २ėԐݕں ۋڌॠٕɰ.
२ėԐݕڹ2011ț5ښقন˛ʼؽڷ϶, 30 mۆėÂ३ ԜʪۍHyperion ٖԜۆқԵĀęεथÀॠşق߿қॢ
0.25 m ėÂ३ԜʪۆۙΒۋɰ.
ĀęфȦۆ
ԵধؒĵՁġНқġъԐՁқԵ
ԵধؒںĵՁॠəԓّġНۍѓ३ԵęіڏԵق ə ş҆ ড়ս(fundamental absorption) ݕʴս(쩌1-쩌4)ۆ
ѕڼ(overtone)ę ܓ०(combination) ї˚À 1.0-2.5 G ԐۋۆɳࣷۤۺٽԸًٖقǣࢍǣəìڷͿ؎Ͳ܋ەɰ (Table 2). ۋܼÌॢড়սї˚ə쩌1 + 2쩌3ۍ2.50-2.55
ٮ 3쩌3ۍ2.30-2.35 قڦ࠘ॢɰ. ۋٽق쩌1 + 2쩌3 + 쩌4 ̚ə 3쩌1 + 2쩌4ۍ 2.12-2.16 , 2쩌l + 2쩌3ۍ
1.97-2.00 Gф쩌l + 3쩌3ۍ1.85-1.87 Gˣۆڦ࠘قԴ
أॢ ড়սї˚À ěʽɰ(Hunt and Salisbury, 1971;
Clark et al., 1990). ѓ३ԵęіڏԵڹڮԐॢڦ࠘قԴ
ড়ġՁۋǣࢍǣݓχіڏԵۆড়ġՁۋѓ३Ե҃
ɰ ݥڹ ࣷۤق ڦ࠘ॢɰ.
йĶ ݓݗܓԐՙۆ қġ ͆ۋҵ͠ν ܼ Beckman 5270 қġćεԐڌॠي0.2-3.0 μmۆٖٖࣷۤقԴࠑ
܁ॢіڏԵęѓ३ԵقʂॢқġъԐʪфÌڙʪԘ ߍę܁ԸقԴࠄॢԵধؒؒԵ֨Β(ÁÁLimestone-1 ф Limestone-2)قԴ ASDԐۆ FieldSpec®3 қġćͿ
ࠑ܁ॢқġъԐʪε0.4-2.4 قॢ܁ॠيʪ֨ॠٕɰ (Fig. 3). ˃ؒԵ֨ΒəX-ԸধۼқԵ(X-ray Diffraction Analysis, XRD) Āęѓ३ԵڷͿχĵՁʽìڷͿঝۍ ʼؽɰ. қġъԐʪəۻъۺۍъԐʪۋε܃äॠČ
ݜۺۍড়ġՁںÌܓॠşڦॠيϿ˜ࣷۤۆъԐ ʪε0.4-2.4 ۆथŒъԐʪͿǣɀə܁őজεսॱ ॠٕɰ. ЛॶٍĵεࣀॠيঝۍॢԓّġНۆড়ġ
Ձܼ2.30-2.35 قڦ࠘ॢড়ġՁۋқġъԐʪ
čԸقԴÀۤ˃˚͠ݓóǣࢍǮɰ. ۋড়ġՁۋǣ
ࢍǣə ًٖࣷۤ ǴقԴ 2.325 ф 2.335 ۆ ڦ࠘ق
Hyperion ٖԜї˚Àࠄ˛ʼČ, ˰͆Դۋًٖࣷۤф
३ɾٖԜї˚əߣɰқġڦՁٖԜںۋڌॢқġॡۺ
қԵսॱ֨ԓّġНںݓॣսەəݜۺۍড় ġՁڷͿ ۋڌॣ ս ەڼں ঝۍॠٕɰ.
Եধؒ۠ۦݓսÒь
қġ ͆ۋҵ͠νقԴԸ࢘ॢ ԓّġН фÌڙʪ
ݓًقԴࠄॢԵধؒ֨ΒۆқġъԐʪčԸقǣࢍ
Ǧ Čڮॢ ড়ġՁ Àڏʚ Àۤ ̤ॠó ǣࢍǣə
2.30-2.35 ق ڦ࠘ॢ ড়ġՁں Եধؒ ۠ۦݓսۆ
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Spectral reflectances of (a) carbonate minerals selected from U.S. Geological Survey spectral library(Clark et al., 2007) and (b) laboratory measured spectral reflectances of limestone rock samples. The selected diagnostic absorption features within 2.30-2.35 Gin the inner boxes are marked with vertical lines corresponding to the nearest Hyperion imagery band center.
Fig. 4. NDWI thresholding for water masking.
Òьق Ԑڌॠٕɰ. Ը࢘ʽ ًٖࣷۤ Ǵقə ˃ Òۆ
Hyperion ٖԜї˚ܼ֮ࣷۤ(ÁÁ2.325ę2.335 )ۋ
ڦ࠘ॠČەݓχԵধؒۆܳڅĵՁġНۍѓ३Եۆড় ġՁۋǣࢍǣəࣷۤۋ҃ɰۤࣷۤۍ2.335 قŖ ۿॠóǣࢍǣəՁںъٖॠي2.335 Gї˚εԵধ
ؒ ۠ۦݓս ٍԓ֩ق प॥ॠٕɰ. Եধؒ ۠ۦݓսə
2.335 ۆড়ġՁںÌܓॠşڦॠي2.335 Gۻ
ͿǣࢍǣəқġъԐʪčԸԜۆҋڍν(shoulder ̚ə
peak)Àڦ࠘ॠäǣড়ġՁۋܕۦॠݓ؍Čҋڍν قŖۿॢ2.102 ф2.365 ۆъԐʪ(R)ٮۆۋε
ĕॠə؉͒ۆ֩(1)ęÏۋशইʼؽɰ. ї˚ۆԸ࢘
ę܁قԴHyperion ՅԴۆ˥ࢭࢢ١ΪͿьԦʼəԸ
ȤۋÀ ˃˚͠ݓó ǣࢍǣə ї˚ə ѕ܃ॠٕɰ.
Limestone potential index = (R2.102 - R2.335) × R2.365 - R2.335) (1)
ߣɰқġڦՁٖԜۻߌν
ʂş҃܁ۋսॱʽHyperion ٖԜقԴսć, ֩Ԧф
ɂڷͿक़҄ʽًٖں܃äॠşڦॠيTable 1ق܃֨
ॢ NDWI, NDVI ф NDSI ٖԜں ÁÁ ۚՁॠٕɰ.
NDWI ০֟ࢹŔ͖ںʪ֨ॠٕں˺սćə֩Ԧۋǣࢹ ت, ؒԵˣęɵνԜۋॠóǰڹъԐʪεǣࢍǴə
ՁڷͿҙࢢFig. 4ٮÏۋцۋϿɵ(bi-modal) ̚əϥ࣯
Ͽɵ(multi-modal) Ϳ ɰδ क़҄ę ĵқʼə ȭڹ
ս࠘ۆқपͿǣࢍǣČۋ͠ॢқपąॳںۋڌॠيս ćεɰδक़҄ęқνॣսەɰ. ٍ҆ĵقԴəNDWI ০֟ࢹŔ͖ԜقԴ ےćÉ(threshold)ں 0.3ڷͿ ݓ܁ॠ يսćυ֟ࡾεۚՁॠٕɰ. NDWIٮəɵνNDVIٮ
NDSI ০֟ࢹŔ͖قԴəцۋϿɵۋǣϥ࣯Ͽɵٮ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Fig. 5. Study area subsetting using masks for water, vegetation and snow areas: (a) NDWI thresholding, (b) NDVI and (c) NDSI thresholding on water masked area, and (d) study area subsetted with all masks.
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. Minimum noise fraction (MNF) transformed bands:
(a) the 1st MNF band containing most abundant information among MNF bands and (b) the 7th MNF band recognized as noise dominant band.
Ïۋ क़҄ۆܛΪق˰͆Դ̤ॠóĵқʼəۆ
০֟ࢹŔ͖ۋǣࢍǣݓ؍ş˺Лق֩Ԧęɂक़҄ۆ
মęۺۍ ܃äÀ RGBٖԜقԴ گ؋ڷͿ ঝۍʼə NDVI>0.3 фNDSI>0ۆےćÉںۺڌॠيυ֟ࡾε
ۚՁॠٕɰ(Fig. 5). սć, ԓρфɂقʂॢυ֟ࡾق
ʌॠيٖԜۆÀۤۙνقǣࢍǣəҝő࠙ॢ՚ՁÉں
Íəজՙε܃äॠşڦॠيٖԜন˛ًٖںǣࢍǴə
υ֟ࡾقerode ज़ࢢε3 × 3 জՙۆ࠶ȇࡾşͿۺڌ ॠيٖԜۆ߯ٽĚজՙ˞ۋқԵقۓͳʼݓ؍ʪ
߸ÀۺڷͿ ܃äॠٕɰ.
սć, ԓρ, ɂф߯ٽÁজՙقʂॢυ֟ࡾεϿ˃
ۺڌॢ ٖԜق प॥ʽ Ȥۋε ܃äॠş ڦॠي
MNF Ѻঞںսॱॠٕɰ. Եধؒۆܳڅড়ġՁۋɳ
ࣷۤۺٽԸًٖࣷۤقڦ࠘ॠČەş˺Лقʂş҃܁
ۋսॱʽ176ÒۆًٖܼࣷۤɳࣷۤۺٽԸًٖǴ قԴ2.022-2.375 ق३ɾॠə36Òۆї˚εԸ࢘ॠ يȤۋ܃äфԵধؒқपݓʪۚՁقۋڌॠٕɰ.
ї˚ܼ2.375 Gۋۆї˚قəɰսۆȤۋÀप
॥ʼə ìڷͿ ঝۍʼر қԵقԴ ܃ٽॠٕɰ. Ը࢘ʽ
36Òۆї˚قʂॠيMNF ѺঞںսॱॢČڮÉ (eigen value) êࢹ ф گ؋қԵں սॱॠٕČ, 7ѥݫ
MNF ї˚ҙࢢəݓशक़҄قʂॢ܁҃À؉ɨȤۋ
ÀڍՃॢìڷͿࣺɳʼرԜڦ6ÒۆMNF ї˚قʂ ॠيًѺঞںսॱॠČȤۋÀ܃äʽٖԜںন˛ॠ
ٕɰ(Fig. 6).
ԵধؒқपݓʪۚՁ
սć, ԓρ, ɂф߯ٽĚজՙٮȤۋÀ܃äʽٖ
ԜقʂॠيԵধؒ۠ۦݓս(֩(1))εۺڌॠيԵধ
ؒқपݓʪεۚՁॠٕɰ(Fig. 7). ԵধؒқपݓʪقԴ
Fig. 7. Limestone potential mapping result using limestone potential index: A indicates limestone open-pit mines, B indicates exposed rocks and soils for road construction, C indicates limestone open-pit mines, D indicates exposed slopes of bedrock around road, and E indicates exposed rocks and soils in alluvium of construction site.
əԵধؒ۠ۦݓսÀȭڹًٖێսэڹজՙͿश ইʼؽɰ. Č३Ԝʪ २ėԐݕں ۋڌॠي ঝۍॢ Āę
қपݓʪǴقԴÀ̤ۤॠóÌܓʼرǣࢍǣəݓً
ڹȤߎġۋۋΘرݓəԵধؒġԓڷͿ(Fig. 7قԴ
AٮCͿशş) ֪ԸॢԵধؒȤ˃ÀȉڹًٖقԴȤ
ʼرەş ˺Лق ȭڹ ս࠘ۆ ۠ۦݓսÀ ǣࢍǮɰ.
ۋݓًٽقČ՚ʪͿæԺۋݕॱܼۍݓݗۋȤʽ
ݓً(Fig. 7قԴBͿशş), ݓѓʪܳѺؒъȤԐϸ (Fig. 7قԴDͿशş) фॠߎѺ߿ۺࠗݓًۆæԺҙݓ (Fig. 7قԴEͿशş)قԴʪȭڹ۠ۦݓսÀǣࢍǮɰ.
ԜʂۺڷͿǰڹս࠘ͿÌܓʽݓ۾ڷͿəAݓًԜ ҙقڦ࠘ॢԘߍ֨ٮCݓًॠҙфEݓًԜҙۆՙ őϿͿݓݗۋȤʽॠߎѺݓًۋەɰ. Ԙߍ֨Ǵۆ
֨Àݓقəࡓࡾν࣡ф؉֟ࣻ࣡ͿĵՁʽæ߹Нęʪ ͿÀɰսқपॠČ, йĶݓݗܓԐՙۆқġ͆ۋҵ͠
νεܓॢĀęࡓࡾν࣡ф؉֟ࣻ࣡قԴəԵধؒ
ĵՁġНۆড়ġՁęێҙܼߑʼə2.34-2.35 Gҙ ŖقԴأॢড়ġՁۋǣࢍǣş˺Лق۠ۦݓսÀɰ ՙÌܓʽìڷͿࣺɳʽɰ. ॠߎѺۆݓݗȤफڹʂ ҙқÒѻজՙۋॠۍՙőϿۋČսćقۆॢ҄०ۺ ۍࠞ֩, ڏъфࣅۺۚڌڷͿۍॠيݓशقԵধؒ
ٽقɰتॢܛΪۆݓݗۋঔۦʼرǣࢍǣş˺Лق
A-Eݓً҃ɰ ԜʂۺڷͿ أॠó Ìܓʼؽɰ. ۋ ٽق
ێҙČςʽÒѻজՙ˞قԴʪȭڹ۠ۦݓսÀঝۍʼ ݓχۋəHyperion ٖԜقप॥ʽȭڹսܵۆȤۋ
фėÂ३ԜʪۆॢćͿۍॠيսć, ԓρфɂक़҄ۋ
υ֟ࡾۺڌقʪٰѹॠó܃äʼݓ؍ČܳѺজՙ ٮ ঔ०ʼر ǣࢍǣə ইԜڷͿࣺɳʽɰ.
Եধؒ۠ۦݓսεۋڌॠيۚՁॢԵধؒқपݓʪ ۆॢć۾ۍݓʂԜقʂॢজՙǴ܁͟қԵɠͳں
܃ČॠČߣɰқġٖԜۆۤ۾ۍॄҙॢқġՁںট ڌॠşڦॠيҙққġঔ०қԵѪۍ܁०ज़ࢢτں
ۺڌॠٕɰ. қġঔ० қԵقԴ қԵşܵъԐʪ(end- member)ۆ߸ڹқԵۙۆۻЛݓ֩фվʹʽşցۋ
ज़څॢҙқۋɰ(Boardman and Kruse, 2011). ҙққ ġঔ०қԵۆşܵъԐʪε߸ॠşڦॠيPPIεć ԓॢԜڦ10,000Òۆজՙقʂॠيn-ڙÀ֨জ ε ڦॢ ۓͳۙΒͿ ԐڌॠٕČ, n-ڙ À֨জقԴə
Ը࢘ʽ জՙق ʂॠي 1-6ѥ MNF ї˚ε ۓͳۙΒͿ
Ԑڌॠيʪ֨ॢ҇ɰϸߕԜۆজՙķݚقԴϿ Դνق३ɾॠə˃Òۆজՙε؉ǴرԵধؒۆş
ܵъԐʪεǣࢍǴəজՙͿݓ܁ॠٕɰ(Fig. 8 (a)). ş
ܵъԐʪͿԸ࢘ॢজՙۆࢍɾՁںथÀॠşڦॠي
ٖԜǴقԴқपڦ࠘εঝۍॢĀę˃জՙϿ˃ٖ
ԜǴقԴԵধؒۆқपÀÀ̤ۤॠóǣࢍǣəȤ ߎġݓًǴقڦ࠘॥ںঝۍॠٕɰ(Fig. 8 (b)). қԵ şܵъԐʪεқԵقԐڌʽɳࣷۤۺٽԸًٖقॢ܁
ॠيԵধؒ֨ΒۆъԐʪٮ॥ƍʪ֨ॠٕں˺Եধ
ؒۆÀۤݜۺۍ2.335 قԴۆড়ġՁۋঝۍʼ
϶Եধؒ۠ۦݓսۆćԓقۓͳʼə2.102 ф2.265
قԴԜʂۺڷͿȭڹъԐʪÀǣࢍǫںঝۍॣս
ەɰ(Fig. 8 (c)). ॠݓχ2.2-2.3 ۆًٖࣷۤقԴտ սॢԵধؒۆқġъԐʪقǣࢍǣݓ؍əقȃݓড়ս ąॳۋǣࢍǮČۋə30 mۆėÂ३ԜʪͿۍॢԵধ
ؒٽۆɰδݓݗक़҄ۋǣġটʴںڦॢ֨ԺНф
ڏъ͟ˣۋজՙǴقप॥ʼäǣHyperion ٖԜۆ
ǰڹ֪ʂۡڼҼՁڷͿۍॢȤۋۆٖॳф
ҝٰۻॢʂş҃܁ۆٖॳˣۋ҄०ۺڷͿĀ०ʼرǣ
ࢍǣə ইԜڷͿ ࣺɳʽɰ.
܁०ज़ࢢτĀęقԴəÒѻজՙقप॥ʽԵধؒۆ
қपҼڱۋ ȭڹ ًٖێս эڹ জՙͿ शইʼؽɰ.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 8. Limestone end-member extraction: (a) end-member extraction using n-dimensional visualization with 1-3 MNF bands, (b) location of the extracted end-member, and (c) spectral reflectance of the end-member and the limestone samples.
Fig. 9. Partial spectral unmixing map using highest limestone potential pixels: A indicates limestone open-pit mines, B indicates exposed rocks and soils for road construction, C indicates limestone open-pit mines, D indicates exposed slopes of bedrock around road, and E indicates exposed rocks and soils in alluvium of construction site.
ԵধؒۆқपÀÀ̤ۤॠóǣࢍǣəݓًڹԵধؒ
۠ۦݓսĀęٮʴێॠóԵধؒȤߎġۋۋΘرݓ əġԓڷͿ(Fig. 9قԴAٮCͿशş) ֪ԸॢԵধؒ
Ȥ˃ÀȉڹًٖقԴȤʼرەş˺Лق܁०ज़ࢢτ
Āęً֨ȭڹս࠘ͿÌܓʼرǣࢍǮɰ. ۋݓًٽق
Č՚ʪͿæԺۋݕॱܼۍݓݗۋȤʽݓً(Fig. 9 قԴBͿशş), ݓѓʪܳѺؒъȤԐϸ(Fig. 9قԴ
DͿशş) фॠߎѺ߿ۺࠗݓًۆæԺҙݓ(Fig. 9ق ԴEͿशş)قԴʪȭڹս࠘ۆ܁०ज़ࢢτĀęÀǣ
ࢍǮɰ.
ԜʂۺڷͿǰڹս࠘ͿÌܓʽݓ۾ʪԵধؒ۠ۦݓ ս ĀęٮʴێॠóAݓًԜҙقڦ࠘ॢԘߍ֨ٮCݓ
ًॠҙфEݓًԜҙۆՙőϿͿݓݗۋȤʽॠߎ Ѻݓًۋ϶, ۋəԘߍ֨Ǵۆ֨ÀݓεĵՁॠəࡓࡾ
ν࣡ٮ؉֟ࣻ࣡ۆأॢড়ġՁۋԵধؒĵՁġНۆ
ড়ġՁęێҙܼߑʽڦ࠘قԴǣࢍǣəٖॳфॠߎ ѺقқपॠəՙőϿԵধؒۋݓʽĀęͿࣺɳʽɰ.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 10. Comparison between partial unmixing map and limestone potential index map in open-pit mining site shown in the area A of Fig. 7 and in the area A of Fig.
9: (a) partial unmixing matched filtering score map, (b) histogram matched limestone potential index map using the matched filtering score map, and (c) high-spatial- resolution aerial photograph. Arrows indicate prominent differences between the partial unmixing mapping result and the limestone potential index mapping result.
ٍ҆ĵقԴ܃؋ॢԵধؒ۠ۦݓսĀęٮ܁०ज़ ࢢτĀęε҃ɰۙՃॠóथÀॠşڦॠيқԵʂԜ ݓًǴقԴ֪ԸॢԵধؒۋݓशقʂőϿͿȤʼر
ەəȤߎġইۤقॢ܁ॠيڦՁٖԜқԵĀęٮČ ३Ԝʪ२ėԐݕںҼİқԵॠٕɰ(Fig. 10). ܁०ज़ࢢ τĀęəFig. 9ٮʴێॠó0.1 ф0.5εÁÁ߯ՙф
߯ʂэşąćÉڷͿԸ࢘ॠي০֟ࢹŔ͖थটজ(histogram equalization)εսॱॠČ(Fig. 10(a)) ۋεşܵڷͿজ ՙ˞ۆэşÉۋʴێॢқपεǣࢍǴʪԵধؒ۠ۦ ݓսĀęقʂॠي০֟ࢹŔ͖ܓ܁(histogram matching) ںսॱॠٕɰ(Fig. 10(b)). ˃ԵধؒݓĀęقԴ˃
˚͠ݕۋÀǣࢍǣəݓًܼজԕश(A)Ϳݓ֨ʽ
ġইۤҚԴޅۆʪͿфԓρۋঔۦʽݓًقԴəԵ ধؒ۠ۦݓսÀ܁०ज़ࢢτĀę҃ɰԜʂۺڷͿÌܓ ʼرǣࢍǮČ, জԕश(B)Ϳݓ֨ʽġইۤʴޅۆݓ ݗۋȤʽݓًۆąڍԵধؒ۠ۦݓսقԴəÌܓʼ ݓ؍ڹìقъॠي܁०ज़ࢢτĀęقԴəэڹজՙ ͿशইۋʼرԜʂۺڷͿȭڹԵধؒқपÀɠՁں
ǣࢍǴČەɰ. ܁०ज़ࢢτĀęəজՙǴқԵʂԜۆ
қपϸۺںݓ֨ॠəқġঔ०қԵĀęۋş˺Лقজ ՙǴقप॥ʽԵধؒۆқपϸۺںࠑ܁ॠي֬܃ݓश क़҄Ձںʌ܁ঝ০ъٖॢĀęͿࣺɳʽɰ.
Ā
ٍ҆ĵقԴəÌڙʪݓًۆԵধؒݓεЀۺڷͿ
Hyperion ߣɰқġڦՁٖԜۆқԵںսॱॠٕɰ. Ķ Ǵۆݓशक़҄ঞąфćۼۺٖॳںČͲॠيսć, ԓ ρфɂक़҄قʂॠيٖԜۻߌνę܁قԴक़҄ѻυ
֟ࡾε܃ۚॠČқԵًٖں܃ॢॢ, ԵধؒܳĵՁ
ġНۆČڮॢқġъԐՁܼɳࣷۤۺٽԸًٖقԴ
ǣࢍǣəقȃݓড়սࣷۤęї˚ҼڱٍԓşѪںĀ० ॠيÒьॢԵধؒ۠ۦݓսфÒѻজՙǴقप॥ʽ
ݓʂԜۆқपҼڱںԓ܁ॣսەəҙққġঔ०
қԵşѪۍ܁०ज़ࢢτşѪںԐڌॠيԵধؒқपݓ ʪεۚՁॠٕɰ. қԵĀęəڦՁٖԜۆন˛֨şٮŖ ۿॢ֨şقন˛ʽČ३Ԝʪ२ėԐݕęۆҼİқԵں
ࣀॠي थÀε ॠٕɰ.
ɳࣷۤۺٽԸ ًٖق ॢ܁ॠي Եধؒۆ қġъԐ
ՁںÌܓॣսەʪČ؋ʽԵধؒ۠ۦݓսəՙս ۆї˚χںԐڌॠəÂɳॢٍԓę܁ڷͿۍॠيӇδ
қԵۋÀɠॢۤ۾ۋەɰ. ȭڹ۠ۦݓսεǣࢍǴə
ݓ۾قʂॠيČ३Ԝʪ२ėԐݕęҼİқԵॢĀęԵ ধؒȤߎġۋۋΘرݓəġԓ, Č՚ʪͿæԺۋݕ ॱܼۍݓݗۋȤʽݓً, ݓѓʪܳѺؒъȤԐϸ
фॠߎѺ߿ۺࠗݓًۆæԺҙݓقԴȭڹ۠ۦݓսÀ
ǣࢍǦìڷͿঝۍʼؽɰ. ٖԜǴقԴ߸ॢқġॡ ۺڷͿտսॢԵধؒۆқġъԐՁںşܵڷͿ܁०
ज़ࢢτşѪںۺڌॢĀęԵধؒ۠ۦݓսٮڮԐॢ
ڦ࠘قԴԵধؒۆқपÀݓʼؽɰ. ֪ԸॢԵধؒۋ
ݓशقʂőϿͿȤʼرەəȤߎġইۤقॢ܁ॠ
يٖԜқԵĀęٮČ३Ԝʪ२ėԐݕںҼİॠٕں˺
জՙǴقԵধؒۋێҙқχқपॠəݓ۾قԴə܁०
ज़ࢢτşѪۋʌ܁ঝॢݓεսॱॠəìڷͿǣࢍ
Ǯɰ.
ٍ҆ĵقԐڌʽHyperion ߣɰқġٖԜۆǰڹ֪
ʂ ۡڼҼ ф 30 mۆ ėÂ३Ԝʪə қԵę܁ ܼ
MNF ѺঞęÏڹȤۋ܃äę܁ںज़څͿॠČ, ٖԜ
ǴقԴÀۤտսॢқġ܁҃Ϳࣺɳʼر߸ʽқΪş
ܵқġъԐʪۆąڍقʪݓʂԜۋٽۆݓशक़҄
ęۆঔۦÀǣࢍǮɰ. ॳ֪ʂۡڼҼÀÒԸʽԞ ͿڏڦՁۦՅԴ̚əėÂ३Ԝʪф֪ʂۡڼҼ ÀϿ˃ڍսॢ२ėۦՅԴقԴࠄ˛ʽߣɰқġۙ
ΒεۋڌॢқԵۆսॱ֨ȉڹݓًقԴ֪՚ॠČ̚
ॢşܕۆɰܼқġڙüԐقҼॠي܁нॢݓݗۙڙ ۆ ݓÀ Àɠॣ ìڷͿ şʂʽɰ.
ԐԐ
ۋ ȦЛڹ ݓ֩ą܃ҙ ۙڙÒьՁজʂॡԐغۆ ݓ ڙں ы؉ սॱʽ ٍĵۋ϶, ۋقÇԐ˚ςɦɰ.
ČЛॶ
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෮ఢ
2003țԴڐʂॡİݓĵঞą֨֟ࢰėॡ ҙ ėॡԐ
2010țԴڐʂॡİقȃݓ֨֟ࢰėॡҙ
ėॡчԐ
ইۦDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta ࢮॷบ֜
(E-mail; [email protected])
ࢮ෴ܛ
ইۦ Դڐʂॡİ ėęʂॡ قȃݓ֨֟ࢰėॡҙ İս (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧49嘳G 缧6埲G 垾畢)
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