C o p y r ig h t 2 0 0 5 K S A E 1 2 2 5 - 6 3 8 2 / 2 0 0 5 / 0 7 4 - 1 1 T r a ns a c tio ns o f K SA E , V o l. 1 3 , N o . 2 , p p .7 2 -8 2 (2 0 0 5 )
N o m e nc lature1 ) k : n u m b e r o f s ig n a l fa c to r M1, M2, M3 : s ig n a l fa c to r
*T o w h o m c o rr e s p o n d e n c e s h o u ld b e a d d re s s e d . c f d k m h @ h y u n d a i-m o to r.c o m
N1, N2 : n o is e fa c to r
r : e ffe c tiv e n u m b e r o f re p lic a tio n
r0 : n u m b er o f resp o n se d ata fo r each sig n al lev el SE : e rro r s u m o f s q u a re
ST : to ta l s u m o f s q u a re
S< : v a ria tio n o f lin e a r e ffe c t o f s ig n a l fa c to r
*
A Study on the Optimum Design of Warm-up rate in a Air-Heated Heater System by Using CFD Analysis and Taguchi Method
Minho Kim*
Research & Development Division for Hyundai Motor Company & Kia Motors Corporation, 772-1 Jangduk-dong, Whasung-si, Gyeonggi 445-706, Korea
(Received 6 September 2004 / Accepted 12 January 2005)
A b s trac t : T h e o b je c tiv e o f th is p a p e r is to d e s c rib e th e o p tim iz a tio n o f d e s ig n p a ra m e te rs in a la rg e -s iz e d c o m m e rc ia l b u s h e a te r s y s te m b y u s in g C F D (c o m p u ta tio n a l flu id d y n a m ic s ) a n a ly s is a n d T a g u c h i m e th o d . In o rd e r to o b ta in th e b e s t c o m b in a tio n o f e a c h c o n tro l fa c to r w h ic h re s u lts in a d e s ire d p e rfo rm a n c e o f h e a te r s y s te m , th e p a ra m e te r d e s ig n o f th e T a g u c h i m e th o d is a d o p te d fo r th e ro b u s t d e s ig n c o n s id e rin g th e d y n a m ic c h a ra c te ris tic . T h e re s e a rc h a c tiv ity m a y b e d iv id e d in to fo u r p h a s e s . T h e firs t o n e is a n a ly z in g th e p ro b le m , i.e ., a s c e rta in in g th e in flu e n tia l fa c to rs . In th e s e c o n d p h a s e th e le v e ls w e re s e t in s u c h a w a y th a t th e ir v a ria tio n w o u ld s ig n ific a n tly in flu e n c e th e re s p o n s e . In th e th ird p h a s e th e e x p e rim e n ta l ru n s w e re d e s ig n e d . In th e fin a l p h a s e th e p la n n e d ru n s w e re c a rrie d o u t n u m e ric a lly to e v a lu a te th e o p tim a l c o m b in a tio n o f fa c to rs w h ic h is a b le to p ro v id e th e b e s t re s p o n s e . In th is s tu d y , e ig h t fa c to rs w e re c o n s id e re d fo r th e a n a ly s is : o n e w ith tw o le v e l a n d s e v e n w ith th re e le v e l c o m b in a tio n s c o m p ris in g th e L1 8(21× 37) o rth o g o n a l a rra y . T h e re s u lts o f th is s tu d y c a n b e s u m m a riz e d a s fo llo w s ; (i)T h e o p tim u m c o n d itio n o f c o n tro l fa c to r is a s e t o f < A2 B1 C3 D3 E1 F2 G3 H2> w h e re A is s h a p e o f th e o u te r fin , B is p itc h o f th e o u te r fin , C is h e ig h t o f th e o u te r fin , D is th e in n e r fin n u m b e r, E is th e in n e r fin h e ig h t, F is le n g th o f th e fla m e g u id e , G is d ia m e te r o f th e h e a tin g e le m e n t a n d H is c le a ra n c e b e tw e e n a ir g u id e a n d h e a tin g e le m e n t. (ii)T h e h e a t c a p a c ity o f h e a te d d is c h a rg e a ir u n d e r th e o p tim u m c o n d itio n s a tis fie s th e e q u a tio n y = 0 .6 M w h e re M is a s ig n a l fa c to r. (iii)T h e w a rm -u p ra te im p ro v e s a b o u t th re e tim e s , m o re la rg e ly a s c o m p a re d w ith th e c u rre n t c o n d itio n , w h ic h re s u lts in a b o u t 9 .2 m in u te s re d u c tio n .
K e y w o rd s : D e s ig n p a ra m e te r( ), T a g u c h i m e th o d ( ), O rth o g o n a l a rra y ( ), C o m p u ta tio n a l
flu id d y n a m ic s ( ), B u s h e a te r( ), S ig n a l fa c to r( ), C o n tro l fa c to r( )
VE : e rro r v a ria n c e
Y : re s p o n s e o f c h a ra c te ris tic v a lu e
;, <* : flo w re s is ta n c e c o e ffic ie n t
< : s e n s itiv ity c o e ffic ie n t
1 .
.
.
(p re -h e a te r)
. ,
, , ,
, .
.
1 ,2 )
,3 ,4 )
5 )
.
(h e a te r u n it) .
.
.
(T a g u c h i
m e th o d )6 , 7 ) .
(v ita l
fe w ) ,
(o rth o g o n a l a rra y ) .
.
2 .
.
,
P T C (P o s itiv e T e m p e ra tu re C o e ffic ie n t th e rm is to r
h e a tin g e le m e n ts ), .
Heater radiator
Engine Heater
unit
Pre-heater Combustion
chamber
Heater radiator
Engine Heater
unit
Pre-heater Combustion
chamber
(a) Coolant-heated type
Heating element Heater Radiator
Combustion chamber Heating element
Heater Radiator
Combustion chamber Combustion
chamber Combustion
chamber
(b) Air-heated type Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of heating system
F ig . 1
.
, (h e a tin g e le m e n t),
(a ir g u id e ),
(b lo w e r) (h e a te r ra d ia to r)
.
,
M in h o K im
.
. Table 1 Comparison of pre-heater specification
Ite m s C o o la n t h e a te d ty p e A ir h e a te d ty p e R a te d v o lta g e (V ) 2 4 (2 0 ~ 2 8 ) 1 2 H e a t o u tp u t(k c a l/h ) 1 8 ,0 0 0 4 ,5 0 0
F u e l c o n s u m p tio n ( /h ) 2 .7 0 .6
E le c tric a l
c o n s u m p tio n (A ) 1 0 4
W a te r th ro u g h p u t( /h ) 4 ,8 0 0 N /A
W e ig h t(k g ) 2 7 3 .2
D im e n s io n
(L × W × H , m m ) 6 9 1 × 2 9 3 × 2 8 6 2 3 1 × 1 1 1 × 1 6 3
T a b le 1 .
. 4 0 °C
3 2 ° C .
4 0 ° C 2 0
. (w a te r p u m p )
.
.
3 . 3 .1
. (s ig n a l
fa c to r) (n o is e fa c to r)
,
(ro b u s t d e s ig n ) .
Fig. 2 Parameter diagram
F ig . 2
(p a ra m e te r d ia g ra m ) .
.
. T a b le 2 F ig . 3
(c o n tro l fa c to r) , (p itc h ),
, ,
, , ,
8 . (p a ra m e te r d e s ig n )
,
.
,
A S tu d y o n th e O p tim u m D e s ig n o f W arm - u p rate in a A ir- H e ate d H e ate r S y s te m b y U s in g C F D A n aly s is an d T ag u c h i M e th o d
.
3 .2
(in te ra c tio n )
L1 8 .
T a b le 2 2
1 3 7 L1 8(21× 37)
. T a b le 2 T a b le 3 L1 8
.
Table 2 Level of control factor
C o n tro l fa c to r L e v e l L e v e l L e v e l A T y p e o f o u te r fin R a d ia l A n n u la r - B P itc h o f o u te r fin 9 m m 1 3 m m 1 7 m m C H e ig h t o f o u te r fin 2 0 m m 3 0 m m 4 0 m m
D N u m b e r o f in n e r fin 1 2 1 5 1 8
E C le a ra n c e b e tw e e n
in n e r fin a n d fla m e g u id e 6 m m 9 m m 1 2 m m F L e n g th o f fla m e g u id e 4 5 m m 6 7 m m 9 0 m m G h e a tin g e le m e n t d ia m e te r R90 R100 R110 H C le a ra n c e b e tw e e n
a ir g u id e a n d o u te r fin 0 m m 1 0 m m 1 7 m m
3 .3
.
. 3
S ta n d a rd k -? .
3 .3 .1 F ig . 3
.
Table 3 Inner orthogonal array L1 8
C o n tro l fa c to r
A B C D E F G H
R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
R 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
R 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
R 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3
R 5 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 1
R 6 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 2
R 7 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
R 8 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 1
R 9 1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2
R 1 0 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
R 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 2
R 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 3
R 1 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 3 2
R 1 4 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3
R 1 5 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 1
R 1 6 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 2
R 1 7 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 3
R 1 8 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 1
4
1 2 5 3
6
7 10
1. Pre-heater 2. Combustion
chamber 3. Exhaust tube 4. Blower 5. Radiator 6. Air guide 7. Outer fin 8. Inner fin 9. Flame guide 10. Heater case 4
1 2 5 3
6
7 10
1. Pre-heater 2. Combustion
chamber 3. Exhaust tube 4. Blower 5. Radiator 6. Air guide 7. Outer fin 8. Inner fin 9. Flame guide 10. Heater case
1
9 3
7 3
4 5
10 6
2
1
9 3
7 3
4 5
10 6
2
8 7
2 8
7
2
B
C
D E
F G
H B
C
D E
F G
H
Q rYQ ¥ª¡`r¦£Q ¥ª¡Z
Fig. 3 Heater unit model and fin shape
c o n -
ju g a te h e a t tra n s fe r .
.
s o lid (A L )
2 7 0 2 k g /m3, 2 3 7 W /m K .
(d iscretisatio n sch em e)
( u p w in d d if f e r e n c in g s c h e m e )
S IM P L E . (relax atio n
fa c to r) 0 .3 ,
0 .1 0 .9 5 .
9 0 ~ 1 1 0
7 0 ~ 9 0 .
3 .3 .2
.
.
(p o ro u s m e d ia )
(1 ) .
; < (1)
; <*
; <* 4 1 .7 3 4 7 .7 .
3 .3 .3
1 1 5 3 K .
2 5 8 K 2 7 3 K .
1 .6 m /s e c
.
. 4 .
4 .1
(fu n c tio n c h a ra c te ris tic s ) (n o is e )
S /N (s ig n a l-to -n o is e ra tio )
.
2 (tw o -
s te p o p tim iz a tio n ) . 1
S /N , 2
<
.
Table 4 Experimental results of orthogonal array
N o .
C h a ra c te ris tic v a lu e : h e a t c a p a c ity (k c a l)
M1 M2 M3
N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2
R 1 7 2 8 7 1 6 8 6 7 8 5 6 9 7 0 9 5 4
R 2 7 9 5 7 8 1 1 0 4 7 1 0 2 7 1 2 5 3 1 2 3 2
R 3 9 4 0 9 2 7 1 2 5 1 1 2 3 4 1 5 0 8 1 4 9 2
R 4 7 6 2 7 4 9 9 8 0 9 6 3 1 1 4 6 1 1 2 6
R 5 5 5 2 5 4 2 6 7 9 6 5 9 7 7 3 7 4 9
R 6 1 0 8 6 1 0 6 8 1 3 9 5 1 3 7 5 1 6 4 0 1 6 1 3
R 7 8 8 3 8 7 0 1 0 7 7 1 0 5 7 1 2 0 4 1 1 8 1
R 8 8 9 5 8 8 0 1 0 9 7 1 0 8 0 1 2 4 5 1 2 2 4
R 9 6 5 2 6 4 1 8 3 9 8 1 9 9 8 1 9 5 2
R 1 0 6 6 6 6 5 5 8 7 0 8 5 6 1 0 4 4 1 0 2 6
R 1 1 1 0 0 7 9 9 3 1 3 3 4 1 3 1 8 1 5 9 5 1 5 7 5
R 1 2 7 7 4 7 6 1 9 8 7 9 7 3 1 1 4 7 1 1 2 8
R 1 3 8 5 1 8 3 6 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 5 1 3 1 2
R 1 4 7 8 8 7 7 5 1 0 2 3 1 0 0 7 1 2 1 6 1 1 9 6
R 1 5 8 9 7 8 8 6 1 1 7 4 1 1 5 7 1 3 9 5 1 3 7 5
R 1 6 6 3 9 6 2 2 8 1 9 8 0 3 9 7 0 9 4 6
R 1 7 7 2 3 7 1 1 9 2 6 9 1 3 1 0 8 8 1 0 7 0
R 1 8 1 0 5 9 1 0 4 1 1 3 9 1 1 3 6 8 1 6 6 4 1 6 3 6
T a b le 4
. T a b le 4
T .
5 5 0 k c a l
1 6 6 0 k c a l .
R 1
R 1 8 .
Table 5 Data conversion process of each experiment
N o . ST S< SE VE S /N <
R 1 5 9 8 5 7 5 7 8 1 9 2 0 3 8 4 0 8 -4 0 .5 7 0 .1 9 0 R 2 2 0 9 0 7 3 2 0 6 7 1 4 2 3 6 0 4 7 2 -3 5 .6 5 0 .3 5 9 R 3 3 2 4 3 8 6 3 2 1 3 2 9 3 0 5 6 6 1 1 -3 4 .8 6 0 .4 4 7 R 4 1 4 8 1 9 3 1 4 5 0 9 7 3 0 9 6 6 1 9 -3 8 .3 8 0 .3 0 1 R 5 4 7 2 4 3 4 5 8 1 1 1 4 3 2 2 8 6 -4 0 .0 4 0 .1 6 9 R 6 3 0 7 3 2 1 3 0 2 2 8 4 5 0 3 7 1 0 0 7 -3 7 .3 0 0 .4 3 4 R 7 1 0 4 5 9 7 9 9 8 7 9 4 8 1 8 9 6 4 -4 1 .9 4 0 .2 4 9 R 8 1 2 4 4 9 0 1 2 0 9 7 0 3 5 2 0 7 0 4 -3 9 .7 3 0 .2 7 4 R 9 1 0 5 4 6 8 1 0 2 6 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 5 6 4 -3 9 .4 8 0 .2 5 3 R 1 0 1 4 1 7 7 9 1 4 0 5 4 7 1 2 3 2 2 4 6 -3 4 .5 0 0 .2 9 6 R 1 1 3 4 7 4 2 5 3 4 2 5 2 1 4 9 0 4 9 8 1 -3 6 .6 4 0 .4 6 2 R 1 2 1 4 0 2 5 1 1 3 6 9 3 5 3 3 1 6 6 6 3 -3 8 .9 3 0 .2 9 2 R 1 3 2 3 4 5 5 6 2 3 1 1 1 4 3 4 4 2 6 8 8 -3 6 .8 1 0 .3 7 9 R 1 4 1 8 2 0 6 2 1 7 9 8 2 5 2 2 3 7 4 4 7 -3 6 .0 3 0 .3 3 5 R 1 5 2 4 4 9 7 7 2 4 1 6 8 3 3 2 9 4 6 5 9 -3 6 .4 2 0 .3 8 8 R 1 6 1 0 9 0 8 7 1 0 7 4 1 5 1 6 7 2 3 3 4 -3 7 .0 0 0 .2 5 9 R 1 7 1 3 3 0 9 5 1 3 0 9 3 8 2 1 5 8 4 3 2 -3 7 .2 5 0 .2 8 6 R 1 8 3 6 4 2 0 3 3 5 9 9 6 1 4 2 4 2 8 4 8 -3 5 .7 9 0 .4 7 3
1 8 R 1 2 , R 1 3 , R 1 4
1 1 0 .5 m m2, 1 1 0 .4 m m2, 9 0 m m2 R 1 2
.
,
. T a b le 5 T a b le 4
S /N , (<)
. T ab le 5 .
- (ST) (2 )
- (r) (3 )
- (S<)
< (4)
- (SE) < (5 )
- (VE) (6 )
- S/N (A) A
<
(7)
- (<) & á Î
á Φ ² (8 ) ST
. S<
SE
VE S /N . S /N
. S /N
. M2
(9 ) .
< (9)
Ys Ms
<
. T a b le 6 T a b le 7 T a b le 5 S /N
L1 8 (21× 37) S /N . F ig . 4 F ig . 5 .
Table 6 Response table of S/N ratio
L e v e l A B C D E F G H
1 -3 8 .6 6 -3 6 .8 6 -3 8 .2 0 -3 8 .1 2 -3 8 .0 4 -3 8 .4 3 -3 8 .6 8 -3 7 .8 4 2 -3 6 .6 0 -3 7 .5 0 -3 7 .5 6 -3 8 .1 9 -3 7 .6 9 -3 6 .6 4 -3 7 .1 8 -3 7 .1 5 3 - -3 8 .5 3 -3 7 .1 3 -3 6 .5 7 -3 7 .1 6 -3 7 .8 2 -3 7 .0 3 -3 7 .9 0
M in h o K im
Table 7 Response table of <
L e v e l A B C D E F G H
1 0 .2 9 7 0 .3 4 1 0 .2 7 9 0 .3 1 3 0 .3 5 7 0 .3 0 9 0 .2 5 0 0 .2 9 8 2 0 .3 5 2 0 .3 3 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .3 2 0 0 .3 1 2 0 .3 3 6 0 .3 3 5 0 .3 5 8 3 - 0 .2 9 9 0 .3 8 1 0 .3 4 1 0 .3 0 5 0 .3 2 9 0 .3 9 0 0 .3 1 8
-39 -38 -37 -36
A1A2 B1B2B3 C1C2C3 D1D2D3 E1E2E3 F1F2F3 G1G2G3 H1H2H3
Design parameter
S/N(dB)
-39 -38 -37 -36
A1A2 B1B2B3 C1C2C3 D1D2D3 E1E2E3 F1F2F3 G1G2G3 H1H2H3
Design parameter
S/N(dB)
Fig. 4 Factorial effect chart of S/N
0.2 0.3 0.4
A1A2 B1B2B3 C1C2C3 D1D2D3 E1E2E3 F1F2F3 G1G2G3 H1H2H3
Design parameter
<
0.2 0.3 0.4
A1A2 B1B2B3 C1C2C3 D1D2D3 E1E2E3 F1F2F3 G1G2G3 H1H2H3
Design parameter
<
Fig. 5 Factorial effect chart of <
S /N
S /N
< A2B1C3D3E3F2G3H2>
. <
. (9 ) <
. <
< A2B1C3D3E1F2G3H2>
. S /N <
A
A2 S /N </
A2
.
B , C ,
D , F ,
G , H B1,
C3, D3, F2, G3, H2
B1, C3, D3, F2, G3, H2
.
E E3 E1
E3 ,
E1
.
< A2B1C3D3E1F2G3H2 >
.
Table 8 Result of confirmation experiment
C o n d itio n S et o f facto r
H eat cap acity (k cal)
S /N <
M1 M2 M3
N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2
B ase(R 4 ) A1B2C1D1
E2F2G3H3
7 6 2 7 4 9 9 8 0 9 6 3 1 1 4 6 1 1 2 6 -3 8 .4 0 .3
O p tim u m A2B1C3D3
E1F2G3H2
1 2 6 8 1 2 4 7 1 6 8 6 1 6 5 9 2 0 3 7 1 9 9 9 -3 5 .2 0 .6
4 .2 L1 8
< A2B1C3D3E1F2G3H2 >
. T a b le 8
S /N <
(7 ) (8 ) .
T a b le 8
S /N < . S /N
3 .2 d B < 2
.
5 .
.
(Id le ) 4 0 k p h
.
5 .1
A L s te e l
s c p . F ig . 6
. F ig . 7
A S tu d y o n th e O p tim u m D e s ig n o f W arm - u p rate in a A ir- H e ate d H e ate r S y s te m b y U s in g C F D A n aly s is an d T ag u c h i M e th o d
Fig. 6 Pre-heater speciment
Temperature recorder
Power supplier
Fuel pump
Air-heated type Fuel pre-heater system
Measurement points Air suction region
Temperature recorder
Power supplier
Fuel pump
Air-heated type Fuel pre-heater system
Measurement points Air suction region
Fig. 7 Shematic diagram of experiment apparatus
.
.
, , ,
. ,
.
1 /4 2 5 0 m3/h
. 2
2
0 .6 /h .
(th e rm o c o u p le )
4 .
5 .2
. F ig . 8
2 °C 4 2 0 m3/h
. 5
3 0 .2 ° C 8 3 %
. F ig . 9 2 5 0 m3/h
.
3 2 ° C 3 .8
5 0 0 ° C
6 .5 .
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
base optimum
Model name
7HPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHû7 ])
Fig. 8 Experimental comparison between base design and optimum design
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0 2 4 6 8 10
Operation time(min) Temperature difference ¬T()
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Gas temperature at combustion chamber() temperature difference
gas temperature
Fig. 9 Experimental results of warm-up performance
5 .3 5 .3 .1
. 4 0 k p h
4 0 k p h
-4 ° C -7 ° C .
3 2 ° C
2 0 4 0 k p h
3 0 2 0 4 0 k p h
, .
R H n o .3
. F ig . 1 0 .
.
Air-heated pre-heater Air-heated pre-heater
Coolant-heated pre-heater Coolant-heated pre-heater
Fig. 10 Comparison of heater unit configuration
5 .3 .2 F ig . 1 1
, 3 2 ° C
4
1 3 .2 3
.
0 .2 .
n o .3
n o .3
. 4
. 1 4
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 5 10 15 20
¡£¥ Q¥YZ
Discharge air temperature(])
air-heated type(optimum) coolant-heated type(previous model)
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15 20
Operation time(min) Average air temperature at the seat (])
air-heated type(optimum) coolant-heated type(previous model)
Fig. 11 Experimental results under idle mode condition
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0 5 10 15
Operation time(min) Temperature(×)
air-heated type(-4]) air_heated type(-2]) air-heated type(2]) coolant-heated type(-4]) coolant-heated type(-2]) coolant-heated type(2])
Fig. 12 Averaging temperature at the seat with respect to the variation of ambient air temperature
7 .5 °C ,
3 °C 4 ° C
. F ig . 1 2
. -4 ° C , -2 °C
3 2 ° C .
2 °C
1 /2 . F ig .
1 1 4
8 .
1 3 1 3
. 1 3
3 2 ° C
. 5 .3 .3 4 0 k p h
4 0 k p h F ig . 1 3
.
5 7 ° C 5 2 ° C .
6 5 °C 4 3
9 ° C . 4 0 k p h
.
1 .9 .
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
30 35 40 45 50
Discharge air temperature(])
air-heated type(optimum) coolant-heated type(previous model)
10 15 20 25
30 35 40 45 50
Operation time(min) Average air temperature at the seat (])
air-heated type(optimum) coolant-heated type(previous model)
Fig. 13 Experimental results under driving mode condition
6 .
.
S /N <
A2, B1, C3, D3, F2, G3, H2
E
S /N <
E1
. C F D < A2B1C3D3E1F2G3H2>
S /N
3 .2 d B < 2
.
4
9 .
4
2 °C 4 ° C .
R e fe re nc e s
1 ) H . S . H u , D .C . H u a n g , C . W o jd y la , “ A T r a n s ie n t C o m p u te r A id e d E n g in e e r in g M o d e l f o r A u to m o b ile H e a te r S y s te m D e s ig n ,” S A E 2 0 0 0 - 0 1 - 1 2 7 4 , 2 0 0 0 .
2 ) D . H u a n g , H . H u , C . W o jd y la , “ D e v e lo p m e n t o f a C o m p u te r - A id e d E n g in e e r in g T o o l f o r A u to m o tiv e H e a te r S y s te m D e s ig n a n d its A p p lic a tio n s ,” S A E 2 0 0 1 - 0 1 - 1 7 5 7 , 2 0 0 1 . 3 ) A . P . T s a n tis , J . S . B r o w n , R . J . H u tte r , a n d P .
M , L y o n , “ I m p r o v e m e n ts in H e a te r , D e f r o s te r a n d E m is s io n P e r f o r m a n c e s U s in g a L a te n t H e a t S to r a g e D e v ic e ,” S A E 9 4 0 0 8 9 , 1 9 9 4 . 4 ) G . D . M a n d r u s ia k a n d A . C . A lk id a s , “ I m p a c t
o f E n g in e D e s ig n o n V e h ic le H e a tin g S y s te m P e r f o r m a n c e ,” S A E 9 7 1 8 3 9 , 1 9 9 7 .
5 ) J . K im , H . K im , J . P a r k , Y . Y o o , S . K im , Y . A h n , “ A S tu d y o n P e r f o r m a n c e o f P T C H e a te r b y F u e l I n je c tio n S y s te m ,” 2 0 0 2 K S A E S p r in g
M in h o K im
C o n f e r e n c e P r o c e e d in g s , p p .1 0 6 2 - 1 0 6 7 . 2 0 0 2 . 6 ) C . K e lly a n d L . K a c h a to r ia n , “ R o b u s t D e s ig n
f o r S ix S ig m a M a n u f a c tu r a b ility ,” S A E 9 6 1 2 6 8 , 1 9 9 6 .
7 ) C . H s ic h , “ A u to m o tiv e A p p lic a tio n s U s in g A R o b u s t D e s ig n A p p r o a c h ,” S A E 1 9 9 9 - 0 1 - 1 0 2 9 , 1 9 9 9 .
