Received January 16 2012, Revised May 3 2012, Accepted April 11 2013
Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers
ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹͷʹȀ ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵ǤͶǤͳͷͷͳ Ǥ ǤǤ
⭲ᐦἺ#㰚Ⱨ㬚#5Ḛ#ᦂḚ#Ꮾᡣᇚ⛞#⇧⬆#⮮ጪ
ౖ׆ச ȵਕঃ
Choi, Keechoo*, Shim, Sangwoo**
Improving Two-way Road Functionality by Using Shoulder
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is deriving proper plan which is improving functionality of three-way intersection in two-way road by using shoulder. Alternatives of this study were considered as installation of yield lane and application of TWLTLs (Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes). Case studies to utilize alternatives were limited to national and local roadways which is wider than 11 meters due to be required 3 lanes. Under various traffic conditions such as traffic volume of each direction and left-turn, alternatives were analyzed by simulation.
As a results, application of TWLTLs was better than installation of yield lane in terms of improving rate (8.0% vs. 3.7%). Application of TWLTLs is supposed to better alternative, however enough driver education is required to improving safety because it is different with existing driving pattern and/or behaviors. Some limitations and future research agenda have also been discussed by on-site inspections.
Key words : Two-way Road, Shoulder, Yield Lane, TWLTLs, Simulation
Ⅹಾ
ᅙᩑǍ᮹༊ᱢᮡʙᨕˉෝ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍ2₉ಽࠥಽ3ḡእᝁ⪙Ʊ₉ಽ᮹ʑ܆ᮥ}ᖁ⧁ᙹᯩ۵ݡᦩᮥࠥ⇽⦹۵äᯕ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ᯥ᧲ᅕ
₉ಽᖅ⊹᪡Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes (TWLTLs) ႊᮥ}ᖁݡᦩᮝಽᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. }ᖁݡᦩᮥᱢᬊ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵3}₉ಽ(2₉ಽ+᧲ᅕ
ၰݡʑ₉ಽ)a⦥⦹໑, ᯕෝอ᳒┅۵ࠥಽ᮹↽ᗭ⡎ᬱᮡ11 mᯕအಽᅕ᳑eᖁࠥಽɪᯙǎࠥ᪡ḡႊࠥෝᱢᬊݡᔢᮝಽᖁᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. }ᖁ ݡᦩእƱෝ᭥⧕݅᧲⦽Ʊ☖᳑Õ(ḢḥƱ☖ప, ၹݡ₉ᖁƱ☖ప, ᳭⫭ᱥƱ☖ప)⦹ᨱᕽဍ౩ᯕᖹᮥᇥᕾᮥᙹ⧪⦽đŝᯥ᧲ᅕ₉ಽෝᖅ⊹
⦽Ğᬑ(}ᖁᮉ3.7%)ᨱእ⧕TWLTLs ႊ(}ᖁᮉ8.0%)ᯕᳬíӹ┡ԍ݅. ᯕ్⦽đŝෝᅝভTWLTLs ႊᮥᱢᬊ⦽ႊᦩᯕ⬉ŝ ᱢᯕӹᯕႊᮡ∊ᇥ⦽⫭ᱥၹĞᯕษಉࡹḡᦫᦥu-turn ၹݡ₉ᖁ᮹₉పŝᔢ∊ᯕၽᔾ⧁ᙹᯩᮝအಽᦩᱥᖒ⊂໕ᨱᕽฯᮡྙᱽaၽᔾ
⧁äᮝಽᩩᔢࡽ݅. ᕽᯕෝᱢᬊ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵∊ᇥ⦽Ʊᮂŝݡ᮲ႊᦩᙹพ॒ฯᮡá☁a⦥⧁äᮝಽᔍഭࡽ݅.
áᔪᨕ 2₉ಽࠥಽ, ʙᨕˉ, ᯥ᧲ᅕ₉ಽ, TWLTLs, ဍ౩ᯕᖹ
1. ᕽು
ࠥಽ۵ ᱥ☖ᱢᯙ ŖŖᖅಽ ɪ᷾⦹۵ ᯱ࠺₉ ᙹᨱ ݡ⦹ʑ ᭥⧕ ᯝᱶᇡᇥ ḡᗮᱢᮝಽ ᝁᖅ/⪶ᰆ ᱶ₦ᯕ ⦥⦹အಽ ࠥಽ᮹
⬉ᮉᖒᮥ ɚݡ⪵⦹ᩍ ᮁḡšญእᬊᮥ ᵥᯕʑ ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ ᰆ௹᮹ Ʊ☖ᔢ⫊ࠥ Łಅ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ᖅĥ ʑჶᯕ ⦥⦹݅.
ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ Ʊ☖పᯕ ฯᮡ 2₉ಽ ࠥಽᨱ ݡ⦽ ᬊప }ᖁ ႊᦩᮝಽ۵ ᇡa₉ಽ ⪽ᬊ ၰ ⪶ᰆᯕ ᯩᮝӹ ᇡa₉ಽ ⪽ᬊᅕ݅۵ ⪶ᰆ
᭥ᵝಽᯕᨕḡŁᯩ݅. ə్ӹ⪶ᰆ᮹Ğᬑᩩᔑᗭaฯᮡߑእ⧕ə⬉ᮉᖒᮡਉᨕḡ۵Ğᬑaฯᦹᮝ໑, əđŝƱ☖పᯕฯḡ
İࣀėॡFig. 1. View of a Typical Rising Road
Fig. 2. Example of Turnout Installation
Table 1. Minimum Length of Turnout in 2-way Road Approach
Minimum
Length (m) 60 60 65 85 105 135 170 185
ᦫᮡ2₉ಽࠥಽ۵Ğᱽᖒᇡ᳒ᮝಽ⪶ᰆᯕᬊᯕ⦹ḡᦫᮡ⩥ᝅᯕ݅.ੱ⦽2₉ಽࠥಽ۵ᵝಽᱡᗮ₉పၰእᝁ⪙Ʊ₉ಽᨱᕽݡʑ⦹
۵᳭⫭ᱥ₉పᮝಽᯙ⧕ᬊపᯕqᗭ⦹Łᯩ݅. ᪽Ա⦹໕⇵ᬵǍe ᯕ∊ᇥ⦹ḡᦫŁ, ᔍŁ᭥⨹ࠥ׳ᦥᱡᗮ₉పၰ᳭⫭ᱥ₉పᮥ
⇵ᬵ⦹ḡ ༜⦹Ł aÑӹ ݡʑ⧕⦹ʑ ভྙᯕ݅.
ᯕ్⦽ᱱॅᮥ}ᖁ⦹ʑ᭥⧕2010֥2+1 ࠥಽᨱݡ⦽ᩑǍ
đŝෝʑၹᮝಽǎ☁⧕᧲ᇡ۵2+1 ࠥಽ᮹ᖅĥʑᵡᮥษಉ⦹ᩡ
݅. ə్ӹ2+1 ࠥಽ۵ʑ᳕2₉ಽᨱ1₉ಽෝ⇵a⦽3₉ಽࠥಽಽ
᧲ႊ⨆Ʊ☖పᯕฯᮡĞᬑᨱᱢᬊᯕᬊᯕ⦽ႊᯕ݅. ᷪ, Ʊ☖పᯕ
ฯḡᦫᮡ2₉ಽࠥಽᨱᱢᬊ⦹ʑᨱ۵⬉ᮉᖒᯕਉᨕḩᙹᯩᮝ໑,
✚⯩እᝁ⪙Ʊ₉ಽaฯᮡ Ǎeᨱᕽ۵⬉ŝෝᅕʑᨕಅᬑအಽ
ᯕᨱ ݡ⦽ }ᖁႊᦩ ᱽa ⦥⦹݅.
ᕽᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ʙᨕˉෝ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍʑ᳕2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹
⪶ᰆᨧᯕᯕ్⦽ྙᱽෝ⧕đ⦹Łᯱ⦹ᩡ݅. ᯕෝ᭥⧕ʙᨕˉෝ
⪽ᬊ⦽ ᔍಡ ᳑ᔍෝ ʑၹᮝಽ }ᖁݡᦩᮥ ᖅᱶ⦹Ł, b ݡᦩᄥ
ဍ౩ᯕᖹ ၰ ⬉ŝ ᇥᕾᮥ ☖⧕ ↽ᱢ᮹ }ᖁݡᦩᮥ ࠥ⇽⦹۵
äᮥ ༊ᱢᮝಽ ⦹ᩡ݅.
2. 2₉ಽࠥಽ}ᖁᔍಡá☁
2.1 ֝ٛ2ఙߦܑߦԹট
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2001)᮹
뺷ࠥಽᬊప⠙௭뺸ᨱᕽ۵2₉ಽࠥಽᔢᨱᕽӹ┡ӹ۵ḡℕ₉ప᷾a,
⇵ᬵ⧁ᙹᨧ۵ᔢ┽, ᕽእᜅᙹᵡᱡ⦹, ᭥⨹⦽⇵ᬵ⧪᭥॒ᬕ⧪
ၰᦩᱥᔢၽᔾ⦹۵ྙᱽᱱᮡ2₉ಽࠥಽෝ4₉ಽᯕᔢ᮹ࠥಽಽ
⪶ᰆ⦹ḡᦫࠥᬕ⧪ᨱݡ⦽⡎մᮡ}ᖁႊᦩŝ}పᖅᖅ⊹
ෝ☖⦽ᕽእᜅᙹᵡ᮹}ᖁᮝಽ᪥⪵┍ᙹᯩᮝ໑, ə్⦽ႊᦩᮡ
݅ᮭŝ zᯕ ᱽ⦹Ł ᯩ݅.
- ⇵ᬵÑ ⪶ᅕෝ ᭥⦽ ᖁ⩶ }ప - ᳭⫭ᱥ₉ಽ ၰ ᬑ⫭ᱥ₉ಽ ᖅ⊹
- ḥ⧪ႊ⨆ ⇵ᬵa܆, ݡ⨆ႊ⨆ ⇵ᬵɩḡ₉ಽ ⢽
- Ʊ₉ಽ᮹ ⬉ᮉᱢᯙ ญ - ᪅ส₉ಽ ᖅ⊹
- ▕ᦥᬤ(turnout) ᖅ⊹
- ᧲ᅕ₉ಽ ᖅ⊹
- Ṉᮡ 4₉ಽǍe ᖅ⊹
ᯕᵲ⇵ᬵÑ⪶ᅕၰᬕᩢᮥ☖⦽}ᖁႊᦩᮥᱽ⦹໕᪅ส
₉ಽ, ▕ᦥᬤ, ᧲ᅕ₉ಽ, Ṉᮡ4₉ಽǍeᖅ⊹᪡zᯕ⇵a₉ಽ
⪶ᅕෝ ☖⦽ }ᖁႊᦩᯕ ᯩᮝအಽ ᯕᨱ ݡ⦹ᩍ á☁⦹ᩡ݅.
᪅ส₉ಽ ᖅ⊹۵ ᔢ⨆Ğᔍ᮹ ࠥಽᨱᕽ ᱡᗮ₉పᮝಽ ᯙ⦽
ᬊపqᗭෝ⧕đ⦹ʑ ᭥⧕᪅ส₉ಽෝᇡa₉ಽಽᖅ⊹⦹۵
ႊᦩᮝಽ ə ⩶┽۵ Fig. 1ŝ z݅.
Fig. 2۵▕ᦥᬤ(turnout)ᮥᖅ⊹⦹۵ႊᦩᯕ݅. ▕ᦥᬤᮡ2₉ಽ
ࠥಽ⦽₉ಽᨱṈᮡǍeᮝಽᖅ⊹⦹ᩍᱡᗮ₉ప᮹᧲ᅕෝ
ᮁࠥ⧉ᮝಽ៉ᅙᖁƱ☖ඹ᮹ᱶᔢᱢ⮱ᮥᮁḡ⦹ʑ᭥⦽ᖅྜྷ
ಽ៉ᔢ⨆Ğᔍၰ⦹⨆Ğᔍ, ⠪ḡ॒ʑ⦹Ǎ᳑ᨱᔢšᨧᯕᖅ⊹
⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅۵ ᰆᱱᯕ ᯩ݅.
▕ᦥᬤ᮹ ↽ᗭʙᯕ Lᮡ ᱲɝ ᗮࠥᨱ ݍḡ۵ߑ TRB (2010)᮹뺷HCM 2010뺸ᨱ᮹⦹໕▕ᦥᬤ᮹↽ᗭʙᯕ۵Table 1ŝ
z݅.
᧲ᅕ₉ಽ۵᧲ႊ⨆2₉ಽ᮹⇵ᬵɩḡǍeᨱᕽᯱ࠺₉᮹ᬱ⪽⦽
ᗭ☖ᮥ ࠥ༉⦹Ł, ࠺ᨱ ࠥಽ ᦩᱥᖒᮥ ᱽŁ⦹ʑ ᭥⧕ ʙᨕˉ
ᮝಽᖅ⊹⦹۵ᱡᗮᯱ࠺₉᮹ᵝ⧪₉ಽಽᕽəᖅ⊹᳑Õᮡ݅ᮭ
ŝ z݅.
- Ʊ☖పᯕ ᧲ႊ⨆ 400 ݡ/ ᯕᔢ - ᵲ₉ప ⪝᯦ශ 20%ᯕᔢ - ⇵ᬵa܆Ǎe 30%ᯕ⦹
᧲ᅕ₉ಽ۵ࠥಽᩍÕၰĞᱽᖒᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍđᱶ⦹Ł, Ʊ☖పᨱ
᧲ᅕ₉ಽ᮹ ʙᯕෝ ᳑ᱩ⦹ᩍ ᖅ⊹⦹۵ߑ ʙᯕ ၰ eĊᮡ
Tables 2 and 3ŝ z݅.
2₉ಽࠥಽᨱᕽ₉పǑᯕӹᱡᗮ₉ప᮹ႊ⧕ෝᱽÑ⦹Ł, ᦩᱥ
Table 2. Length of Yield Road
Volume (pcph) Length (m)
400 ~ 1,000 800 ~ 1,200
1,000 ~ 2,000 1,200 ~ 2,000
over 2,000 Road extension (4 lanes)
Table 3. Interval of Yield Road Installation
Classification Interval (km) The case of somewhat congestion caused by
low-speed vehicle 16 ~ 24
The case of high traffic volume and hardly
secured passing chance 5 ~ 8
Table 4. Operation Conditions and Effects of 2+1 Road
Country Length (km)
Speed Limit (km/h)
Volume (vph)
Accident Rate Decrease
Germany 360 100 15,000 ~ 25,000 36%
Sweden 400 90-110 4,000 ~ 20,000 55%
Ireland 20 Local: 85-120
Urban: 30-80 17,250 NA
Finland 48 NA 14,000 ~ 20,000 22-46%
Denmark 24 80-90 7,000 ~ 14,000 10%
Table 5. Geometric Structure of 2+1 Road
Country Length (m) Passing Lane Length (km)
Median Strip Installation Merge Diverge
Germany 180 30-50 1.5 ×
Sweden 300 100 0.35-1.55
Ireland 300 50 1.0~2.0
Finland 500 50 1.0~2.0 ×
Denmark 200-300 1.0~1.4 ×
⦽⇵ᬵǍeᮥᱽŖ⦹ʑ᭥⧕Ṉᮡ4₉ಽǍeᮥᖅ⊹⦹ʑࠥ⦽݅.
✚⯩Ǎ෪ḡੱ۵ᖁ⩶ᯕǍᇩǍᇩ⦹Ñӹ᧲ႊ⨆᮹᳦݉ᯕɪ⦽
Ğᔍಽࡹᨕᯩ۵Ŕᨱᕽ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽᯕᬊࢁᙹᯩ݅. ⦹ḡอ4₉ಽ
Ǎe᮹ʙᯕa2.4 km ᯕᔢᯕࡹ໕ᬕᱥᯱॅᮡࠥಽaʑᅙᱢᮝಽ
2₉ಽaࡹᨕᯩ݅۵ᯙᮥᯫᨕქญíࡽ݅۵ྙᱽᱱᯕᯩ݅.
2.2 2+1 ܑߦॷߢ
ᮁᨱᕽ۵2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹ᬊపᮥ}ᖁ⦹۵ߑᵝಽ2+1 ࠥಽෝ
}ᖁႊᦩᮝಽᯕᬊ⦹Łᯩ݅. 2+1 ࠥಽ᯦ࠥᮝಽᯙ⧕᧲ႊ⨆
2₉ಽ᮹Ğᬑᨱእ⧕☖⧪ᗮࠥa᧞2 km/h ᱶࠥ}ᖁࡹᨩᮝ໑, Ʊ☖పᯕฯᮡeݡᨱ☖⧪ᗮࠥ}ᖁ⬉ŝaᬒ׳ᮡäᮝಽ
ӹ┡ԍ݅. ੱ⦽2+1 ࠥಽ۵⇵ᬵ₉ಽ⪶ᅕෝ☖⧕⇵ᬵಽᯙ⦽
ᔍŁ᭥⨹ࠥaqᗭࡹᨕƱ☖ᔍŁၽᔾᯕqᗭࡹᨩ݅. ᮁǎaᄥ
2+1 ࠥಽ ᬕᩢႊ ၰ ⬉ŝ۵ ݅ᮭŝ z݅.
Tadeusz (1998)۵⡕ऽ۵ʙᨕˉෝ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍ2₉ಽࠥಽ ᮹ࠥಽᬊపᮥ}ᖁ⦹Łᯩᮝ໑, ᯝ⠪ɁƱ☖ప(Average Daily Traffic, ADT)ᨱࠥಽ᮹ᰍÕᖅᨱݡ⦽ʑᵡᯕ݅íᱢᬊ
⦹Łᯩ݅Łᱽ⦹ᩡ݅. əʑᵡᮥá☁⦽đŝᯝ⠪ɁƱ☖పᯕ
5,000ݡᯕ⦹ᯕ໕ʙᨕˉᖅ⊹ෝ☖⧕ᅕ⧪ᯱ, ᯱᱥÑ॒ᯕᯕᬊ⧁
ᙹᯩࠥಾ⦹ᩡŁ, 8,000ⴇ10,000ݡᯙĞᬑᅕ⧪ᯱ, ᯱᱥÑ॒᮹
ᯕᬊᮥȽᱽ⦹۵ݡᝁʙᨕˉݡᝁ₉ಽෝ⦹ӹᖅ⊹⦹ᩍ2+1
ࠥಽಽ ᬕᩢ⦹Ł ᯩ݅.
Lee et. al. (2010)ᨱᕽࠦᯝ᮹Ğᬑᨱ۵Ʊ☖పᯕฯŁᵝ⧪₉ಽ ӹtʙ᮹₉ಽ⡎ᯕմᮡ᧲ႊ⨆2₉ಽࠥಽǍeᮥݡᔢᮝಽ2+1
ࠥಽෝᖅ⊹⦹ᩍ⩥ᰍ᧞360 km᮹2+1 ࠥಽǍeᯕᖅ⊹ࡹᨕ
ᯩᮝ໑, ⦡ऽ᮹Ğᬑ᧞48 km᮹2+1₉ಽaÕᖅࡹᨕᯩ۵äᮝ ಽ ᳑ᔍࡹᨩ݅.
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2010)᮹
뺷2+1₉ಽࠥಽᖅĥʑᵡ}ၽ뺸ᨱ໕ࠦᯝ᮹2+1ࠥಽ᮹ᯝ⠪
ɁƱ☖పᮡ15,000ⴇ25,000ݡaš⊂ࡹᨩŁ, ↽ݡᯝƱ☖పᮡ
36,000ݡಽӹ┡ԍ݅. ⦡ऽ᮹ĞᬑƱ☖పᯕฯŁᵝ⧪₉ಽӹ
tʙ᮹₉ಽ⡎ᯕմᮡ᧲ႊ⨆2₉ಽࠥಽǍeᮥݡᔢᮝಽ2+1
ࠥಽᖅ⊹ෝĥᗮᱢᮝಽ⪶ݡ┍ĥ⫮ᯕ໑, š⊂Ʊ☖పᮡ⠪ᯝ
14,000ݡ/ᯝ, ᵝั20,000ⴇ25,000ݡ/ᯝಽӹ┡ԍ݅. ੱ⦽2+1
ࠥಽᖅ⊹ಽᯙ⦽ᔍŁqᗭ⬉ŝ۵ࠦᯝᯕ36%, ⦡ऽa22~46%
ಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.
Swedish Road Administration (2008)ᨱ᮹⦹໕ᜅᭉߕᮡ⩥ᰍ
᧞400 km ᯕᔢ᮹2+1 ࠥಽaÕᖅࡹᨕᯩᮝ໑, ๅ֥200ⴇ250 km᮹᧲ႊ⨆2₉ಽࠥಽǍeᵲƱ☖పᯕฯŁᵝ⧪₉ಽӹtʙ᮹
₉ಽ⡎ᯕմᮡǍe᭥ᵝಽ2+1 ࠥಽෝÕᖅ⦽ĥ⫮ᯕ݅. ੱ⦽
༉ु 2+1 ࠥಽᨱ ၹᔍ ࠥಽᦩԕ⢽a ᖅ⊹ࡽ ႊ⪙ᬙ┡ญෝ
₉ಽᱥᯕǍeᨱᖅ⊹⦹ᩍ᧞55%᮹ᔍŁqᗭ⬉ŝෝᮡäᮝಽ
ᇥᕾࡹᨩ݅.
2.3 TWLTLs ॷߢ
ᯝၹᱢᯙᱲɝšญʑჶᵲ⦹ӹᯙTWLTLs (Two-Way Left- Turn Lanes)ᮡ᧲ႊ⨆᳭⫭ᱥ₉ಽᯕ݅. John R. Mclean (1989) ۵TWLTLs۵ᵝಽ4₉ಽࠥಽ᮹ᵲᦺᨱᱢᬊ⦹Łᯩᮝӹ↽ɝ
3₉ಽࠥಽᨱࠥᱢᬊᯕࡹŁᯩ݅Łᨙɪ⦹ᩡŁə⩶┽۵Fig.
3ŝ z݅.
TWLTLsෝ ᱢᬊ⦽ ᯕᮁ۵ ᳭⫭ᱥ₉ಽa ᨧ۵ Ğᬑ ᳭⫭ᱥ
ݡʑ₉పᮝಽᯙ⧕ၽᔾ⦹۵⬉ᮉᖒၰᦩᱥᖒᱡ⧕ྙᱽෝ⧕đ⦹
ʑ ᭥⧕ᕽᯕ໑, ᰆᱱᮡ ݅ᮭŝ z݅.
Fig. 3. View of a Typical TWLTLs Design
Table 6. TWLTLs Effects
Content Total Accident Injury Accident Rear-ender Accident
Before 1,857.2 253.5 700.2
After 1,481 188 430
Decrease Rate 20.3% 26.1% 38.7%
Standard error 3.0 6.8 4.0
Table 7. Cross-sectional Composition of Road Types
Type
Design Speed (km/h)
Lane Width
(m)
Median Strip
Shoulder (m) Marginal Strip Right Left (m) Freeway 100-120 3.5-3.6 3.0 3.0 1.0 0.5 National
Road 60-80 3.25-3.5 1.5-2.0 2.0 0.75 0.5 Local
Road
50-70 3.0-3.25 1.5 0.5 0.5
50-60 3.0 1.25 0.5 0.25
40-50 3.0 1.0 0.5 0.25
-᳭⫭ᱥ₉ప᮹ݡʑಽᯙ⧕Ḣḥ₉ಽ᮹ḡℕෝᵥᯝᙹᯩŁ
⇵࠭ᯕӹ ⊂໕∊࠭ ᔍŁෝ ᵥᯝ ᙹ ᯩᮭ
-ၹݡႊ⨆Ʊ☖ඹ᪡᮹Ŗeᱢᇥญෝ⦹ᩍᱶ໕∊࠭ᮥᵥᯝ
ᙹ ᯩᮭ
- እᔢ ᮲ɪ₉ప᮹ ḥ⧪ಽಽ ᯕᬊ⧁ ᙹ ᯩᮭ
Iowa DOT (2004)۵3₉ಽࠥಽᨱ↽ݡᯝ⠪ɁƱ☖పᯕ17,000 ݡᯕԕᯕ໑, tʙ᮹⡎ᯕ∊ᇥ⧁ĞᬑᨱTWLTLsෝᱢᬊ⦹ӹ
⬉ᮉᱢᮝಽᱢᬊ⦹ʑ᭥⦽aḡᱽ᧞᳑Õᯕᯩ۵ߑəԕᬊᮡ
݅ᮭŝ z݅.
- ݡʑ ₉పᯕ ᳭⫭ᱥ Ʊ☖ඹ᮹ ḥ᯦ᮥ สᮥ ᱶࠥಽ ၡᱲ⦽
eĊ᮹⇽᯦Ǎ᪡Ʊ₉ಽᨱᕽ۵᧲ႊ⨆᳭⫭ᱥ₉ಽaᦩᱥ⦹
ḡ ༜⧁ ᙹ ᯩᮝအಽ ⇵a ᩍᮁ ࠥಽ⡎ᯕ ⦥⧉
-ḡႊᇡᨱᖅ⊹ࢁĞᬑ⇵ᬵ₉ᖁᮝಽ༜ᔍᬊࢁᙹᯩᮝအಽ
ࠥḡᩎᯕӹ Ʊḡᩎḡᩎᨱᕽอ ᖅ⊹⧉
-Ḣḥ₉ಽ᮹ᙹ۵2}ᯕ⦹ಽᱽ⦽ࡹᨕ⦹໑, TWLTLsෝ
ᖅ⊹⦹ʑ ᭥⧕ ʙᨕˉෝ ᱽÑ⦹໕ ᦩࢉ
- 2}₉ಽᨱᕽ6,000ݡ/ᯝᯕᔢᯝভᖅ⊹⦹໑, 4}₉ಽᨱᕽ۵
10,000 ~ 12,000ݡ/ᯝ ᯕᔢᯝ ভ ᖅ⊹⧉
FHWA (2008)۵Arkansas, California, Illinois, North Carolina
ⅾ4}ᵝෝݡᔢᮝಽ2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹᧲ႊ⨆᳭⫭ᱥᝅᱥ⬥እƱෝ
☖⧕TWLTLs᮹⬉ŝෝ⪶ᯙ⦽đŝᝁᙹᵡ95%ᨱᕽᇥᕾ⦽
đŝTable 6ŝzᯕ⇵࠭ᔍŁa38.7% qᗭ⦹۵äᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅.
2.4 ਏॷܑౢ
ǎԕ༉ࢱ᧲ᅕၰ⇵a₉ಽᖅ⊹ · ᬕᩢᮥ☖⧕2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹
ᬊపᮥqᗭ┅۵ᵝᬱᯙᯙᱡᗮ₉పၰ᳭⫭ᱥ₉పᮥญ⦹
Łᯩ݅. ᯕ్⦽ႊᮥᱢᬊ⦹۵ߑaᰆᳬᮡႊᦩᮡࠥಽ݅ᯕᨕ✙
ෝ☖⧕2₉ಽෝ3₉ಽಽอऽ۵äᯕӹǎԕʑᵡᮝಽ۵ᯕෝ
ᱢᬊ⦹ʑ ᨕಅᬕ ⩥ᝅᯕ݅. ੱ⦽ ⧕ᨱᕽ ᱢᬊ⦽ 2+1 ࠥಽӹ
TWLTLs᮹Ğᬑtʙ᮹∊ᇥ⦽⡎ᯕᯩᮥĞᬑᨱᱢᬊ⦹Łᯩᮝӹ
2₉ಽ ࠥಽᨱᕽ۵ ⬂݉Ǎᖒᔢ tʙᯕ ᨧᮝအಽ ᯕෝ ᱢᬊ⦹ʑ
ᨕಖ݅.
ᕽ tʙᯕ ᦥܭ݅ෙ Ŗeᮥ ⪽ᬊ⦹۵ႊᦩᯕ Ǎࡹ໑, əݡᦩᵲ⦹ӹ۵ʙᨕˉෝ⪽ᬊ⦹۵äᯕအಽʙᨕˉෝ⪽ᬊ⦽
}ᖁ ݡᦩᨱ ݡ⦹ᩍ á☁a ⦥⧁ äᮝಽ ❱݉ࡽ݅.
3. }ᖁݡᦩᖅᱶ
ʙᨕˉෝ⪽ᬊ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵∊ᇥ⦽ࠥಽ⡎ᯕǍࡽ݅. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2000)᮹뺷ࠥಽ᮹Ǎ᳑
⦽đŝᖅĥᗮࠥᨱ2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹⬂݉Ǎᖒ໕᮹⢽ᵡᮡTable 7ŝ z݅.
ᯝ్᪡ zᮡ ݡ⩶₉పᮥ ᖅĥ₉పᮝಽ ⦹Ł ᯩᨕ ᖅĥ₉ప᮹
⡎ᮡ2.5 mಽᖅᱶ⦹Łᯩᮝ໑, ↽ᗭ⊂ႊᩍᮁ⡎ࠥ0.5 mෝᱢᬊ⦹
Łᯩʑভྙᨱ⇵ᬵᯕa܆⦹ಅ໕↽ᗭᯝႊ⨆᮹ࠥಽ⡎ᮡ6.0 maǍࡽ݅. ᯕ్⦽ǎԕʑᵡᮥၹᩢ⧁ভ᧲ᅕ₉ಽෝᖅ⊹⦹ʑ
᭥⧕ᕽ۵₉ಽ⡎ᯕ↽ᗭ9.0 maǍࡹအಽ}ᖁݡᦩᮥᱢᬊ⧁
Fig. 4. Cross-sectional Composition on an Enhancement of a Road Functionality
Table 8. Alternatives on 3-legs Unsignalized Intersection Alter
native View and Characteristic
1
- Temporary yield lane
- Passing intersection irrespective of left-turn vehicles - Merging left-turn vehicle of driveway after passing inter-
section
2
- Application of TWLTLs
- Operated Right-turn only on driveway - Improvement of a delay at main road by u-turn
- Concerned conflict due to insufficiency of a turning radius (12m) for u-turn
ᙹᯩ۵ݡᔢᮡᅕ᳑eᖁࠥಽɪᨱ⧕ݚ⦹۵ǎࠥ᪡ḡႊࠥaa܆
⦽ äᮝಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.
ᕽᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ᅕ᳑eᖁࠥಽɪᨱ⧕ݚ⦹۵ǎࠥ᪡ḡ
ႊࠥෝ}ᖁݡᦩ᮹ᱢᬊݡᔢᮝಽ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2010)᮹뺷2+1₉ಽࠥಽᖅĥʑᵡ뺸
ᮥၹᩢ⦹ᩍࠥಽ⡎ᮡ⊂ႊᩍᮁ⡎॒ᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍ11.0 mෝʑᵡᮝ ಽ ᖅᱶ⦹ᩡŁ, ᖙᇡ ԕᬊᮡ Fig. 4᪡ z݅.
2₉ಽࠥಽ۵ݡʑ⦹۵᳭⫭ᱥ₉పᮝಽᯙ⧕Ḣḥ₉ప᮹ḥ⧪
ᯕᨕಅᬭᵝಽᬊపᯕqᗭ⦹Łᯩ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ǎԕᔍಡ
᳑ᔍᨱᕽ⬉ŝa᯦᷾ࡽ2+1 ࠥಽၰTWLTLsᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ2₉ಽ
ࠥಽᨱᔑᰍ⦹ᩍᯩ۵3ḡእᝁ⪙Ʊ₉ಽෝݡᔢᮝಽ}ᖁݡᦩᮥ
ᖅᱶ⦹ᩡ݅.
3ḡ Ʊ₉ಽᨱᕽ۵ ᳭⫭ᱥ ݡʑ₉పᮝಽ ᯙ⧕ ᅙᖁ᮹ ḡℕa
ၽᔾ⦹အಽ᳭⫭ᱥݡʑ₉పŝ šĥᨧᯕᱶᔢᱢᮝಽḥ⧪⧁ᙹ
ᯩ۵ႊᦩᯕǍࡽ݅. ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ᳭⫭ᱥᄁᯕෝᖅ⊹⦹ᩍᯕ్⦽
ྙᱽෝᯝᇡ⧕đ⧁ᙹᯩᮝӹᯕĞᬑᇡࠥಽᨱᕽ᮹᳭⫭ᱥ₉పᮝ ಽᯙ⧕ᅙᖁḢḥ₉పᯕḥ⧪ᮥ༜⦹۵Ğᬑaၽᔾ⧁ᙹᯩᮝအಽ
ᯕ్⦽ྙᱽࠥ࠺ᨱ⧕đ⦹Łᯱ݅ᮭ᮹}ᖁݡᦩᮥᱽ⦹ᩡ݅.
ℌჩṙ}ᖁᦩᮡ2+1 ࠥಽ᮹Ğᬑ᪡zᯕ⇵ᬵ₉ಽෝอॅᨕ
ᬊపᮥ᷾ݡ⦹۵ႊᮥ᮲ᬊ⦹ᩍᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ʙᨕˉᨱᯥ᧲
ᅕ₉ಽෝᖅ⊹⦹۵äᯕ݅. ᯕ}ᖁᦩᮡᅙᖁၰᇡࠥಽ᮹᳭⫭ᱥ
₉పᨱšĥᨧᯕḥ⧪⧁ᙹᯩ۵ᰆᱱᯕᯩᮝӹᇡࠥಽ᮹₉పŝ
ᅙᖁ᮹ ₉ప᮹ ᔢ∊ᯕ ݅ᙹ ၽᔾ⦹۵ ݉ᱱᯕ ᯩ݅.
ࢱჩṙ}ᖁᦩTWLTLsෝ᮲ᬊ⦹ᩍ᳭⫭ᱥᯕᦥܭᮁ▕ᮝಽ
ญ⦹ᩍᇡࠥಽ᮹᳭⫭ᱥ ḥ⇽᯦ᮥᱽ⦽⦹Łᬑ⫭ᱥᱥᬊᮝಽ
ᬕᩢ⦹ᩍ ᅙᖁ ᗭ☖ᮥ }ᖁ⦹۵ ႊᦩᯕ݅. ᯕ }ᖁᦩᮡ ᬑ⫭ᱥ
ᱥᬊᬕᩢᮝಽᯙ⧕Ʊ₉ಽᨱᕽ᮹ᔢ∊ᮡqᗭࡹḡอ11.0 mᯙ
ࠥಽ⡎ᮡᮁ▕ᮥ᭥⦽↽ᗭ⫭ᱥၹĞ(12.0 m)ᮥอ᳒┅ḡ༜⧕
ᬱ⪽⦽ᮁ▕ᯕ⯹ॅᨕၹݡ₉ᖁƱ☖పŝᔢ∊ᯕၽᔾ⦹۵݉ᱱᯕ
ᯩ݅.
4. }ᖁݡᦩ⬉ŝᇥᕾ
}ᖁݡᦩᮥᝅᱽ2₉ಽࠥಽᨱᱢᬊ⦹ʑ۵ᨕಅᬑအಽ Transmodeler Toolᮥ ᯕᬊ⦽ ဍ౩ᯕᖹ ᇥᕾᮥ ☖⧕ ᅙ ᩑǍ᮹ }ᖁݡᦩᨱ
ݡ⦹ᩍ ⬉ŝ ᇥᕾᮥ ᝅ⦹ᩡ݅.
4.1 ਏ࢘ߑଲंজԹ૬
4.1.1 ٷൈ૾ࢫ׆֜ড୨ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ḡႊᇡ2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹ࠦพእᝁ⪙Ʊ₉ಽෝݡᔢ ᮝಽ⦹အಽօ✙ᬭⓍ᮹ʙᯕ۵500 mಽ⦽ᱶ⦹ᩍᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅.
₉ಽ⡎᮹Ğᬑ۵ၙ⧪ᨱ۵ᯕᔢᱢᯙ᳑Õᯙ3.5 mಽᖅᱶ⦹
ᩡᮝ໑, }ᖁᦩ᮹Ğᬑ۵ʙᨕˉෝ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍ₉ಽෝ᷾ᖅ⧕⦹အ ಽ₉ಽ⡎ᮥ3.25 mಽᖅᱶ⦹ᩍᱥℕࠥಽ⡎ᯕ࠺ᯝ⦹ࠥಾ⦹ᩡ݅.
ဍ౩ᯕᖹᮥᙹ⧪⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵᯦ಆᯱഭಽօ✙ᬭⓍ᪡Ʊ☖
పᯱഭa⦥⦹အಽࠥಽ॒ɪᨱෙᬊపၰᗮࠥෝᖅᱶ⦹ᩍ
⦽݅. ᯕᨱᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ࠥಽ॒ɪᨱෙᬊపၰᗮࠥ۵ࠥಽᬊప
⠙௭ᮥₙ᳑⦹ᩍ1,600 pcphpl, ᯱᮁᗮࠥ80 km/h, ᱽ⦽ᗮࠥ60 km/hෝ ᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.
š⦽Ƚ⊺᮹᳭⫭ᱥ₉ಽʙᯕᔑᱶႊᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, əᮡ
݅ᮭŝ z݅.
Table 9. Set-up of Simulation Network
Classification Characteristic Etc.
Main Road - Two way road
- Design speed 80 km/h - Temporary
Yield Lane
- 1 Lane
- Design speed 80 km/h
- Lane width : 3.25 m - Length : 65 m U-turn Section - 1 Lane
- Design speed 80 km/h
- Lane width : 3.25 m - Length : 80 m
Table 10. Scenarios of Simulation Main Road
Volume (vph)
Reverse Lane Volume
(vph)
left-turn Volume (vph)
Driveway Volume
(vph)
Vehicle Composition
100
100 10 50
Car : 90%
Bus : 10%
300 30 50
500 50 50
300
100 10 50
300 30 50
500 50 50
500
100 10 50
300 30 50
500 50 50
¥ á ¥
Ƒâ¥
Ƃá Þķ Z §Z ¬ß âÞƊ àß
(1) (݉,¥ < Ïí× Z § Z ¬
)ᩍʑᕽ,
¥
: ᳭⫭ᱥ ₉ಽ ʙᯕ¥
Ƒ: ᳭⫭ᱥ ݡʑ₉ಽ ʙᯕ¥
Ƃ: qᗮᮥ ᭥⦽ ʙᯕķ
: ʙᯕĥᙹ§
: ᳭⫭ᱥ ₉పᙹ¬
: ݡʑ⦹۵ ᯱ࠺₉᮹ ʙᯕƊ
: qᗮ ʙᯕ
: ₉ಽ▭ᯕ⟝ ʙᯕຝᱡqᗮᮥ᭥⦽ʙᯕ۵qᗮʙᯕᨱᕽ₉ಽ▭ᯕ⟝᮹ʙᯕෝ
q⦹໕ࡹ۵ߑ2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹ᱽ⦽ᗮࠥ60 km/hෝʑᵡᮝಽ⧁
ভ qᗮʙᯕ۵ 70 m, ₉ಽ▭ᯕ⟝᮹ ʙᯕ۵ 45 m(1:15)ᯕအಽ
qᗮᮥ᭥⦽ʙᯕ۵25 mಽᔑᱶࡹᨩ݅. ᳭⫭ᱥݡʑ₉ಽʙᯕ᮹
Ğᬑ↽ݡ᳭⫭ᱥƱ☖పᯕ50 ݡ/ᯙĞᬑ1ᇥᨱ1ݡᱶࠥॅᨕ᪅ ໑, ᬊ₉ෝʑᵡᮝಽ⦹အಽ᳭⫭ᱥݡʑ₉ಽ᮹ʙᯕ۵15 mಽ
ᔑᱶࡹᨩ݅. ᕽ3ḡእᝁ⪙Ʊ₉ಽ}ᖁ1ᦩ᮹Ğᬑaᗮᮥ᭥⦽
ʙᯕࠥ ⦥⦹အಽ ⅾ ʙᯕෝ 65 m (25 m + 15 m + 25 m)ಽ
ᖅᱶ⦹ᩡŁ, əᮁ▕Ǎe᮹Ğᬑ۵80 m ((25 m + 15 m) × 2)ಽ
ᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.
4.1.2 ਏ࢘ߑଲਏيࠤૈ
ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ2₉ಽࠥಽᨱᕽ12eƱ☖పᯕ7,200ݡᯕᔢᯝ
ভ ⪶ᰆᮥ ᝅ⦹໑, ᯕෝ eݚ Ʊ☖పᮝಽ ⪹ᔑ⦹໕ 600ݡ
ᯕᔢᯙĞᬑᯕ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ᯕ్⦽ᱱᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍᇥᕾƱ☖ప
ᮥ500ݡ/ෝ↽ݡsᮝಽᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ݅᧲⦽ᔢ⫊ᮥŁಅ⦹ʑ
᭥⧕ᅙᖁƱ☖పᮡ100ݡ/, 300ݡ/, 500ݡ/ಽᖅᱶ⦹ᩡŁ,
᳭⫭ᱥƱ☖పᮡᅙᖁƱ☖ప᮹10%ᯙ10ݡ/, 30ݡ/, 50ݡ/
ෝᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ᇡࠥಽ᮹Ʊ☖పᮡḥ⇽᯦b50ݡ/ಽᖅᱶ⦹ᩍ
2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹ᅙᖁƱ☖పᯕ600ݡ/ෝⅩŝ⦹ḡᦫࠥಾ⦹ᩡ݅.
ੱ⦽2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹Ğᬑ⇵ᬵᯕᱽ⦽ࡹအಽᅙᖁƱ☖పᨱ
ၹݡ₉ᖁƱ☖ప᮹ᩢ⨆ᮥฯᯕၼʑভྙᨱᯕෝŁಅ⧁⦥a
ᯩ݅. ဍ౩ᯕᖹᇥᕾᮡᯕ్⦽ᱱᮥၹᩢ⦹ᩍᅙᖁƱ☖ప3}
ᙹᵡŝၹݡ₉ᖁƱ☖ప3}ᙹᵡ, ⅾ9}ᔢ⫊ᨱݡ⦹ᩍ2}᮹
}ᖁݡᦩᨱ bb ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ ᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅.
4.1.3 ตրఴܑ
2₉ಽࠥಽᕽእᜅᙹᵡ᮹⬉ŝࠥ۵☖⧪⦹۵₉పǑᵲ₉పᯕ
⠪Ɂᱢᮝಽ ḡℕ⦹۵ እᮉᯙ ⅾ ḡℕᮉᮥ ᱢᬊ⦹Ł ᯩᮝӹ ᯕ
ḡ⢽۵ဍ౩ᯕᖹᇥᕾᨱᕽࠥ⇽⧁ᙹᨧ۵ྙᱽaᯩ݅. ə్ӹ
ⅾḡℕᮉᮡ݅ෙ᮹ၙಽᕽ⧪₉పၰݡʑ₉పᮝಽᯙ⧕ၽᔾ⦹۵
⪝ᰂᮝಽᅝᙹᯩᮝအಽⅾḡℕᮉᯕ׳ᮥᙹಾᗮࠥaqᗭ⦹í
ࡽ݅. ᷪ, }ᖁݡᦩ᮹⬉ŝaᯩ݅໕ᇥᕾǍe᮹ᗮࠥa᷾a⦹í
ࡹ໑, ᯕ۵ⅾḡℕᮉᯕ}ᖁࡹ۵äᮥ᮹ၙ⦽݅. ᕽᅙᩑǍᨱ ᕽ۵ᇥᕾǍe᮹⠪Ɂᗮࠥෝ}ᖁݡᦩᮥ⠪a⦹۵⬉ŝࠥಽ
ᖅᱶ⦹ᩡ݅.
4.2 ਏ࢘ߑଲंজէր
3ḡእᝁ⪙Ʊ₉ಽᨱݡ⦽ဍ౩ᯕᖹᇥᕾđŝ۵Table 11ŝ
z݅. }ᖁݡᦩᮥᱢᬊ⦹ḡᦫᮡၙ⧪᮹⠪Ɂᗮࠥ۵38.1 km/h ಽӹ┡ӽၹ໕}ᖁ1ᦩᮡ39.5 km/h, }ᖁ2ᦩᮡ41.1 km/hಽ
bb3.7%, 8.0%᮹}ᖁᮉᯕӹ┡ԍ݅. ᯕ్⦽đŝಽᅝভ}ᖁ1 ᦩᅕ݅ 2ᦩᯕ ᳡ ᳬᮡ äᮝಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.
bᔢ⫊ᄥᇥᕾđŝෝᅕ໕ၙ⧪۵ᅙᖁၰၹݡ₉ᖁƱ☖ప ᯕ᷾a⧁ᙹಾ⠪Ɂᗮࠥ۵qᗭ⦹۵äᮝಽӹ┡ԍᮝ໑, ࠺ᯝ⦽
ᙹᵡᨱᕽ۵᳭⫭ᱥƱ☖పᯕ᷾a⧁ᙹಾᗮࠥaqᗭ⦹۵äᮝಽ
ӹ┡ԍ݅. }ᖁ1ᦩ᮹Ğᬑ۵Ʊ☖పᯕ᷾a⧁ᙹಾ}ᖁ⬉ŝaᱱᱱ
Ⓧíӹ┡ԍᮝӹᅙᖁƱ☖ప500ݡ/ෝʑᵡᮝಽ⧁ভၹݡ₉ᖁ Ʊ☖పᯕ300ݡ/ᯕᔢᯙĞᬑෝᱽ⦹Ł۵5% ၙอ᮹}ᖁ⬉ŝ
ෝᅕᩡ݅. }ᖁ2ᦩ᮹Ğᬑ۵ᇡࠥಽ᮹᳭⫭ᱥ₉పᮥᮁ▕ᮝಽ
ญ⦹ʑভྙᨱᇡࠥಽ᳭⫭ᱥ₉ప᮹ᩢ⨆ᯕ↽ᗭ⪵ࡹᨕ}ᖁ
⬉ŝ۵1ᦩᨱእ⧕Ⓧíӹ┡ԍŁ, ᱥℕᱢᮝಽ5% ᯕᔢ᮹}ᖁᮉᮥ
ᅕᯕ໑, ᱥℕᱢᮝಽၹݡ₉ᖁƱ☖పᯕᱢᮥভə⬉ŝaⓑ
äᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅. ၹ໕ᅙᖁƱ☖పᯕ500ݡ/ᯙĞᬑᨱ۵ၹݡ₉ ᖁƱ☖పᯕ᷾a⧁ᙹಾ}ᖁ⬉ŝa᷾aࡹ۵äᮝಽӹ┡ԍᮝӹ
Table 11. Result of Simulation Analysis about Alternatives Main Road
Volume (vph)
Reverse Lane Volume
(vph)
left-turn Volume (vph)
Before Average Speed
(km/h)
Alternative 1 Alternative 2
Average Speed (km/h)
Improvement Rate (%)
Average Speed (km/h)
Improvement Rate (%)
100
100 10 39 40 2.6 42.2 8.2
300 10 39 39.5 1.3 41.2 5.6
500 10 37.9 39.3 3.7 39.8 5.0
300
100 30 38.5 40 3.9 41.9 8.8
300 30 38.3 39.4 2.9 41 7.0
500 30 37.8 38.8 2.6 40.4 6.9
500
100 50 38.3 39.6 3.4 41.9 9.4
300 50 37.4 39.6 5.9 41.2 10.2
500 50 36.6 39.2 7.1 40.4 10.4
Average 38.1 39.5 3.7 41.1 8.0
ᯕ۵ᔢݡᱢᯙ}ᖁእᮉভྙᯕ໑, ᱩݡᱢᯙᙹ⊹۵3.6 km/h᪡
3.8 km/h ᱶࠥ}ᖁࡹᨕⓑ₉ᯕaӹḡᦫ۵äᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅.
5. đು
ǎԕ2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹ĞᬑƱ☖పᯕฯḡᦫŁəđŝĞᱽᖒᯕ
ᇡ᳒⦹ᩍ⪶ᰆ॒ᯕᬊᯕ⦹ḡᦫᮡ⩥ᝅᯕ໑, 2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹ᬊప᮹
qᗭ۵ᱡᗮ₉పၰ⫭ᱥ₉పভྙᨱᵝಽၽᔾ⦹Łᯩ݅. ᅙᩑǍ۵
ʙᨕˉ⪽ᬊᮥ☖⧕2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹ᯕ్⦽ྙᱽෝ⧕đ⦹Łᯱ⦹ᩡᮝ ໑, ʙᨕˉ⪽ᬊᔍಡ᳑ᔍෝʑၹᮝಽ}ᖁݡᦩᮥᱽ⦹Ł, b
ݡᦩᄥ ဍ౩ᯕᖹ ᇥᕾᮥ ☖⧕ ݡᦩᄥ ⬉ŝෝ á☁⦹ᩡ݅.
}ᖁݡᦩ᮹⬉ŝᇥᕾđŝၙ⧪(38.1 km/h)ᨱእ⧕}ᖁ 1ᦩᮡ3.7%(39.5 km/h), }ᖁ2ᦩᮡ8.0%(41.1 km/h)᮹}ᖁᮉ
ᮥᅕᩍ}ᖁ1ᦩᅕ݅2ᦩᯕ᳡ᳬᮡäᮝಽӹ┡ӹTWLTLs
ႊᮥ ᱲ༊⦽ }ᖁ2ᦩᯕ ᳬᮡ äᮝಽ ❱݉ࡽ݅.
}ᖁ1ᦩ᮹Ğᬑ۵Ʊ☖పᯕ᷾a⧁ᙹಾ}ᖁ⬉ŝaᱱᱱⓍí
ӹ┡ԍᮝӹᅙᖁƱ☖ప500ݡ/ෝʑᵡᮝಽ⧁ভၹݡ₉ᖁƱ☖
పᯕ300ݡ/ᯕᔢᯙĞᬑෝᱽ⦹Ł۵5% ၙอ᮹}ᖁ⬉ŝෝ
ᅕᩡ݅.
}ᖁ2ᦩ᮹Ğᬑ۵ᇡࠥಽ᮹᳭⫭ᱥ₉పᮥᮁ▕ᮝಽญ⦹ʑ
ভྙᨱ ᇡࠥಽ᳭⫭ᱥ ₉ప᮹ ᩢ⨆ᯕ↽ᗭ⪵ ࡹᨕ }ᖁ⬉ŝ۵
1ᦩᨱእ⧕Ⓧíӹ┡ԍŁ, ᱥℕᱢᮝಽ5% ᯕᔢ᮹}ᖁᮉᮥᅕᯕ໑, ᱥℕᱢᮝಽၹݡ₉ᖁƱ☖పᯕᱢᮥভə⬉ŝaⓍíӹ┡ԍ݅.
ၹ໕ᅙᖁƱ☖పᯕ500ݡ/ᯙĞᬑᨱ۵}ᖁႊᦩᨱෙ}ᖁᱶ
ࠥ۵ Ⓧḡ ᦫᮡ äᮝಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.
ə్ӹ}ᖁ2ᦩᯙTWLTLsᮡ2+1ࠥಽ᮹⇵ᬵ₉ಽෝ᳭⫭ᱥ
Ŗeᮝಽ⪽ᬊ⦹۵}ֱᯕအಽᯕෝəݡಽᱢᬊ⧁Ğᬑᨱ۵ᬕᱥ
ᯱ᮹☖⧪Ğಽᨱⓑᄡ⪵aᨧᮝӹǎԕᝅᱶᨱᱢ⧊⦹ࠥಾᮁ▕ႊ
ᮝಽᄡ⪵⧁Ğᬑᨱ۵Ğಽᄡ⪵ෝၽᔾ┅۵ྙᱽaᯩ݅. ᯕෝ
ᄥ݅ෙƱᮂᨧᯕǎԕᨱ᯦ࠥ⧁ĞᬑƱ☖పᯕฯḡᦫᮡĞᬑᨱ
ᇩჶ ᳭⫭ᱥᮝಽ ᯙ⦽ ᵲᦺᖁ ⋉ჵ ၰ ᔍŁၽᔾᯕ ᬑಅࡹအಽ
ᯕᨱ ݡ⦽ á☁a ⦥⦹݅. ᕽ 2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹ እᝁ⪙Ʊ₉ಽ
}ᖁᮡᱶపᱢ⬉ŝᨱǎԕᬕᱥᯱॅ᮹☖⧪⧪┽ෝၹᩢ⦹ᩍ
ᯕᨕḩ ⦥a ᯩ݅.
ə్ӹᅙᩑǍ۵✚ᱶᔢ⫊ᮥᖅᱶ⦹ᩍᇥᕾ⦹ᩡʑভྙᨱ⦽ĥ aᯩᮝ໑, ⫭ᱥƱ₉ಽ॒ฯᮡ}ᖁႊᦩᨱݡ⦽ᇥᕾᮥ☁ݡಽ
ᖅᱶࢁ⦥aᯩ݅Ł❱݉ࡽ݅. ੱ⦽ᝅᱽᔢ⫊ᨱᕽ۵u-turnᮥ
⦽ჩᨱ༜⦹ḡอဍ౩ᯕᖹᇥᕾᨱᕽ۵ᯕ్⦽ᇡᇥᮥᱽݡಽ
ၹᩢ༜⦹۵⦽ĥaᯩᮝ໑, ⩥ᰆá᷾ᮥᙹ⧪⦹ḡ༜⦽ᔢ⫊ᯕအಽ
ᅙ ᩑǍ᮹ đŝ᪡ ᝅᱽ ᔢ⫊ŝ ₉ᯕa ၽᔾ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ᬑಅa
ᯩ݅. ᕽ⨆⬥ᅙᩑǍ᮹đŝෝₙ᳑⦹ᩍᯝᇡḡᱱᨱ⨹
ᱢᬊ⦽ ⬥ ↽᳦ }ᖁݡᦩᮥ ᖁᱶ⧁ ⦥a ᯩ݅Ł ❱݉ࡽ݅.
qᔍ᮹ɡ
ᯕםྙᮡ2012֥ࠥᱶᇡ(ၙ௹᳑ŝ⦺ᇡ)᮹ᰍᬱᮝಽ⦽ǎᩑ Ǎᰍ݉᮹ ḡᬱᮥ ၼᦥ ᙹ⧪ࡽ ᩑǍᯥ(NRF-2010-0029446).
