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Tablel. The distribution of subject office
Item Building
Year (yr)
Large city Middle city Small city Total
Total 10 10 10 30
Table 2. The toxicological data of cancer material in VOCs EPA
Material cancer Unit risk Extrapolation Type Species Route Reference of cancer
class
Low-dose Rinsky et al., 1981,
2.2 x 10~h linearity utilizing 1987; Paustenbach et
Benzene A to maximum Leukemia Humans Inhalation a[., 1993; trump and
7.8 X likelihood Allen, 1984; Crump,
estimates 1992, 1994; U.S. EPA,
1998 Table 3. The toxicological data of non-cancer materials
Pollutant
EPA cancer
class
Dose(mg/m')
UF MF RfC
NOAEL LOAEL (mglm')
- -
Ethylbenzene D
Styrene C
Toluene D
4 5711 3 ~)j$5 %$Z\%qlr. 4 g 7w4 qAjt 23 371 4 ~ 1 ~ E ] ] Y E - ~ 94% 53 3$3$* 48HAJg7B
@fi $ qcq gfi3q g3$4+jz+ 7)@AJqol] qsfldq k l ?6$!s)0] 2 g8&, 4 4 2, 4 &<,k 2 25% SO%, 7.596, !XI%, oll 2 i.1015 LF#g $ 2 q . ol"11 g 97oll~jt @fig 71 95%, 100%4 -11% 41~15\%H,CF.
~ $ 5 ) 7 ] ~ s H g ~ J g 3 q ~ f l ~ j g 7 ) z+4q]~j? W4 -lt S 97oll A\$$ ~~AILFz~-IPS LF#9 7,!
CIE (cenhal tendency exposure : mean or the 50th percentile) 4 81 01 q7_Fq 2341fiofl4 3 99 & 2 qSFP5 41 A] Z\
E4 RME(reasonable maximum exposure : high-end) 4 315% $q.
.I]+s)q 41~1 s)%q. E@ +$qgAJq 7)@4% F+ iej
Table 4. Fixed assumptions and probability densities used as inputs to risk estimates in offices parameter
parameter CTE RME Distribution Distribution
Unit
tY Pe parameters Source
Body weight
Exposure frequency
Exposure duration
Lifetime
Inhalation rate
Male Kg
Female Kg
Male minlday
Female mintday
Male year
Female year
Male year
Female year
Male m3/day
Female m3/day
TR
TR
TR
LN
TR
TR
Point
Point
TR
TR
Max : 95.8 Min : 53.5 Likeliest : 60.0 Max : 62.5 Min : 43.5 Likeliest : 49.0 Max : 679.66 Min : 64.40 Likeliest :600.00 Mean : 524.55 S.D. : 165.30 Max : 50 Min : 0 Likeliest : 30.5 Max : 50 Min : 0 Likeliest : 30.5 70
80
Max : 46.32 Min : 12.96 Likeliest : 34.80 Max : 66.24 Min : 10.32 Likeliest : 3 1.92
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Smith, 1994, NSO, 200 1.
Judgement Smith, 1994, NSO, 200 1.
Judgement EPA, 1997, MOE, 200 1.
EPA, 1997, MOE. 200 1.
MOE, 200 1.
Adams.W.S., 1993 Judgement MOE, 200 1.
Adams.W.S., 1993 Judgement
TK : triangle distribution, LN : 1 ogrlorrnal distribtuion. S.D. : Standard deviation.
9'0 900'0
9'0 902'0
9'0 992'0
S'O LS 1'0
8900'0 LO 10'0 0 I PO'O 06 20'0 OZZO'O P 6 10'0 08 10'0
OE
0'0 1
E 100'0
SZOO'O PZ 10'0 S900'0 SSOO'O 8 PO O 'O
S900'0 6200'0
SEOO'O OE
l0OPUI
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op ln o
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Table 7. The concentration of nitrogen dioxide by city size and building year ~ ~ r ~ i t : ppni
Building Large city Middle city Small city Total
year
(Y r) N M f SD N M f SD N M k S D N M f SD
~f SD: rnean f standard deviation
Table 8. The concentratio11 of ozone by city size and building year unit: ppm
Building Large city Middle city Small city Total
year
(Y r) N M f S D N M f S D N M f SD N M f S D
Table 9. The concentration of radon by city size and building year
unit: ppnl
Building Large city Middle city Small city Total
year
(Y r) N M k S D N M k S D N M * SD N M f SD
Table 10. The concentration of volatile organic compounds in office indoor air
unit:~g/m'
v o c s Sampling
N Mean SD Max Min p- Value
Point TVOCs
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
m+p- Xylene o-Xylene
Styrene
Ethyl benzene Hexane
Center Enterence Total Center Enterence Total Center Enterence Total Center Enterence Total Center Enterence Total Center Enterence Total Center Enterence Total Center Enterence Total Center Enterence Total
Table 11. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds by city size and bl-~ilding year
uciit:wg/nf
Building Large city Middle city Small city Total
year
(Y r) N M f SD N M L S D N M k S D N M f S D
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-.-...-...-..-.--.-.----..- a 2
E CD
(a) frequency drstnbution of male (b) frequency distr~but~on of female
Fig. 1. The frequency distribution of cancer risk of benzene.
2 . 3 0 s 1% 54512 2 q . 01 2 4 0,Lq +- (:Ad 21 q Ad E!
7- g?gJol] q5\0{, q A J % ] $9 ~ - g @ q ] q%\o{ q]x{l+ijH o$ijtO t l L 2 - A 01
o o 2 IZ 2 1 M q .
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2- 01
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71 531% 0.05 ppmol%\q 0.06 ppmo]%\Z 3 3 512 22.q
",F99$7]$q 93 # q q A j 2 015 ag-ggq] qsfl -#
xll%\~! 24 ?&q. Z 9'fq 4dEhF 24 01+$-4&q
3 $%5% 0.0092 ppmo1 90q, 4 4 %Ti;k& 0.0 194 ppmO
s E A I ~ ~ @ 4 q q ] ~ j 4]~l%\i! 92 &?q;.;qg]-: 712
a% &q%\zl ?&2 2 0 s E A \ q 2q. agq 4+2 +q
E A F 24 ?j$%57\ 0.0035 ppm, 4 q%EilkP 0.0107 ppm
O S 71$%19 0.06 ppmg 5q%\z] 2 % 4 2 s E A F ~ ~
q. "]q g-g 3 4 % A p + 2 4 q g 7 1 5 q -loJgqg* 2
a$%] t i 5 7 1 %$ %5s g z f l 5 \ ~ 9s-g A \ A \ % ~ 34 42+2q.
1~1q agq gq f $ ~ j g _ s s k qq7171 + ~ \ s l %
q zagq 713 2 ~ l + d ] s % g q ~ j $ ~ J q q x ] % 40
19x42 9 q . ~ E 4 q 4-1 9 4 7 1 2 +~1714 -11%
01 qg ~ ] $ q ] ti]$ @qg ~ ] % o ] e 3 A d % 2 4 3 q
0141 q 3 719i.lq -13 2 9471 B ' f q q 4 q . z7\q
F% z q ~ j q 4413 A\%A]? +A171 s g ~ j q ]
a$ zj &L g 9 %k%] 71 4 41 s q%q q @A&! @ 5LX] 3 iz
j+qzl 4 + as21 z j g x q 9 q 3-11 q q $4 ~ 7 1
a 2 9 h ] 7 ] 2 ~ 9 0 1 q7]5 3 q . ~3 ~ ] * a g & q $+
a$q -1'fSgolq 9211 01 q h ] g 4 q q ~ j 451
Table 12. Health risk assessment of benzene
Cancer risk
Point estimate Probabilistic
Gender Percentiles
RME Mean Max Min
25 50 75 90 95 100
CTE : central tendericy exposure. RME : resoriable maximum exposure
Table 13. Health Risk assessment of non-cancer materials Hazard Index Point estimate Probabilistic Gender Pollutants Percentiles CTE RME Mean Max Min 25 50 75 90 9 5 100 Male Toluene Ethylbenzene Styrene Female Toluene Ethylbenzene dp-X ylene o-Xylene Styrene CTE : central tendency exposure. RME : resor~able maxini~~rrl exposure
F ~ f i HL'-YFlCLTol~irti~'1'1 Fore:& HLCf F I C L T o l w ~
f;B1@> Tnak Fru~tlin; Ci~ad 492 K'u64 ud 3.3% T w b F w t ~ n . ; Ctuft 4Ffi CloJrsid
Li: 2 2 .- - 4
3 < Lf 3 *
e 3
e a
z i
(a) Toluene for male (b) Toluene for female
Fot*& HL1XFKE-Bh; ItUrcahic.1 f o e c d KI1FFi: L B k Gsmtu-F
:I)& Twb Fr*twn,s i^fud 4955 Dopls,cd E;$O T w b Fqucn,; i'tmd 4C.H Clapls, od
- * - - - - - - - * * . - - - . - * - * - - - *
2: -. -r 3
it C. '2 2
5 + - - * * - - - - * - * - - - * - - E '-
- - - * - - - * - * - - - * - - - - c
C t .
3 C: t f
Z - * - - - * - 2: i - . . - . - - - * - - - a - . . w ti 2
(C) Ethylbenzene for male (d) Ethylbenzene for female
Fcw:ad K K F F l C L m 6- , b f k ' l Fete :&I HH~;fFli'F-m p- , k r ~ f
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- - * - - - * - * - - -
". 2 h
.- K T
6 ,- 1 . . . e r
.3 1 C 2
L
z
3 -(e) m+p-Xylene for male (f) m+p-Xylene for female
Fem~rU1 ICI?FCl>Ee- ; lenci' 1 F O R G ~ ~ HLLG?ICLQ-. k r d
3 i@!O T rub Futuctt; Chsti 4951 boul+ ed SQi4 lttab F m ~ r ; n q Clwd 4 * M D a g k ud
* - - - . - * - * - . - - - . - - - . * - - - * *
5 z 4
L- r: K
. . . a= .-
5 * 3 A C F
C C
1 r- . 3 T'
L 2: Z $
(g) o-Xylene for male (h) o-Xylene for female
(i) Styrene for male
Fig. 2. Freql~ency distribution of risk in non-cancer matel-ials.
(J) Styrene for female
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