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Early Assessment of the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Can Fasting Parameters of Glucose Metabolism Contribute to Risk Prediction? (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:785-93)

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D I A B E T E S & M E T A B O L I S M J O U R N A L

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright © 2020 Korean Diabetes Association https://e-dmj.org

Early Assessment of the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Can Fasting Parameters of Glucose

Metabolism Contribute to Risk Prediction? (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:785-93)

Ye Seul Yang, Hye Seung Jung

Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Hye Seung Jung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0221-7049 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea E-mail: junghs@snu.ac.kr

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most com- mon medical complications during pregnancy, and it is associ- ated with increased risk of perinatal morbidities, including preeclampsia, birth injury, macrosomia, and neonatal hypo- glycemia. Moreover, it is related to an increased risk of diabetes mellitus after delivery, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of offspring. Early identification of the high-risk group for GDM as well as diagnosis of GDM are important be- cause treatment of GDM decreases the risk of these complica- tions. In recent diabetes treatment guidelines including the one from American Diabetes Association, standard diagnostic cri- teria for diabetes are used for pregnant women to find the pre- gestational T2DM at their first antenatal visit. In the case of women without T2DM, rescreening for GDM between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation is recommended. Therefore, GDM is usually intervened during late pregnancy and it may not be enough to improve the pregnancy outcome. Even though vari- ous biomarkers in early pregnancy have been postulated as early predictors [1], accurate biomarkers or cutoff values for GDM in early pregnancy are still not well-established [1,2].

With this background, the article entitled “Early assessment of the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: can fasting parame- ters of glucose metabolism contribute to risk prediction?” cov- ered an interesting topic. In this study, Falcone et al. [3] evalu-

ated the biochemical predictors of glycemic conditions in early pregnancy, especially fasting parameters, to predict the devel- opment of GDM and the need of glucose-lowering medication.

They found that fasting parameters were significantly different between woman who developed GDM and woman who main- tained their normal glucose tolerance state in late trimester.

They also showed higher fasting levels of fasting plasma glu- cose (FPG; odds ratio [OR], 1.13; area under the receiver oper- ating characteristic curves [ROC-AUC]=68.1) and fasting C- peptide (OR, 2.42; ROC-AUC=70.6) were associated with a higher risk of developing GDM.

Several previous studies showed the association between fasting glucose and the development of GDM [4-7]. In this study, although the number of participants is relatively small, it is meaningful to examine the association of GDM with other indices on insulin sensitivity and secretion, which have not been tested in other studies. It is expected that studies in larger cohorts will reveal solid predictors.

During pregnancy, insulin resistance increases, but pancre- atic β-cells compensate for this, and insulin secretion increases to maintain normal blood glucose. Therefore, it is understood that gestational diabetes occurs when insulin secretion does not increase enough to compensate for the increased resistance to insulin [8,9]. In this study, several parameters of insulin se-

Letter

https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0023 pISSN 2233-6079 · eISSN 2233-6087 Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:199-200

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Yang YS, et al.

200 Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:199-200 https://e-dmj.org

cretion (homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function [HOMA-B], insulinogenic index [IGI] from insulin, and IGI from C-peptide) were higher in GDM patients than normal glucose tolerance participants in early trimester, suggesting physiologic response to compensate for increased insulin resis- tance. However, the increase in insulin secretion in the GDM group was not obvious (P>0.05 for HOMA-B) compared to that of insulin resistance (P<0.001) even from early pregnancy.

As was pointed out by authors in this study, the correlation between fasting parameters in early pregnancy and the post- prandial glucose tolerance test (GTT) at later stage was rela- tively week. It suggested that, fasting parameters did not fully reflect the major pathophysiology of GDM. Indeed, in a pro- spective randomized controlled trial to compare the diagnostic superiority of three methods (FPG, 50 g GTT, and 75 g GTT) in the first trimester, both 50 g GTT and 75 g GTT were supe- rior to the criteria of fasting glucose [10]. However, consider- ing the clinical feasibility, fasting variables could be used meaningfully if insulin resistance and insulin secretion capaci- ty could be calculated appropriately, as were those in this study.

The authors calculated ROC-AUC values for each variable, but composite variables representing both insulin secretion and insulin resistance might have high ROC-AUC with better pre- dictive power.

In addition, we expect that prospective studies would be conducted to determine whether early interventions, like life- style modifications, in the first trimester can affect the develop- ment of GDM, perinatal outcomes or needs for medical treat- ment in the high-risk group of GDM stratified by these early- stage parameters of glucose metabolism.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was re- ported.

REFERENCES

1. Powe CE. Early pregnancy biochemical predictors of gesta- tional diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2017;17:12.

2. McIntyre HD, Sacks DA, Barbour LA, Feig DS, Catalano PM, Damm P, McElduff A. Issues with the diagnosis and classifica- tion of hyperglycemia in early pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2016;

39:53-4.

3. Falcone V, Kotzaeridi G, Breil MH, Rosicky I, Stopp T, Yerlika- ya-Schatten G, Feichtinger M, Eppel W, Husslein P, Tura A, Gobl CS. Early assessment of the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: can fasting parameters of glucose metabolism con- tribute to risk prediction? Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:785-93.

4. Riskin-Mashiah S, Younes G, Damti A, Auslender R. First-tri- mester fasting hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Diabetes Care 2009;32:1639-43.

5. Corrado F, D’Anna R, Cannata ML, Interdonato ML, Pintaudi B, Di Benedetto A. Correspondence between first-trimester fasting glycaemia, and oral glucose tolerance test in gestational diabetes diagnosis. Diabetes Metab 2012;38:458-61.

6. Zhu WW, Yang HX, Wei YM, Yan J, Wang ZL, Li XL, Wu HR, Li N, Zhang MH, Liu XH, Zhang H, Wang YH, Niu JM, Gan YJ, Zhong LR, Wang YF, Kapur A. Evaluation of the value of fasting plasma glucose in the first prenatal visit to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus in china. Diabetes Care 2013;36:

586-90.

7. Cosson E, Carbillon L, Valensi P. High fasting plasma glucose during early pregnancy: a review about early gestational diabe- tes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2017;2017:8921712.

8. Buchanan TA, Metzger BE, Freinkel N, Bergman RN. Insulin sensitivity and B-cell responsiveness to glucose during late pregnancy in lean and moderately obese women with normal glucose tolerance or mild gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:1008-14.

9. Catalano PM, Tyzbir ED, Wolfe RR, Calles J, Roman NM, Amini SB, Sims EA. Carbohydrate metabolism during preg- nancy in control subjects and women with gestational diabetes.

Am J Physiol 1993;264:E60-7.

10. Yeral MI, Ozgu-Erdinc AS, Uygur D, Seckin KD, Karsli MF, Danisman AN. Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester, comparison of fasting plasma glucose, two- step and one-step methods: a prospective randomized con- trolled trial. Endocrine 2014;46:512-8.

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