IEG 환경지질연구정보센터

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(1)æ~>Æ·~ã²æ. ò. Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 27~35, 2003. F~J"¦æöB ¶&6V» 'Ï Òf: I. ¦æßW Ò. J;V Á"Î ÁC' ÁêÏ Á;" 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. ã~ãö âWJ VF² (")æJÖ21 BÞ&v 1. 2. 3. 4. A case study of monitored natural attenuation at the petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site: I. Site characterization. Á. Á. Á. Á. Jeong Ki, Yun1 Min Hyo, Lee1 Suk Young, Lee2 Jin Yong, Lee3 Kang Kun, Lee4 1. National Institute of Environmental Research 2 Research Institute of Technology, Samsung Engineering & Construction 3 GeoGreen21 Co., Ltd 4 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University. ABSTRACT The study site located in an industrial complex has a Precambrian age gneiss as a bedrock. The poorly-developed, disturbed soils in the study site have loamy-textured surface soil (1 to 2 m) and gravelly sand alluvium subsurface (2 to 6 m) on the top of weathered gneiss bedrock. The depth of the groundwater table was about 3.5 m below ground surface and increased toward down-gradient of the site. The hydraulic conductivity of transmitted zone (gravelly coarse sand) was in the range of 5.0×10−2~1.85×10−1 cm/sec. The fine sand layer was in the range of 1.5×10−3 to 7.6×10−3 cm/sec. and the reclaimed upper soil layer was less than 10−4 cm/sec. Toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (TEX) was the major contaminant in the soil and groundwater. The average depth of the soil contamination was about 1.5 m in the gravelly sand alluvium layer. At the depth interval 2.4~4.8 m, the highest contamination in the soil is located approximately 50 to 70 m from the suspected source areas. The concentration of TEX in the groundwater was highest in the suspected source area and a lesser concentration in the center and southwest parts of the site. The TEX distribution in the groundwater is associated with their distribution in the soil. Microbial isolation showed that Pseudomonas flurescence, Burkholderia cepacia, and Acinetobactor lwoffi were the dominant aerobic bacteria in the contaminated soils. The analytical results of the groundwater indicated that the concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate in the contaminated area were significantly lower than their concentrations in the none-contaminated control area. The results also indicated that groundwater at the contaminated area is under anaerobic condition and sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal electron accepting process. The total attenuation rate was 0.0017 day−1 and the estimated first-order degradation rate constant (λ) was 0.0008 day−1. Key words : site characterization, petroleum hydrocarbons, biodegradation, monitored natural attenuation, TEX. º £ ^. &ç¦æº " Fª2ÒjV~ æWz~ ¢« Þîzb ;W>Ú ®b, Æ·f ~Âö »'B jv' R >W ¸f î WB Ï'Æ¢ ÎÒ ;W>î . æ~>*º æ¦V ï 3.5m pöB ¾æ¾, ~~ *Corresponding author : [email protected] : 2003. 08. 29 : 2003. 10. 7 : 2004. 3. 30. ö7>¢ î~ 5 Æ~. ²Òß¢ ræ. 27.

(2) J;VÁ"ÎÁC'ÁêÏÁ;". 28. OËb .> pÚæº ãËj ¾æÚî . &ç¦æ~ >Ò*êêº ¶. bÒB ãî Î¾[f 5.0Ü10 ~1.85 Ü10 cm/sec, ^ãî Î¾[f 1.5Ü10 ~7.6Ü10 cm/sec, Æ[f 10 cm/sec ~ ¾æÒ . &ç¦æ~ "J"bîf Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene(~ TEX), J"Æ·[f 1.5 mÚ pê Æ·7 TEX~ ³êº º;J"öb¦V 70 m ÎÚê ~ p 2.4~4.8 möB &Ë ¸~ . æ~>7 TEX~ ³êº º;J"ö~ "æ æöB &Ë ¸~b, Ò&ç¦æ~ 7æ" ÎBãæöBê ¸² ¾æÒb, æ~>7 TEX~ ³ êªº Æ·7~ TEX~ ³êªf ç® ¢~~º ãËj ® . &ç¦æö B~ ®º Îú ª ^VW^~ "«f Pseudomonas fluorescence, Burkholderia cepacia, Acinetobactor lwoffi {>î . æ~> ªCÖ" *¶>ÏÚ ÏÖ², îÖ", Ö" Vãæö j J"æöB ç® Ô² ¾æÒ . Þ, &ç¦æöB~ êÖB *Ú ¶&6³êº 0.0017day , 1N ª³êº 0.0008 day êÖ>î . "BÚ : site charactenization, petroleum hydrocarbons, biodegradation, monitored natural attenuation. TEX −2. −1. −3. −3. −4. −1. 1.. B . Æ·Áæ~>º Ú~ ßWç ® J"> &V > îö j ;z~º ôf *" ï& jÏ ²º> , ¾Òêöê V&®~ Î"& ¾æ¾æ pº ãÖ& « « ®î . ö V¢ Fê'öBº ÎN' jÏãB' J"¦æ&Ò¢ * *Wï&V»j Ï~ *W ÖJ>º æf çë' ¾ÒVFj, æf ¶&6V»j 'Ï~ J"¦æ¢ ö ~º º^ . ¶&6V»f &ê ² ç~² 'Ï~ ®b, ~ ãÖ "Úê Ò' *ÿn ¦æßWö ' öV&j ò~º ãÖöº 'Ï &Ë~ê ~º > , '~ ãÖº ¶&6V»j Ï J"¦æöö ²º>º *~ ê¢ 30jb ;~ ® . *Ò ¶&6V»j Ï J" ¦æ~ öO»f F~ ~ CFê êz>²~ öò j î¢ "²z FVÏB 5 ¢¦ 7.³ ö &Bê 9² & ê¯> ® . ¶&6(Natural Attenuation)ö ~ J"bî~ ª ö & f J¾ *¦V ãf "º V ·ö & & ¯^ z . ¶&6";(Natural attenuation process)öº >B, O, ~, ªÖ, ª ~ · "; B . ¾ ¶&6";öB &Ë 7º~² J>º ";b º ÆObö ~ J"bî~ ª . ª";f J"bîj ª~ ZVz(mineralization) bB J"bî~ ³êöò jî¢ J"bî ·ö & ç7' 6²¢ &^JV r^ . ÖÒ¾¢öBê æ~&ËJ(UST)¦V *ÂB F~ ~ CFê êz>²ö ~ Æ· 5 æ~>J" " Ò²^B &v> ® . ö V¢ J"¦æ~ ÎN' &Ò¢ * V~ 1). 2). 3). 4). 1,2,5). Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 27~35, 2003. −1. ' öO»ö ¶&6V»~ *Ë'Ïö & & ¸jæ ® . ¾ jçræ V»~ *Ë' Ïj *Bº *Òræ ¢'b ;>Ú®º öV * Bê' j º>, VF' ö ®ÚB º *Ë'Ïö & Òf& ìÚ ö & ôf & º> ® . MNAV»'Ïj * ¦æßWÒº J"bî~ ¶ &6 Ò²~ ;" ~ã^¢ * Ïª jN ¢ Ú¾ ®ºæ¢ Ö;~V * V¢ >÷~, J" bî~ Ú« 5 ÿÎj Û J"&~ b~ {& 5 ³ê¢ .G~V * Ïª æßW¶ò¢ B~ º ® . V¢B öBº MNAV»'Ïj * ¢~b æö & Æ·~ æî' ßW Òf ’98jê~ æö & J"ê ÒÖ" ¢ Æ& æ~>~ v ªOËj 7b ®R>[ræ Æ·pê J"êÒ 5 &G;j Û J"bî 5 'Ë¶~ æz' Îî VçÖ"¢ B~¶ . 6). 2.. ÚÏ 5 O». &ç¦æ &ç¦æº BÞ¦V 45 kmÎÚê ãVêö * ~ Ë¦æ, "ææf Îÿãöº B 205 m~ J/Ö ê¢ ãê 7~ ®, B§ãbº Ë¦æ¢ ¢ ²~Â v ®b ~Âj ãê £ 300 m ÖGb >ö~BÞ*~ 1® ê& æ¾ ® . &ç¦æº ‘94j 10ú Î¢*æö “øø zË "æ 1òï #r~ k”¢º Þêê ~ã¦ æ ö ~ ã~ãö &çæö & J"º*~ Ò{ 5 J"öj «~¶ Æ·;&Ò¢ >¯~ &~ æ . Þ &çæ~ 'f zË¦ 2.1.

(3) FòJ"¦æöB ¶&6V» 'Ï Òf: I. ¦æßW Ò. æ 23,494 m f ~~B Ë¦æ 95,867 m ¢ ~ 119,361 m . 2. 2. 2. Òæ6F; öBº J"bî" >wÖb Ò >Òz' ~ æz¢ ËV&G~V * 1998j 11ú &ç ¦æÚ 41B æ6öB Æ· ò¢ pê j~& ?f Ë²ö æ~> &G;j '' J~~& . 6 1999j 5úö º& 23B~ ËV&G;j J~~&b &G;~ *~º Fig. 1" ? . 2.2. òj 5 B 2.3.1 Æ· òjº Geoprobef ZÊê òjËj(stem auger)¢ Ï~ Æ· core¢ ³zB Îz ¾R rr æ ¢; *Ïb ³ O~& . jB Æ· coreº Æ·~ bÒz' 5 ;' ßWÒf F~~ J" ªÒö ÒÏ~& . ß® Æ·çöB ¾æ¾º Æ ·~ ;' ßWf ^f(Munsell)¢¢NÞ¢ Ï~ ª~& . Þ, ò~ Bº ÁzªCÏ ò~ ãÖ Æ· zªC» ö &~&, TEX 5 Æ·bªCÏ ò º >ªj F Æò¢ j~ ò¾ ¾m&æ j B ê ò ÒÏ~& . 2.3.2 æ~> ÎîVç¢ *~ Æ·j j ö 1.0~8.0 mræ well screenj &ê çã 2.5~5.0 cm, ^ 8 m~ PVC& 6º Êr.Ê Ê&j IÚ &G;j J~~& . -² J~B æ~>&G;f 1998jö 30B²f 1999j ö J~ 40B²¢ ~ Îv 70B²ö .. B æ~>~ ;{ z' ßWj áV * Òö 2.3. 29. 2(PE; polyethylene) ^Ê ÖB &³~ >7 ²* ¢ &;ö R«~ &; ¦b~ 3Vö ~º æ~> ¢ b& ·>~ ªÖ r ò¢ j~& . Þ j >B ò& &Vf >w~ z' ßW æ~º ©j ïV * Òö2 ^Ê¢ &öB 2Öf(closed flow-through cell)ö ç7 ÖV . Þ, æ~> ò~ Bº BTEXªCÏ ò~ ãÖ r* îB& Ö 70 ml FÒ÷ö n * ìê b j & jÚ ê ö¶77êêÏ ê "Öj ¢;ïO IÚ pH 2~& >ê ~ 4 CöB ~& . 6 N ªCÏ(NO , SO )òº 0.45 µm ÖæÏ jV "~ 60 ml HDPE(High Density Polyethylene)÷ ö '' I ö¶77êêÏ ê "Öj ¢;ïO I Ú ~& . r¢Òê ªCÏ òº êê 125 ml~ HDPE ÷ö ò¢ j>~&, òº ªCræ 4 CöB ïË& ~& . o. −. 3. 2−. 4. o. º'¶ þ *Ëº'¶ þf öB æ~>~ Fÿ³êf FÿOËj 2k~V *~ ~& . 2.4. 7). Fig. 1. Overview of the study site and monitoring well location.. Fig. 2. Monitoring well installation for tracer test. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 27~35, 2003.

(4) J;VÁ"ÎÁC'ÁêÏÁ;". 30. þj *~ Ò&ç¦æö Fig. 2f ? &G ;j J~~ ¶VOj Ï~ TM1&;öB º '¶¢ "«~ T-2, 3, 4, 5~ ' &;ö ê~º º '¶~ ³êæz¢ &V~& . º'¶º *Ë~ Vã ~& "²(Cl )ö j *&® Ô, W º'¶ Br (KBr)¢ Ï~& . º'¶¢ "«~V* ' &;öB > *, Nê, EC, Br j G;~& . >*º ï >v V(hydraulic gradient)¢ êÖ~º ÒÏ>î . º'¶º 20 l ~ >ýbö 72 g~ KBrj ÏB ÒÏ~& . ò~ "«f &³;ï²*¢ Ï~& "«jòræ C 12ª 28.& ²º& >î . "«êöº £ 1* * Ïb &G;öB º'¶ ³êæz¢ &V~& . º' ¶~ ³êæzº 2FW*b G;~& *V* êêê ÿö G;~& . ¢¦~ æ~>ò¢ j~ NîÆ¾b(IC) ªC, ³ê;ö Ï~& . º'¶þ ªCöº CATTI(Computer Aided Tracer Test Interpretation)*Îj Ï~& . −. −. ªCO» 2.5.1 Æ· Æ·~ ÁzWf Æ·zªC» 5 Æ·ÒO » ö &~ ªC~&b, TEX(Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene)º Æ· £ 5 gj zr 10 ml ºÂ ê Æ ·J";þO» ö &~& . Æ·b~ ªCf b~ ªê>G;j * Ã ~> 2 mlö Æ· 1 gj I ¾ DÚ 5ª ÿn O~ ê ç[ 1 ml¢ êC»ö ~ C~, MSB Væö 500 µlO '' 3B~ ï6ö êö~ Îú ÃBÛö IÚ 30 CöB 72* ÿn V· ê { > ®º ÷£j ê>~& . Îú ÃBÛf çã 10 cm, ¸ 15 cm~ öÛb & Ë '{ê>»öB ÒÏ~º ²&ö Îú 200 µl ¢ I îæb ïj ÂÂ® ÃB>ê ~ Â÷j ï~ . ÷£~ ê>º >& 30~300~ º*ö º ©j ¢ ÖFïj ÚÚ êÖ~& . b~ ÿ;f b~ ê>¢ * ÒÏ ï6ö B ëãB ÷£j ï6Væö W. ¾ êö~ B> V·B "¢ API NE20 ÿ;Ï Kit¢ ÒÏ~ ÿ;~ & . r Ö6~º «j 2k~V * ÷£~ Î· j ^~² &V ê ÿ¢ «b 6B 3B~ ÷£ j API NE20 Kit¢ Ï ÿ; ê Îv ÿ¢ b«b C&ê ©ò Ö6~º «b Ö;~& . 2.5.2 æ~> 2.5. 7). 8). 9). o. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 27~35, 2003. Nê, pH, *V*êê(electric conductivity), Öz~ö* *(redox potential) 5 ÏÖ²(dissolved oxygen)º * ËöB Orion model250A 5 YSI DO meter¢ Ï~ G;~&, Æ(II)ê ª77êê(DR2010, HACH)¢ Ï~ *ËöB G;~& . NO , SO f IC(DX-120, DIONEX) ªC~&b, TEXº P&T¢ Ï GC/FID ªC~& rÒê (Alkalinity)º electrometric titrationO»b G;~& . −. 3. 2−. 4. 3.. Ö" 5 Æ~. >Òæî' ßW &ç¦æ~ Æ·f £* ³zB Fª2ÒjV~ æ Wz~ ¢« Þîz*ö 'B Ï'[j ÎÒ ~ ®b¾ ~Â~ 'Ëj ô A~b, 1970j&ö Ë ¦æ BB>B Ï'[*ö 1 Úæ 2 m ;ê vþ ~ Æ ßWj < ® (Fig. 3). Ï'[f ÆWö V¢ v [b ê>º ç¦~ 1~2 mº 7ÒöB ^ÒÆ ~¦~ 1~2 mº ¶. ôf Ò(zSÂ) Ú^ ®, ¶.ïf æ6ö V¢ 10~90%ræ · æz¢ ® . v B~ Î¾[f &ç¦æ~ *æö ö ¾ ª>Ú® . vþº &ç¦æ~ §ÿãöB &Ë vó, ÎB ãöB &Ë . Â[æ~>º p 3.0~4.5 möB ¾æ Òb, Ï'[ 7öº Îz ³zB º'Æ ;W>Ú Â[æ~>f [æ~>¢ ªÒÊº j ~º ©b º;> ® . &ç¦æ~ æ~> vª~ ~~ö ~º ~~B²Ò~ æº £ 40%& jÊ:Þ 5 ~ÒÞ Ë>Ú ;Öö ~ · æ~> ~~ Vãö "º 'Ëf æ æ pj ©b 6B . Æ[f "æ~ æWz ³z º'Æ ÆWf ·Æ , ÚÎ 6Æ 7b ô~ . ¾ Ï'[f 6Æ7 b ~ ì ÖzÆ" ?f Öz7b Úê C' " ËC~ Î¾¢ "Wªb ~ ® . Table 1f &ç¦æ Æ·~ Áz' ßWj ¾ æÞ © . Æ· pHº 5.08 TOCº 0.184%B ÖÒ¾¢ ³ãæ(SÆ·)~ ï zW pH 6.5, FV b ï 3.0%ö j ² Ôf Þ, CECê 3.04 cmol/kgb ¢>Öâæ Æ·~ 10.7~16.3 cmol/kgö j Ö Ôf Þ, " &>[~ ÆWf ÒÆ(Sand) 44.1% Ö R>W Æ· . Þ ËÏ>ïf 30% ÆW" FÎ>ª"~ &êöB " r ^ÒÆ~ 28.8%ö &rÚ >~¢ ¾æÚî . 3.1. 8).

(5) FòJ"¦æöB ¶&6V» 'Ï Òf: I. ¦æßW Ò. 31. Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of soil Ex. Base (me/100g) pH. 5.08. TOC (%). 0.184. CEC (cmol/kg). 3.04. T-N (%). 0.11. P2O5 (mg/kg). 5.22. Ca2+. 2.287. Mg+. 0.735. Na+. 0.305. K+. 0.375. Particle density. 2.67. Bulk density. 1.49. Water Porosity holding capacity (%) (%). 44.1. 30. Texture. sand sand 89.1% silt 4.9% clay 6.0%. Fig. 3. Vertical profiles of the study site.. &ç¦æ~ æ~>*º æ¦V ï 3.0~4.5 m ö ;W>Ú ®b, ;Öö ~ æ~>~ · Ò "ææb¦V~ æ~>~ F«b æ~>* æ ÿf >çOËb & 2 mö , ;Öö ~ æ~ >*~ >wf æ* ~ ~ Ö Þ .. Ò æ~>~ ï vªOËf Fig. 4öBf ? º;J"öæ ÿãöB Bãb &çæÚö 7 ²~Â" ~ ï¯ OËb vº ©b ¾ æÒ ¾ ¦'b ¾æ¾º æ~> vªOË~ æzº ËÚ · æ~J" ê.' ·ï. Fig. 4. Groundwater table contour. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 27~35, 2003.

(6) J;VÁ"ÎÁC'ÁêÏÁ;". 32. Fig. 6. Vertical distribution of TEX in soil.. Fig. 5. TEX distribution of soil.. ~ Nö V~ vªOË æ6ö V¢. ² ç~² ¾æÆ > ®j ©b 6B . ï >vV(hydraulic gradient)º £ 0.0075Ú ÖVöº 0.0014 Ã& . &ç¦æ~ &>[~ > Ò*êêº º'¶ þ, B*>*æzþ, ·>þ, Ò Æ· «êªC¶ò¢ Ï~ º;~& . ¶. bÒB ãî Î¾[f 5.2Ü10 ~1.85Ü10 cm/sec &ç¦æ~ &>[ 7 &Ë ² ¾æÒ, ^ãî Î¾[~ >Ò*êêº 1.5Ü10 ~7.6Ü10 cm/sec jv' ·f 8j ¾æÚî . Æ[~ >Ò*êêº 10 cm/sec ~ &Ë ·f 8j "î . º'¶ þ 5 þ öB ê æ~> >Òê> j Ï~ Darcyö V¢ êÖB &ç¦æÚ "º & >[ æ~>~ ï Fÿ³êº 0.03~3.6 m/dayî . (recharge). 10). −2. −3. −1. −3. −4. Æ·Áæ~>~ J" ßW Æ·J"ßW &ç¦æ Æ·" æ~>ö & J"ÒÖ" "º J"bîf Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene(TEX)î b, <ö Ff ãF& æ6ö V¢ ² bÒ>Ú ®º ©b ¾æÒ . Fig. 5º 1999j 5úö jB Æ·ò ªCj Û 3.2. 3.2.1. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 27~35, 2003. áf Òæ~ Æ·Ú TEX J"ªê . Æ·7 TEX~ ªº £ 600 mö ö &ç¦æ *æö ç® 9² ª~, J"~ ª Wçj j 2 ç~ J"ö ®j ©b º;>¾ öBº J" ³ê& &Ë ¸f j º; "J"ö(~ º;J"ö)b F;~ ¢ ê¯~& . J"Æ·~ vþº 1.5 m Ú&b, J"³êº º;J"öb¦V fÚî> Ò æ¦V pÚî> Ôjæº ãËj ¾æÚî . Æ·7 TEX ³êº zË~ FVÏB &Ë " æ H5æ6öB £ 1,202.0 mg/kgb &Ë ¸~b,. rb J"Ú~ 7¦ö *~ L30, L31 5 &ç ¦æ 7¦ª L5, LM2 Ò ~~BË¦æÚ~ L26, LM17, L21æ6~ Bb J"ê& ¸² ¾æÒ . Þ, pê Æ·7 TEX~ ³êº º;J"öb¦ V 70 m ÎÚê ~ p 2.4~4.8 möB &Ë ¸~b, J"'ê &Ë 9² ¾æÒ . º Fig. 6öB º Â[æ~>~ ªpf ¢~~º ©b LNAPL(Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid) CFêêz>² J"B ¦æöBº Æ·" æ~>~ J" B ç&W ®r j " ® . Ò æ~>~ vªOËj V¢ ç ~öB ~~ãb .> ^ãî Î¾[ 6 ~~OË b vâòæ, J"[~ p& pÚæº ·çj ® . º Borden(1995) :f ? Ö z ôf NAPL Òö º~~² F &ËWj æ "º © . f ?f *çf FÂB J"bî >çOËb ÿ~ ¶. FB ãî Î¾[ö. ² >, ";öB ¢¦º >B ö ~ ² > &¦ª~ J" bîf Æ·«¶ö O>Ú º~W bî Î² B . Ò æ~>*~ >çæÿf smear zonej ;W~ Ï ê& ¸f Wª ß® TEX¢ >ç'b Ò ªÊº 11).

(7) FòJ"¦æöB ¶&6V» 'Ï Òf: I. ¦æßW Ò. j ~, æ~>*~ æÿf Æ·Úö O> Ú®º º~W J"bî æ³' J"öb ·Ï~º j êf"² >º V~º ©b 6B . f ?f &ç¦æöB Æ·J"~ ªº ¶. FB ãî Î¾[b ;WB "º &>[~ vþf ¸~ ®W, æ~>* æÿö V Æ·Ú NAPL~ º~f ªÖ, .Vö J"æ~> ¾ÒO»b 'Ï>î~ ·> 5 ¾Òö ~ 'Ë º ©b 'B . 3.2.2 æ~>J"ßW æ~>7 TEX~ ³êº º;J"ö~ "ææ H5 f L29 5 S12öB TEX³ê& 837.3 mg/l, 924.2 mg/l, 325.5 mg/lb &Ë ¸~b, Ò&ç¦æ~ 7æ " ÎBãæöBê ¸² ¾æÒ . æ~>7 TEX~ ³êªº Æ·7~ TEX~ ³êªf ç® ¢~~º ãËj ®Ú Æ·Úö OB TEX& æ ~>J"ö & 2N J"öb ·Ï~ ® º ©j ¾æÚ" ® . 6 æ~>7 J"bî~ ªº >Òæî' &>[ î~ ßW" æ~>*~ æÿö ² 'Ëj Aº .. 33. Þ, &ç¦æö ª>Ú ®º J"bîf æ~ >vª"º Ò æ~>[ *ö ÆB ÿ~º LNAPL &>[öB î "~ >wj Û æ*çj ² B . V¢B *Ë¦æöB æê>(R, retardation coefficient)¢ J~ J"bî~ ÿ³êº æ~>~ Fÿ³ê ¶Ò² B . æ*ç ¢ÚÆ ãÖ &>[ÚöB~ J"bî~ ÿ³êº æ~>~ F³¾ j>wW J"bî. æê>ò¢ æ>Ú ÿ º ©j ~ . æ~ "º J"bî TEX~ æê>(R)º 2.18 îb, *Ë¦æöB " J"bî TEX~ ï ÿ³êº 0.01~1.65 m/day êÖ>î . ¾ & ç¦æ~ æî' ®¢W" öB Þ/ æ~>·> ¾Ò ~ ";ö ~ vªf ç® >îj ©b Òò>, 6 TEX~ ÿ³êöº ª& J>æ p~V r^ö B ÿ³êº R z Ìj ©b 6B . Lee(2001) f ¦æ~ º;J"öæöB TEX~ æ~>ö & ¦~ïj j* 17.6~55.2 kgb : ® .. 11). 12). Table 2. Distribution and identification of the toluene degrading aerobic bacteria Sampling area. Background area. Hot spot. Margin of plume ". Depth (m) 0.2~1.2 1.2~2.0 3.0~4.1 0.0~0.7 1.7~2.4 2.4~3.6 3.6~4.8 1.2~2.4 3.6~4.0. Population density (CFU/g) 5.2 10E4 2.3 10E2 4.6 10E1 6.5 10E2 6.0 10E5 4.6 10E1 1.5 10E3 6.2 10E4 1.2 10E3. Ü Ü Ü Ü Ü Ü Ü Ü Ü. TEX (mg/kg) N.D N.D N.D 7.016 179.499 236.240 8.252 0.839 0.901. ID. bacteria Burkholderia cepacia. Pseudomonas fluorescence Burkholderia cepacia Acinetobacter lwoffii. Table 3. Analytical results for groundwater Elements TEX (mg/l) DO (mg/l) NO3− (mg/l) Fe2+ (mg/l) SO42− (mg/l) Alkalinity (mg/l) ORP (mV) pH EC (µS/ ) Temp (oC). Contaminated area(n=51) Mean Conc. Concentration Range 1.67~1,440.13 148.99 0.05~3.32 0.49 0.02~84.55 3.47 0.03~191.16 52.31 0.27~575.84 29.84 37.73~543.79 198.17 −273.20~222.80 −142.56 6.08~7.33 6.63 147~616 399.30 13.80~24.00 19.08. Background HM1 2.047 0.60 11.863 0.03 83.191 67.26 172.9 7.24 616 14.9. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 27~35, 2003.

(8) J;VÁ"ÎÁC'ÁêÏÁ;". 34. ¶&6ßW ªC Æ·b ßW ¢>'b J"Æ· 5 æ~>~ ö>b ¶&6 ~ ÎNWj ï&~V *Bº 3&æ~ ¢N~ Ã ¦æßWÒ 5 ÎîVçj Û Ã«>Ú¢ . öBº &ç¦æö & ßWÒ¢ Û J"bîj ª > ®º ÆOb~ Òf J"b î~ b' 6²¢ Ã«~º æz' ¶ ~ ª ßWj {~ ¶&6~ &ËWj 6~¶ ~& . ÖF *ËöB j Æ·ò¢ J";ê 5 pê ª~~ ^VW Îú ª^j ê> 5 ÿ;Ö" Table 2öBf ? ^VW ª^f 6.0Ü 10 CFU/g ê>>Ú *Ë¦æöB J"bîj ª ~º ÆOb~ Ò¢ {~& . Ò Æ·~ ²rW ^j ÿ;~º Ï>º API NE20 ^j ÿ; Ö" ç&'b TEX~ ³ê& ¸f .V J"Æ·öBº Pseudomonas fluorescence & Ö6~&, J" {ÖB æf Burkholderia cepacia & Ö6~ ®º ©b ¾æÒ . Acinetobacter lwoffiiê LM13-1 æ6öB ªÒ ÿ;>î . J" nB ¾ TEX~ ³ê& Ôf æöBº API NE20º ÿ; > ìº ÷£~ V& ·f ² ·W Ö6 ~º ©b ¾æÒ . 3.3.2 æz' ¶ ªßW J"bî~ b' 6²¢ Ã« > ®º æz ' ¶ ~ ª¢ Ò Ö" Table 3öB º:f ? «*¶>ÏÚ ÏÖ², îÖ", Ö"~ ³ê & Vãæö j ² Ô~b, 2&Æ³ê~ Ã&f Öz~ö**~ *& &~, pH 7W ¦æ~ æ z' ¶~ ªßWb " r TEX~ "º &6 V· ÆObö ~ ªö V~º ©b 6 > ® . 3.3. 3.3.1. 1, 2,13). 5. Table 4º *¶>ÏÚ 5 &ÒÖb~ ³ê¢ " ~ *Ë¦æöB~ *¶>ÏÚÏ* 5 ªË(EAC) j ÖÂ © . ªËf *Ë¦æ~ b ö ~ Ï &Ë *¶>ÏÚ~ BBê ç&' ·j ª >w 7ö ²j>º BTEX~ ·b ~Öb B êÖ > ® . &ç¦æ~ ãÖ ÏÖ²~ Ös" Ôf Öz ~ö**, Ò Ôf îÖ" 5 Ö" ³êf ¸f 2 &Æ ³ê b Ú 6VWçöB ¶' J" bî~ ª& Úæ ®b, "ê' ª";b º Ö" ~ö"îÖ"~ö "; &Ë j7j N æ~ ®b, rb Æ~ö·Ï ·Ïj ~º © b ¾æÒb, ªË(EAC)f 21.39 mg/lî . Ò *¶>ÏÚ~ Ï Ö"~ &¦ªf, £ 70%çf BTEX~ Öz¦V Z Ö", ¾^æ 30%º FVbî~ Özö ~ Ö" %Úê . Table 5º *Ë¦æöB ª³ê¢ êÖ © . öBº Buscheck(1995) ÒÏ çF²æ j Û *Ë¦æ ª ³ê¢ êÖ~& . *Ë¦æö B~ êÖB *Ú ¶&6³êº 0.0017day , 1N ª³êº 0.0008day *Ú &6³ê~ £ 47%¢ Næ~ ®º ©b êÖ>î . 1N ª³êö " &ç¦æöB TEX~ >6Vº 65.38¢(0.18 years) êÖ>î . ªº J"bî~ &6ö 'Ëj ~º bÒz' ¶ 7 J"bîj ç7'b ª ~ ·j 6²Êº j ~V r^ö *ËöB ª ³ê~ ï&º æ~>öB J"bî~ ÿj . G~ ¶&6ö ~ J"¦æ;z &ËWj 6~º 7º~ . ¾ &ç¦æ~ ãÖ ª öê Lee(2001) & :f ? &çæ~ æî' ßW" ; Öö ~ æ~>~ ·b C 5 bê 'Ë 14). 15). −1. −1. 16). Table 4. The amount of available electron acceptors in groundwater by different sampling date at the study site and its expressed assimilated capacity (EAC) (unit : mg/l) Date Jun. 1999. Aerobic biodegradation 0.32. Nitrate Reduction 3.53. Sulfate Reduction 17.12. Ferrous Iron Reduction 0.43. Total 21.39. Table 5. Calculated field scale biodegradation rate Date. Slope (m=k/v). R2. Jun. 1999. −0.0018. 0.936. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 27~35, 2003. Total Attenuation Rate Constant (k) (day) 0.0017. Biodegradation Rate Constant (λ) (day) 0.0008. λ/k (%) 46.6.

(9) FòJ"¦æöB ¶&6V» 'Ï Òf: I. ¦æßW Ò. j "îj ©b 6B . ¾, 'Ë f æ ~> Ú~ Öz~öö "6 bî ~ ªö V¢ ~¾ O ªÒ â >º ì . ~æò ¢>'b æ~ î~ ®¢W J"bî~ ª "; ÿnö J"bî~ ÿö 'Ëj ~º ©b ¾æ¾ æ~ î~ ®¢W j ·f Î¢ æ¢ê Z >º ìj ©b 6>, æ³' æ ~>~ ÎîVçj Û J"bî~ ¶&6~ ï&& jº ©b 6B . 17). 4.. Ö . º ¶&6V»'Ïj * J"bî~ ¶& 6 Ò²~ ;" ~ã^¢ * Ïª jN ¢Ú ¾ ®ºæ¢ Ö;~V * V¢ >÷~, Ëê J "bî~ Ú«j .G~V * Ïª æßW¶ò¢ Bj * ¦æßWÒÖ" . &ç¦æº " Fª2ÒjV~ æWz~ ¢« Þîzb ;W>Ú ®b, Æ·f ~Âö »'B jv ' R>W ¸f î WB Ï'Æ¢ ÎÒ ;W> î . æ~>*º æ¦V ï 3.0~4.5 m pöB ¾ æ¾, &ç¦æ~ >Ò*êêº ¶. bÒB ãî Î¾[f 5.0Ü10 ~1.85Ü10 cm/sec, ^ãî Î¾[f 1.5Ü10 ~7.6Ü10 cm/sec, Æ[f 10 cm/sec ~ ¾æÒ . &ç¦æ~ "J"bîf Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene(~ TEX), J"Æ·[f 1.5 mÚ pê Æ·7 TEX~ ³êº º;J"öb¦V 70 m ÎÚê ~ p 2.4~4.8 möB &Ë ¸~ . æ~>7 TEX~ ³êº º;J"ö~ "ææöB &Ë ¸~b, Ò &ç¦æ~ 7æ" ÎBãæöBê ¸² ¾æÒb , æ~>7 TEX~ ³êªº Æ·7~ TEX~ ³êªf ç® ¢~~º ãËj ® . &ç¦æö B~ ®º Îú ª ^VW^ ~ "«f Pseudomonas fluorescence, Burkholderia cepacia, Acinetobactor lwoffi {>î . æ~>ªCÖ" *¶>ÏÚ ÏÖ², îÖ", Ö" Vãæö j J"æöB ç® Ô² ¾æÒ. . Þ, &ç¦æöB~ êÖB *Ú ¶&6³ê º 0.0017day , 1N ª³êº 0.0008day ê Ö>îb, ¶&6~ ;{ ï&¢ *Bº æ ³' æ~>ÎîVç" J"bî~ ÿj .G~V * Îç·ë jº ©b 6B . −2. −3. −3. −1. −1. −4. −1. 35. ^^ò 1. National Research Council (NRC), Natural Attenuation for Groundwater Remediation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (2001). 2. U.S. EPA, Use of monitored natural attenuation at superfund, RCRA corrective action, and underground storage tank sites, OSWER Directive 9200.4-17P, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C. (1999). 3. Environment Agency, Guidance on the assessment and monitoring of natural attenuation of contaminants in groundwater, R&D Publication 95 (2000). 4. Alexander, M., Biodegradation and bioremediation. Academic press, Inc., California (1994). 5. Wiedemeier, T.H., Wilson, J.T., Kampbell, D.H., Miller, R.N., and Hansen, J. Technical protocol for implementing intrinsic remediation with long-term monitoring for natural attenuation of fuel contamination dissolved in groundwater, Volume 1 & 2, Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Technology Transfer Division, Brooks AFB, San Antonio, Texas (1995). 6. , (1998). 7. , (1988). 8. , (1986). 9. , (1999). 10. Cheon, J.Y., Field and numerical studies on groundwater and soil environments of an LNAPL-contaminated site. MS thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul. Korea (2000). 11. Borden, R.C., Gomez, C.A., Becker, M.T. “Geochemical indicators of intrinsic bioremediation”, Ground Water 33, pp. 180-189 (1995). 12. Lee, C.H., Lee, J.Y., Cheon, J.Y., and Lee, K.K. “Attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbons in smear zones : case study”. J. Environ. Eng. 127(7), pp. 639-647 (2001). 13. ASTM Standard guide for remediation of groundwater by natural attenuation at petroleum release sites, ASTM E 1943~1998. Piladelphia, P.A. (1998). 14. Newell, C.J., McLeod, R.K., and Gonzeles, J.R., Bioscreen: Natural attenuation decision support system, Version 1.4. prepared for the Air Force Center For Environmental Excellence, Brooks AFB, Texas (1997). 15. Buscheck, T.E., and Alcantar, C.M., Regression techniques and analytical solutions to demonstrate intrinsic bioremediation. In, Proceedings of the 1995 Battelle International Conference on In-Situ and On Site Bioreclamation, April 1995. 16. Lee, Jin-Yong, Environmental site assessment and evaluation of attenuation characteristics for a petroleum contaminated site, Thesis for A Ph.D. degree, school of earth and environmental sciences, Seoul National University (2001). 17. Christensen, T.H., Bjerg, P.L., Banart, S.A., Jakobsen, R., Heron, G. and Albrechtsen, H. “Characterization of redox conditions in groundwater contaminant plumes” J. Contam. Hydro. 45, pp. 165-241 (2000).. ã~ãö ~{ ²Ò F~J"¦æ ö & Æ· ;&Ò B ³ëVF² Æ·zªC» â; Æ· Ë^Ò ~ã¦ Æ·J";þO». Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 27~35, 2003.

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