Element Groups (Families)
Alkali Earth Alkaline Earth Transition Metals Rare Earth Other Metals Metalloids Non-Metals Halogens Halogens Noble Gases
Rare Earths
Noble Gases
Transition metals
Transition metal compounds tend to be coloured when crystalline or in solution:
Co(NO
3)
2K
2Cr
2O
7K
2CrO
4NiCl
2CuSO
4KMnO
4*The element underlined is the transition metal.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Coloured-transition- metal-solutions.jpg
From left to right, aqueous solutions of:
Co(NO
3)
2(red); K
2Cr
2O
7(orange); K
2CrO
4(yellow); NiCl
2(turquoise); CuSO
4(blue);
KMnO
4(purple).
철강재료와 비철금속재료의 차이점
비철금속재료의 발전 : Energy Saving
- Al 합금 : 자동차, 항공기 (동력전달과 열교환기 부분)
- Ti 합금 : 음속이상의 항공기, 인공위성의 출현 내열합금의 필요
철강재료 비철금속재료
재료강화기구 급냉에 의한 소입경화형
과포화 고용체의 시효에 의한 석출경화형
자원, 생산량 High Low
원가면 Low High
특수성 Low High
♦ Distinct Limitations (ferrous alloy) 1) a relatively high density
2) a comparatively low electrical conductivity 3) an inherent susceptibility to corrosion
Suitable Property Combinations
TTT Curve: Quench Martensite phase: needle- shaped grains
Adapted from Figs. 10.13, 14 Callister3e.
SOLID SOLUTION STRENGTHENING
Smaller impurity atom above dislocation line
Larger impurity atom below dislocation line
• Impurity atoms attracted to dislocations so as to reduce the overall strain energy, i.e., to partially cancel the strain in the lattice surrounding the dislocation
• If a dislocation wants to move, it has to tear itself from the impurity atoms which will cost energy
Adapted from Figs. 7.17, 18 Callister3e.
EXAMPLE: SOLID SOLUTION STRENGTHENING IN COPPER
Adapted from Figs. 7.16 Callister3e.
Adapted from Fig. 6.4-1, Shackelford3e.
Coarse Precipitates by slow cooling
Adapted from Fig. 6.4-2, Shackelford3e.
Fine Precipitates by quench: Precipitation Hardening
• Internal wing structure on Boeing 767
Aluminum is strengthened with precipitates formed by alloying. (7150-T651 alloy;TEM micrograph)
Adapted from Fig.
P.324, Callister 3e.
(Fig. is courtesy of G.H. Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.) Adapted from Fig.
p.324, Callister 3e.
(Fig. is courtesy of the Boeing
Commercial
Airplane Company.)
1.5µm
APPLICATION:
PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING
Atomic Structure (Cu)
Number of Energy Levels: 4
First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 1
• Basic Information for Cu
• Name: Copper
• Symbol: Cu
• Atomic Number: 29
• Atomic Mass: 63.546 amu
• Melting Point: 1083.0 °C (1356.15 K)
• Boiling Point: 2567.0 °C (2840.15 K)
• Number of Protons/Electrons: 29
• Number of Neutrons: 35
• Classification: Transition Metal
• Crystal Structure: Cubic (FCC)
• Density @ 293 K: 8.96 g/cm3
• Color: red/orange
• 동은 인류역사에서 가장 오랫동안 사용된 금속.
• 인간이 동을 처음 발견하고 사용한 것은 기원전 6천년경
• 동거울, 동방울 등 제례의 도구로도 사용되는 등 인류문명 발전에 크게 기여한 금속.
• 첨단과학시대 동의 용도 : 난방용 배관재, 전기, 통신기기, 반도체.
동방울 (Bronze Bell)
동과 인류문명
구리의 내식성
구리는 197년
철은 6년 만에 부식 구리의 우수한 내식성
습기나 물과 접하는 순간에 얇은 피막이 형성되어 구리의 표면을 보호해 부식의 진행을 억제
.녹청의 한식 동기와
1mm의 동판과 철판을 맑은 물에 넣었다.
얼마나 지나면 뚫어질까?
지붕재로 사용한 1mm 인탈산 동판을 소재로 부식정도를 비교
1mm 동판이 뚫어지는 기간
700년 ~ 13,000년
청동기 유물의 존재가 이해.
구리의 가공성과 합금성
• 전연성 (0.03mm의 동판, 얇은 탄피)
• 용접성 (Al과는 제외)
• 주조성 (동상, 밸브류)
• 가공성
• 합금성 (순동과 동합금으로의 용도)
전자산업의 경박단소화에 공헌
리드프레임
주화용 소전
http://www.copper-brass.gr.jp/english/shindouhin/history.html The world's copper consumption in 2004 was 16.70 million tons.
China consumed 20%, the US was next with 14%, followed by Japan with 8%. China leads from 2002 and is widening the gap with stagnant developed countries such as Western countries and Japan.
Copper ore production in 2004 was 14.53 million tons. Chile leads with 38% of the world's production, followed by the US with 8%
and Peru with 7%.
Chile produces 18% of the world's copper; China produces 14% and Japan 9% as the No.3 production country. Until 1998, the US was the largest copper producer; however, Chile went to the top in 1999 and China increased the production to become the No.2 country in 2002. The US production has decreased considerably due to factory closedowns in 2000 and dropped to No.4 in 2003.
1) The pure copper or high copper alloys are made from copper ores that are obtained from the mines as sulfides, which contain zinc, lead and other sulfur. The ores are crushed and milled until they becomes a powder. A technique known as
flotation
separates the metal from the non-metal components of the powder.2) The next step is
a concentrating stage
where minerals are concentrated into a slurry that is about 15% copper. The copper is then melted and purified in several stages until it is 99% pure copper. At this point it is cast intoanodes
. Oxygen remains in the structure as cuprous oxide, Cu2O. The majority of the structure is pure copper.3) The copper anodes are then
refined electrolytically
to 99.9% purity. Copper melted under non oxidizing conditions is called oxygen free copper. The most popular form of pure copper is the standard electrical wire grade of copper (C11000) contains 99.95% Cu, 0.03% O2, and less than 50 ppm metallic impurities. It has a high electrical conductivity, in excess of 100% IACS. In the as cast form it is called electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper.4) When the as-cast ETP copper is
hot rolled
the eutectic structure is completelydestroyed. The microstructure of the hot rolled copper contains many small grains. Parallel straight lines extending across many of the grains are called annealing twins. They appear after a metal has been mechanically worked at a high temperature, called annealing, and deformed. After hot rolling, cuprous oxide particles changed form, and are present as stringers or aligned rows of dark particles.
How copper is made?
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LS-Nikko 동제련: 자용로 공법
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LS-Nikko 동제련: 미츠비시 연속 공법
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